Shell Momentum Balance

By Amol Deshpande

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Transport Phenomena

Introduction
Objective
To obtain velocity profiles for laminar flow of fluids

Requirements
Definition of viscosity Molecular and Convective momentum flux expressions Concept of momentum balance

Flow Systems to be studied

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Flow of a falling film Flow through a circular tube Flow through an annulus Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids
Transport Phenomena

Introduction
Problems/Systems
Steady Flow Laminar Rectilinear Flow Velocity function of one spatial variable

Momentum Balance (Rate of Momentum In) (Rate of Momentum out) + (Force of Gravity) = 0

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Viscous Flow Problems Solving Procedure

Identify non-vanishing velocity components Consider a shell and write a shell momentum balance Use definition of first derivative to obtain differential equation for momentum flux Get momentum flux distribution Insert Newtons law viscosity and obtain a differential equation for velocity. Get velocity distribution Use velocity distribution/profile to get other quantities such as max velocity, avg velocity.
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Boundary Conditions
Solid Fluid Interface
No Slip Condition

Liquid Liquid Interface

Continuity of velocity and stress-tensor components

Liquid Gas Interface

Shear Stress Tensor components are taken to be zero

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Transport Phenomena

Problem Flow Of a Falling Film

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Transport Phenomena

Postulates - Assumptions
vz= vz(x) , vx = 0 ; vy = 0 p = p(x) End effects are neglected Steady Flow Incompressible Fluid Viscosity and Density are constant

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Transport Phenomena

Shell - Surface

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Transport Phenomena

Shell Momentum Balance

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Transport Phenomena

Momentum Flux Distribution

First Derivative (Shell thickness approaches zero)

Momentum Flux

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Velocity Distribution
Newtons Law Of Viscosity

Velocity Distribution

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Transport Phenomena

Profiles

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Transport Phenomena

Other Quantities
Maximum Velocity Average Velocity

Mass Flow Rate

Film Thickness Viscous Force in the z-direction
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Analysis Falling Film Problem

Experimental Observations
Three flow regimes (Based on Re) Gives information about onset of instability

Results obtained (Velocity, Momentum flux distributions) Valid only for Re < 20
Experiments play a vital role in Fluid Dynamics
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Problem Flow Through A Circular Tube

Steady state, laminar flow of a fluid Constant density and viscosity Vertical tube of length L and radius R L>>R End effects are neglected

Postulates
vz= vz(r) , vr = 0 ; v = 0 p = p(z)
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Shell Surface

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Momentum Balance
Overall momentum balance

Simplification First Derivative

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Momentum Flux Distribution

Boundary Condition

Momentum flux Distribution

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Velocity Distribution
Newtons Law of Viscosity Boundary Condition At r = R, vz = 0;

Velocity Distribution

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Other Quantities
Maximum Velocity Average Velocity Mass Flow Rate

Z- component of the force

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Assumptions in Hagen-Poiseuille Equation

Laminar Flow Incompressible Flow Steady Flow Newtonian fluid (Newtons law of viscosity valid) End effects are neglected Fluid behaves as a continuum No slip at the wall

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Transport Phenomena

Problem Flow Through An Annulus

Steady state axial flow Incompressible liquid System Coaxial cylinders of radii kR and R, Liquid flows through an annulus in upward direction Postulates
vz= vz(r) , vr = 0 ; v = 0 p(z) = p(z)
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Momentum Flux Distribution

Boundary Conditions At r = R , momentum flux is zero.

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Velocity Distribution
Newtons Law of Viscosity Velocity Distribution

Boundary Conditions r = kR, vz = 0 r = R, vz = 0

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Momentum Flux/Velocity Distribution

Constants

Momentum Flux / Velocity Distribution

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Transport Phenomena

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Transport Phenomena

Other Quantities
Maximum Velocity Average Velocity Mass Flow Rate

Z- component of the force

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Transport Phenomena

Problem Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids

Two Immiscible incompressible liquids Fluid flow through a horizontal slit (z-direction) of length L and width W and gap of 2b Fluid flow rates Adjusted to have each fluid filling half of the slit Interface Exactly planar Postulates
vz= vz(x) , vx = 0 ; vy = 0 p(z) = p(z)
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Shell Momentum Balance

Momentum Flux

Boundary Condition

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Transport Phenomena

Velocity Distribution
Velocity

Boundary Conditions
No Slip / Continuity of velocity

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Transport Phenomena

Momentum Flux and Velocity Distributions

Momentum Flux and Velocity Profiles

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Transport Phenomena

Momentum Flux and Velocity Profiles

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Problems
Rederive the velocity profile and average velocity for a falling film problem by replacing x by a coordinate x1 measured away from the wall (i.e. x1 = 0 is the wall surface and x1= is the liquid gas interface.

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Transport Phenomena