Biology - Chapter 4 The Chemical Basis of Life

Charles Page High School Stephen L. Cotton

Section 4.1 Water

Objectives:
List

some important properties of water.

Section 4.1 Water

Objectives:
Describe

the nature of mixtures, solutions, and suspensions.

Section 4.1 Water

Objectives:
Define

acids, bases, neutralization, and pH scale.

Section 4.1 Water

Water- is quite common, but has many unique characteristics One of few compounds that is liquid
expands

as it turns to solid explains why ice floats: it is less dense than the liquid stage important to fish and plants

Section 4.1 Water

Covers more than 75% of earth

Most abundant compound in nearly

all living organisms Most important property:

uneven

distribution of electrons, thus slightly charged on each end, like a little magnet; polar Fig. 4-2, page 64 attracted to other water & particles

 Water is a good solvent because of

Section 4.1 Water

its polarity (attracted to other items) Mixtures: composed of two or more materials that are mixed, but not chemically combined salt & pepper; sugar & sand; air; soil can be mixed in varying amounts 2 types: 1) solutions & 2) suspensions

Section 4.1 Water

Solutions: example is sugar water

homogeneous; variable composition

Made of solvent- substance that

does the dissolving (water) and solute- the substance that is dissolved (sugar) water called the universal solvent, and due to its polarity Fig. 4-4, p. 65

Section 4.1 Water

Acids:

Acids are ionically bonded compounds that

break apart when dissolved in water to produce hydrogen ions NaCl is NaCl Na1+ + Cl1- Thus, type of not a acid. compound = ion + ion HCl H1+ + Cl1hydrochloric acid = hydrogen ion + chloride ion
(notice that this is a type of acid, because it produces hydrogen ions)

Section 4.1 Water

The hydrogen ion (H1+) is the most

chemically reactive ion known compounds that release the hydrogen ion are called Acids Bases release hydroxide ion (OH1-) NaOH Na1+ + OH1acids and bases are dangerous; they can break other chemical bonds

Section 4.1 Water

Neutralization and pH:

Strong acid + strong base results in

the H1+ and OH1- reacting together to form water, H2O called a neutralization reaction may not be perfectly neutral, unless the correct amount of each is used

Section 4.1 Water

A measurement system known as

the pH scale indicates the relative amount of H1+ and OH1 pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 pure water = 7.0 less than 7.0 = acids greater than 7.0 = bases Fig. 4-6, page 66 for examples

Section 4.1 Water

Suspensions: are heterogeneous

do not break into individual

particles, but are still small enough that they may or may not settle sand and water will settle blood- contains dissolved materials, clotting materials, living cells, others- will not settle

Section 4.2
Chemical Compounds in Living Things
Objectives:
Identify

the four most abundant elements in living things.

Section 4.2
Chemical Compounds in Living Things
Objectives:
Compare

inorganic compounds and organic compounds.

Section 4.2
Chemical Compounds in Living Things
Objectives:
Describe

the properties that make carbon unique.

Section 4.2
Chemical Compounds in Living Things
Objectives:
Explain

the importance of polymerization.

Section 4.2
Chemical Compounds in Living Things About 90 naturally occurring elements; only 11 common in living organisms Four make up over 96% of the human body: C, N, O, and H Two major groups of chemicals: 1) organic and 2) inorganic

Section 4.2
Chemical Compounds in Living Things
Inorganic Compounds:

usually, those chemicals that do

not contain the element carbon carbon dioxide is an exception others: water, calcium phosphate, salts, minerals in soil and sand

Section 4.2
Chemical Compounds in Living Things Organic Compounds:
carbon-containing compounds more than 2 million of them. Why? Carbon forms covalent bonds that are

strong and stable. Can form 4 bonds- with itself as well as other elements

Section 4.2
Chemical Compounds in Living Things
Fig. 4-8, page 68
Simplest organic compound is methane,

CH4 (natural gas) carbon can form long chains by bonding with other carbon single-, double-, and triple-bonds are possible; also rings Fig. 4-9, p.69 no other element can do this!

Section 4.2
Chemical Compounds in Living Things
Polymerization:
process in which large compounds

(called polymers) are constructed by joining together many smaller compounds (called monomers) joined much like the letters of the alphabet can form larger words Fig. 4-10, page 69

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Objectives:

Identify

the four groups of organic compounds found in living things.

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Objectives:

Describe

the structure and function of each group of compounds of life.

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Objectives:

Explain

how enzymes work and why they are important to living things.

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

4 groups of organic compounds

found in living things: 1) Carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

1. Carbohydrates:
includes sugars and starches (polymer)

contain the elements C, H, and O, with

the ratio 1:2:1 (carbo- -hydrate) simplest called monosaccharides (monomers), or simple sugarsexamples are glucose, galactose, and fructose

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Glucose- made by green plants
Galactose- found in milk

Fructose- found in fruits; sweetest of

these 3 (none of which is very sweet) all have the same formula: C6H12O6 have a different arrangement of these atoms-isomers Fig. 4-11, p.70

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Sugars are used for fuel, containing a

large amount of energy stored in their chemical bonds Most organisms use glucose as fuel Dehydration Synthesis- joins 2 simple sugars by losing 1 water Fig. 4-12, p.71 monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide + water

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Sucrose (table sugar) made from

glucose + fructose Maltose (malt sugar) made from glucose + glucose Lactose (milk sugar) made from glucose + galactose All 3 disaccharides are: C12H22O11

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Polysaccharides:
large molecules, formed by many

monosaccharide units together used to store excess sugar in the form of starch (plants) or glycogen (animal starch) Cellulose (wood)- gives plants strength and rigidity. Can we digest it?

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Hydrolysis: reverse of dehydration synthesis,

used to break polysaccharides into monosaccharides water is added back to the molecules Fig. 4-14, page 72

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

2. Lipids:
also called fats & waxes (solids), and

oils (liquids at room temp.) 3 major roles in living organisms:

1. Can be used to store excess energy 2. Form biological membranes 3. Used as chemical messengers

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Lipids (polymer) formed by monomers:

fatty acids and glycerol Fig. 4-16, p.73

fatty acids have a carboxyl group that

contains: 1 C, 1 H, and 2 O (-COOH) glycerol is an organic alcohol, with 3 C each attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH) Usually 2 or 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol, joined by what method? (Dehydration synthesis)

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids:
Saturated- has only single bonds, thus

contains maximum # of H not very healthy; hard to break down common in meats and dairy products usually solids- found in bacon, sausage, butter, milk, steak

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Unsaturated- if the carbons are linked

by double bonds; does not contain the maximum # of H Having several double bonds is called polyunsaturated tend to be liquids- used in cooking, such as sesame, peanut, corn oil

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Both plants and animals can use lipids

to store energy lipids have less O than carbohydrates, thus less mass per unit of energy
Carbohydrates release:

4 calories/gram

Lipids release:

9 calories/gram

Much more energy from an equal

amount of lipid than carbohydrate

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Sterols and Phospholipids:

These are two other types of lipids

An important sterol: cholesterol- is

important, but not in excess; help build cells and carry messages Phospholipids- have a part that does dissolve well in water, and a part that does not dissolve well

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

When phospholipids are mixed

with water, a liposome is formed, which has a double layer this helps them form cell membranes

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

3. Proteins (a polymer) formed by the monomer: amino acids contain C, H, O, and also Nitrogen Fig. 4-19, page 74 amino acids have an amino group (-NH2) as well as the carboxyl group (-COOH)

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

More than 20 different amino acids,

have a different location of the R group (R = the hydrocarbon part) Peptides- a peptide bond joins two amino acids (by what process?) Fig. 4-20, page 75 dipeptide- 2 amino acids; tri- has 3 polypeptide- long chain joined

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Protein structure: made of one or

more polypeptide chains Uses: 1. Help carry out chemical reactions 2. Pump molecules in or out of cell 3. Responsible for cell movement 4. Structural components

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Enzymes:

Life is possible because of chemical

processes A catalyst will speed up the rate of a chemical reaction, without being used up itself work by lowering the start-up energy of a reaction

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Biological catalysts are called enzymes;

usually a type of protein enzymes speed up a reaction by binding to the reactants (called substrates) at the region known as the active site Very specific, like a lock and key Fig. 4-22, page 76

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

4. Nucleic acids (polymer): large, complex molecules composed of C, O, H, N, and Phosphorus the monomer forming them is called a nucleotide

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Nucleotides are made of:

1. A special 5-carbon sugar 2. A phosphate group 3. A nitrogenous base Fig. 4-23, page 76

Section 4.3 Compounds of Life

Two types of Nucleic Acids:

1. RNA (ribonucleic acid) - contain the sugar ribose 2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - contain the sugar deoxyribose Neither are strongly acidic

Why? Acids that have C are usually not strong

Function: to store and transmit the

genetic information for life itself