John R.

Carr, JRC Analytical Services, Mechanical Engineer, PE, MSME, BSME,

6/25/2011
thermjrc@yahoo.com, www.jrcanalyticalservices.com, 615-218-0131
Recent Problems Solved (42 total problems solved from 5/25 to 6/19/2011)
Reference - Modern Compressible Flow by Anderson, 3rd edition (2003)
Note (for problem solving) the following tables in the book were used:
Appendix A
Table A.1 Isentropic flow properties
Table A.2 Normal shock properties
Table A.3 One-dimensional flow with heat addition
Table A.4 One-dimensional flow with friction
Table A.5 Prandtl-Meyer function and Mach angle
Chapter 1 Compressible Flow Some History and Introductory Thoughts
1.2. In the reservoir of a supersonic wind tunnel, the pressure and temperature of air are
10 atm and 320 K, respectively. Calculate the density, the number density, and the molemass ratio (Note: 1 atm = 1.01 x 105 N/m2).
Solution: given are the reservoir conditions (stagnation or total conditions)
Using P = RT, (10 atm)*(1.01 x 105 N/m2)/(1 atm) = *(287 N-m/kg-K)*(320 K)
= 11.00 kg/m3
number density n, P = nkT with k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
(1.01 x 106 N/m2) = n*(1.38 x 10-23 N-m/K)*(320 K)
n = 2.287 x 1026 particles/m3
mole-mass ratio , Pv = RuT where Ru = Universal Gas Constant
(1.01 x 106 N/m2)*(1/11 m3/kg) = *(8314 N-m/kg-mol-K)*(320 K)
= 0.03452 kg-mol/kg
1.4. The pressure and temperature ratios across a given portion of a shock wave in air are
P2/P1 = 4.5 and T2/T1 = 1.687, where 1 and 2 denote conditions ahead of and behind the
shock wave, respectively. Calculate the change in entropy in units of (a) (ft-lb)/(slug-F),
and (b) J/(kg-K).
Solution: Assuming a calorically perfect gas where cp is constant gives the following
equation: s2 s1 = cp ln (T2/T1) R ln (P2/P1) equation (1.36)
(a) for English units R = 1716 ft-lb/slug-R,
cp = R/( 1) = (1.4/0.4)*1716 = 6006 ft-lb/slug-R
s2 s1 = (6006)*ln (1.687) (1716)*ln (4.5) = 560 (ft-lb)/(slug-R)
(b) for SI units R = 287 J/kg-K, cp = R/( 1) = (1.4/0.4)*287 = 1004.5 J/kg-K
s2 s1 = (1004.5)*ln (1.687) (287)*ln (4.5) = 93.6 J/kg-K

1.5. Assume that the flow of air through a given duct is isentropic. At one point in the
duct, the pressure and temperature are P1 = 1800 lb/ft2 and T1 = 500 R, respectively. At
a second point, the temperature is 400 R. Calculate the pressure and density at this
second point.
Solution: Isentropic flow relations give the equation P2/P1 = (T2/T1)/(-1) giving
P2 = P1*(T2/T1)/(-1) = (1800)*(400/500)3.5 = 824 lb/ft2
P = RT gives (824) = 2*(1716)*(400) 2 = 1.201 x 10-3 slug/ft3
Chapter 2 Integral Forms of the Conservation Equations for Inviscid Flows
Chapter 3 One-Dimensional Flow
3.4. Consider a normal shock wave in air. The upstream conditions are given by M1 = 3,
P1 = 1 atm, and 1 = 1.23 kg/m3. Calculate the downstream values of P2, T2, 2, M2, u2,
Po2, and To2.
Solution: Table A.1 gives Po1/P1 = 36.73, To1/T1 = 2.8 giving Po1 = 36.73 atm
Using P = RT
(1 atm)*(1.01 x 105 N/m2)/(1 atm) = (1.23 kg/m3)*(287 N-m/kg-K)*T1
gives T1 = 286.1 K, To1 = (2.8)*(286.1) = 801.1 K
Table A.2 gives P2/P1 = 10.33, 2/1 = 3.857, T2/T1 = 2.679, Po2/Po1 = 0.3283,
M2 = 0.4752 gives
P2 = 10.33 atm, 2 = (3.857)*(1.23) = 4.744 kg/m3, T2 = (2.679)*(286.1) = 766.5 K,
Po2 = (0.3283)*(36.73) = 12.06 atm, To2 = To1 = 801.1 K
a2 = (RT2)1/2 = [(1.4)*(287)*(766.5)]1/2 = 555 m/s
M2 = u2/a2, u2 = M2a2 = (0.4752)*(555) = 263.7 m/s
3.7. During the entry of the Apollo space vehicle into the Earths atmosphere, the Mach
number at a given point on the trajectory was M = 38 and the atmosphere temperature
was 270 K. Calculate the temperature at the stagnation point of the vehicle, assuming a
calorically perfect gas with = 1.4. Do you think this is an accurate calculation? If not,
why? If not, is your answer an overestimate or underestimate?
Solution: Using Table A.1 for M = 38 gives To/T = 289.8
So To = 289.8*T = (289.8)*(270) = 78246 K
No, I do not believe the calculation of To is accurate because the assumption of a
calorically perfect gas is only good up to about M = 5. The answer is an overestimate of
the actual value, which I believe to be about 11500 K but I will have to wait until I study
Hypersonics a little more before I know how to calculate it.
3.8. Consider air entering a heated duct at P1 = 1 atm and T1 = 288 K. Ignore the effect
of friction. Calculate the amount of heat per unit mass (in J/kg) necessary to choke the
flow at the exit of the duct, as well as the pressure and temperature at the duct exit, for an
inlet Mach number of (a) M1 = 2.0, and (b) M1 = 0.2.

Solution: The exit flow is choked when it is sonic giving P* and T* conditions.
(a) for M1 = 2.0, Table A.1 gives To1/T1 = 1.8 so To1 = (1.8)*(288) = 518.4 K
Table A.3 gives P/P* = 0.3636, T/T* = 0.5289, To/To* = 0.7934
P* = P/0.3636 = 2.750 atm, T* = T/0.5289 = 544.5 K,
To2 = To* = To1/0.7934 = 653.4 K
q = cp*(To2 To1) = cp*(To* To1)
cp = R/( 1) = (1.4)*(287)/(0.4) = 1004.5 J/kg-K
q = (1004.5)*(653.4 518.4) = 135607.5 J/kg
(b) for M1 = 0.2, Table A.1 gives To1/T1 = 1.008 so To1 = (1.008)*(288) = 290.3 K
Table A.3 gives P/P* = 2.273, T/T* = 0.2066, To/To* = 0.1736
P* = P/2.273 = 0.440 atm, T* = T/0.2066 = 1394 K,
To2 = To* = To1/0.1736 = 1672 K
q = cp*(To2 To1) = cp*(To* To1)
q = (1004.5)*(1672 290.3) = 1388154 J/kg
3.9. Air enters a combustor of a jet engine at P1 = 10 atm, T1 = 1000 R, and M1 = 0.2.
Fuel is injected and burned, with a fuel-air ratio (by mass) of 0.06. The heat released
during combustion is 4.5 x 108 ft-lb per slug of fuel. Assuming one-dimensional
frictionless flow with = 1.4 for the fuel-air mixture, calculate M2, P2, and T2 at the exit
of the combustor.
Solution: air inlet state 1 - P1 = 10 atm, T1 = 1000 R, and M1 = 0.2
Table A.1 gives Po1/P1 = 1.028 and To1/T1 = 1.008
Po1 = (1.028)*(10) = 10.28 atm, To1 = (1.008)*(1000) = 1008 R
R = 1716 ft-lb/slug-R, cp = R/( -1) = (1.4)*(1716)/(0.4) = 6006 ft-lb/slug-R
fuel-air ratio (by mass) F/A = 0.06 slugf/sluga
q = 4.5 x 108 ft-lb/slugf x 0.06 slugf/sluga = 27 x 106 ft-lb/sluga
For the air q = cp(To2 To1) or q/cp = (To2 To1)
To2 = q/cp + To1 = (27 x 106 ft-lb/sluga)/(6006 ft-lb/slug-R) + 1008 = 5503.5 R
Using equation (3.84) which gives
To2/To1 = {(1 + M12)/(1 + M22)}2*(M2/M1)2*
{[1 + 0.5*( 1)*M22]/[1 + 0.5*( 1)M12]}
with M1 = 0.2, To1 = 1008 R, To2 = 5503.5 R, and = 1.4 gives
5503.5/1008 = 5.4598 = {1.056/(1+1.4*M22)}2*(M2/0.2)2*{(1 + 0.2*M22)/1.008}
LHS
RHS
Guess M2 until RHS = LHS
M2
RHS
0.5 3.984
0.6 5.235
0.72 5.313
0.76 5.448 close enough, so M2 = 0.76
Table A.1 gives To2/T2 = 1.116, Po2/P2 = 1.466
T2 = To2/1.116 = 5503.5/1.116 = 4931 R
Using eqn. (3.78) to get P2
P2/P1 = (1 + M12)/ (1 + M22) = [1 + (1.4)*(0.2)2]/[1 + (1.4)*(0.76)2] = 0.5839
P2 = (0.5839)*(10) = 5.839 atm

3.10. For the inlet conditions of Prob. 3.9, calculate the maximum fuel-air ratio beyond
which the flow will be choked at the exit.
Solution: air inlet state 1 - P1 = 10 atm, T1 = 1000 R, and M1 = 0.2
Table A.1 gives Po1/P1 = 1.028 and To1/T1 = 1.008
Po1 = (1.028)*(10) = 10.28 atm, To1 = (1.008)*(1000) = 1008 R
R = 1716 ft-lb/slug-R
cp = 6006 ft-lb/slug-R
fuel-air ratio (by mass) F/A = unknown = FA slugf/sluga
q = 4.5 x 108 ft-lb/slugf x FA slugf/sluga = (4.5 x 108)FA ft-lb/sluga (equation 1)
For the air q = cp(To2 To1)
Exit flow state 2 choked flow is assumed
For M1 = 0.2 Table A.3 gives P/P* = 2.273, T/T* = 0.2066, To/To* = 0.1736
To* = To2 = To/0.1736 = 1008/0.1736 = 5806.45 R
Gives q = cp(To* - To) = (6006 ft-lb/sluga-R)*(5806.45 1008)R = 28819500 ft-lb/sluga
Setting equal to equation 1 above gives 28819500 ft-lb/sluga = FA*(4.5 x 108) ft-lb/sluga
FA = F/A = 0.06404 slugf/sluga or less to prevent choked flow at the exit
3.12. Air is flowing through a pipe of 0.02-m inside diameter and 40-m length. The
conditions at the exit of the pipe are M2 = 0.5, P2 = 1 atm, and T2 = 270 K. Assuming
adiabatic, one-dimensional flow, with a local friction coefficient of 0.005, calculate M1,
P1, and T1 at the entrance to the pipe.
Solution: w = 0.5u2f (friction coefficient f is assumed constant for the length of the
pipe)
Table A.4 at M2 = 0.5 gives T2/T* = 1.143, P2/P* = 2.138, 2/* = 1.871, Po2/Po* = 1.340,
4fL2*/D = 1.069, known is L = 40 m = L1* - L2* or L1* = L + L2*
4fL1*/D = 4fL/D + 4fL2*/D = 4*(0.005)*(40)/(0.02) + 1.069 = 40 + 1.069 = 41.069
From Table A.4 linear interpolation
4fL1*/D
M1 T1/T* P1/P*
32.51
0.14 1.195 7.809
x2
x3
41.069
x1
45.41
0.12 1.197 9.116
8.559/12.9 = (x1 0.14)/0.02 - (x2 1.195)/0.002 = (x3 7.809)/(9.116 7.809)
x1 = M1 = 0.127, x2 = T1/T* = 1.196, x3 = P1/P* = 8.676
T1 = (T1/T*)*(T*/T2)*T2 = (1.196)*(1/1.143)*(270) = 282.5 K
P1 = (P1/P*)*(P*/P2)*P2 = (8.676)*(1/2.138)*(1) = 4.058 atm
Chapter 4 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves
4.1. Consider an oblique shock wave with a wave angle equal to 35. Upstream of the
wave, P1 = 2000 lb/ft2, T1 = 520 R, and V1 = 3355 ft/s. Calculate P2, T2, V2 and the flow
deflection angle .

Solution: upstream - P1 = 2000 lb/ft2, T1 = 520 R, V1 = 3355 ft/s

a1 = (RT1)1/2 = [(1.4)*(1716)*(520)]1/2 = 1117.7 ft/s
M1 = V1/a1 = 3355/1117.7 = 3.002
Using the --M plot gives = 17.5 (flow deflection angle)
Mn1 = M1sin = (3.002)*sin 35 = 1.722
Using Table A.2 (for M = 1.720) gives
P2/P1 = 3.285, T2/T1 = 1.473, Mn2 = 0.6355
P2 = (3.285)*(2000) = 6570 lb/ft2, T2 = (1.473)*(520) = 766 R
M2 = Mn2/sin ( ) = 0.6355/sin (35 17.5) = 2.113
a2 = (RT2)1/2 = [(1.4)*(1716)*(766)]1/2 = 1356.5 ft/s
M2 = V2/a2 gives V2 = M2a2 = (2.113)*(1356.5) = 2867 ft/s
4.7. An incident shock wave with a wave angle = 30 impinges on a straight wall. If the
upstream flow properties are M1 = 2.8, P1 = 1 atm, and T1 = 300 K, calculate the pressure,
temperature, Mach number, and total pressure downstream of the reflected shock.
Solution: upstream state 1 - M1 = 2.8, P1 = 1 atm, T1 = 300 K, 1 = 30
--M relation gives = 11, Mn1 = M1sin 1 = (2.8)*(sin 30) = 1.4
From Table A.1 for M1 = 2.8, Po1/P1 = 27.14, To1/T1 = 2.568
Po1 = 27.14 atm, To1 = (2.568)*(300) = 770.4 K
From Table A.2 for Mn1 = 1.4, P2/P1 = 2.120, T2/T1 = 1.255, Mn2 = 0.7397
P2 = 2.120 atm, T2 = (1.255)*(300) = 376.5 K
M2 = (Mn2)/[sin (1 )] = 0.7397/sin(30 11) = 2.272
For reflected shock M2 = 2.272, = 11, the --M relation gives 2 = 36
Mn2 = M2sin 2 = (2.272)*sin 36 = 1.335
From Table A.2 (at M = 1.34)
P3/P2 = 1.928, T3/T2 = 1.216, P03/P02 = 0.9718, Mn3 = 0.7664
P3 = 1.928*P2 = (1.928)*(2.120) = 4.087 atm
T3 = 1.216*T2 = (1.216)*(376.5) = 457.8 K
Back to M2 = 2.272, Table A.1 gives Po2/P2 = 11.56, Po2 = (11.56)*(2.120) = 24.5 atm
Thus Po3 = 0.9718*Po2 = (0.9718)*(24.5) = 23.8 atm
M3 = Mn3/sin (2 ) = 0.7664/sin (36 11) = 1.813
4.12. Consider a supersonic flow with an upstream Mach number of 4 and pressure of 1
atm. This flow is first expanded around an expansion corner with = 15, and then
compressed through a compression corner with equal angle = 15 so that it is returned
to its original upstream direction. Calculate the Mach number and pressure downstream
of the compression corner.
Solution: upstream M1 = 4, P1 = 1 atm, expansion corner 2 = 15
Table A.5 gives v1 = 65.78, 1 = 14.48 gives v2 = 2 + v1 = 15 + 65.78 = 80.78
Table A.5 gives M2 = 5.400
P1/P2 = {[1 + 0.5*( 1)*M22]/[1 + 0.5*( 1)*M12]}/(-1)
= {[1 + 0.2*5.42]/[1 + 0.2*42]}3.5 = 5.490
P2 = P1/5.490 = 0.182 atm
Oblique shock wave M2 = 5.400, 3 = 15, --M relation gives = 23.5

Mn2 = M2sin = (5.4)*sin 23.5 = 2.153

Table A.2 gives P3/P2 = 5.336, Mn3 = 0.5540
P3 = (5.226)*(0.182) = 0.952 atm
M3 = Mn3/sin ( ) = 0.5540/sin (23.5 15) = 3.748
4.14. Consider a supersonic flow past a compression corner with = 20. The upstream
properties are M1 = 3 and P1 = 2116 lb/ft2. A Pitot tube is inserted in the flow
downstream of the corner. Calculate the value of the pressure measured by the Pitot tube.
Solution: upstream M1 = 3 and P1 = 2116 lb/ft2. Table A.1 gives Po1/P1 = 36.73
P01 = (36.73)*(2116) = 77720.64 lb/ft2
Oblique shock with M1 = 3, =20. --M relation gives = 36.5
Mn1 = M1sin = (3)*sin 36.5 = 1.784
Table A-2 gives P2/P1 = 3.530, Po2/P01 = 0.8215, Mn2 = 0.6210
Po2 = (0.8215)*(77720.68) = 63847.5 lb/ft2
M2 = Mn2/sin ( ) = 0.6210/sin (36.5 -20) = 2.187
There will be a normal shock in front of the Pitot tube
M2 = 2.187, Po2 = 63847.5 lb/ft2
Table A.2 gives Po3/Po2 = 0.3733, M3 = 0.4847
Po3 = (0.3733)*(63847.5) = 23834 lb/ft2 (Pitot tube total pressure measurement)
Chapter 5 Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow
5.8 A blunt-nosed aerodynamic model is mounted in the test section of a supersonic
wind tunnel. If the tunnel reservoir pressure and temperature are 10 atm and 800 R,
respectively, and the exit-to-throat area ratio is 25, calculate the pressure and temperature
at the nose of the model.
Solution: from Table A.1 for Ae/A* = 25, Me = 5.000, Po/Pe = 529.1, To/Te = 6
Pe = Po/529.1 = 10/529.1 = 0.01890 atm
Te = To/6 = 800/6 = 133.3 R
There will be a normal shock in front of the nose of the blunt body
Table A.2 for Me = 5 gives P2/Pe = 29, T2/Te = 5.80
P2 = 29*Pe = 29*(0.01890) = 0.548 atm
T2 = 5.8*Te = 5.8*(133.3) = 773.3 R
as the static properties on the nose of the blunt body.
5.10 Consider a supersonic nozzle with a Pitot tube mounted at the exit. The reservoir
pressure and temperature are 10 atm and 500 K, respectively. The pressure measured by
the Pitot tube is 0.6172 atm. The throat area is 0.3 m2. Calculate: (a) Exit Mach number
Me, (b) Exit area Ae, (c) Exit pressure and temperature Pe and Te, and (d) mass flow
through the nozzle.
Solution: (a) there will be a normal shock wave in front of the Pitot tube, Po1 = Po = 10
atm, Po2 = 0.6172 atm (at the Pitot tube),
Po2/Po1 = 0.06172, Table A.2 gives M1 = Me = 5.00

(b) Table A.1 for Me = 5 gives Ae/A* = 25 giving exit area of Ae = 25A* = 7.5 m2
(c) exit pressure Pe and temperature Te using isentropic equations instead of tables
Pe/Po = [1 + ( 1)*Me2/2]-/( 1) = (1 +0.2*52)-3.5 = 1.89 x 10-3
Pe = (1.89 x 10-3)*(10) = 0.0189 atm
Te/To = [1 + ( 1)*Me2/2]-1 = (1 +0.2*52)-1 = 0.1667
Te = (0.1667)*(500) = 83.33 K
(d) mass flow rate mdot = Au, using the exit plane
ae = (RTe)1/2 = [(1.4)*(287)*(83.33)]1/2 = 183.0 m/s
Me = ue/ae gives ue = Meae = (5)*(183) = 914.9 m/s
Using perfect gas equation of state P = RT for exit flow properties
(0.0189)*(101325) = e*(287)*(83.33), e = 0.0801 kg/m3
mdot = eAeue = (0.0801 kg/m3)*(7.5 m2)*(914.9 m/s) = 549.5 kg/s
5.16 Consider a rocket engine burning hydrogen and oxygen. The combustor chamber
temperature and pressure are 4000 K and 15 atm, respectively. The exit pressure is 1.174
x 10-2 atm. Calculate the Mach number at the exit. Assume that = const = 1.22 and that
R = 519.6 J/kg-K.
Solution: Reservoir/total property conditions To = 4000 K, Po = 15 atm
To determine exit Mach number Me use isentropic relation from Eqn. (3.30)
P0/Pe = [1 + ( -1)*Me2/2]/( 1) or
Me2 = [2/( -1)]*[(P0/Pe)( 1)/ 1] = (2/0.22)*[(15/0.0174)0.22/1.22 1] = 21.668
Me = 4.655
Chapter 6 Differential Conservation Equations for Inviscid Flows no homework
problems.
Chapter 7 Unsteady Wave Motion
7.5 Consider an incident normal shock wave that reflects from the end wall of a shock
tube. The air in the driven section of shock tube (ahead of the incident wave) is at P1 =
0.01 atm and T1 = 300 K. The pressure ratio across the incident shock is 1050. With the
use of Eq. (7.23), calculate (a) the reflected shock wave velocity relative to the tube, and
(b) the pressure and temperature behind the reflected shock.
Solution: Eq. (7.23) is the following:
MR/(MR2 1) = MS/(MS2 1)*[1 + 2*( 1)*(MS2 1)*( + 1/MS2)/( + 1)2]1/2 =
where MS = W/a1 (incident shock wave Mach number)
MR = (WR + up)/a2 (reflected shock wave Mach number relative to laboratory)
For pressure ratio P2/P1 = 1050, Table A.2 gives MS= 30, with = 1.4 substitution gives
MR/(MR2 1) = [30/(302 1)]*[1 + (0.8/2.42)*(302 -1)*(1.4 + 1/302)]1/2 = 0.4426
0.4426*MR2 MR 0.4426 = 0 (quadratic eqn x1,2 = [-b +- (b2 4ac)1/2]/2a
MR = {1 +- [(-1)2 4*(0.4426)*(-0.4426)]1/2}/(2*0.4426)
MR = 2.638 (positive root) = (WR + up)/a2
a1 = (RT1)1/2 = [(1.4)*(287)*(300)]1/2 = 347.2 m/s
using Eq. (7.16)

up = (a1/)*[(P2/P1) 1]*{[2/( + 1)]/[(P2/P1) + ( -1)/( + 1)]}1/2

= (347.2/1.4)*(1050 1)*[(2.8/2.4)/(1050 + 1/6)]1/2 = 8671 m/s
Using Eq. (7.10)
T2/T1 = (P2/P1)*{[( + 1)/( 1) + P2/P1]/[1 + ( + 1)(P2/P1)/( 1)]}
= (1050)*{[6 + 1050]/[1 + (6*1050)]} = 176
T2 = 176*T1 = 176*300 = 52792 K
a2 = (RT2)1/2 = [(1.4)*(287)*(52792)]1/2 = 4606 m/s
(a) MRa2 = WR + up gives WR = MRa2 - up = (2.638)*(4606) 8671 = 3480 m/s
(b) P2 = 10.50 atm, T2 = 52792 K
7.7 Consider a blunt-nosed aerodynamic model mounted inside the driven section of a
shock tube. The axis of the model is aligned parallel to the axis of the shock tube, and
the nose of the model faces towards the on-coming incident shock wave. The driven gas
is air initially at a temperature and pressure of 300 K and 0.1 atm, respectively. After the
diaphragm is broken, an incident shock wave with a pressure ratio of P2/P1 = 40.4
propagates into the driven section.
(a) Calculate the pressure and temperature at the nose of the model shortly after the
incident shock sweeps by the model.
(b) Calculate the pressure and temperature at the nose of the model after the reflected
shock sweeps by the model.
Solution:
(a) Using Table A.2 for P2/P1 = 40.4 gives MS = 5.900
Using Eq. (7.10)
T2/T1 = (P2/P1)*{[( + 1)/( 1) + P2/P1]/[1 + ( + 1)/(P2/P1)/( 1)]}
= (40.4)*[(6 + 40.4)/(1 + 6*40.4)] = 7.072
T2 = 2310 K
P2/P1 = 40.4 gives P2 = 4.04 atm
(b) Using Eq. (7.23)
MR/(MR2 1) = MS/(MS2 1)*[1 + 2*( 1)*(MS2 1)*( + 1/MS2)/( + 1)2]1/2
MR/(MR2 1) = [5.9/(5.92 1)]*[1 + (0.8/2.42)*(5.92 -1)*(1.4 + 1/5.92)]1/2 = 0.4845
0.4845MR2 MR 0.4845 = 0
MR = {1 +- [(-1)2 4*(0.4845)*(-0.4845)]1/2}/(2*0.4845)
Taking positive root gives MR = 2.469 and using Table A.2 (with linear interpolation)
P5/P2 = 6.952, T5/T2 = 2.108
P5 = (6.952)*(4.04) = 28.09 atm, T5 = (2.108)*(2310) = 4869 K
Chapter 8 General Conservation Equations Revisited: Velocity Potential Equation no
homework problems
Chapter 9 Linearized Flow
9.2 In low-speed flow, the pressure coefficient at a point on an airfoil is -0.90. Calculate
the value of Cp at the same point for M = 0.6 by means of (a) The Prandtl-Glauert rule,
(b) Laitones correction, and (c) The Karman-Tsien rule.

Solution: (a) The Prandtl-Glauert rule is given by the following:

Cp = Cpo/(1 - M2) = -0.9/(1 0.62)1/2 = -1.125
(b) Laitones correction is given by the following:
Cp = Cpo/{(1 - M2)1/2 + [M2*(1 + ( -1)* M2/2)/(2*(1 - M2)1/2)]*Cpo}
= -0.9/{(1 0.62)1/2 + [0.62*(1 + 0.2*0.62)/2*(1 0.62)1/2]*(-0.9)} = -1.54
(c) The Karman-Tsien rule is given by the following:
Cp = Cpo/{(1 - M2)1/2 + [M2/(1 + (1 - M2)1/2)]*Cpo/2
= -0.9/{(1 0.62)1/2 + [0.62/(1 + (1 0.62)1/2)]*(-0.9/2) = - 1.27