SQL Part 2 Schaum Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7

Theme for the Day:

Built-In Functions
dual table (unique to Oracle) Sequences Group Functions Date Types Single-row Subqueries Multiple-row Subqueries
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SQL Part 2 Schaum Chapters 4

Built-In Functions

Individual Numeric
abs(m) update emp set sal = -5 where sal = 800

select sal from emp

select abs(sal) from emp power(m,n)

round(m,n)
trunc(m,n) mod(m, n)

select sal, trunc(sal/3) * 3, sal - (trunc(sal/3) * 3), mod(sal, 3) from emp

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Selected Oracle Numeric Functions

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SQL Part 2 Schaum Chapters 4

Built-In Functions Character see Schaum page 140 concat(string1, string2) || (similar to + in java) select 'something ' || concat(ename, concat(' ',job)) from emp substr(string, begin, count)

inticap(string)
select initcap('something ' || concat(ename, concat(' ',job))) from emp

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Selected Oracle String Functions

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Selected Oracle Conversion Functions

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Selected Oracle Conversion Functions (continued)

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SQL Part 2 Schaum Chapters 4

Built-In Functions
Dealing with NULL values NVL(m,n) select sal, comm, sal*comm from emp

select sal, comm, sal*nvl(comm, 0) from emp

update emp set job = NULL where ename = 'SMITH' select ename, job from emp where sal < 1000 select ename, nvl(job, 'CEO') from emp where sal < 1000 NVL2(x, y, z) - select ename, nvl2(comm, 0, 1) from emp

coalesce(m,n) - select ename, coalesce(comm, 0, 1, 2) from emp

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Oracle Sequence

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Oracle Sequence Examples

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SQL Part 3 Schaum Chapters 6

dual table

Describe dual

Name

Null? Type

-------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------DUMMY VARCHAR2(1)

select power(2,3) from dual

POWER(2,3)
---------8 1 row selected.
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SQL Part 2 Schaum Chapters 5

Group Functions
count(*) count(column-name)

count(distinct column-name)
select count(distinct job) from emp max(column-name)

min(column-name)
avg(column-name) sum(column-name)
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SQL Part 2 Schaum Chapters 5

This wont work select job, max(sal) from emp select job, max(sal) from emp * ERROR at line 1: ORA-00937: not a single-group group function This will work - select job, max(sal) from emp group by job How about this? - select job, max(sal) from emp group by job having sal > 2000 Or this? - select job, max(sal) from emp group by job having max(sal) > 2000 Or this? - select job, max(sal) from emp group by job having job in ('CLERK', 'SALESMAN')
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SQL Part 2 Schaum Chapters 5

This wont work select job, max(sal) from emp select job, max(sal) from emp * ERROR at line 1: ORA-00937: not a single-group group function This will work - select job, max(sal) from emp group by job How about this? - select job, max(sal) from emp group by job having sal > 2000 Or this? - select job, max(sal) from emp group by job having max(sal) > 2000 Or this? - select job, max(sal) from emp group by job having job in ('CLERK', 'SALESMAN')
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No

Yes

Yes
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SQL Part 3 Schaum Chapters 6

Date Types sysdate date + 1 add_months(date, number) last_day(date) months_between(date1, date2) Learn for your own edification

next_day(date, day_number)
greatest(date1, date2, , dateN) least(date1, date2, , dateN)

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Selected Oracle Date/Time Functions

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Selected Oracle Date/Time Functions (continued)

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SQL Part 3 Schaum Chapters 7

Single-row Subqueries select * from emp where sal = (select round(avg(sal) + 500, -3) from emp)
Round to nearest 1000

select * from emp where sal < (select avg(sal) from emp)
select * from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp) select * from emp where sal <> (select round(avg(sal) + 500, -3) from emp) order by ename

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SQL Part 3 Schaum Chapters 7

Multiple-row Subqueries
select distinct nvl(comm, 110) * 10 from emp select * from emp where sal in (select distinct nvl(comm, 110) * 10 from emp) order by sal select * from emp where sal not in (select distinct nvl(comm, 110) * 10 from emp) order by sal select * from emp where sal = any (select distinct nvl(comm, 110) * 10 from emp) order by sal select * from emp where sal <> any (select distinct nvl(comm, 110) * 10 from emp) order by sal

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SQL Part 3 Schaum Chapters 7

Multiple-row Subqueries

Operator

Description

> ANY
< ANY > ALL < ALL = ANY <> ANY <> ALL

More than the lowest value returned by the subquery

Less that the highest value returned by the subquery More than the highest value returned by the subquery Less than the lowest value returned by the subquery Same as IN Same as select * Same as NOT IN

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SQL Part 3 Schaum Chapters 7

Multiple-row Subqueries select * from emp where sal > any (select distinct nvl(comm, 110) * 10 from emp) order by sal select * from emp where sal > all (select distinct nvl(comm, 110) * 10 from emp)
select sal from emp where sal not in (select distinct a.sal from emp a, emp b where a.sal < b.sal)

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SQL Part 3 Schaum Chapters 7

What will this return?
select sal from emp where sal not in (select a.sal from emp a, emp b where a.sal < b.sal) What will this return? select sal from emp where sal > all (select a.sal from emp a, emp b where a.sal < b.sal) What will this return? select max(sal) from emp
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SQL Part 2 Schaum Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7

Learn all the functions in the tables on Schaum pages 132, 140, 151, 176, 219 and 220

You should do all the problems in Schaum Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7 for proper practice in using SQL.

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