A GUIDELINE for CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS RESEARCH

Anggiat Mananda Hutabarat

Introduction to the Guideline Narrowly defined, contrastive linguistics can be regarded as a branch of comparative linguistics concerned with pairs of languages which are socio-culturally linked. In broad perception, contrastive linguistics is also sometimes used for comparative studies of (small) groups (rather than just pairs) of languages, and does not require socio-cultural link between the languages investigated. On this view, contrastive linguistics is a special case of linguistic typology. Accordingly, comparing English from Javanese is one of the contrastive linguistics and can be conducted through analysis (contrastive analysis). James (1985) describes contrastive analysis is concerned with the way in which native language affects foreign language learning in individual. James statement implies that L2/L3 learners are potential to find difficulties in learning that language. By this fact, Fries (1945) emphasizes that the most efficient teaching-learning materials are those based upon a scientific description of the L2/L3 to be learned, carefully compared with a parallel description of native language of the learner. Consequently, through contrastive analysis one can predict the types of difficulties a learner may find when learning an L2/L3 (in strong or weak version). Hence, analyzing two languages contrastively, one (teacher) is enabled to put focuses on the L2/L3 teaching and learning. This article is of attempts of guiding students to prepare and to complete their thesis (skripsi), especially those taking contrastive analysis for their field of research. This guideline consists of five chapters, each of which provides rules of thesis writing. May this article help! Good luck!

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Chapter I should contain some of these basic components, including: Background of Problems, Problem Formulation, The Research Objectives, and The Significance of Research. The following are the descriptions of each component.

A. Background of Problems
. . . contains the description of field conditions with descriptions of the problem, by using data supports that describe the problem. It is suggested that the problems be those related to teaching and learning language, especially of foreign language. To solve the problem action or treatment is required applying a (new) approach/method (in this case contrastive analysis). In addition, the background of problem should describe one or more reviews of studies. By that case you can show the importance of conducting the research. B. Problem Formulation This section is concerned with the problems of analysis you are encountering and describing in the background of problem. The following model is provided to suggest: In line with the problems described in the background, the research question posed is: How are the English and Betawi phonemes different and similar? (depended on the focus of the research). If there are some others, express each in number order. C. Research Questions Research questions are meant to drive logical reasons why the research is urgent to research. The following cab be made a model. Based on the research formulation, the research questions are drawn as follows: 1. What are the vowels of English and Betawi languages? 2. How are the differences between the vowels of English and Betawi languages in

pronunciation? 3. How are the similarities between the vowels of English and Betawi languages in pronunciation?
D. Research Objectives This section is to described the purposes of conducting the research. The following can become a model. The objective of the research was to collect and analyze data related to the vowels of English and Betawi language E. Significances of Research: (adjusted to those expected; however, the researcher can develop it.)

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKS This chapter is concerned with theories as the fundamental basis on the conducting of the research. All theories relevant with the focus of research must be used. In contrastive analysis, the sections of theoretical framework are suggested. However, the following samples are relative, depended on the focus. A. Contrastive Analysis In this section you have to describe theoretically what contrastive analysis is; why contrastive analysis is used (advantages or disadvantages), and how contrastive analysis is implemented. B. The Nature of Language This section contains the descriptions of language, such as definition, functions (socially), and components. The description should also be directed to the specific elements of languages contrasted and the focus and subfocus of the research.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Specific Research Objectives This section is aimed at proposing the specific objectives of the research. Compared to the research objective in Chapter I, this part presents the specific objectives derived from the research objective in Chapter I. The following examples may help you present it. The specific objectives of the research were to collect and analyze data related to:

1. the vowels of English and Betawi languages 2. the differences of vowels of English and Betawi languages in pronunciation 3. the similarities of vowels of English and Betawi languages in pronunciation
B. Research Method This section mentions the method used in the research. Since the research is contrastive analysis, the method of the research is surely contrastive method. The following sample may help you present this section. However, this sample is not a must, it can be modified. This research was conducted using contrastive analysis method. Contrastive analysis is a research method that analyzes the differences and similarities of two or more languages (or subsystem languages) are made explicit. Explicit analysis is a way of comparing the forms (phonemes, morphemes, syntax, etc.) of first language and second language to find out how far or close the forms of the two languages are. In this case the first language is English and the second one is Betawi.

C. Procedures of Collecting Data This section describes what technique the researcher collected the data related to the research. The following sample may become a model. The data of the research were collected using documentary technique. Documentary technique is a procedure of collecting data based on available sources. In this research the data were collected through the reading on some Betawiness texts by the native speakers of Betawiness language and recorded. The data related to English vowels were also collected from English Phonology and Phonetics by Peter Ladgefoged; whereas the vowel pronunciations were recorded by a native speaker of English. Then, the data were analyzed under supervising of the research supervisor. D. Technique of Analyzing Data This section contains the technique used in analyzing the data collected and the steps of the analysis. The sample of presenting this section is as follow: The collected data in this research were analyzed using descriptive analysis technique. The technique was implemented to analyze and compare the data lo find out the differences and similarities between the English and Betawiness vowel phonemes. The data were analyzed through the following procedures: 1. Playing the recorded pronunciations of both the native speakers of the two languages. 2. Transcribing the pronunciations of both the native speakers of the two languages. 3. Selecting the vowel phonemes from other phonemes transcribed. 4. Comparing the phonemes of English and Betwainess languages. 5. Finding out the differences and similarities of English and Betwainess vowels.

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Description of Research Results 1. Describe the results of the data analysis both on the types and number (if possible in percentage) of the differences and similarities of the two languages. 2. Present the analysis results of the differences of the two language vowels. 3. Present the analysis results of the similarities of the two language vowels. B. Discussion 1. Discuss the findings in num. 1, 2, and 3 presented in the description of research results. 2. The discussion should be connected with the theories proposed in Chapter II.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusion Present the conclusion of the research results in accordance with the objectives or the problems in the research that have been mentioned previously and that based on the analysis and discussion presented in Chapter IV B. Implications Imply the results of research and the research objectives on the background of the major areas of the research. C. Suggestions Provide suggestions and follow-up based on the conclusions concerning both positive and negative aspects. REFERENCES Contains all sources of references used ONLY in this study using APA styles. APPENDIX Appendix contains all necessary evidences, such as: recorded cassette (if available), research data, the print-out analysis, proof of analysis by the reliable person, and letter of research permits.