Everand Logo

Welcome to Everand!

  • Discover millions of ebooks, audiobooks, and so much more with a free trial

    Only $11.99/month after trial. Cancel anytime.

    Physical Chemistry II Essentials
    Physical Chemistry II Essentials
    Physical Chemistry II Essentials
    Ebook231 pages38 minutes

    Physical Chemistry II Essentials

    By The Editors of REA

    ()

    Read preview

    About this ebook

    REA’s Essentials provide quick and easy access to critical information in a variety of different fields, ranging from the most basic to the most advanced. As its name implies, these concise, comprehensive study guides summarize the essentials of the field covered. Essentials are helpful when preparing for exams, doing homework and will remain a lasting reference source for students, teachers, and professionals. Physical Chemistry II includes reaction mechanisms, theoretical approaches to chemical kinetics, gravitational work, electrical and magnetic work, surface work, kinetic theory, collisional and transport properties of gases, statistical mechanics, matter and waves, quantum mechanics, and rotations and vibrations of atoms and molecules.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherResearch & Education Association
    Release dateJan 1, 2013
    ISBN9780738670324
    Physical Chemistry II Essentials

    Read more from The Editors Of Rea

    Related to Physical Chemistry II Essentials

    Related ebooks

    Chemistry For You

    View More
    View More

    Related podcast episodes

    Related articles

    • Article

      A Supermassive Lens On The Constants Of Nature

      Nov 25, 2020

      The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics went to three researchers who confirmed that Einstein’s general relativity predicts black holes, and established that the center of our own galaxy houses a supermassive black hole with the equivalent of 4 million suns

      9 min read

    • Article

      Is The Law Of Conservation Of Energy Cancelled?

      Dec 12, 2019

      Physics is often baffling, but one principle seems rock-solid: the law of conservation of energy. The world contains this thing called “energy” whose amount never changes. It can change its form or go from one body to another, but its total amount re

      6 min read

    • Article

      System Could Make Seawater Drinkable

      Jan 24, 2024

      Researchers have achieved a major breakthrough in redox flow desalination, an emerging electrochemical technique that can turn seawater into potable drinking water and also store affordable renewable energy. In a paper published in Cell Reports Physi

      2 min read

    • Article

      The Universe Began With a Big Melt, Not a Big Bang

      Oct 5, 2017

      There are two tantalizing mysteries about our universe, one dealing with its final fate and the other with its beginning, that have intrigued cosmologists for decades. The community has always believed these to be independent problems—but what if the

      10 min read

    • Article

      New Tech Could Lower Price Of CO2 Capture

      Jul 21, 2023

      New technology could lower the cost of capturing carbon dioxide from all types of emissions, a new study shows. The tech is a potential game-changer for both industries looking to adapt to evolving greenhouse gas standards and for the emergent energy

      3 min read

    • Article

      Team Finds Hidden State Of Matter In Superconductive Alloy

      Jun 21, 2018

      Using the physics equivalent of strobe photography, researchers have used ultrafast spectroscopy to visualize electrons interacting as a hidden state of matter in a superconductive alloy. It takes intense, single-cycle pulses of photons—flashes—hitti

      2 min read

    • Article

      Why does E=Mc2 ?

      Aug 15, 2019

      Why does E=Mc2 ?
      2 min read

    • Article

      E=mc2 Einstein’s Equation Explained

      Oct 7, 2021

      Einstein’s investigation of the way that mass increases as an object attempts to accelerate near the speed of light revealed this simple but elegant equation that lies at the heart of all modern physics. Here, E is a body’s energy content, m its mass

      1 min read

    • Article

      Copper Gets Us Closer to Using CO2 Pollution as Fuel

      Jun 13, 2017

      A new study describes the mechanics behind an early key step in artificially activating carbon dioxide so that it can rearrange itself to become the liquid fuel ethanol. Solving this chemical puzzle may one day lead to cleaner air and renewable fuel.

      3 min read

    • Article

      First Experiments with TRANSISTORS

      Oct 1, 2019

      In the field of semi-conductors, we deal with materials such as silicon and germanium, and when these solids are employed in electronic circuits, it is generally stated that we are working with the electron flow within, or through, a solid. This enab

      8 min read

    • Article

      The Seven Base Units

      May 7, 2020

      The Seven Base Units
      1 min read

    • Article

      Infinite Energy

      Apr 19, 2021

      Infinite Energy
      11 min read

    • Article

      Why The Holographic Principle Is So Exciting

      Mar 13, 2018

      One of the most cutting-edge theories in theoretical physics, the holographic principle, holds holds that the universe is 3D image projected off a 2D surface, much like a hologram emerges from a sheet of photographic film. “In my view, the discovery

      4 min read

    • Article

      How Reliable Are Gas Power Plants? What ICAP, UCAP, and ELCC Tell Us.

      Aug 23, 2023

      With climate change leading to increasingly extreme weather events that strain the power grid, it is critical to get capacity accreditation right to ensure that we have enough resources to keep the lights on.

      7 min read

    • Article

      What Is The Theory Of Everything?

      Jun 20, 2019

      The theory will have to bring together a lot of different aspects of physics, from Einstein’s general theory of relativity that governs our understanding of the largest structures in the universe to the Standard Model that helps us understand the sma

      2 min read

    • Article

      Voltage Value

      Jan 13, 2023

      Voltage Value
      8 min read

    Related categories

    Reviews for Physical Chemistry II Essentials

    0 ratings

    0 ratings0 reviews

    What did you think?

    Tap to rate

    Review must be at least 10 words

      Book preview

      Physical Chemistry II Essentials - The Editors of REA

      MOLECULES

      CHAPTER 15

      REACTION MECHANISMS

      15.1 MECHANISM OF A REACTION

      The mechanism of a reaction is the path that the reaction takes. The following sequence of reactions is the mechanism of the reaction

      Each of the above intermediate reactions is an elementary reaction. Molecular events are described by the elementary reactions.

      The rate equation for a complex mechanism is the sum of the rate equations for the simple reactions composing it.

      15.2 OPPOSING REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS

      The rate equation for the first order reaction

      is

      where

      k1 = the forward rate constant

      k_1 = the reverse rate constant.

      and

      where K is the equilibrium constant and is known as principle of Guldberg and Waage, or the law of mass action.

      where

      where

      , the rate equation is

      where

      where

      The principle of detailed balancing assumes that the rate of an elementary process is equal to the rate of the reverse process at equilibrium. The principle of detailed balancing is an extension of the principle of microscopic reversibility, which states that all the momenta (both translational and internal) are reversed when two molecules collide and then the system returns by the same process in the reverse direction.

      15.3 CONSECUTIVE AND PARALLEL REACTIONS AND STEADY STATE

      CONSECUTIVE REACTIONS

      For the consecutive first-order reactions,

      the concentrations at time t are

      For the two consecutive reversible reactions,

      at equilibrium

      Parallel reactions

      For the parallel reactions

      rate = k1CACB + k2CACB + k3CACB = kCACB where

      k = k1 + k2 + k3

      STEADY STATE

      The steady state approximation is the assumption that the reactive intermediate substances are at constant concentrations as the reaction takes place.

      For the reactions

      15.4 COMPLEX REACTIONS

      . A chain reaction is the sequence of reactions, in the gas phase, of radicals producing radicals.

      The chain reaction is analyzed by the following steps:

      Initiation step, in which normal molecules form radicals. Example:

      Propagation step, in which the free radicals attack other molecules to produce new radicals. Example:

      Inhibition step, in which the radical attacks the product molecule. Example:

      Termination step, in which the chain of radical reactions ends. Example:

      CHAPTER 16

      THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO CHEMICAL KINETICS

      16.1 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF REACTION RATE

      The reaction rate increases as the temperature increases. For every 10°K increase in temperature, the reaction rate doubles. The rate constant is related to the temperature by the following Arrhenius equation:

      where

      k = the rate constant

      A = the frequency factor or the pre-exponential factor

      Ea = the activation energy

      T = the temperature in °K.

      where K is the equilibrium constant and ΔE is the change in energy.

      Fig. 16.1 Arrhenius plot that shows the relationship between the rate constant and the temperature.

      16.2 THE COLLISION THEORY

      The collision theory postulates that in order for molecules to interact, they must approach each other so closely that they can be said to be in collision. The speed of reaction is equal to the number of collisions per second times the fraction of the collisions that are effective in producing chemical change.

      The collision between like molecules is

      where

      = the average velocity

      n*= the number of gas molecules per cubic centimeter

      m = the mass

      d = the diameter of the molecules

      ZAA = the collision frequency.

      The collision between unlike molecules is

      where

      nA* and nB* = the concentrations of A and B

      dAB = the average of the two diameters (or the sum of the molecular radii )

      = the collision cross section which corresponds to the area of the molecules for a

      Enjoying the preview?
      Page 1 of 1