1.1 Gii thiu vi iu khin ATmega16L 1.1.1 Gii thiu ATmega16L l vi iu khin thuc h AVR do hng Atmel sn xut.

y l chip vi iu khin 8 bit kh mnh, c nhiu tnh nng, n nh, kh nng tch hp, s mm do trong vic lp trnh v rt tin li. Cc tnh nng ca ATmega16L : - B nh Flash 16KB, 512 byte EEPROM, 1 KB SRAM cho php np xa 10000 Flash/100000 EEPROM - C 32 chn vo ra d liu chia lm 4 port : PORT A,B,C,D v c 4 Port u c in tr ko ln. - Giao tip SPI Giao tip I2C C 8 knh ADC 10 bit - 2 b Timer/Couter 8 bit, 1 b Timer/Couter 16 bit - 1 b USART 1.1.2 Kho st s chn Hnh 1.1 trnh by s chn ATmega16L - Cc PORT A, B, C, D l cc Port xut nhp ca ATmega16L - VCC, GND l cc chn cp ngun cho vi iu khin vi in p hot ng l 5V - RESET l chn reset ca ATmega16L, tn hiu reset ny tch cc mc thp. - XTAL1, XTAL2 l 2 chn to b dao ng ngoi cho vi iu khin. Tn s thch anh s dng cho ATmega16L l 0 8 MHz. - AREF l chn ly in p chun khi s dng b ADC. - AVCC l chn n nh in p cho b bin i khi s dng b ADC.

Hnh 1.1 : S chn ca ATmega16L 1.1.3 Cu trc ca ATmega16L ATmega16L c cu trc Havard, trong ng truyn cho b nh d liu v ng truyn cho b nh chng trnh c tch ring.

* B nh chng trnh : l b nh Flash lp trnh c gm 2 phn : phn u cha cc vector ngt v phn m lnh nm ngay sau .
Program Memory 0000 Cc vetor ngt $028 $029

M lnh

16 bits

$1FFF

Hnh 1.2 : B nh chng trnh * B nh d liu : Chia thnh 5 phn

Hnh 1.3 : B nh d liu Phn 1 : L phn u tin trong b nh d liu gm 32 thanh ghi 8 bit c tn l Register File (RF). Cc thanh ghi ny c t tn theo th t t R0 n

R31. Chng l ngun cha cc s hng trong php ton v cng l ch cha kt qu tr li ca php ton Phn 2 : nm ngay sau Register File, gm 64 thanh ghi nhp/xut (64 I/O Register) hay cn gi l vng nh I/O (I/O Memory). Tt c cc thanh ghi iu khin, trng thi ca thit b u nm y. Vic iu khin cc Port c lin quan n 3 thanh ghi DDRx, PORTx v PINx (x l tn ca Port), tt c 3 thanh ghi ny u nm trong vng nh I/O. o Thanh ghi DDRx : thanh ghi iu khin hng d liu vo/ra cho cc chn ca cng. Vit gi tr 1 vo mt bit trong thanh ghi DDRx th chn tng ng ca PORTx s l chn xut, ngc li gi tr 0 th chn tng ng s l ng nhp. o Thanh ghi PORTx : thanh ghi xc lp in tr ko ln. o Thanh ghi PINx : dng c gi tr logic trn cc chn ca PORTx Phn 3 : RAM tnh, ni (Internal SRAM), l vng cha cc bin tm thi trong lc thc thi chng trnh. Phn 4 : RAM ngoi, ch tn ti khi gn thm b nh ngoi Phn 5 : EEPROM, b nh ny khng b xa ngay c khi mt in, thch hp cho vic lu d liu. Phn b nh EEPROM c tch ring v c a ch tnh t 0x0000.

1.1.4 Truyn thng ni tip ng b v khng ng b (USART) Vi iu khin ATmega16L c 1 b USART. C 3 chn lin quan n module ny l chn xung nhp (XCK), chn truyn d liu (TXD), chn nhn d liu (RXD). C 5 thanh ghi lin quan n vic iu khin v hot ng ca USART l: * UDR : l thanh ghi d liu, l thanh ghi 8 bit c chc nng cha gi tr nhn c v pht i ca USART.

Hnh 1.4 : Thanh ghi UDR * UCSRA : l 1 trong 3 thanh ghi iu khin hot ng ca USART, thanh ghi ny ch yu cha cc bit trng thi

Hnh 1.5 : Thanh ghi UCSRA RXC : bo qu trnh nhn kt thc TXC : bo qu trnh truyn kt thc. UDRE : bo thanh ghi d liu ang trng. FE : khung truyn c li DOR : d liu trn.

- PE : kim tra Parity c li. - U2X : bit ch nh gp i tc truyn - MPCM : bit chn ch hot ng a x l. * UCSRB : thanh ghi quan trng iu khin USART

Hnh 1.6 : Thanh ghi UCSRB - RXCIE : bit cho php ngt khi qu trnh nhn kt thc. - TXCIE : bit cho php ngt khi qu trnh truyn kt thc. - UDRIE : bit cho php ngt khi thanh ghi UDR trng. - RXEN : bit iu khin b nhn ca USART, kch hot chc nng nhn d liu phi set bit ny ln 1. - TXEN : bit iu khin b truyn pht - UCSZ2 : bit ny kt hp vi 2 bit khc trong thanh ghi UCSRC quy nh di ca d liu truyn nhn. - RXB8 : ng vai tr l bit nhn th 9 trong ch truyn thng 9 bit, 8 bit u c cha trong UDR. - TXB8 : ng vai tr l bit truyn th 9 trong ch truyn thng 9 bit, 8 bit u c cha trong UDR. * UCSRC : thanh ghi quy nh khung truyn v ch truyn

Hnh 1.7 : Thanh ghi UCSRC Thanh ghi ny c a ch trng vi thanh ghi UBRRH (thanh ghi cha byte cao dng xc lp tc baud). V th bit th 7 trong thanh ghi ny, tc bit URSEL l bit chn thanh ghi. Khi URSEL=1 th thanh ghi UCSRC c chn, nu URSEL=0 th thanh ghi UBRRH c chn. - UMSEL : bit chn ch truyn thng ng b v khng ng b. Nu UMSEL=1 th ch ng b c kch hot, nu UMSEL=0 th ch khng ng b c s dng. - UPM1 v UPM0 : hai bit c dng quy nh kim tra Parity. Nu UPM1:0=00 th Parity khng c s dng, nu UPM1:0=10 th Parity chn c dng, nu UPM1:0=11 th Parity l c dng. - USBS : bit Stop trong khung truyn, nu USBS=1 th s c 2 Stop bit, nu USBS=0 th s c 1 Stop bit. - UCSZ1 v UCSZ0 : hai bit ny kt hp vi bit UCSZ2 trong thanh ghi UCSRB quy nh di d liu truyn. Bng 1.1 tm tt cc gi tr c th ca t hp 3 bit ny v di truyn d liu tng ng.

Bng 1.1: di d liu truyn

UCPOL : bit ch ch xung kch trong ch truyn thng ng b. Nu UCPOL=0 th d liu thay i cnh ln ca xung, nu UCPOL=1 th d liu thay i cnh xung ca xung.

* UBRRH v UBRRL : hai thanh ghi thp v cao quy nh tc baud

Hnh 1.8 : Thanh ghi UBRRH v UBRRL Nh trong hnh trn, ch c 4 bit thp ca UBRRH c dng, 4 bit ny kt hp vi 8 bit trong thanh ghi UBRRL to thnh 12 bit quy nh tc baud. Nu ghi vo thanh ghi UBRRL th tc baud s tc th c cp nht. V th phi ghi vo UBRRH trc sau mi ghi vo UBRRL. Bng 1.2 trnh by cch tnh tc baud da vo gi tr ca thanh ghi UBRR v ngc li, cch tnh gi tr cn thit cho thanh ghi UBRR khi bit tc baud. Bng 1.2 : Tnh tc Baud

.2 Led ma trn Led ma trn l 1 tp hp cc led n c b tr theo ma trn hnh ch nht hay vung, cho php hin th k t bt k. Trn th trng c cc loi ma trn led c tch hp sn nh 7x5 ( 7 hng v 5 ct), 8x8 (8 hng v 8 ct) .v.v.

Hnh 1.9 : Led ma trn 8x8 Trong led ma trn : theo hng th cc anode c ni chung, theo ct th cc cathode c ni chung. Nh vy vi led ma trn 7x5 th c 7 hng v 5 ct. Anode ni vi mc cao(H) v cathode ni vi mc thp(L) th led sng, cc trng hp cn li led tt. Hnh 1.10 hin th ch A trn led ma trn 8x8, c 2 cch hin th ch A:

Hnh 1.10 : Sng ch A Cch 1 : m qut gi ra ct v d liu gi ra hng: - Chn ct 1 (bng cch ko ct 1 xung mc L) cc ct cn li mc H , sau gi byte d liu ra 8 hng (led no sng th bit tng ng bng 1, led no tt th bit tng ng bng 0). - Chn ct 2 sau gi byte d liu tng ng ra 8 hng. - Chn ct 3 sau gi byte d liu tng ng ra 8 hng. - Chn ct 4 sau gi byte d liu tng ng ra 8 hng. - Chn ct 5 sau gi byte d liu tng ng ra 8 hng. Do tc qut nhanh nn chng ta s thy sng c ch A. Cc byte d liu c th s dng chng trnh to m ma trn ly m d dng. Vi led ma trn 8x8, nu chn dng lm vic cho 1 led l 20mA th dng cn cho 1 ct s l 20 mA * 8= 160 mA. V th cn m bo cp dng led ma trn c sng r.

u im : o Khi m rng thm led ch cn kt ni song song 8 hng v ct dng thanh ghi dch rt n gin do s ng iu khin t. o Mi 1 thi im ch c 1 ct sng nn dng tiu th thp o Mch n gin. - Khuyt im : o B gii hn s ct v khi m rng cng nhiu ct th thi gian tt ca led tng thm. Gi s c 100 ct th thi gian sng ca mi ct bng 1/100, thi gian tt bng 99/100. Cch 2 : m qut gi ra hng v d liu gi ra ct - Chn hng 1 sau a d liu tng ng ra cc ct - Chn hng 2 sau a d liu tng ng ra cc ct - Chn hng 3 sau a d liu tng ng ra cc ct - Chn hng 4 sau a d liu tng ng ra cc ct - Chn hng 5 sau a d liu tng ng ra cc ct - Chn hng 6 sau a d liu tng ng ra cc ct - Chn hng 7 sau a d liu tng ng ra cc ct - u im : o Khi tng thm led => s ct tng ln th thi gian sng/tt ca led vn khng i l 1/8. - Khuyt im : o Dng cp cho led ln o Do s ct tng nn cn nhiu thi gian a d liu ra ct o Vi bng qung co led ln c nhiu led phi s dng IC c tc cao qut. -

III.1 IC 74HC595 IC 74HC595 l thanh ghi dch 8 bit, vo ni tip, ra ni tip hoc song song vi ng ra 3 trng thi

Hnh III.1 : S logic ca 74HC595 -

* Chc nng : - Vo d liu 8-bit - u ra 8-bit ni tip v 8-bit song song - Thanh ghi cht vi u ra 3 trng thi * M t chn : - VCC v GND: chn cp ngun 5V cho IC - QA - QH: 8 u ra d liu song song, chn SQH l chn ra d liu ni tip - RESET l chn Reset IC, tch cc mc thp - SHIFT CLOCK l chn nhn xung clock ca thanh ghi dch - LATCH CLOCK l chn nhn xung clock cho thanh ghi cht - OUTPUT ENABLE : chn cho php xut d liu ra, tch cc mc thp. Khi hot ng chn ny mc 0. Khi a chn OUTPUT ENABLE ln mc 1 cc u ra s trng thi tr khng cao - A l chn nhn d liu ni tip. * Hot ng : D liu sau khi c a vo chn A ca IC, bit d liu s c dch vo thanh ghi dch ng vi cnh ln ca xung clock a ti chn SHIFT CLOCK. 8 bit d liu ca thanh ghi dch s c a sang thanh ghi cht khi c mt xung cnh ln a n chn LATCH CLOCK. Khi chn OUTPUT ENABLE tch cc mc 0 th 8-bit d liu ny s c a ra 8 u ra song song Xung ti chn SHIFT CLOCK phi xut hin trc xung vo chn LATCH CLOCK. Khi c 8 bit d liu tip theo c

dch vo th 8 bit d liu trc s ln lt c dch ra ni tip nhau qua chn SQH. Khi ghp ni cc IC 74HC595 ni tip nhau th cc chn SHIFT CLOCK v LATCH CLOCK ca tt c cc IC s c ni chung vi nhau v ni vi ngun xung clock, d liu s a vo chn A ca IC u tin, cn cc IC sau th c mc ni tip nhau, chn A ca IC ny ni vi chn SQH ca IC trc. III.2 IC ULN2803 IC ULN2803 l IC m o vi 8 ng ra, mi ng ra l transistor ghp darlington vi dng in v in p ng ra cao.

- Hinh III.2 : S chn ULN2803 * Thng s : - in p ng ra ti a : 50V - in p ng vo ti a : 30V - Dng Ic ng ra ti a l 500mA - Dng IB ng vo ti a l 25mA * Hot ng

- c a xungvo mc cao,tc mc thp. Khi ngdn, tng ng ng ra Khi ng transistor c kch chn GND vo l mc thp,
transistor khng c kch dn, ng tng ng s trng thi tng tr cao. to c mc 1 cn gn thm in tr treo ti ng ra ca IC ULN2803