1

MC LC

TNG HP BIODIESEL ............................................................................................................... 2
NHT NG HC ............................................................................................................... 13
CN CARBON CONRADSON .................................................................................................. 18
IM CHP CHY CC H .................................................................................................... 24
O T TRNG BNG PYCNOMETER ................................................................................... 27
NG CHNG CT ASTM ................................................................................................... 30
IM CHP CHY CC KN ................................................................................................... 38
O T TRNG BNG HYDROMETER................................................................................... 43

2

BI 1
TNG HP BIODIESEL

I. MC CH
- Gip sinh vin hiu r hn v nhin liu sinh hc
- Tip cn phng php sn xut Biodiesel truyn thng

II. C S L THUYT
1. Biodiesel
- Biodiesel l cht lng c mu vng h phch, c nh ngha l cc monoalkyl ester ca
cc acid bo mch di t cc ngun nguyn liu c th ti sinh c nh cc loi du
thc vt, m ng vt.
- Du thc vt v m ng vt l cc ngun cha cc acid bo c mch hydrocarbon khc
nhau, lin kt vi phn t glycerine bng lin kt ester. Vic s dng trc tip du m
lm nhin liu cho ng c gp phi mt s vn nh:
- Nhin liu c nht cao (cao hn 11 - 17 ln so vi nhin liu diesel thng thng).
nht c gi tr tu thuc vo di v bt bo ho ca cc phn t. nht
cao gy ra mt s bt n cho ng c nh qu trnh phun nhin liu khng u n,
c bit nhit thp lm cho ng c hot ng khng n nh.
- bay hi ca du m rt thp nn chng kh chy hon ton v hnh thnh nn
mui bm vo vi phun ca ng c.
- C 4 phng php c s dng gii quyt vn nht cao ca cc triglyceride:
- Pha long 1 phn du m vi 3 phn nhin liu diesel
- Vi nh tng ho vi cc ru mch ngn nh methanol v ethanol
- Nhit phn (cracking nhit) to ra alkane, alkene, acid carboxylic v cc hp cht
thm; bao gm c cracking s dng cht xc tc to ra alkane, alkene, cycloalkane v
alkylbenzene.
3

- Transester ho: c s dng thng dng nht nhm chuyn du m ng thc vt
thnh nhin liu biodiesel (hn hp monoalkyl ester ca cc acid bo) s dng
c cho ng c.
2. Phn ng transester ho
a. Khi nim
- Transester ho l phn ng chuyn ho ester bng cch phn ct phn t triglyceride,
ly i phn t glycerine v thay th bng nhm chc alkyl ca ru. Cc xc tc c
s dng cho phn ng transester ho l base (NaOH, KOH, CH
3
ONa), acid (H
2
SO
4
,
HCl) v enzyme lipase. Ru thng c s dng l methanol, to sn phm l cc
methyl ester ca acid bo vi chiu di ca mch alkyl l 12 - 22 nguyn t carbon.
Nc, cht xc tc, triglyceride v ru d cng vi ph phm l glycerine phi c
loi ra khi hn hp sau phn ng thu c biodiesel. Glycerine c tinh ch l
sn phm c gi tr trong cng nghip m phm, thc phm v nhiu ngnh cng
nghip khc. Transester ho c xem l la chn tt nht chuyn ho du m
ng thc vt thnh nhin liu s dng c (biodiesel) v:
- Cc tnh cht vt l ca alkyl ester rt ging vi tnh cht vt l ca nhin liu
diesel. Hn na, methyl hoc ethyl ester ca cc acid bo c th chy trc tip
trong cc ng c diesel thng thng m khng yu cu phi ci tin ng c v
khng hnh thnh cn lng.
- Quy trnh thc hin tng i n gin nn d dng p dng vo sn xut trong
cng nghip.
- To ra ph phm glycerine c nhiu ng dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip

Trong bi th nghim ny, ta s dng phng php transester ho cc triglyceride ca
du thc vt bng methanol vi s c mt ca xc tc base tng hp biodiesel.





4

b. C ch

- C ch phn ng c s dng xc tc base:
Cc hp cht ho hc c tnh base nh NaOH, KOH, CH
3
ONa l xc tc thng
dng trong phn ng transester ho.
Ru phn ng vi xc tc base to ra anion alkoxide RO
-
v proton H
+
. Tc nhn i
nhn alkoxide tn cng vo nguyn t carbon ca nhm carbonyl, hnh thnh nn hp
5

cht trung gian c cu trc t din. Sau , cu trc ny sp xp li thnh alkyl ester
v anion diglyceride tng ng. Anion diglyceride ny tc dng vi BH
+
to ra phn
t diglyceride v gii phng ra base B tip tc tham gia xc tc phn ng. Cc
diglyceride v monoglyceride cng c c ch phn ng tng t hnh thnh nn hn
hp alkyl ester v glycerine.

B: xc tc base
R: gc alkyl ca ru
R
1
, R
2
, R
3
: mch hydrocarbon ca cc acid bo
6

- Cc alkoxide ca kim loi kim nh CH
3
ONa l cht xc tc rt mnh, cho hiu sut
cao (> 98 %) trong thi gian ngn (30 pht) d c s dng nng thp (0,5 %
mol).
- Cht xc tc v ru phi dng khan khi c cho vo hn hp phn ng (tng
lng nc phi t (0,1 0,3) % khi lng hoc t hn) v nc thc y phn ng
thu phn alkyl ester thnh acid bo t do v sau hnh thnh x phng. K
2
CO
3

c s dng nng 2 % hoc 3 % mol cho hiu sut thu alkyl ester cao v hn
ch c s hnh thnh x phng v n gip to thnh mui bicarbonate thay v to ra
nc.

c. u im v nhc im
- u im:
Tc phn ng nhanh hn khong 4 000 ln khi so snh vi phn ng xc tc acid.
- Nhc im:
Xc tc base ch c dng cho cc loi du tng i sch, hm lng acid bo t
do nh hn 1 %. Khi hm lng acid bo t do ln hn 1 %, hiu sut ca phn ng
gim v acid bo t do phn ng vi xc tc base (KOH, NaOH) hnh thnh nn x
phng. X phng ny gy kh khn cho qu trnh thu hi glycerine v lm gim ng
k hiu sut phn ng. Hm lng nc trong du m cng nh hng n hiu sut
hnh thnh alkyl ester v nc nhiu lm phn ng x phng ho din ra mnh.

III. DNG C V HO CHT
1. Dng c
- Bnh cu 3 c 500 ml (1)
- Sinh hn nc (1)
- Nhit k 100
o
C (1)
- ng ong 100 ml (2)
- Phu chit 500 ml (1)
- Becher 500 ml (1)
- Becher 250 ml (1)
- Cc ng nc thi (1)
7

- Pipette 1 ml (1)
- Bp in, t (1)
- C t (1)
- Phu (1)
- Bnh nc ct (1)

2. Ho cht
- NaOH cng nghip
- H
3
PO
4
m c
- Du thc vt
- CH
3
OH

IV. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
1. Cch tin hnh
- Dng ng ong 100 ml ly 250 ml du thc vt cho vo bnh cu 3 c. Lp thit b nh
hnh v.

8

- Trong khi ch cho nhit du ln 60
o
C, cn chnh xc khong 1,6875 g NaOH cng
nghip vo becher 250 ml, sau cho 62,5 ml CH
3
OH vo. Khuy cho NaOH tan trong
CH
3
OH. Sau khi NaOH tan ht, cho dung dch vo bnh cu 3 c. Cn thn v CH
3
OH rt
c.
- Thc hin phn ng transester ho trong 1,5 h. Lu phi n nh nhit 60
o
C.
- Sau khi phn ng xong, hn hp vo phu chit. Ch n khi hn hp phn pha r
rng, chit tch phn glycerine.
- Phn biodiesel th c em i ra. Qu trnh ra gm 3 nc.
Nc 1: dng pipette 1 ml ht 0,5 ml H
3
PO
4
m c cho vo 65 ml nc ct
Nc 2 v 3: dng nc ct.
Cc ln ra l nh nhau v tin hnh nh sau: biodiesel th c cho vo becher 500 ml,
sau cho nc ra vo, ln bp t khuy khong 3 pht sau cho vo phu tch.
Phn nc pha di c tch ra.
- Sau ln ra cui cng, biodiesel c sy 110
o
C trong 1 h. Gi mu bi sau o cc
ch tiu cht lng sn phm.

2. nh gi sn phm biodiesel
- Cn lng sn phm thu c nh gi hiu sut thu biodiesel.
- Da vo th biu din s ph thuc ca % methyl ester trong hn hp sn phm vo
nht ca hn hp (xem hnh) nh gi kh nng chuyn ho ca triglyceride trong
du thc vt.
- nh gi cht lng sn phm theo tiu chun ASTM D6751 theo cc ch tiu sau:
- o nht ng hc ca biodiesel 40
o
C theo ASTM D445
- o hm lng cn carbon ca biodiesel theo ASTM D4530 (tiu chun tng ng
ASTM D189)
9


th biu din s ph thuc ca nht hn hp theo % methyl ester trong hn hp du

V. KT QU
1. S liu th
- Khi lng biodiesel thu c: 148,61 g
- Th tch biodiesel thu c: 190 ml

2. Tnh ton
a. Hiu sut thu biodiesel
Thnh phn acid bo du u nnh gm:
Tn (Cng thc ho hc) Khi lng mol phn t; g.mol
-1
% khi lng
Acid -linoleic (C
17
H
29
COOH) 278 10
Acid linoleic (C
17
H
31
COOH) 280 51
Acid oleic (C
17
H
33
COOH) 282 23
Acid stearic (C
17
H
35
COOH) 284 4
Acid palmitic (C
15
H
31
COOH) 256 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Lng methyl ester (%v/v)

o

n
h

t

(
C
s
t
)
10


Khi lng mol phn t trung bnh ca cc acid bo trong du thc vt:
98 , 277
10 4 23 51 10
10 . 256 4 . 284 23 . 282 51 . 280 10 . 278
=
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
E
E
=
i
i i
x
x M
M g.mol
-1

Vi M
i
l khi lng mol phn t ca acid bo i; g.mol
-1

x
i
l t l khi lng ring phn ca acid bo i

Khi lng mol phn t ca triglyceride:
94 , 871 3 41 98 , 277 . 3 3 41 . 3 = + = + = M M
g
g.mol
-1


Khi lng mol phn t ca biodiesel:
98 , 291 1 15 98 , 277 1 15 = + = + = M M
b
g.mol
-1


Khi lng ring ca du u nnh nhit phng:
d = 0,92 g.ml
-1

m
so
= 250. 0,92 = 230 g
Xem du u nnh nguyn cht ch cha triglyceride:

m
g
= m
so
= 230 g

Khi lng Biodiesel thu c theo l thuyt:
95 , 228
98 , 291 . 3
94 , 871 . 230
. 3
.
= = =
b
g so
blt
M
M m
m g

Hiu sut thu Biodiesel:
% 91 , 64 % 100 .
95 , 228
61 , 148
% 100 . = = =
blt
btt
m
m
q

b. Kh nng chuyn ho ca triglyceride trong du thc vt
nht ng hc ca biodiesel o c l 4,099 cSt. Theo th, hn hp du sau phn
ng cha 100 % th tch l methyl ester.
11

VI. BN LUN
1. Ti sao s dng acid phosphoric ra thay v s dng cc loi acid khc?
- Trong thc t sn xut, ngi ta thng s dng H
3
PO
4
ra dung dch biodiesel. Sn
phm ph ca qu trnh l cc mui cha cc gc acid PO
4
3-
, HPO
4
2-
, H
2
PO
4
-
. Ngoi ra,
KOH thng c s dng lm xc tc (d t gp i NaOH) v KOH ho tan vi
CH
3
OH d hn v mui phosphate kali c th c dng lm phn bn. V vy, kt hp
vi quy trnh sn xut biodiesel, ta c th tn dng sn xut thm phn ln m khng phi
thi b ra ngoi mi trng.

2. Ti sao ta khng th s dng thm nhiu methanol hn tng hiu sut qu trnh?
Vai tr ca methanol d:
- Chuyn dch cn bng ca phn ng transester ho theo hng to sn phm. V phn
ng transester ho c tnh thun nghch nn lng tc cht cng d cng gip vic to sn
phm thun li.
- Gim nht ca h, gip cho kh nng o trn v tip xc pha gia cc thnh phn tc
cht phn ng tt hn.
Tuy nhin, nu lng methanol c thm qu nhiu, vai tr th hai khng cn quan
trng na do nht ca h rt kh c ci thin thm. Vi mc ch kinh t, ta s
khng dng nhiu methanol.

3. Methanol l sn phm c hi nhng ti sao ngi ta vn dng methanol trong sn xut
biodiesel?
Ngoi kh nng phn ng, methanol cn nhiu u im so vi cc ru khc:
- Gi thnh thp hn (tnh trn 1 mol : lng ru cn dng c xc nh bi t l mol
ru : du)
- Khi lng (v th tch) methanol cn dng thp hn do khi lng mol phn t ca
methanol thp hn cc ru khc (trong khi khi lng ring khng khc nhau nhiu).
- thu c biodiesel vi hiu sut cao (n 99,7 %), ngi ta phi dng d ru. Lng
ru d phi c tch ra v quay tr li phn ng nhm gim chi ph sn xut v khng
gy c hi mi trng. Methanol c nhit si thp (65
o
C) nn d c tch ra khi
hn hp phn ng hn. Thm vo , khi c tch ra, ru lun cha nc. Methanol
12

c th d dng tch khi nc bng nhng phng php chng ct thng thng. Nhng
ru khc nh ethanol v iso-propanol to vi nc hn hp ng ph nn gy kh khn
cho vic tch nc.

4. u im ca biodiesel so vi cc nhin liu khc t du m:
Biodiesel c vi u im vt tri so vi nhin liu diesel t du m nh:
- c sn xut t ngun nguyn liu ti sinh l du m ng thc vt, c bit ti s dng
ngun du thi chin rn t qu trnh nu n; gip gim thiu c lng du thi gy
nhim mi trng. Ngun nng lng ti sinh l yu t cc k quan trng v ngi ta c
tnh vi mc tiu th nh hin nay, ngun nhin liu t du m s cn kit trong khong
50 nm na.
- Do c ngun gc t du m ng thc vt, biodiesel khng cha cc cht c hi nh lu
hunh, cc kim loi nng. V vy, y l loi nhin liu khng c hi, gip gim thiu
hm lng cc cht thi dng ht bi v cc kh c trong kh thi.
- Biodiesel d dng phn hu khi tht thot ra mi trng nn khng gy thit hi nhiu
n mi trng nh cc v trn du trn bin trong thi gian va qua.
- Gip tng tui th mt s b phn trong ng c, lm gim chi ph bo dng.

Nhc im chnh ca biodiesel:
- Nhin liu biodiesel gy ra lng mui than bm vo vi phun cao hn so vi diesel.
- Cha cc mch hydrocarbon cha bo ho nn d b oxy ho thnh cc hp cht khc,
lm cho qu trnh bo qun nhin liu biodiesel khng c lu.
- Nng lng cung cp t hn diesel nn ng c yu hn hoc t cng sut tng
ng th phi dng lng nhin liu nhiu hn.







13

BI 2
NHT NG HC
(ASTM D445)
I. MC CH
- Xc nh nht ng hc ca cc sn phm du m trong cng nh c theo tiu chun
ASTM D445.
- o thi gian 1 th tch cht lng xc nh chy qua mt mao qun thu tinh di tc
dng ca trng lc; kt hp vi hng s nht k tnh c nht ng hc.

II. C S L THUYT
1. Khi nim v nht
- nht l i lng c trng cho mc cn tr gia 2 lp lu cht khi chng chuyn
ng tng i (trt ln nhau). chnh l ma st ni ca lu cht, gy ra s cn tr
tnh chy. nht cng cao th lu cht cng kh chy.
- nht ph thuc vo bn cht ca lu cht, nng ca lu cht v cc yu t mi
trng nh nhit , p sut. N c lin h mt thit ti cc qu trnh bi trn, vn
chuyn v phun nhin liu trong ng c.

2. Cc c trng ca nht
- nht ng lc hc () c n v SI l Pa.s, thng c o bng poise (P) hoc
centipoise (cP).
1 P = 10
-1
Pa.s
- nht ng hc () c n v SI l m
2
.s
-1
, thng c o bng stokes (St) hoc
centistokes (cSt).
1 St = 10
-4
m
2
.s
-1

nht ng hc l thng ca nht ng lc hc v khi lng ring lu cht:

v =
14

nht ng hc c o bng cch xc nh thi gian mt lng cht lng nht
nh chy qua ng mao qun thu tinh c kch thc nht nh c gi nhit c
nh di tc dng ca trng lc. Trong bi th nghim, nht ng hc c o theo
tiu chn ASTM D445, l tiu chun c p dng cho nhng sn phm du m c th
trong hoc c. nht ng hc t l vi thi gian chy ca cht lng trong mao qun:
t C cSt . ) ( = v
t l thi gian cht lng chy gia 2 vch trong ng mao qun; s
C l hng s nht k ph thuc vo nht k, c nh sn xut cung cp thng qua
catalog; cSt.s
-1


III. DNG C V HO CHT
1. Dng c
- B iu nhit (1)
- Nht k 0,6 mm (1)
- Pipette 10 ml (1)
- Bp cao su (1)
- ng h bm giy (1)

2. Ho cht
- Du diesel
- Du biodiesel (tng hp t th nghim trc)

IV. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
- Bt my v gi nguyn nht ca b iu nhit nhit yu cu th nghim l 40
o
C.
- Chun b nht k phi sch, kh, c ng knh mao qun thch hp vi sn phm du
nhn v c thi gian chy - 200 s (size 150 v 300).
- Np 7 ml mu du.
- nht k np mu vo trong b iu nhit trong 30 pht m bo t n nhit
cn xc nh nht.
15

- Dng bp cao su to lc ht cho mc cht lng trong mao qun ln cao hn mc nh
du th nht khong 5mm. cht lng chy t do v dng ng h bm giy xc nh
thi gian cht lng chy t mc nh du th nht n mc nh du th hai. Lp li qu
trnh ny. Kt qu c ghi nhn khi sai s gia 2 ln o khong 0,2 %.

V. KT QU
1. S liu th
- S dng nht k 0,6 mm cho c 2 loi du sau khi tnh ton c lng
- Nhit kho st l 40
o
C
Mu
Thi gian chy; s
Ln 1 Ln 2
Diesel 318 325
Biodiesel 458 452

2. Tnh ton
- p dng cng thc t C cSt . ) ( = v

Mu
Hng s nht k;
cSt.s
-1

Thi gian chy
trung bnh; s
nht ng hc;
cSt
Diesel 0,009009 321,5 2,896
Biodiesel 0,009009 455 4,099


VI. BN LUN
1. Ti sao cn phi quan tm ti nht ca sn phm?
- nht lin quan ti vic vn chuyn, tn tr sn phm. Cht lng cng nht th cng
kh vn chuyn cng nh kh v sinh ng ng, b cha.
- nht quyt nh kh nng phun sng ca nhin liu. nht qu cao lm nhin liu
phun thnh tia; kh nng phn tn v ho trn vi khng kh km ng u dn ti s
chy khng hiu qu. nht qu thp lm nhin liu phun thnh sng qu mnh cng
16

khng tt v nhin liu kh phn tn ra ton b bung t. V vy, nht phi nm
trong khong ph hp vi yu cu ca ng c.
- nht c trng cho kh nng bi trn ca sn phm, c th l ma st gia 2 b phn
tip xc trc tip.

2. Ti sao nht k dng o nhng sn phm trong v c th khc nhau?
Ngi ta chn nht k ph hp o tu theo sn phm trong hay c.
- Cht lng c: chn nht k hot ng theo nguyn tc cht lng chy t di ln trn
d quan st s di chuyn ca mc lng. Nu cho cht lng chy t trn xung th
ngoi hin tng dnh t, s c ca sn phm gy kh khn trong vic xc nh thi
im mc cht lng i qua vch v gy sai s.
- Cht lng trong: chn nht k hot ng theo chiu cht lng chy t trn xung do
khng gy nh hng ti vic c kt qu.

3. Cc i lng c trng cho nht v cc yu t nh hng
Xem phn II.

4. Ti sao thi gian o trong nht k khng c nh hn 200 s?
- Thi gian lu cht chy gia 2 vch trong nht k khng c nh hn 200 s v phn
trm ca gi tr sai s tnh trn thi gian o (sai s tng i) s ln, gy nh hng ti
s chnh xc ca php o.

5. Thi gian o cng lu c c hay khng?
Thi gian o khng c qu lu v sai s cng ln theo.
Ta c cng thc :
t C cSt . ) ( = v

tdC Cdt d + = v

n gin, gi s vic o thi gian khng c sai s
0 = dt

17

tdC d = v

Vi mi nht k sau khi sn xut, hng s C c xc nh bng thc nghim nn tn ti
1 gi tri sai s dC. Sai s ny c xem l khng i. V vy, t cng tng th d cng ln.
Nh vy, cn la chn nht k ph hp vi loi cht lng sao cho thi gian cht lng
chy gia 2 vch ca ng mao qun khng t hn 200 s nhng cng khng qu di.


























18

BI 3
CN CARBON CONRADSON
(ASTM D189)

I. MC CH
- nh gi kh nng to cn carbon ca cc sn phm du m, ngi ta s dng tiu
chun hm lng cn carbon.

II. C S L THUYT
- Khi un nng (cho bay hi v nhit phn) du m v cc phn on nng, chng thng
b phn hu khng hon ton, li hn hp gi l cn carbon. Thnh phn cn rt
phc tp, khng ch cha carbon m cn cha nhiu cht khc v ph thuc vo bn cht
ngun gc ca du, nhit phn hu v s c mt nhng kim loi c tnh xc tc cho
phn ng phn hu.
- Cn cacbon gy nh hng ln ti kh nng hot ng ca ng c, hiu sut ng c v
lng kh thi ng c thi ra mi trng. nh gi kh nng to cn carbon ca cc
sn phm du m, ngi ta s dng tiu chun hm lng cn carbon, chnh l lng cn
thu c khi tin hnh t chy mu theo tiu chun ASTM D 189.
- Cn carbon Conradson ca sn phm thu c khi s phn hu nhit du nng xy ra
trong chn nung bng s t trong 1 l n gin c s nguyn tc nh hnh bn di.
Di tc dng ca nhit, trong chn xy ra cc phn ng cracking, cc ho, to thnh cn
carbon.
- Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l xc nh khi lng cn than to thnh sau khi cho
un nng, bay hi v nhit phn (bao gm cc qu trnh cracking, cc ho) mt lng
mu trong iu kin quy nh. Lng cn thu c biu din di dng CCRI
(Conradson Carbon Residue Index):
% 100 =
mau
can
m
m
CCRI


19

III. DNG C V HO CHT
1. Dng c
Thc hin theo tiu chun ca ASTM D 86:

2. Ho cht
- Du diesel
- Du biodiesel

IV. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
- Cn khong 8g mu du vi chnh xc 5 mg ri cho vo chn s cn b trc v c
sn 2 ht thu tinh ng knh c 2,5mm.
- t chn mu trong chn trong chn st trong.
- San bng ct chn st ngoi ri t chn st trong vo trong, chnh gia chn st ngoi.
- y np chai c chn st trong v ngoi. Np ca chn st ngoi c y h cho
php hi to thnh t do thot ra ngoi.
- t tam gic m Ni-Cr ln king, t cm chn mu ln trn sao cho y chn st ngoi
da ln tam gic m, y np chp ln ton b.
20

- Dng n kh cp nhit vi ngn la cao v mnh sao cho thi k bt chy l 10 1,5
pht.
- Khi khi xut hin pha trn ng khi, nhanh chng di chuyn hoc nghing ngn n
sao cho ngn la n kh trn thnh chn t chy hi.
- Vn van trn ng dn kh t sao cho hi bt chy mt cch u n vi ngn la trn
ng khi khng vt qu cu bt ngang ca si dy lm mc. Thi gian bc chy l 13
1 pht. Ch v thi gian t chy.
- Khi hi ngng chy v quan st khng thy ngn la na th iu chnh li n cht v
gi nhit phn di v y ca chn st ngoi c mu tm, gi nh vy ng 7
pht. Tng thi gian nung nng l 30 2 pht.
- Ly n t ra v cho thit b ngui cho n khi khng cn khi.
- M np chn st trong v ngoi. Dng kp h nng ly chn s ra v t carbon theo
lng mu ban u.

V. KT QU
1. Diesel
- Ln 1:
m
cc (trc)
= 17,9925 g; m
cc (sau)
= 17,9935 g

m
cn
= 17,9935 17,9925 = 0, 0010 g
m
DO
= 7,9985 g

%
cn
=
9985 , 7
% 100 . 0010 , 0
= 0,0125 %
- Ln 2:
m
cc (trc)
= 17, 9845 g; m
cc (sau)
= 17,9861 g

m
cn
= 17,9861 17,9845 = 0,0016 g
m
DO
= 8,0035 g

%
cn
=
0035 , 8
% 100 . 0016 , 0
= 0,0199 %
21

2. Biodiesel
- Ln 1:
m
cc (trc)
= 17,9800 g; m
cc (sau)
= 18,0202 g

m
cn
= 18,0202 17,98 = 0,0402 g
m
BO
= 8,0042 g

%
cn
=
0042 , 8
% 100 . 0402 , 0
= 0,5022 %

- Ln 2:
m
cc (trc)
= 17,9830 g ; m
cc (sau)
= 18,0202 g

m
cn
= 18,0202 17,9830 = 0,0372 g
m
BO
= 7,9992 g

%
cn
=
9992 , 7
% 100 . 0372 , 0
= 0,4650 %
VI. BN LUN
1. ngha ca cn Carbon. Cn carbon gy ra tc hi no?
- cn carbon ( cc ho) l i lng c trng cho kh nng to cn ca sn phm
du m. cc ha cng cao th hm lng cc trong sn phm cng nhiu, qua cho
bit mc cha nha v asphaltene trong sn phm.
- Nhng sn phm c hm lng cc cao, cha nhiu cn nng c th c dng sn
xut bitume nha ng.
- i vi nhin liu ng c, cn carbon gy ra nhng tc hi:
- Gy ra s chnh lch nhit gia nhng im c cn v khng cn lm tng ng
sut ni ca vt liu lm bung t, dn ti lm bin dng, c khi ph hu bung t.
- Cc mu cn bm ln thnh bung t lm gim kh nng trao i nhit, ng c kh
lm ngui, c th lm tc nghn ng c, gy tr lc cho s chuyn ng ca piston.
Do , bung t phi c v sinh thng xuyn.
- Cc mu cn bm trn bung t trong qu trnh hot ng c th bong ra v theo hn
hp kh ti bung gin n, va p vo cnh turbine gy n mn.
22

- Gy ra hin tng nhin liu chy khng ht, lm hao ph nhin liu.
- Gy ra hin tng kh x mu en.
- Nhin liu khi t chy cng to cn nhiu th cng gim hiu sut s dng (nhin
liu kh chy, chy khng hon ton), d gy tc nghn, h hng ng c v thi
nhiu kh thi c hi hn.
2. Phn bit tro v cn.
- Cn l phn cn li sau khi lm bc hi v nhit phn sn phm du m trong iu kin
chy thiu khng kh.
- Tro l phn mui v c cha trong du m v b ln vo sn phm. Phn tro ny khng
chy c.
3. Nhn xt v kt qu th nghim. Cn carbon ca mu biodiesel li ln hn diesel, iu
ny c mu thun khng?
- Theo cc tiu chun i vi Biodiesel s dng cho cc loi ng c, cn cacbon thng
khng qu 0,3%. y, Biodiesel thu c qua qu trnh chuyn ho c hm lng cn
carbon o c l 0,5022 % v 0,465 %, tng i ln so vi hm lng cn carbon cho
php.
- Ta thy rng hm lng cn ca DO l kh thp v nh hn rt nhiu so vi biodiesel.
iu ny khng mu thun v c th c gii thch nh sau:
- DO y l sn phm cng nghip c dng cho cc ng c nn c tinh ch
v tch i hu ht cc phn cn nng, v nhng phn cn ny cn st li s sinh ra cn
carbon gy hi nghim trng cho ng c nh nu. Do , DO c rt t nhng
phn cn nng ny.
- Biodiesel y l sn phm iu ch th, ch qua qu trnh tinh th s b m cha
qua mt s x l trit no nn cn st li kh nhiu cn nng ca tc cht trong
qu trnh phn ng. Mt khc, Biodiesel c hm lng cn carbon cao l do thnh
phn cu to ca cc mu Biodiesel em i o cn. Biodiesel trong thnh phn cha
23

nhiu phn t c khi lng phn t ln, kh bay hi, chy khng trit nn cn to
thnh trong qu trnh t nhiu hn DO. Do , hm lng cn carbon ca Biodiesel
cao hn kh nhiu so vi DO.
4. Ti sao phi khng ch chiu cao ct khi khng vt mc?
- Chiu cao ct khi khi t khng vt qu cu bt ngang ca si dy lm mc l ta
iu chnh tc gia nhit khi t mu v thi gian t mu theo nh tiu chun. Mt
khc, iu chnh chiu cao ct khi khng cho cao qu l gim thiu nhim mi
trng do lng khi sinh ra nhiu.





















24

BI 4
IM CHP CHY CC H
(ASTM D92)

I. MC CH
- Xc nh im chp chy cc h ca mu nhin liu biodiesel.

II. C S L THUYT
- ASTM D92 l phng php xc nh im chp chy cc h ca tt c cc sn phm du
m c im chp chy cao hn 79
o
C v thp hn 400
o
C (tr FO) bng thit b manual
hoc thit b t ng.
- im chp chy (flash point) ca sn phm du m l nhit thp nht c hiu chnh
p sut 101,3 kPa (760 mmHg), ti hi ca mu th chp la khi c mi la di
iu kin th nghim.

III. DNG C V HO CHT
1. Dng c

S dng c thit b ASTM D92
25

- Nhit k thu ngn 250
o
C (1)
- B thit b gia nhit (1)
- Cc t mu bng thp khng g (1)
- Ngn la mi bng LPG (1)

2. Ho cht
- Du biodiesel

IV. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
- mu vo cc th ti vch chun.
- Gn nhit k v tr thng ng sao cho du khc trn nhit k thp hn 2 mm so vi
ming cc. Thp ngn la, iu chnh kch thc ca n bng vi kch thc ht so
snh.
- Tc t mu ban u l (14 17)
o
C/pht. Khi nhit mu xp x 56
o
C di im
chp chy d on, gim tc t nng xung (5 6)
o
C/pht.
- Khi nhit mu ln n 28
o
C di im chp chy d on, bt u th bng cch cho
ngn la di chuyn nhanh qua tm cc th (khong 1 giy). Lp li vic th nghim ny
sau mi 2
o
C.
- Ghi nhn im chp chy khi s bt la xut hin ti bt c im no trn b mt mu.
- Ngng th nghim. Tt ngun nhit. mu, lau sch cc loi b bt c vt du hay
cn cn bm li.

V. KT QU
Ln 1: t
1
= 187
o
C
Ln 2: t
2
= 183
o
C

2
183 187
2
2 1
+
=
+
=
t t
t = 185
o
C


26

VI. BN LUN
1. Ti sao im chp chy ca Diesel nh hn ca Biodiesel trong khi nht ca 2 loi
du gn bng nhau?
- Diesel c thnh phn ch yu l hydrocarbon v cha cc cu t d bay hi nhiu hn
trong khi Biodiesel c thnh phn chnh l metyl ester, c nhiu lin kt RO-C=O rt kh
bay hi. Hi nhin liu tip xc vi ngn la s gy ra hin tng chp chy.

2. C th o im chp chy cc h ca Diesel c hay khng?
- Khng. V im chp chy ca Diesel nh nn im chp chy cc h cng gn vi im
bc chy ca nhin liu.

3. Chp chy khc bc chy nh th no?
- Khc nhau thi gian duy tr ngn la. Bc chy c thi gian trn 5 giy v chp chy
c thi gian di 5 giy.













27

O T TRNG BNG PYCNOMETER
(ASTM D1298)
I. NGUYN TC
- T trng l t s gia khi lng ring ca mt cht vi khi lng ring ca nc
nguyn cht nhit xc nh. Trong thc t, t trng c quy v iu kin tiu
chun, tu theo tng nc m t trng c th l: d
20
4
(p dng Vit Nam), d
15
4
hay spgr
60
o
F/60
o
F.
- C th xc nh t trng bng ph k (hydrometer) hoc bnh o t trng (pycnometer).
- Phng php pycnometer dng xc nh t trng ca du th v cc sn phm du kh
trng thi lng hoc c bng dng c pycnometer.
- Xc nh t s gia khi lng ca mu v khi lng ca nc c o cng 1 th
tch ti 1 nhit xc nh, da trn nguyn tc ca sc y Archimede.

II. DNG C V HO CHT
1. Dng c
Pycnometer loi c mao qun nt (1)
Pipette (1)
Nhit k (1)
Cn vi chnh xc 0,0001 g (1)

2. Ho cht
- Du biodiesel
- Nc ct

28

III. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
Cn pycnometer rng, c sy kh v sch, vi chnh xc 0,0002g, ta c m
1
.
Dng pipette cho nc ct vo n ming pycnometer cn. y nt mao qun v dng
giy lc lau kh phn nc d trn ra pha ngoi ri em cn chnh xc n 0,0002g, ta
c m
2
.
Xc nh nhit ca mu nc ct.
b nc v lm kh pycnometer.
Dng pipette ly mu sn phm cho vo pycnometer. i vi mu c nht cao v c,
lm nng mu n (50 - 60)
o
C ri rt mu vo pycnometer v ngui. Trnh lm rt
mu ln thnh pycnometer. y nt mao qun v dng giy lc thm kh phn du d
trn qua nt. Cn chnh xc n 0,0002 g, ta c m
3
.
Xc nh nhit ca mu du.
Ra sch v lm kh pycnometer.

IV. KT QU TH NGHIM
m
1;
g m
2
; g m
3
;

g t
nc
;
o
C t
du
;

o
C d d
4
20

12,7635 37,6999 34,4461 32 32 0,8695 0,000752 0,8785
12,1274 37,3660 34,0598 32 32 0,8690 0,000752 0,8780

T trng ca BO khong 0,87 0,89. Nh vy, kt qu l ph hp.
T trng ca BO o c l 0,8780 v 0,8785 trong khi t trng ca du thc vt khong
0,9. Ta thy thnh phn cu to ca du thc vt gm nhng phn t ln hn cc phn t
ca BO do qu trnh phn ng b gy mch. y l nguyn nhn chnh lm t trng ca
BO nh hn t trng du thc vt to ra n.


29

V. BN LUN
1. Cch chuyn i d sang chun
20
4
d
d=
t
d
4

=
1 2
1 3
m m
m m

) 20 .(
4
20
4
+ = t d d
t

2. So snh chnh xc ca 2 phng php o t trng
o t trng bng pycnometer cho kt qu tin cy hn l o t trng bng hydrometer v:
- Phng php hydrometer l dn xut t phng php pycnometer.
- Phng php hydrometer l phng php gn ng (cc cng thc tnh ton suy ra
cc thang o). Ngoi ra, o bng hydrometer d mc sai s khi phn thn tr khng
c thm t hon ton hay khng c t thng ng trong khi cht lng.

3. ngha t trng ca nhin liu trong thc tin:
T trng l ch tiu c xc nh i vi hu ht cc loi nhin liu v vic o t trng
c thc hin tng i d dng, nhanh chng. Do , trong cc trng hp yu cu
kim tra nhanh chng cc tiu chun nh xut nhp hng, u tin ngi ta thng xc
nh t trng; khi t trng m bo mi tin hnh xc nh cc ch tiu khc. Ngoi ra, t
trng cn cho php d on s b cht lng sn phm nh thnh phn (nng nh),
nht (d on s b).







30

BI 5
NG CHNG CT ASTM
(ASTM D86)
I. MC CH
- Xc nh tnh cht ca mu kerosene thng qua ng cong chng ct ASTM D86 thu
c.

II. C S L THUYT
- Xng ng c l hn hp ca nhiu hydrocarbon vi mt s ph gia. Mi loi
hydrocarbon u c c tnh ho l ring nh nhit si, t trngV vy, xng khng
c nhit si c nh m thng xc nh trong khong nhit si.
- ng chng ct ASTM xc nh phm vi thnh phn trong sn phm du m. Qua
ng cong chng ct ny, ta nh gi c tnh bc hi ca sn phm. Phng php o
ny da theo tiu chun ASTM D 86, c p dng cho hu ht cc sn phm ca du
m (nh xng t, xng my bay, kerosene, du DO, naphtha, cc phn ct) ngoi tr
kh ho lng v bitume.
- nh gi nhit si ca xng trong phng th nghim, ngi ta tin hnh chng ct
100 ml xng trn b thit b chng ct ASTM tiu chun v ghi li gi tr nhit ti cc
thi im kho st. Tnh cht si v bay hi ca xng thng c nh gi bng nhit
si u, nhit si cui v nhit si tng ng vi % th tch chng ct thu c
ca xng ngng t trong thit b chng ct v c gi chung l thnh phn ct. Phng
php xc nh thnh phn ct ca xng c tin hnh theo tiu chun ASTM D 86. T
mi quan h gia nhit si v % sn phm ct thu c, ta c th xy dng th. S
thay i cc gi tr nhit ny nh hng ti kh nng vn hnh ca ng c.
- Nhit si u: l nhit ti git nhin liu u tin c ngng t v ri vo
ng hng.
- Nhit si cui: l nhit cao nht ghi c khi ton b cht lng trong bnh
bay hi ht.

31

- Thnh phn ct l khi nim dng biu din phn trm ca mu bay hi trong iu
kin tin hnh th nghim theo nhit hoc ngc li.
- T im si u n im si cui, ng vi bc nhy 10 ml mu ngng t, ta xc nh
c mt gi tr nhit v gi l im ct. th thu c t cc im ct trn cho ta
ng cong chng ct ca mu nhin liu cn xc nh.

III. DNG C V HO CHT

S h thng thit b

1. Dng c
- B thit b chng ct ASTM (1)
- Bnh cu c ng nhnh 125ml (1)
- Nhit k thu ngn 250
o
C (1)
- ng ong 100ml (1)
- ng ong 10ml ong phn cn (1)

2. Ho cht
- Du kerosene.



32

IV. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
- Ra sch ng ong, bnh cu v sy kh 60
o
C trc khi tin hnh th nghim.
nc v nc vo y bnh ngng t.
- ong 100 ml mu kerosene vo bnh cu, ch nghing ng nhnh pha bn sao cho mu
khng b lt ra ngoi. y ming bnh bng nt c gn nhit k thu ngn sao cho bu
cm ng nhit ca nhit k ngang vi mp di ca ng nhnh.
- Lp dng c th nghim theo s . Ch lm kn khe h ca cc nt. Ly bng gn y
ming ng ong trnh sn phm ngng t b bay hi lm hao ht sn phm ngng t.
- Bt thit b un nng gia nhit mu kerosene, iu chnh tc gia nhit sao cho t
lc bt u gia nhit n khi thu c git lng u tin l (5 10) pht. Ghi nhn nhit
khi git ct u tin xut hin v l nhit si u t

.
- Sau nhanh chng ng ong hng st vo u ra ng ngng t sn phm ct chy
theo thnh ng ong. Tip tc gia nhit v quan st ghi nhit tng ng vi cc th
tch ngng t thu c l 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 ml. Ch iu chnh tc
gia nhit thch hp t tc thu hi phn ct l khong 2 git/giy.
- Tip tc un, nhit s tng v gim khi trong bnh cn mt t mu. Ghi nhn nhit
cao nht trong sut qu trnh chng ct. y chnh l im si cui t
c
. Ghi nhn th tch
tng ct c V
ng
.
- Sau khi chng ct xong, tt b phn gia nhit, ngui ri tho dng c. phn cn
cn li vo ng ong 10 ml, ghi nhn th tch phn cn V
c
.











33

V. KT QU
V
ngng t
; ml Nhit ;
o
C
t

42
10 49
20 59
30 64
40 70
50 78
60 90
70 119
80 136
90 157
95 174
t
c
180
V
c
1,2 ml

Th tch phn mt mt:
V
m
= 100 (V
ng
+ V
c
) = 100 (96,5 + 1,2) = 2,3 ml
34



Nhn xt kt qu th nghim:
- Th tch mt mt tng i t (V
m
= 2,3 ml) chng t thit b chng ct hot ng tt v
hiu sut chng ct cao.
- Th tch phn cn V
cn
= 1,2 ml tc 1,2 % < 2 %, ph hp tiu chun.







t
c
= 180
o
C
t

= 42
o
C
V
m

V
c

Nhit ;
o
C
Th tch; ml
35

- Thnh phn ct phn on :

% th tch ct c Nhit th nghim;
o
C Nhit tiu chun;
o
C max
10 49 70
50 78 120
90 157 190

nh gi s b:
- Sn phm t tiu chun cht lng TCVN 2698:2002.
- Sn phm c hm lng cu t nh tng i nhiu, hm lng cu t nng tng i t.

VI. TR LI CU HI
1. Cch xy dng ng cong ASTM
- T cc s liu th nghim, tin hnh tnh ton xc nh % th tch ct c trung bnh, th
tch cn trung bnh v th tch kh khng ngng trung bnh.
- Tin hnh xy dng ng chng ct ASTM theo % th tch ct c trung bnh v
nhit si tng ng.
- t

= 42
o
C ng vi % tt = 0 %
- t
c
= 180
o
C ng vi % tt = 96,5 %
- Lng kh khng ngng V
m
l lng kh bay hi c nhng khng ngng t c.
Chnh iu ny dn n s hao ht gia lng th tch ct c v th tch cn so vi
th tch mu em i chng ct lc ban u. hiu chnh ng cong ASTM theo phn
th tch mt mt, ta c th i trc to sang tri mt khong ng bng V
m
. By gi
trc honh s ch gi tr % th tch bay hi v trc tung ch nhit si.
- Lng th tch cn chnh l phn th tch cn li nm bn phi ca th ASTM.


36

2. ngha ca ng cong chng ct ASTM, im si u, im si cui
ngha ca ng cong chng ct ASTM :
- Xc nh phm vi thnh phn trong sn phm du.
- nh gi s b hm lng cc phn nh, trung bnh v phn nng cng nh tnh bc hi
ca sn phm.
- Cho bit khong nhit si ca sn phm.

ngha ca im si u:
- m bo hm lng phn on nh cn thit ng c khi ng c d dng.
- im si u thp ngha l sn phm c nhiu cu t nh, d ho hi nhit thp,
nhanh chng si m ng c v phn b u gia cc xy lanh, gip ng c khi ng
d dng.
- Tuy nhin, nu im si u qu thp th nhin liu qu d ho hi, gy ra hao ht qu
mc v to ra cc nt hi trong cc ng dn n ng c, ngn cn nhin liu chy vo
b ch ho kh hoc vi phun nhin liu. Bn cnh qu trnh khi ng li ng c
cng gp nhiu kh khn do phn ln cc cu t nh ho hi v trong nhin liu lc
ny ch cn li cc cu t trung bnh v nng.
- Ngc li im si u qu cao ngha l sn phm c t cu t nh, kh ho hi nhit
thp, do ng c s kh khi ng khi tri lnh.

ngha ca im si cui:
- Gii hn hm lng cc hydrocarbon nng nhm m bo cho nhin liu chy hon ton,
chy tt, chy sch.
- im si cui cao ngha l hm lng cu t nng trong sn phm nhiu lm nhin liu
kh ho hi, chy khng ht d to cc, to cn than trong bung t.

3. Ti sao th tch chng ct c li hao ht nhiu, sai s do u?
Lng mt mt nhiu l do sai s trong qu trnh chng ct:
- H thng khng cung cp ngun lnh hi bay ln c th ngng t c ht, mt
phn hi bay ln b ngng t trong ng ng nn cha chy ra ngoi ng hng c.
37

- Ming ng hng khng bt kn dn n lng hi chy ra ngoi ng khng ngng t
kp bay hi ln thot ra ngoi.
- Lng kh khng ngng bay hi c nhng khng ngng t c.
- S dng h thng chng ct d gia nhit nhng kh gii nhit nn lng hao ht nhiu.

4. C khi no lng mt mt + lng ngng t + lng cn ln hn lng ban u?
- C th. Khi h thng chng ct cha c v sinh ng ng dn th c th lng ra khi
ng ng cn ln vi phn lng c sn trong ng lm tng phn lng ngng t c,
dn n lng mt mt + lng ngng t + lng cn ln hn lng ban u.





















38

BI 6
IM CHP CHY CC KN
(ASTM D56)
I. MC CH
- Nhit ny c dng nh gi kh nng b chy ca sn phm.

II. C S L THUYT
- Nhit chp chy l nhit thp nht m ti p sut kh quyn (101, 3 KPa), mu th
nghim c nung nng n bc hi v bt la. Mu s chp chy khi c ngn la v lan
truyn tc th ra khp b mt ca mu du nhng ch chy di 5 giy. Nhit chp
chy l mt trong nhng ch tiu nh gi mc d bt chy ca nhin liu.
- Nhit thp nht m ti hi thot ra t mu th nghim vn tip tc chy c trong
5 giy gi l im bt chy.
- Th nghim c tin hnh theo tiu chun ASTM D56, s dng cho cc cht lng c
im chp chy nh hn 93
o
C, ngoi tr cc bitume lng v nhng cht lng c khuynh
hng to thnh mng trn b mt
- Nguyn tc l mu c t trong thit b th nghim c np ng v c gia nhit
mt tc truyn nhit n nh, mt ngn la nh c kch thc tiu chun c a vo
cc phm vi qui nh. im chp chy ghi nhn l nhit thp nht m ti khi a
ngn la th vo hn hp, phn hi nm pha trn mu tr nn bt la - chp chy.

III. DNG C V HO CHT
1. Dng c
- Nhit k thu ngn (2)
- H thng o nhit chp chy cc kn (1)
2. Ho cht
- Du kerosene


39

IV. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
- Th nghim phi c tin hnh trong iu kin kn gi.
- Mu DO c gi trong bnh kn trnh tht thot cc cu t nh v c gi nhit
thp hn nhit chp chy d on t nht 11
o
C.
- ong 50 ml mu cho vo cc v trnh lm t phn cc pha trn mc cht lng. Ph
v ht bt kh trn b mt mu. Lau sch mt trong ca np bng vi sch hay khn giy,
gn np v nhit k vo ng v tr. Nhit k ASTM o nhit ca mu, nhit k
ru dng o nhit ca cht ti nhit trong bnh trung gian.
- Thp ngn la th v iu chnh kch thc ca n bng vi kch thc ca ht gn trn
np.
- iu chnh nhit cung cp t c tc 3
o
C/ pht. Tc gia nhit phi c tun
th nghim ngt m bo th nghim cho kt qu ng.
- Khi nhit ca mu trong cc th thp hn 6
o
C so vi nhit chp chy d on th
bt ngn la th v vn hnh c cu trn np hng ngn la th vo bn trong khng
gian hi ca cc ri nhanh chng ng li. Thi gian dnh cho thao tc khong 1 giy v
trnh bt k s sc no trong qu trnh m v ng ngn la th.
- Lp li vic th sau mi ln mu tng nhit ln 1
o
C.
- Quan st khi ngn la th gy ra s bt la r rng khng gian bn trong cc, nhit
quan st v ghi nhn c lc ny l nhit chp chy.
- Ngng th nghim v tt ngun nhit. Nng np ln v lau sch nhng ch bn. Ly cc
ng mu ra, mu v lau kh.
- Tin hnh th nghim 2 ln. Chnh lch gia 2 ln khng qu 1
o
C.

V. KT QU
- Ln 1 : t
1
= 41
o
C
- Ln 2 : t
2
= 40,5
o
C
=
+
=
+
=
2
5 , 40 41
2
2 1
t t
t

40,75
o
C



40

VI. BN LUN
1. ngha ca im chp chy
L mt trong nhng ch tiu nh gi mc d bt chy ca nhin liu cng nh thi
gian cm ng trong ng c.
C ngha quan trng i vi qu trnh vn chuyn v tn tr nhin liu. Nhit chp
chy qu thp rt d gy chy n. Khi s dng nhin liu kerosene nhng ni bung
kn, phi chn loi nhin liu c nhit chp chy cao an ton phng chng chy n.
Nhit chp chy qu thp cng l du hiu cho thy nhin liu trong qu trnh tn tr
b ln cc sn phm nh khc c bay hi cao hn.
Nhit chp chy khng c ngha i vi cht lng ca nhin liu khi nh gi trn
gc tnh nng k thut ca cc thit b s dng n.

2. Ti sao phi tin hnh trong iu kin kn gi? Mi trng khng kn gi nh hng nh
th no?
Nu tin hnh th nghim trong iu kin c gi, phn hi hnh thnh bn trn mu s b
gi lm xo trn, dn n tht thot cu t nh khi ta thao tc m np a ngn la
vo bn trong cc cha mu. S xo trn ny s lm cho ngn la kh gp hi v dn n
sai lch kt qu th nghim.
Mt khc, gi s lm tt ngn la, gy kh khn trong vic o nhit chp chy cc
kn.

3. Mu trong cc sau khi th nghim ln 1 dng li cho th nghim ln 2 c khng?
Ti sao?
Mu trong cc sau khi th nghim ln 1 khng th dng li cho th nghim ln 2 v
sau khi th nghim ln 1, cc cu t nh trong mu b bay hi phn ln; trong mu ch
cn li cu t trung bnh v nng. o nhit chp chy cc kn ca phn mu cn li
ny s c nhit chp chy cc kn cao hn, lm sai lch kt qu th nghim.
Do , sau khi o xong mu 1, phi ly cc ng mu ra, mu v lau kh, sau mi
cho mu mi vo cc v tin hnh tip th nghim.

41

4. Sai s th nghim im chp chy cc kn.
iu kin th nghim khng kn gi (c qut, gn ca s) nh hng n kt qu th
nghim.
Trong mu th nghim c ln tp cht nn kt qu o thiu chnh xc cho tiu chun
ASTM D 86.
Gia nhit khng u, do lng hi bay ln khng u v khng chp chy.
iu chnh ngn la to nh khc nhau lm lng hi i ln gp lc la tt nn kh chp
chy, nh hng n sai s.
Khong cch gia bu nhit k v ming cc
Khng lc u mu trc khi lm th nghim
Nu d on qu sai lch so vi im chp chy, ta th nhiu ln th kt qu th nghim
km chnh xc.

5. S khc nhau gia im bc chy vo im chp chy
im chp chy: l nhit thp nht m ti p sut kh quyn (101,3 kPa), mu th
nghim c nung nng n bc hi v bt la. Mu s chp chy khi c ngn la v lan
truyn tc th ra khp b mt ca mu du nhng ch chy di 5 giy.
im bc chy: l nhit thp nht m ti hi thot ra t mu th nghim vn tip
tc chy c sau 5 giy.
im bc chy ln hn im chp chy vi . i vi im chp chy, ngn la ch
chy di 5 giy, cn im bc chy th ngn la chy trn 5 giy.
6. Mu th nghim t cc kn qua o cc h v ngc li c khng? Ti sao?
C th a mu th nghim t cc kn qua o cc h nhng km chnh xc, v th nghim
cc kn dng cho nhng cht c nhit chp chy thp. Nu em mu t cc kn qua
cc h th khi gia nhit, lng hi bay ln nhiu, d b tht thot, s lm sai lch kt qu.
Mt khc, mu th nghim o c im chp chy thp nn nhit rt gn vi im
bc chy; do khi lng hi i ln nhiu th o mu rt d b bc chy. cc kn, ta
khng ch c lng hi i ln v ngn la vo ch hi i ln.
42

C th a mu th nghim t cc h qua o cc kn, s gim nhim mi trng nhng
thi gian o s lu hn. V: th nghim cc h dng cho nhng mu c nhit chp
chy > 80
o
C. Nu mu t th nghim cc h qua o cc kn th mu s lu n nhit
chp chy hn, vic o s lu hn.



















43

O T TRNG BNG HYDROMETER
(ASTM D1298)
I. NGUYN TC
- Theo tiu chun ASTM D1298, p dng cho du th v cc sn phm du kh dng
lng, t trng c xc nh bng t trng k thu tinh. Phng php xc nh ny da
trn nguyn tc ca sc y Archimede.

II. DNG C V HO CHT
1. Dng c
T trng k thu tinh (1)
ng ong (1)
Nhit k (1)

2. Ho cht
Du kerosene

III. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
Rt nh nhng mu th, trnh to bt kh vo ng ong vi lng thch hp sao cho t
trng k ni khi th vo v c c s. Nu c bt kh tp trung b mt mu, dng
ming giy lc ly chng ra.
Cm pha trn t trng k ri th t t vo ng ong ng mu. Trnh mu thm t
phn khng chm ca t trng k.
Dng nhit k khuy mu lin tc. Khi nhit t cn bng, ghi nhit ca mu v ly
nhit k ra.
Ko t trng k ln khi cht lng khi 2 vch v sau th xung. cho t trng k
ni t do, trnh chm vo thnh ng ong.
44

Khi t trng k ng yn, t mt v tr thp hn mc cht lng v a ln t t cho
n khi ngang bng vi mt thong ca cht lng ri ghi gi tr c c trn thang chia
ca t trng k.
Ngay sau , dng nhit k khuy cn thn ri ghi nhit ca mu th. Nu nhit
ny khc vi nhit trc hn 0,5
o
C, o li t trng.
Tin hnh th nghim 2 ln.
Ch
- Nhit ca ng ong, t trng k v mu th phi gn nh nhau.
- Nhit mi trng trong 2 ln o khng thay i qu 2
o
C.

IV. KT QU
- T trng tiu chun: ) 20 .(
4
20
4
+ = t d d
t

Trong : t- nhit ca mu th khi o
- h s hiu chnh (tra bng)
- Mu KO:
Nhit mu;
o
C
t
d
4

20
4
d
Ln 1 31,5 0,778 0,000752 0,787
Ln 2 31,5 0,778 0,000752 0,787

Du KO c t trng tiu chun trong khong 0,78 0,80. Nh vy kt qu o ph hp.





45

V. BN LUN
1. ngha ca t trng
c trng cho nng nh ca nhin liu, th hin mi quan h gia th tch v khi
lng, c s dng trong qu trnh tn tr, vn chuyn, bun bn, l con s n gin
nhng c th nh gi s b sn phm.
Nu 2 nhin liu c cng gii hn nhit si, nhin liu no c t trng cao hn th
thng c hm lng hydrocarbon thm v naphthene cao hn, t trng thp thng
cha nhiu paraffin. Do , nhit tr ca nhin liu c xu hng gim khi t trng tng.
2. Ti sao phi quy i t trng v iu kin tiu chun?
Phi quy i t trng v iu kin tiu chun do t trng l thng s ban u nh gi
cht lng sn phm phc v cho qu trnh tn tr, vn chuyn, mua bn. T trng ph
thuc ch yu vo nhit , v vy phi chuyn v iu kin tiu chun c th nh gi
cht lng sn phm, giao dch, mua bn c thun li hn.
3. Ti sao khi thao tc phi ko t trng k ln khi cht lng khi 2 vch v sau th
xung?
Trong qu trnh thao tc, nh hng ca sc cng b mt lm t trng k chm su hn v
gy sai s trong th nghim. Do , trc khi tin hnh c kt qu, ta phi ko t trng
k ln khi cht lng 1 on gim nh hng ca hin tng trn i vi sai s ca kt
qu th nghim.
Khi thao tc, trnh mu thm t phn khng chm ca t trng k v n lm tng khi
lng ca t trng k (do phn dnh t ny ngoi phn cht lng nn khng chu sc
y Archimede), dn n vic t trng k chm su hn v gy sai s trong th nghim.
4. S dng phng php ny o BO v DO th ci no gy sai s nhiu hn? Ti sao?
BO gy sai s nhiu hn DO. BO c nht cao hn nn bm dnh trn b mt t trng
k nhiu hn v to sc cng b mt lm kt qu th nghim c sai s ln.