ZTE WCDMA Network Planning and Optimization Training

WCDMA Network Planning & Optimization Training Presentation Slides
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Version:Apr
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General
Preface
Thanks for using Manual for WCDMA Network Planning & Optimization Training Presentation Slides In order to use the Manual properly, please read the Preface first.
1. Application
It should not be used for the purpose of on-site installation or trouble shooting.
2. About This Manual

This manual is composed of One volumesand the table of contents of each volume is shown below: Volume Course Name WR_BT02_E1_1 WCDMA Wireless Principle WR_BT03_E1_1 Channel Structure and Function WCDMA Key Technologies WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process I Introduciton to ZTE RNPO ToolsFelix WR_BT06_E1_1 Interface Protocol and signaling flow WCDMA RAN KPI introduction WCDMA Network Optimization Cases study
3. Manual Update history

Version 1.0 Date 2009-4 New Comments
4. From the Author

Thank you for using this manual and your continuous support. We would appreciate your comments and suggestions on this Manual. We can be reached at Telephone +8675526778072 Fax +8675526778999
ZTE UNIVERSITY
WR_BT02_E1_1 WCDMA Wireless Principle
ZTE University TD&W&PCS BSS Course Team
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation WCDMA Radio mechanism
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
Multi-path characteristics of radio channel

T
Electromagnetic propagation: --direct radiationreflectiondiffraction and scattering
Signal attenuation:
B Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread
reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading

B Slow fadingLoss because of being blocked by the building and hill in the
propagation path
B Fast fadingElectromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens
wavelength ranges
T
Description of Fast fading distribution

B Rayleigh distributionnon line-of sight(NLOS) transmission B Rician distributionline-of sight(LOS) transmission
Multi-Path Effects
sending signal
strength
receiving signal
0
time
Characteristics of Radio Propagation
Interference
dithering
0
2 3
Sending signal
Accepting signal
Sending signal
Accepting signal
delay
0dB 0
fading
-25dB
Sending signal
Accepting signal
Sending signal
Accepting signal
Frequency -set caused off Frequency offoff-set causedby bythe themovement movementof ofmobile mobile that thatis isDoppler Dopplereffect effect
Contents
Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula
C C= = Blog Blog22(1+S/N) (1+S/N)

T T T T T T
Where, C is capacity of channel, b/s B is signal bandwidth, Hz S is average power for signal, W N is average power for noise, W It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.
MA HAM TH MER
Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth
MATH HAMMER
30 KHz 1.25 MHz
Despreading Spreading radio channel Noise
Transmitter
Receiver
B User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by
multiplying high speed spread code(chip)

B Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal
bandwidth Rb
B For WCDMA, W=3.84Mchip/s Rb(voice)=12kbit/s

Sf signal signal
f0 Sf
Before spreading
f0
After spreading
Sf
Sf
White noise signal

f0
signal White noise

f0
Before despreading
After despreading
signal
interference
White noise
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication v
Spreading Mode
T
Direct sequence spread spectrumDS-SS

B Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise sequence and base-
band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-noise generator

B BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect B Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by power
detection accuracy
B WCDMA uses DS-SS
Frequency hopping spread spectrumFH-SS

B Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency hopping B Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband modulation B No near-far effect
DS-SS communication system

T
A technology of transmission after spreading signal spectrum.

Wideband Signal
Slow Information Sent
Slow Information Recovered
TX
RX
Fast Spreading Sequence
Fast Spreading Sequence
Many code channels are individually spread and then added together to create a composite signal

B Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite
signal by using the right orthogonal code

B Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than interference and
noise
Processing Gain
Broadband Interference Unwanted Power from Other Resoures
Concept of orthogonal code
Code1 Code2 Mul Sum
+1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 0 Orthogonal
Code1 Code2 Mul Sum
+1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -2 Non-orthogonal
Orthogonal
the result of multiplying and sum is 0
Example of orthogonal code
-1 1
MUL
1 -1 1 -1
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
MUL
1 -1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
Integral
-4 0
4 0
Judge
-1
Direct spread technique
S1
S1xC1
W S2XC2
Spreading
Air Interface
S2
S N
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1 =S1
(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Despreading
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2 =S2
C1xC2=0, C1,C2,orthogonal
Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading

Symbol
Data=010010
Chip
1 -1
Spreading code = 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 ( SF = 8 ) Spread signal = Data code
Spreading
1 -1 1 -1
Despreading
Spreading code
1 -1 1 -1
Data = Spread signal Spreading code
Characteristics of Spreading Communication
T T T T T
High anti-multi-path- interference capability Anti-sudden-pulse High security Lower transmitting power Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access Communication
T T
Occupy band wide Complex realization
Contents
10
Purpose of Channel Coding

T
By adding redundant information in the original data stream, receivers can detect and correct the error signal, and improve data transmission rates.
No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2
Can not satisfy the communication Can satisfy the speech communication Can satisfy the data communication
Convolutional codingBER<10-3
Turbo coding
BER<10-6
Principle of Channel Coding

T
Channel coding B Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the original data B Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/21/3 are widely applied. B Increase noneffective load and transmission time B Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors
WWCCDDMMAA T T UURRBBOO S S PPEEAAKK
Decoding
WCDMA TURBO SPEAK

Encoding
W? CCDDMMAA T T
? URRBBOO
S S PPEE A? KK
11
Contents
Principle of Interleave Technology

T
advantage B Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the unexpected errors B Advance the correcting validity disadvantage B Increase the processing delay B Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for the unexpected error .
e.g.
x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
Data input
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)
x2 x7 x3 x8 x4 x9 x5 x10
x22 x23 x24 x25
Data output
A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)
12
Encoding and Interleaving
WCDMA TURBO SPEAK
Encoding
WWCCDDMMAA T T UURRBBOO S S PPEEAAKK
WTSWTS
Interleaving
CUPCUP DREDRE MBAMBA AOKAOK
Encoding + Interleaving can correct both continuous and non-continuous errors
Decoding
WTS??? W ? ? C D D M M A ? Deinterleaving ? ? ?CUP T ? ?UR??BOO DR?D?E S ? ?P?EAAKK M?AMBA AOK?OK
Contents
13
Principle of Modulation
T
Definition
B Modulation is the process where the amplitude, frequency, or
phase of an electronic or optical signal carrier is changed in order to transmit information.

B Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve
communication effectiveness
bit
Modulation
Symbol
Classification
B Analog Modulation B Digital Modulation
Analog Modulation
The purpose of analog modulation is to impress an information-bearing analog waveform onto a carrier for transmission.
B Common analog modulation methods include: O Amplitude modulation (AM) O Frequency modulation (FM) O Phase modulation (PM)
14
Digital Modulation
The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an information-bearing discrete-time symbol sequence into a continuous-time waveform (perhaps impressed on a carrier).
B Basic analog modulation methods include O Amplitude shift Keying (ASK) O Frequency shift Keying (FSK) O Phase shift Keying (PSK)
Contents
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication WCDMA Radio mechanism WCDMA Data transmission Procedure Channel Coding of WCDMA Spreading Technology of WCDMA Modulation of WCDMA
15
WCDMA Radio mechanism
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
UE Data
Encoding & Interleaving
Baseband modulation
Spreading
Modulation
RF Transmitting
Despreading
Demodulation
RF Receiving
Baseband demodulation
Decoding & De-inteleaving
UE Data
Contents
16
Convolutional Code
Characteristics
B Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal channel B Coding rate : 1/2 & 1/3 B Channel bit error rate is 10-3 magnitude B Easy decoding B Short delay B Suitable for realtime service O e.g. speech and video service.
Turbo Code
T
Characteristics
B Used in Data service channel B Code Rate is 1/3 B Channel bit error rate is 10-6 magnitude B Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long
delay services
B Complex decoding, needs cycle iterative calculation B Very suitable for non-realtime package service which is BER
sensitive & delay insensitive

O e.g. WWW, FTP, E-mail , multimedia transmission .
17
Contents
Spreading Process of WCDMA

Symbol
Chip
Data
3.84Mcps 3.84Mcps
Spread Data
OVSF Code
Scrambling Code
Symbol rate SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps

For WCDMASF of uplink channelization code4~256 SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512 OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
18
Channelization Code
T
Adopt OVSF code

B Definition: Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where B SF : spread factor k : code number, 0 < k<SF-1
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) C ch,2,0 = (1,1) C ch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, -1) C ch,1,0 = (1) C ch,4,2 = (1, -1 ,1, - 1) C ch,2,1 = (1,-1) C ch,4,3 = (1, -1, -1, 1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Scrambling Code
T
WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence (PN code)

B It has similar noise array character, seemingly random but with
regularity.
B Can make the user data further random , strengthened by
scrambling a code to keep secret the user data, at the same time easy to carry out multiple access communication.
T
WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence

B Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation. B Cross-correlation is very week between two codes. B It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.
19
Characteristic of Scrambling code

T
There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to distinguish different users in one cell.
There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish different cells
B Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes, which are
code 018191. They are divided into 512 aggregationseach aggregation has 1 primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary scrambling codes (SSC).
B The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further into 64
primary scrambling code groups , with 8 primary scrambling codes in each group.
Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling Codes

2 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all (0..262142) No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group
18
No. 511 Scrambling Code No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group Group No. 7 Scrambling Code 510 Scrambling Code 8176 No. 8176 PSC Group Group 8177 8177SSC No. Code 1 Code 504 Scrambling 112 8176 Scrambling PSC 8160 No. 8160 Group No. 0 Scrambling Code Group 113 8177 8161 8161 8191 8191SSC Group 16 16PSC 8064 8064 0 0PSC 17 17SSC 8065 8065 127 8191 8175 8175 1 1SSC 8079 31 31SSC 8079 15 15SSC
20
Code Functions
B Channelization code ---- for separation of physical channels
in the uplink and separation of users in the downlink
B Scrambling code ---- for separation of users/terminals in the
uplink and cells/sectors in the downlink.
Spreading code & scrambling code
c ch 1
Air Interface
c ch 2 c ch 3
B Cchspread code
O O
c scrambling
Modulation
Relative to service rateextended to 3.84Mchips/s A kind of orthogonal code
B Cscramblingscrambling code O Have no effect on signal bandwidth O downlink for identifier celluplink identifier terminal O A pseudo-random sequence
21
Processing Gain
Processing Gain Despreading W Rb
Processing Gain =
Wc Rb
PG=Wc/Rb (Wc : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

B Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after spread/despread B The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger Pg , the
better The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.
Question
Whats the Processing Gain for voice service in WCDMA system?

Given: Voice data rate = 12.2kbps
T
PG=10lg(Wc/ Rb) , dB units

B Wc: 3.84Mchip/s B Rb: 12.2kbps
So for voice service,

B PG=10lg(3.84* 106 /12.2* 103)= 25 dB
22
Despreading procedure
T
Method of despreading
Input signal
Ts (*)dt
0
Output after despreading
When T=Ts, judge integral Local PN code
Contents
23
Modulation Methods in WCDMA

T T T
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels 16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA
summary
T
Principle of WCDMA
B All users are simultaneously transmitted in the same frequency band B Users interfere with each other B Adjacent cells use the same frequency B Cells, users (terminals), and physical channels are separated by codes
Channel coding
B Convolutional code B Turbo code
Codes
B Channelization code B Scrambling code
Modulation
B BPSK B QPSK B 16QAM
24
25
26
WR_BT03_E1_1 Channel Structure and Function
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to master: Classification of channels Structure and Function of channels
27
Content
Classification of channels Structure and Function of channels Physical layer procedure
Classification of channels
Architecture of UMTS
CN Iu RNS RNC Iub NodeB Iub NodeB Iur RNC Iub NodeB Iub NodeB RNS Iu
UE
28
Channel Type
UE
T T T
Physical channel Transport channel Logical channel

Node B
RNC
Logical channel Transport channel Physical channel
Concept of channel
RLC layer Logical channel MAC layer Transport channel PHY layer Physical channel
L2
L1
29
Channel Type
Logical channels:
B Describe what is transported (i.e., the information to be
transmitted)
T
Transport channels:
B Describe how the logical channels are to be transmitted.
Physical channels:
B Represent the transmission media providing the platform
through which the information is actually transferred.
Protocol stack of the Uu interface

GC Nt DC D u p li c a tio n a v o id a n c e GC C -p la n e s ig n a llin g Nt DC U uS b ou nd ary U -p la n e in fo r m a t io n
RRC
c o n tr o l
L3
R a d io B earers PDCP PDCP
control
control
control
control
L 2 /P D C P
BM C
L 2 /B M C
RLC RLC RLC RLC R LC RLC R LC
R LC
L 2 /R L C
L o g ic a l C h a n n e ls MAC
L 2 /M A C
T ran sp o rt C h a n n e ls
PHY
L1
30
Logical Channels
Control Channel (CCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Traffic Channel (TCH)
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Transport Channel
Common Transport Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH) Paging Channel (PCH) Random Access Channel (RACH) Forward Access Channel (FACH) Common Packet Channel (CPCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Dedicated Transport Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
31
Physical Channel
Uplink Physical Channels
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Downlink Physical Channels
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) Page Indication Channel (PICH) Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Mapping relationship
Uplink
Logic Channel CCCH DCCH DTCH
Downlink
PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH DCCH DTCH
Transport Channel
RACH CPCH DCH
PCH
BCH
FACH
DSCH
DCH
32
Mapping relationship
Transport Channels
DCH
Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH CPCH
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
BCH FACH PCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH) DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Content
33
Structure and Function of channels
WCDMA frame structure
Physical Channels(1)
T
The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the time:

B Superframe O One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio frames. B radio frame O One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15 timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to 38400 chips, it is a basic unit of the physical layer. B Timeslot O A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding to 2560 chips. The bit number and structure of a timeslot depends on the specific type of the physical channel.
34
Physical Channels(2)
T
The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:
Ttimeslot= 2560 chip
Tslot #1 Tslot #2
Tslot #I
Tslot #15
Tframe=10 ms
Frame #0 Frame #1
Frame #I
Frame #71
Tsuperframe=720 ms
Uplink physical channel

T T
2 UL Dedicated physical channel (DPDCH and DPCCH) 2 UL Common physical channel (PRACH and PCPCH)
Dedicated physical Control channel DPCCH Dedicated physical DPDCH data channel Physical random PRACH Access channel Physical common PCPCH Packet channel UL Dedicated physical channel
UL Common physical channel
35
Uplink Dedicated physical channel
PRACH
T
Physical Random Access Channel

B PRACH consists preamble part and message part B Random access transmit 1or more 4096 chips length preambles and 10ms
or 20ms length message part.
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
Message part
4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame) Preamble Preamble
Preamble
Message part
4096 chips
20 ms (two radio frames)
PRACH transmitted structure
36
PRACH
T
Physical Random Access Channel

B 10ms message part is split into 15 timeslots, each timeslot consists of
2560chips.
B Each timeslot includes data part and control part. They are transmitted in
parallel .
B Data part :SF=32~256 , Data Control Pilot Npilot bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..3)
control part: SF=256.

Data Ndata bits TFCI NTFCI bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i Message part radio frameRACH T = 10 ms
Slot #14
Downlink physical channel

T
DL physical channel include Dedicated physical channel1 Shared physical channel and five Common control channels.
SCH CPICH PICH DL common physical channel AICH CCPCH PDSCH
DPCH
37
Downlink dedicated physical channel
CPICH
38
CPICH
T T
There is 2 types of CPICH:P-CPICH and S-PICH P-CPICH:

B P-CPICH of different cell uses the same Cch,256,0 OVSF code to spread ,the bit
rate of P-CPICH is also fixed.

B The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code. B There is one and only P-CPICH per cell. B The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell. it is used to search cell primary
scrambling code during cell selection procedure. And it is also used for measurement and estimation during handover, cell selection and cell re-selection.
T
S-CPICH:
B A arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH. B A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling code. B There may be 0,1 or several S-CPICH per cell. B A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or part of the cell. It is may be
a phase reference for a dl DPCH, but it is decided by high layer signalling.
P-CCPCH
39
SCH (1)
T T T
The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal used for cell search. The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and Secondary SCH. The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH are divided into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips.
Structure of synchronization channel
SCH (2)
T
P-SCH
B The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256
chips. The modulated code need not spreading and scrambling.

B The primary synchronization code (PSC) is transmitted once every
slot
B The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.
S-SCH
B The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting a length
15 sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips.

B the Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC), transmitted in
parallel with the Primary SCH.

B Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of length 256. B This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the code
groups the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.
40
S-CCPCH
PICH
PICH carries PIPage IndicationSF=256radio frame=10ms consists 300bits288 bits for paging indication12 bits Tx Off
PICH relates to S-CCPCH which mapping to PCH
288 bits for paging indication b0 b1
12 bits (transmission off) b287 b288 b299
One radio frame (10 ms)
PICH frame structure
41
Content
Physical layer procedure
Cell Search
UE has to get the system information before it registers with the network and access to services.
The system information is beared in the BCH channel, and its data is mapped into the Primary CCPCH.
So the cell search procedure is mainly to decode the data of P-CCPCH.
42
Cell search procedure (1)
T T
The cell search is typically carried out in three steps: Step1: Slot synchronization
B During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE uses the
SCH channel's primary synchronization code to acquire slot synchronization to a cell.

B This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar
device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output.
Sketch of Slot Synchronization
43

T
Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification

B During the second step of the cell search procedure, the UE uses the
SCH channel's secondary synchronization code to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step.
B This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible
secondary synchronization code sequences, and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronization is determined.
Downlink Scrambling Code Grouping

No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group
No. 511 Scrambling Code Group No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group
8176 8177
8176PSC
No. 7 Code Scrambling No. 510 Scrambling GroupCode Group
8191
8177SSC 112 8176PSC 8160 8160 No. 1 Scrambling Code Group No. 504 Scrambling Code Group 113 8177 8161 8161 8191SSC 16 16PSC 8064 8064 No. 0 Scrambling Code Group 17 17SSC 8065 8065 127 8191 8175 8175 0 0PSC 1 1SSC 31 31SSC 8079 8079 15 15SSC
44
Mapping of the Secondary Synchronization Code

T
Step3: Scrambling-code identification

B During the third and last step of the cell search procedure, the UE
determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the cell.

B The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-
by-symbol correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the code group identified in the second step.
T
After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary CCPCH can be detected so that the cell specific BCH information can be read.
45
Cell search procedure
Summary of the process
Channel
Primary SCH
Synchronization acquired
Chip, Slot, Symbol Synchronization
Note
Synchronization 256 chips The same in all cells 15-code sequence of secondary synchronization
Frame Synchronization, Secondary SCH (one of 64) Code Group
codes. There are 16 secondary synchronization codes. There are 64 S-SCH sequences corresponding to the 64 scrambling code groups 256 chips, different for different cells and slot intervals
Common Pilot CH PCCPCH
Scrambling code (one of 8)
To find the primary scrambling code from common pilot CH
Synchronization, BCCH info
Fixed 30 kbps channel spreading factor 256
46
RACH procedure
T
UE decodes BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channels and their scrambling codes and signatures It selects randomly one of the available sub-channels and signatures The downlink power is measured and the initial RACH power level is set with a proper margin due to open loop inaccuracy UE transmits 1 ms long preamble with the selected signature Node B replies by repeating the preamble using Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) UE decodes AICH message to see whether the NodeB has detected the preamble
B If AICH is not detected, the preamble is resend with 1 dB higher transmit power B If AICH is detected, a 10 or 20 ms long message part is transmitted with the
T T
T T
same power as the last preamble
RACH procedure
47
48
Key Technologies of WCDMA
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Master key technologies of WCDMA Master characteristic of WCDMA system
capacity
49
Content
Power Control Handover Rake receiver Call Admission Control & traffic control Intelligent Antenna and MUD Capacity of WCDMA system
Power Control
Why Power Control?
All CDMA users occupy the same frequency at the same time! Frequency and time are not used as discriminators. CDMA operates by using CODES to discriminate between users. CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby users Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable code.
Transmit power on all users must be tightly controlled so their signals reach the base station at the same signal level and at the absolute minimum power level necessary to ensure acceptable service quality.
50
Power Control
Near-Far Effect
Block the whole cell Overpowered by strong signals
Power f
Power Control
Power control
Power
Power f f
Nearby terminals have higher probability of success
Power control tech reduce the interference among each UEs and increase system capacity
51
Power Control
Power Control
DL power control
Cell transmitting power
UL power control
UE signal
Transmitting power control bit
Power control order
Overcome Near-Far effect and fading compensation Reducing multi-address interference, ensuing network capacity Prolonging the working time of cell
RX vs TX Power
RX power
TX power
Channel Fading
52
Power Control
Three methods of power control
Open loop: measure received signal level and adjust transmitting power Inner-loop (closed loop): Frequency:1500HZ Measured SIR> Target SIR, lower transmitting power Measured SIR< Target SIR, increase transmitting power Outer-loop (closed loop): Measure BLER, adjust target SIR
Power Control
Power control
Open loop power controlno feedback
RNC
UE
Node B
Closed loop power controlfeedback
Inner-loop
RNC
Outer-loop
UE
Node B
53
Power Control
Open loop power control
Open loop
1 Node B 2 Node B 2 1
If received signal is stronger,then UE can speak softer problem
If received signal is weaker,then UE can speak louder
Unbalanced for UL/DL signal, not accurate, only used in initial stage
Power Control
Closed loop power control

Power down command Power down Power up command
RNC
SIR target
Node B
Power up Power ...
SIR estimation
SIR estimation
...
BLER tar
T T
SIR tar
TPC:1500Hz
Inner-loop power control is fast Inner-loop according to SIR estimation,Node-B control UE transmission power.conducted every 0.66ms (1500Hz )
Outer-loop according to BLER measurement estimation RNC control and adjust SIR target
54
Power Control
Closed loop power control

T
Inner Loop Power control UL/DL (fast)

B UE or Node-B will use: B Signaling channel, TPC, B Continuously @ rate 1500 times/s, B To relatively changes (up or down) the power to reach the
SIR target.
T
Outer loop Power control (Slow)

B If the BLER measured is below/above the target, B UE/RNC increase/reduce SIR target. B Use the new target for the Inner loop PC.
Power Control
The Effect of Power Control

T
The purpose of DL power control:

B Saving power resource of NodeB, reducing interference to
other NodeB.
T
The purpose of UL power control:

B Overcoming Near-Far effect, save power of UE
capacity WCDMA system control depend on power
55
Content
Handover
Handover
Handover refers to the process in which when a UE moves from one Node B to another during calling.
Purpose:
B Keep service continuity.
In the WCDMA system, handover is divided into soft handover and hard handover.
56
Handover
Type of handover
Soft handover
T
Intra-RNC, inter-Node B Inter-RNC
WCDMA system support multi handover technology
Softer handover
T
Same Node B, Inter- sector
Hard handover T Intra-frequency handover

T T T
Inter-frequency handover Inter-system (3G&2G) Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)
Handover
Hand-over
Hard Handover
Soft Handover
57
Handover
Soft/Softer Hand-over
C A B C A B A B A B
C A B A B
Handover
Soft/Softer Handover
T
The soft/softer handover allows to swap from one cell to another without call interruption or without deleting all old radio links (by opposition to hard HO). It also allows the UE to be connected to more than one cell simultaneously and take benefit from macrodiversity.
Soft Handover Handover Soft Soft Handover Softer Handover Handover Softer Softer Handover
The two Node Bs Node may Bs The two may Same belong RNC to the belong to the
same RNC
CN CN CN
SRNC Iur DRNC
CN CN
SRNC
Node B
Node B
58
Handover
Hard Handover
T
The hard handover procedure is used in case of service quality degradation or for traffic distribution management.
Hard Handover CN
RNC or BSC
During the hard handover procedure, all the old radio links with the UE are abandoned before new ones are established.
SRNC
Hard handover may occur in the following main cases :

B When the UE is handed over another UTRAN
Node B
Node B or BTS
carrier, or another technology mode.

B When soft handover is not permitted (if O&M
constraint)
Handover
Basic concepts
Active Set:
B The set of cells connected with UE; B User information is transmitted from these cells.
Monitor Set:
B The set of cells not within the active set but being monitored
by a UE according to the adjacent node list allocated by UTRAN.

T
Detect Set:
B The set of cells in neither the active set nor the monitor set.
59
Handover
Soft handover process

T
Measurement B The RNC sends a measurement control message to UE. B UE should perform measurement as required and report the measurement result. B Generally, the measured quantity is the common pilots Ec/No. Decision B The RNC stores data of different cells according to the measurement results. B The RNC makes preliminary decision according to the event decision method. B e.g. B When the event is reported and the target cell is acceptable, send an active set update command to add/delete the cell into/from the active set. Execution B The RNC sends an active set update command to UE and UE starts handover.
Handover
Soft handover event
Event 1A
Description Quality of target cell improves, entering a report range of relatively activating set quality Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a report range of relatively activating set quality The quality of a non-activated set cell is better than that of a certain activated set cell Best cell generates change Quality of target cell improves, better than an absolute threshold Quality of target cell decreases, worse than an absolute threshold
1B
1C 1D 1E 1F
60
Example of soft handover
Handover
Soft handover Case
In especially urban environment, the handover region between two cells might be too small.
If the UE passes such an area in a very quick speed, the call might be dropped.
61
Content
Rake receiver
RAKE Receiving
d1
d2
d3
transmitting
Receiving
Rake combination noise
62
Rake receiver
Multi-finger receiver
Direct signal
coding
decoding
transmitter
T T
Reflect signal
receiver
Dispersive time < 1 chip length Multi-finger receiver cant supply multi-finger diversity
Direct signal
coding
Reflect signal
decoding
transmitter
T T
receiver
Dispersive time > 1 chip length Multi-finger receiver can supply multi-finger diversity,improve signal gain
Rake receiver
RAKE Receiving
Single receiving Single receiving Single receiving
receiver receiver
combining
signal
searcher s(t) s(t)
calculate calculate
t
T
RAKE overcome multi-finger interferenceimprove receive capability
63
Rake receiver
Multi-finger receiver
T
Maximal ratio combining(MRC)

at each time delay phase shifting by adding
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3
Content
64
Call Admission Control & traffic control
Call Admission Control
When user initiates a call, RRM decides weather access or deny this call according to the resource situation.
When accessing, network allocate resource (such as OVSF, Scramble code)
Traffic control
When traffic surpass system threshold, traffic control begin.
To accept as many as possible services while keep the stability of the system.
65
Example for load control

T
Breath effect of cell T With the increase of activated terminals,interference increasethe increase of high speed service,the increase of interference The shrink of cell coverage area Coverage blind spot occurs Drop of call will happen at the edge of cell
Coverage and capacity are relative
Content
66
Intelligent Antenna and MUD
Intelligent Antenna
Interference
user
Intelligent Antenna
Omni-cell
cell with Three sector
Cell with smart attenna
67
Intelligent Antenna
Multi-user Detection Principle
68
Content
Capacity of WCDMA system
Soft Capacity
System capacity and QoS can be interconverted
Different service has different capacity
Different combination of service has different capacity
69
Capacity of WCDMA System
Under the circumstance of single services:
= = =
Capacity of WCDMA System

T
Under the circumstance of mixture of services
...
+ Y
+Z
70
Coverage and Capacity

T
WCDMA performance is determined by such factors as

B Number of users B Transmission rate B Mobile rate B Wireless environment O indoors O Outdoors
The sizes of cell depend on such factors as:

B Local radio conditions (local interference) B Traffic in neighbouring cells (distanced interference)
Cell Radius decrease according to the Increase of user number
Coverage/capacity vs Data Rate

T T
Higher rate needs higher power High data rate transmission is only available nearby the station
Coverage decrease
>384 kbps >144 kbps >64 kbps
Subscriber num increase
>12.2 kbps
71
Coverage and Capacity
In order to overcome cell breath caused by increased traffic and different requirement for capacity and coverage in different environment ,such solution supplied:

DL
transmission diversity (Tx Div) high power amplifier(TEU 50 W)
DL/UL: Add carrier six sectors Smart antenna
UL
tower mounted amplifier (TMA)
4RxDiv OTSR
Add Addbasestation basestation last lastchoice choice
72
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
Content
WCDMA Technical Features WCDMA Network Planning Process
73
WCDMA Technical Features
Multi-Address Technology
T
FDMA
B Different channels are at different bands,
such as AMPS and TACS.

T
TDMA
B Different channels at the same band are
distinguished by timeslots, such as DAMPS and GSM.

T
CDMA
B Different channels at the same time and
band are distinguished by different frequency spreading codes, such as WCDMA and CDMA2000.
Self-Interfering System
T
T T
Source Shared spectrum, MultiMulti-Path transmission, no ideal frequency spreading code with selfself-related and mutualmutual-related features. Symptom Power escalation, soft capacity, etc. Solution Power control, access control, load control and detailed planning
One of radio network planning goals is to minimize selfself-interfering
74
Power Escalation
Uplink noise rise increases with the number of subscribers nonnon-linearly
Downlink Node B power increases with the number of subscribers nonnon-linearly
Soft Capacity
T
Soft Capacity
Cell Breathing
Interference
75
Power Control
One subscriber subscribers signal is noise to the others. The transmission power should be controlled in order that it would not block other subscribers.
Node B
Power control Near - far problem despreading

Node B
despreading
NearNear-Far effect
Soft Handover
T
Soft handover
B UE can connect with
more than one Node B

T
Softer handover
B UE can connect with
more than one cell under one Node B

T
Hard handover
B Inter frequency
handover
76
Multi-Service Hybrid System

Differentservices serviceshave have Different differentrates, rates,and andtheir their different coverageranges rangesand and coverage capacities are different. capacities are different.
UMTS LCD: 64 kb/s Radius = 0.73R UMTS UDD: 64 kb/s Radius = 0.78R UMTS UDD: 144 kb/s Radius = 0.64R
UMTS LCD: 144 kb/s Radius = 0.60R
UMTS Voice: 12.2 kb/s Radius = 0.87R
UMTS UDD: 384 kb/s Radius = 0.56R UMTS LCD: 384 kb/s Radius = 0.49R
UMTS Voice: 8 kb/s Radius = R
Differentproportions proportionsand and Different composition of hybrid service,with with composition of hybrid service, differentsystem systemcapacities capacities different
Coverage, capacity and quality of the WCDMA system are tightly coupled
Network Planning Goals

We We should should do do
T
Fulfill operators operators requirement on coverage, capacity, and service quality, estimate network scale, minimize investment, and simulate to verify. Predict network development trend, and prepare for future development. Goals Goals
T T
Maximize coverage in time and space. Minimized intraintra-system interference to reach the required service quality. Optimize radio parameters to maximize service quality. With capacity and service quality fulfilled, minimize equipment number and cost.
77
Content
WCDMA Technical Features WCDMA Network Planning Process
WCDMA Network Planning Process

Requirement Analysis
Network Dimensioning
PrePre-Planning Simulation
Propagation Model Test and Calibration
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning Report
78
Planning Process - Requirement Analysis

Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Requirement Requirement Analysis Analysis
T T T
Learn the customer customers requirement of coverage, capacity, and QoS. Learn the landform and environments of the planned area. Learn the population distribution and average income per person in the planned area. Learn information about the existing network in the planned area.
79
Requirement Analysis (Cont.)

Planning Planning Area Area Sorting Sorting
T T
The purpose to sort the planning area is to refine network design and layout. Different areas have different geographical environment, vegetation distribution, and building density. Different areas require different number of Node B to meet the coverage requirement.
Area type Dense Urban Mean Urban Suburban Rural
Area characters Central business district, dense shopping center, dense residential area Industrial park, shopping center, residential area The edge of city, the center of village and town Farm, the edge of village and town

Coverage Coverage Requirements Requirements
T
64 k CS
Different areas have the different requirements for the service type coverage rate. Different requirements for service type and coverage rate in the same area will get different number of Node B
144k PS data
384k PS data
80

Capacity Capacity Requirements Requirements
T T
No. of subscribers and their profile profile, traffic model, service type , forecast, hot spots spots

Cell Cell load load
T
Load increases, Coverage reduces , System unstable

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0
st Ju
tem sys ble Sta
Un s
Noise Rise
bl e s ta
m ste sy
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Load
81
tab
le
sy ste m

Other Other information information
T T T
The important building in the planning area The information of traffic line, just as highway The important villages and towns in the planning area
Planning Process Propagation Model

Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
82
Propagation Model Test (Cont.)

Site Site Selection Selection
T T T T
Test sites should be selected form each environment categories. To cover enough clutters. The testing site shall be free of visible obstructions around. The testing site shall be higher than the surrounding buildings.
Antenna Transmitter
Receiver Laptop
Propagation Model Test (Cont.)

Route Route Selection Selection
T T
All directions from the testing site should be included. The vehicle should take a route to or from the testing site in the shape of 8, net, ring, or spiral, with a constant speed.
83
Propagation Model Calibration (Cont.)

Data Data Process Process
T T T
Distance Filtration. Intensity Filtration. Land Feature Filtration
Propagation Model Calibration (Cont.)

Propagation Propagation Model Model Selection Selection
PathLoss = K1 + K 2 log(d ) + K 3Hms + K 4 log( Hms ) + K 5 log( Heff ) + K 6 log( Heff ) log(d ) + K 7(diffractionloss ) + Clutterloss
T T T T T T T T T
K1-Fading Constant K2-Distance Fading Coefficient K3K4-Mobile Station Antenna Height calibration Coefficient K5K6-Base Station Antenna Height calibration Coefficient K7-Diffraction calibration Coefficient Clutterloss-Calibration Value of Physiognomy Fading D-Distance between base station and mobile station (km) Hms -Mobile Station Antenna Effective Height (m) Heff-Base Station Antenna Effective Height (m)
84
Planning Process Network Dimensioning

Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Network Network Dimensioning Dimensioning

T T T
Link budget Capacity analysis Give need analysis report, and estimate the Number of Node Bs in the planned area.
85
Network Dimensioning (Cont.)

Input:system load requirment and coverage requirement
Uplink coverage estimation
Downlink coverage estimation
Uplink capacity estimation
Quantity of BSs satisfying uplink coverage
Quantity of BSs satisfying downlink coverage
Quantity of BSs satisfying uplink capacity
Compare the results and evaluate the larger one
Based on traffic type Downlink capacity estimation
Based on power Quantity B of channels availably provided by every cell on the downlink
Quantity A of channels to be provided by every cell on the downlink
Add BSs
No A<B
Yse End
Link Budget
Link Link Budget Budget
Antenna Gain Feeder loss
PA
BS Power
Receiver Sensitivity
Path Loss
Penetration Loss
Margin
Body Loss UE Power
86
Capacity Analysis
Capacity Capacity Analysis Analysis
Total _ virtual _ Erl Cell _ virtual _ Erl
Planning Process Pre-Planning Simulation

Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
87
Pre-Planning Simulation
Pre-Planning Pre-Planning Simulation Simulation
T T
Verify estimation with simulation Give suggestions for Node B layout, location, and area. Guide site survey work
Existing site sites sources Propagation model Traffic model
Planning Process Sites Survey

Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
88
Sites Survey
Site Site Survey Survey
T
T T T
To get the necessary data needed by network planning and simulation To learn geographical environment and radio environment of the site To learn the condition of building site To learn the traffic distribution of planning area To provide the candidate sites for planning area
Site Survey
Site Site Selection Selection Principles Principles
T
T T
convenience in traffic, reliability in city power supply, lightning lightning protection and grounding, small floor space; network construction initial stage, ensure the coverage and quality of VIP subscribers and the area with high user density under the condition of no effects to the site layout, should choose the currently existed sites as the candidate sites and utilize their equipment room, power supply, tower, etc. avoid the site location which is close to radar, if necessary, for for the security factors, should apply the correspond methods to avoid the mutually interference avoid to locate the site on the mountain, in the forest ; avoid to select the sites which will be affected by the potential potential constructed buildings ;
89
Site Survey
Data Data Recording Recording
T T T T
Site information: site name, site address, latitude, longitude, building height, tower height Radio Parameter: azimuth angle, downdown-tilt, antenna height antenna type, diversity type and separation Radio environment description Interfering source
ZTE Node B Family

Middle Capacity Indoor Coverage
Normal citysuburban rural
High Capacity
Dense Urbanoutdoor
ZXWR BBUC ZXWR P8925 Pico RRU ZXWR B06C ZXWR BBUB ZXWR P Bridge Pico Hub ZXWR B09 ZXWR B03C ZXWR R8840 ZXWR B09C
ZXWR H8901 ZXWR R8905
Blind ,hotspot, particular scene
Dense Urban
90
Planning Process Network Simulation

PrePre-Planning Simulation Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Network Simulation
Simulation Simulation
T T T
Input several optional solutions simultaneously. Simulate all optional solutions. Select the most appropriate solution according to the simulation result.
91
Network Simulation
Best server
Network Simulation
CPICH_Ec
92
Network Simulation
CPICH_Ec/Io
Network Simulation
Handover type
93
Network Simulation
The number of pilot polluters
Network Simulation
Voice service coverage rate
94
Network Simulation
Uplink Load
Network Simulation (Cont.)

Simulation Simulation Statistics Statistics Analysis Analysis
95

PrePre-Planning Simulation Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Planning Report Output

T
Report contents
B Networking requirements for the WCDMA network B Service model and demand analysis B Radio network scale estimation B Policy and principle analysis B Networking proposal and solution to network construction by stages
Attachment contents
B Propagation model test result B BS address survey table B BS engineering parameter table B Radio parameter configuration table B Network diagram and site layout diagram B simulation result report
96
97
98
Introduction to ZTE 3G Network Planning & Optimization Tools
Content
ZTE Pilot Transmitter and 3GSS ZTE WiNOM RNT ZTE WiNOM RNA ZTE NOP
99
ZTE Pilot Transmitter and 3GSS
ZX-WCT 3G Pilot Transmitter

Overview
T
Features
Pilot transmitter is developed independently by ZTE to meet the market needs. Pilot transmitter is designed to transmit the WCDMA CPICH signals or CW signals. Pilot transmitter is applicable to radio propagation model test and pilot coverage test
T T T T
Pilot transmitter is portable, easy to carry. Pilot transmitter controlled by laptop is easy to control and operate. Pilot transmitter is powered by 220VAC or 24VDC. Flexible to configure test frequency and transmitting power.
AIRCOM Enterprise Asset3G
100
ZTE Network Simulation Platform

3GSS: 3G System Simulation
T
3GSS is a network simulation platform developed by ZTE, aimed at the research of network planning technology and system algorithm analysis. Now it supports the combined simulation of R99 and HSDPA. 3GSS is based on Monte Carlo simulation method, just like Aircom Asset 3G. Network behavior is deduced through the statistical average of multiple snapshots. Each snapshot is an iteration of simulated terminal access process until the convergence condition is satisfied. So, whats the difference between 3GSS and Aircom?
Comparison between 3GSS and AIRCOM
Suit for study the influence of algorithm on network performance Not aimed at engineering simulation, e.g., it doesnt support digital map, but uses ideal hexagonal cell topology to model the radio network. The result of 3GSS simulation cannot be used directly for practical network design.
A typical engineering simulation suite, the results are used as guidance for network construction, including engineering parameters and radio parameters. Can be used in different phases of network roll out, e.g., network planning, network optimization, capacity expansion, etc.
101
3GSS and AIRCOM Complement Each Other

T
The design goals of 3GSS and AIRCOM differ from each other to a certain extent, but they can be used as complementary tools.
Theoretical parameter values from 3GSS can be used as input of Aircom, and simulation results from Aircom can be used to verify the accuracy of 3GSS simulation engine.
3GSS 3GSS is is designed designed as as a a modulized, modulized, extensible extensible system, system, normally normally used to study theoretical problems such as algorithm used to study theoretical problems such as algorithm verification, verification, interference interference between between different different radio radio systems, systems, network planning scheme benchmarking, etc. network planning scheme benchmarking, etc. All All these these functions functions cannot cannot be be provided provided by by Aircom. Aircom.
Key Features of 3GSS

T
Support modeling of various cell environment (omni-cell and sectorized cell, single cell and cell clusters)
Support multiple path loss scenario (HATA/COST231 /3GPP)
Support 3D antenna modeling for multiple antenna types and parameters.
Flexible UE distribution (at cell edge or uniform distributed in cell, in door or outdoor)
Adjustable equipment capacity input (power, code, common channel configuration, carrier allocation)
102
Key Features of 3GSS (Cont.)

T
Support three main stream scheduling algorithm for HSDPA (Max CI / PF /RR)
T T
Adjustable HSDPA/R99 channel conditions (0120km/h) Adjustable HSDPA power/code resources allocation (statically or dynamically)
Simulation of combined R99 and HSDPA services, or both can be simulated separately.
Simulation of five service models, i.e., FTP,HTTP, EMAIL, WAP, STREAMING
3GSS Simulation Results
Node B topology
1 4
Power consumption
2 5
BLER and Retransmission
Active cell statistic
HSDPA throughput
Pilot quality
UE distribution
Service model statistic
103
Content
ZTE WiNOM RNT
WiNOM RNT Characteristics

T
A professional radio network test tool supporting multiple systems including WCDMA and GSM/GPRS networks.
T T T T T T T T
Support Qualcomm test handset and ZTE WCDMA handset Support scanner test Support simultaneous test of multiple handsets and scanner Support indoor test Support analog path test Auto test of voice and data services Real-time display during 2/3G handover Full technology support, TD-SCDMA version has been widely used
104
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Test Devices Supported

T
Test handsets:
B Qualcomm TM5200, 6200,
TM6200
ZTE F808
ZTE F866
6250,etc
B ZTE F866, F868,etc
Scanner:
B Anritsu ML8720B, ML8740A B Agilent E6455C
ML8720B
ML8740A
GPS:
B Support all GPS devices in
Agilent E6455C
compliance with NMEA0183 and using RS-232 communication interface. GPS
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Geological Display
T
T T T
Display in real-time the current test values, and indicate different values of parameters with different colors on the drive test track. Display call events in real time Support site information loading Support cell connection function
Load the map needed
Test item Current point value
Legend
Cell
Drive Test Track
105
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Indoor Test
T T
Support indoor GPS signal simulation, with import of indoor map. Support predefined path test and Walk and Click test.
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Multi-handset, Multi-scanner & Multi-system Test

T
Support simultaneous test of multi-handset and multi-scanner as well as multisystem test, such as WCDMA and GSM/GPRS networks.
T WCDMA T GSM
106
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Powerful Voice Service Test Capability

T T
Powerful service plan queue function to flexibly define auto test plans. Display statistic information of current calls, such as call process, call time, originating call, hangup, and air interface. Record in real time the time information during voice service dialing test, such as probe count, setup time, teardown time and idle time.
Define auto test plan
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Voice Service Test Call Status Display

Call status display
Status display of a call at different stages
Time parameters of current calls
Statistical information of current test plan
Call status display of voice service can help quickly analyze the the failure cause of specific calls.
107
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Voice Service Test Time Statistic Display

Time statistic display
Y Y Probe Count Y Y Setup Time Y Y Call Time Y Y Teardown Time Y Y Idle Time
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Powerful Data Service Test Capability

T T T T
Integrate PPP, FTP and PING protocols Support PPP redialing on broken link, PPP Call by Call test, and FTP and PING test. All test processes are display in the form of graph or message. Provide traffic monitoring on IP, UDP and TCP three layers.
108
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Data Service Test Multi-protocol Test

PPP test
FTP test
Ping test
Query IP address
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Scanner Test
Scrambling code measurement
Spectrum analysis
Continuous wave measurement
109
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Parameters of WCDMA Layer 1 and Layer 2

T
Provide display of kinds of layer 1 and layer 2 parameters
Finger Info
Pilot Histogram
RLC Info
BLER
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Browsing WCDMA RRC Layer and NAS Layer Signaling

T
Support real time decoding of RRC layer and NAS layer signaling, and support concatenation of system information blocks and signaling filtering function, set display color by types of signaling.
Concatenation and full decoding of system information blocks
110
ZTE WiNOM RNT
GSM/GPRS Parameter Display
Cell Parameters
GSM Parameters
RxLev Signaling Window
ZTE WiNOM RNT
2/3G handover Observation

T
Visually display the 2/3G handover and provides comparison of camped cells before and after handover .
Observation of system handover Comparison of cells before and after 2/3G handover
111
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Data Playback
Playback Toolbar
To the start Pause Fast backward Stop Play Fast play To the end Move forward Auto fill in a section of data before the point of playback
Data playback, repeating the test process, helps us to quickly locate locate the network faults.
Content
112
ZTE WiNOM RNA
WiNOM RNA Characteristics

T
WiNOM RNA(WCDMA Edition) is a professional analysis software for WCDMA network optimization. Based on the drive test data and other auxiliary data, its able to make smart analysis of the radio network to locate the network problems in a fast and accurate manner for network optimization.
T T T T
GIS related functions Message related functions Advanced analysis functions Report related functions
ZTE WiNOM RNA
GIS
T
Message
T T
Make analysis based on drive test data along with site information and GIS data.
Complete RRC message decode. SIBs are decoded and concatenated automatically. Detailed NAS message decode. Show message list by color mapping and filtering plan, support browse, play, query and bookmark functions.
The spatially overlapped data layers are automatically or manually offset to avoid mutual coverage.
T T
Auto associate the data layer with the base station cell layer through PSC.
T T T
Self define event analysis. Multiple KPI analysis. Flexible query and statistics.
T T
Flexible layer control. User defined marks
113
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Analysis
T T T T T T T
Correlated synchronized analysis of data points and cells on the test path. Specify best and full Ec/Io coverage rendering analysis of PSC. Pilot pollution analysis algorithm. Over shoot analysis algorithm. Missed neighbor cell analysis. Coverage rate analysis. Inter-system and Intra-system neighbor planning.
Report
T T
Detailed export of graphs and tables. One-click auto report generation.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Data File Management

T
Load APT, SD5 and ZRX data files, and merge multiple data files in multiple ways.
Load SD5 data file
Merge multiple data files
114
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Workspace Management
Save the user s settings and restore to the saved configuration of views and windows layout upon next startup.
Save workspace
Load workspace
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Geological Analysis Window
Graphic button Shortcut menu Display zone
Legend
115
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Geological Analysis Setting

T
Provide layer setting, map parameters setting, legend setting, cell color setting and analysis connection setting.
BIN setting
Drive test symbols
Legend type
Offset setting
Layer control setting
Map parameter setting
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Geological Analysis Setting (cont.)
Legend management
Cell color
Legend setting
Cell color setting
116
ZTE WiNOM RNA
In-Building Test Analysis

T
Load in-building test data, import in-building test map, and analyze the parameters of in-building test.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Table Analysis
T
Table shows the values of parameters on a data layer, on which a user can browse, copy, search, export and synchronize the data.
Show all parameters
117
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Graph Analysis
T
Describe the trends of observed parameters in 2D graph.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
PDF Curve Diagram Analysis

T
Probability distribution curve analysis
118
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Information Browsing
T
The message analysis window is divided into two parts, the upper part is MessageList subwindow, while the lower part is Decode subwindow.
Detailed decoding
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Analysis of Multiple Types of Messages

T
Including message filtering, customized event analysis, call delay analysis and KPI analysis.
Delay analysis (CS separated from PS)
119
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Complete Data Replay

T
After the test is finished the data is replayed to represent the actual test process. The replay supports synchronous display of replay window that shows signal strength, pilot, power and BLER.
Power replay Signal strength replay
Pilot replay
BLER replay
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Single Track Point Data Replay

T
Show full information of one point on the test path in the map window.
Single point parameter
120
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Data Filter Function

T
To filter the records and ratio of the data meeting certain conditions. Filtered results (points) can be displayed on the map.
Filter table Optional filter items

Filter conditions
Filter results
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Pilot Analysis: Specify Coverage Rendering of a PSC

T
Specify best coverage of a PSC (PSCs Ec/Io is best) and specify full coverage of a PSC (PSCs Ec/Io in NBList)
Best analysis
Full analysis
121
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Pilot Analysis: Best Coverage Rendering of All PSC
The function can display best Ec/Io (Best Ec/Io in NBlist) and best Ec/Io PSC (Best PSC in NBlist) along the test path.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Pilot Pollution Analysis

T
PSCs Ec/Io is above the defined pilot pollution threshold, but is not in the active set.
122
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Over Shoot Analysis

T
PSCs coverage exceeds defined threshold, and may cause negative influence on remote region.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Coverage Rate Analysis

T
Show the coverage according to coverage rate algorithm, 1: covered, 0: not covered
RxPower>m &AggEc/Io>n
123
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Neighbor List Planning and Check

T T T T
Neighbor list generation from site topology Import neighbor planning result from Aircom Visual presentation of neighbor defined in OMCR Check validity of certain neighbor scheme and make modifications manually
T T
Export modified neighbor list to OMCR Support 2G-3G two-way neighbor planning
Master Cell
Neighbor Cell
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Neighbor List Planning and Check (cont.)
124
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Neighbor List Planning and Check (cont.)
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Visual Presentation of Neighbor Cells
125
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Statistics Report
T T T
Count the number and proportion of data points of interested items. Data can be filtered and averaged using bin mode. Result graph can be previewed and exported to Excel or Word.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Report Export
T
Export in multiple formats is supported, such as histogram, pie chart and table.
126
ZTE WiNOM RNA
One-Click Report Generation

T
Automatically export the selected analysis items to the Word document with the predefined template in the form of map, table and curve diagram.
Output option
Content
127
ZTE NOP
What is NOP?
ZXM-NOP is the network optimization subsystem of ZTE WCDMA Solution.
ZXM-NOP is based on the performance data, configuration data and engineering parameters.
ZXM-NOP provides various of data views to plan and optimize the network quickly and efficiently.
ZTE NOP
What Kind of Problems Can NOP Solve
NetWork Quality Evaluation
Performance Analysis
Optimize Adjacent Cell
Find Equipment Fault
NOP
Optimize Project Parameter
Interference Analysis
Optimize Radio Parameter
System Capacity Analysis
128
ZTE NOP
All-in-One Tool Suite

T T T
Each tool has its operate scene Each tool has its data format Expert experiences accumulated are hard to share
PLMN PLMN
ZTE NOP
Functions of NOP
Data Management
Network Planning
Performance Analysis Customize regions Customize Indices Customize Templates Inquire performance data Display performance analysis
Expert System
Import OMCR data Import radio configuration parameters Import project parameters Import performance data antenna Management Export data to OMCR NOP data management
GIS display View and inquire radio configuration data View and inquire project parameters View and plan adjacent cells Auto adjust and optimize adjacent cells Divisional display Compare and check configuration data Plan NodeB/Cell project parameters Generating Change Request Note and MMI Command
Creating Network Optimization Report Creating Network Evaluation Report
GIS System Management
129
ZTE NOP
Highly Integration
Integrate the network planning, optimization and performance analysis
Generate advices of network optimization synthetically
T T
Closely integrated with OMCR Provide a unified work platform of network optimization
ZTE NOP
Powerful Functions
T
Provide many functions used most commonly in work of network planning and optimization
B Correlated analysis of UE
and RNC signal trace logs.

B Auto optimize PSC
assignment
B Verify network planning
data
B Expert system support B
130
ZTE NOP
Powerful Functions (cont.)

T
Provide detailed logs and help engineers know the history C/S structure, allow multiengineers to work together Classified and detailed Change Request Notes, provide information of adjusted network elements and parameters
ZTE NOP
Complete and Flexible Indices Inquiring

T
Inquire with customized index formula templates
Support different granularities of time to inquire
All indices of performance analysis reports can be modified
131
ZTE NOP
Complete and Flexible Indices Inquiring (cont.)

T
Support tables and charts display
Support correlation of different index data
ZTE NOP
Powerful Compatibility
T T
ZXM-NOP supports all OMCR versions If other manufacturers can provide the data interface mode, NOP could import the performance data of other manufacturers
Depends on the powerful compatibility, NOP can be used in all kinds of PLMN system, including WCDMA, TDSCDMA, GSM
132
ZTE NOP
Use Case 1: KPI Alarm and Visual Presentation

T
Engineer choose KPI alarm threshold, may be performance or resource related KPI.
KPI query condition may be single or combined, e.g., CS Traffic (erl)>1 and Call Drop Rate(%)>2
NOP output the filter result, and selected cells are rendered on map using different colors. KPI value can be displayed as well.
Query condition can be saved as template for reuse in different projects.
ZTE NOP
Use Case 2: Neighbor List Optimization
Engineer choose to export handover statistics in certain periods.
Handover related counters include attempt number, success number, and virtual handover number according to detected set measurement report.
Missed neighbor can be identified quickly, and unnecessary neighbor relationship can be removed.
Modified neighbor list configuration can be imported into OMCR directly.
133
ZTE NOP
Use Case 3: Low Data Service Throughput Analysis
Engineer identify Top N cells with cell throughput KPI lower than threshold.
Engineer query for related statistics which maybe the root cause of network problem.
B E1 configuration of target cell? B BLER and RLC retransmission rate of target cell? B Any alarm log in OMCR related to target cell? B Interference exists in target cell? B
ZTE NOP
Use Case 4: Uplink Interference Identify
T T
Engineer query for RTWP data in a certain period. If multiple cells uplink RTWP rises at the same time, and the value exceeds a certain threshold for a long time, they might be interfered by unknown source.
If azimuth of all influenced cells points to nearly the same direction, the interference source may be there.
134
135
136
WR_BT06_E1_1 Interface protocol and signaling flow
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
Understand ATM basic knowledge Master Network interfaces protocol Master signaling flow
137
Content
ATM Basics Network Interfaces UE State transition Signaling flow
ATM Basics
ATM Basics
T
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Synchronous Frame
Periodical
STM STM
Need no exact timing Nonperiodical
ATM ATM
138
ATM Basics
ATM Cell format

T T
ATM transfers information in fixed-size units called cells. Each cell consists of 53 bytes, with 5 bytes of header and 48 bytes of payload.
5bytes cell-header 53 bytes 48 bytes payload (user information) ATM cell
ATM Basics
ATM Switch Type

T
Circuit Switch
B Fixed connecting, synchronization time division multiplexing B Good real time performance but weak flexibility
Packet Switch
B Virtual circuit connecting without fixed time slot B Weak real time performance but good flexibility
ATM Switch
B One which falls in between Circuit Switch and Packet Switch and
combines their advantages.

B ATM Switch consists of two types: O VPS (Virtual Path Switch) O VCS (Virtual Channel Switch)
139
ATM Basics
ATM protocol reference model(1)
ATM Basics
ATM protocol reference model(2)

T T
The ATM protocol reference model consists of four layers: Physical layer
B responsible for correct and effective cell transmission via the
physical media
T
ATM layer
B responsible for cell switching, routing and multiplexing
ATM adaptation layer

B the AAL layer is responsible for adaptation of higher-layer service
information or signaling information to ATM cell flow

T
Higher layer
B equivalent to the application layer of each service or the higher
layer of signaling.
140
ATM Basics
VP&VC
T
VC (Virtual Channel) and VP (Virtual Path) are logical conceptions
ATM Basics
VP & VC Switching
T
The VPI value has to be changed during VP switching While all VCI values contained in it remain unchanged. During VC switching, both the VPI and VCI values should be changed.
VC Switching
VCI 1 VCI 2 VCI 3 VPI 3 VCI 4 VPI 2 VPI 2 Port 2 VCI 4
VP Switching
Port 1 VCI 1 VCI 2 VCI 1 VCI 2 VPI 1
VPI 1
VPI 3
VCI 3
VPI 4
VPI 5
VCI 1 VCI 2 Port 3
141
ATM Basics
ATM Adaptation layer

T
AAL between ATM layer and high-layer applications

B Implements the service functions needed by the high layer B
(such as error processing and timing control).
B Supports the adaptation between the high layer and ATM
layer-mapping PDU of the high layer to the information segment of the ATM cell and vice versa.
B Different services need different adaptation. According to
the Timing between source and destination, Bit rate and Connection mode, ITU-T divides them into 4 classes: Type A/B/C/D.
ATM Basics
AAL classes
Traffic Parameter Timing between source & destination Bit rate Connection mode AAL types AAL 1 Circuit simulation QoS1 fixed Connection-orient AAL 2 Moving image video and audio QoS2 AAL 3 Connectionorient data transmitting QoS3 Class A need Class B Class C Not need various Connectionlessorient AAL 4 AAL 5 connectionless data transmitting QoS4 Class D
Service sample QoS
142
ATM Basics
AAL2
AAL2
B suitable for VBR (variable bit rate) traffic, typically includes
services characterized as voice or video.

B Traffic must be real-time transmitted for existing timing
relationship between signal source and signal destination.

B In UMTS, transmission of user-plane data is beared by
AAL2, such as voice.
ATM Basics
AAL5
AAL5
B Efficient Data traffic transmitting adaptation protocol. B Supplying the same traffic with AAL3/4 B In the WCDMA signaling stack, AAL5 is used to bear the
signaling in Iux interface and the PS data in Iu-PS interface
143
Content
Network Interfaces
UTRAN Architecture
144
Network Interfaces
Universal model of the UTRAN interfaces

Radio Network Layer Application Protocol Data Stream(s) Control Plane User Plane
Transport Transport Network Network User Plane Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP(s) Signalling Bearer(s) Signalling Bearer(s) Data Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
Network Interfaces
Universal model of the UTRAN interfaces

T
Horizontal: UTRAN falls into 2 layers

B Radio Network Layer (RNL) B Transport Network Layer (TNL)
Vertical: UTRAN falls into 4 planes

B Control plane B User plane B TNL control plane B TNL user plane
In R99 and R4, the ATM technology is adopted at the transport network layer, while R5, IP transmission is introduced.
145
Network Interfaces
Iu Interface
UTRAN
Core Network (CN)

CS Domain RNC Iu-CS PS Domain
Iu-PS
Node B
Node B
Node B RNC Node B
BC Domain Iu-BC
Iu Interface
Network Interfaces
Iu-CS Interface Stack Structure

Radio Network Layer Control Plane RANAP User Plane
Iu UP Protocol Layer Transport Network Control Plane Q.2630.1 Transport Network Layer SCCP MTP3b SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5 Q.2150.1 MTP3b SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5 Transport Network User Plane
Transport Network User Plane
AAL2
ATM Physical Layer
146
Network Interfaces
Iu-PS Interface Stack Structure

Radio Control Plane
RANAP
User Plane
Iu UP Protocol Layer
Network
Layer
Transport Network Control Plane
Transport
Network
MTP3-B
SCCP M3UA GTP-U UDP IP AAL5
Layer
SCTP SSCF-NNI IP SSCOP AAL5
ATM Physical Layer
ATM Physical Layer
Network Interfaces
Iu interface Functions
T
RAB management
B RAB setup, modification and release B mapping of RAB characteristics to the Uu bearer B mapping of RAB characteristics to the Iu transmission bearer B RAB queuing, preemption and priority
T T T T T T T
Iu radio resource management

B radio resource acceptance control
Iu connection management
B Iu signaling connection management
Iu-UP (RNL) management

B Iu-UP frame protocol mode selection and protocol initialization
Mobility management Security management Service and network access Paging coordination
147
Network Interfaces
Iur Interface Stack Structure

Radio Network Layer Control Plane User Plane
RNSAP
Iur data stream
Transport User
Network Plane
Transport Network Control Plane ALCAP Q.2630.1
Transport User
Network Plane
Transport Network Layer
SCCP MTP3B SSCF-NNI SSCOP M3UA SCTP IP
STC Q.2150.1 MTP3B NN SSCF-NNI SSCF I SSCOP M3UA SCTP IP
AAL5
AAL5 ATM
Physical Layer
AAL2
Network Interfaces
Iur interface Functions

Iur interface has the following functions: T Inter-RNC mobility management
B SRNC relocation, inter-RNC cell and UTRAN registration
area update, inter-RNC paging, and protocol error report.

T
Dedicated channel data transmission

B used to transmit dedicated channel data between two
RNCs.
T
Common channel data transmission

B setup and release of the transmission connection needed in
common channel data stream transmission of the Iur interface,

T
Global resource management

B transmission of inter-RNC cell measurement information. B transmission of inter-RNC Node B timing information.
148
Network Interfaces
Iub Interface Stack Structure

Radio Network ControlPlane Transport Network ControlPlane
User Plane
Radio Network Layer
Node B Application Part (NBAP)
PCH FP
RACH FP
USCH FP
FACH FP
DSCH FP
CPCH FP
DCH FP
ALCAP Q.2630.1
Transport Layer
Q.2150.2 SSCF-UNI SSCOP AAL Type 5 SSCF-UNI SSCOP AAL Type 5
AAL Type 2
ATM
Physical Layer
Network Interfaces
Iub interface Functions

T T
Management of the Iub interface transmission resources. Logic operation maintenance of Node B, including:
B the cell configuration management B radio network performance measurement B common transmission channel management B radio resource management
T T T T
Transmission of application-related operation & maintenance data. System information management. Channel traffic management. Timing and synchronization management, including:
B node synchronization B transmission channel synchronization between the RNC and Node B
149
Network Interfaces
Uu Interface Stack Structure

G C N t D C Duplication avoidance D N C t U-plane information
G C C-plane signalling
UuS boundary
RRC control control control contro
control
L3 Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP BMC
L2/
BMC
RLC RLC
RLC
RLC RLC RLC RLC
RLC
L2/RLC
Logical Channels MAC L2/MAC Transport Channels PHY L1
Network Interfaces
Uu Interface Stack Structure(1)

T T T
Physical Layer Protocol B provides the MAC sublayer with transmission channel services. MAC Protocol (Media Access Control) B provides the RLC sublayer with logic channel services. RLC Protocol (Radio Link Control) B on the control plane, provides the RRC sublayer with signaling radio bearer services. B on the user plane, provides service radio bearer services together with the PDCP sublayer. PDCP (Packet data convergence protocol) B adapt different types of network layer protocols to the radio interface. B only exists in the packet domain BMC (Broadcast main control) B transfer broadcast and multicast information over the radio interface
150
Network Interfaces
Uu Interface Stack Structure(2)

T
RRC (Radio resource control)

B Provide services for the non-access layer, for example, transmitting
messages like call control, session management and mobility management at the control interface.
B Setup, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between UE
and UTRAN.
B Setup, reconfiguration and release of radio bearer. B Distribution, reconfiguration and release of radio resources used in the
RRC connection.
B RRC connections mobility function management. B Request for QoS control. B UE measurement report and report control. B Outer loop power control, ciphering control, paging. B Initial cell selection and reselection in the idle mode.
Network Interfaces
Appendix
Abbreviation SCCP MTP3B SSCF-NNI SSCF-UNI SSCOP Q.2630.1 Q.2150.1 M3UA SCTP GTP-U Full Name Signaling connection control protocol Broadband message transfer protocol Service specific coordination function for support of signaling at the network node interface Service specific coordination function for support of signaling at the user network interface Service specific connection oriented protocol AAL2 signaling control protocol AAL2 signaling transport converter at NNI MTP3 user adaptation protocol Stream control transmission protocol GPRS tunneling protocol user
151
Network Interfaces
Radio Network Control-Plane protocol

CN
RANAP RRC RNSAP
UE
RNC
NBAP Node B
RNC
NBAPNode B Application Part RANAP: Radio Access Network Application Part RNSAP: Radio Network Subsystem Application Part RRC: Radio Resource Control
Network Interfaces
UTRAN Control Plane Protocol Stack
UE
CC SM
Node B
RNC
CN
CC SM
MM/GMM RRC RLC MAC L1 L1 NBAP Transport Layer NBAP RRC RLC MAC RANAP Transport Layer
MM/GMM RANAP Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Uu
Iub
Iu
152
Network Interfaces
UTRAN User Plane Protocol Stack UE Node B RNC CN
User data PDCP RLC MAC L1 L1 FP Transport Layer PDCP RLC MAC FP Transport Layer
Iu UP
Iu UP
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Uu
Iub
Iu
Content
153
UE State transition
UE Working Modes
There are two basic working modes:

B Idle O UE stands by without any service. Theres no connection between UE and UTRAN. B Connected O UE transferred to the connected mode after accomplishing RRC Connection Setup. O UE has 4 states under the connected mode: Cell-DCH, Cell-FACH, Cell-PCH, URA-PCH
UE State transition
UE States Under the Connected Mode

T
Cell-DCH
B UE is activated, and in service using its dedicated channels. B There are dedicated channels in both uplink and downlink. B UTRAN knows exactly which cell the UE is in.
Cell-FACH
B UE is activated, but without too much date to transmit, so
theres no need to assign dedicated channels to it.

B Downlink data transmitted in FACH, while uplink in RACH. B UTRAN knows exactly which cell the UE is in.
154
UE State transition
UE States Under the Connected Mode

T
Cell-PCH
B There is no data transmitted in both uplink and downlink. B UE needs to listen to PICH for paging information. B UE works in discrete receiving, which saves the power effectively. B UTRAN knows exactly which cell the UE is in. B UE needs to do cell update procedure when it passes cells.
URA-PCH
B There is no data transmitted in both uplink and downlink. B UE needs to listen to PICH for paging information and receive discretely. B UTRAN only knows which URA (UTRAN Registration Area) UE exists. B UE updates its location information only when its URA changes, which
further reduces the signaling saves resource.
UE State transition
RRC State Transition (I)

Transit from IDLE Mode
URA_PCH CELL_PCH
After RRC Connection Setup, UE will transit to CELL_FACH or CELL_DCH. CN indicates UE using dedicated channel (CELL_DCH) or common channel (CELL_FACH) according to the service request. If there is no service right now, UE will be indicated into PCH mode or release RRC connection back to IDLE mode.
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
IDLE
DEAD
Sketch of RRC State Transition
155
UE State transition
RRC State Transition (II)

Transit from CELL_FACH Mode
URA_PCH CELL_PCH
T
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH
UE do not occupy dedicated channels In the mode of CELL_FACH.
T
IDLE
UE receives downlink data through FACH(S-CCPCH).
T
DEAD
UE transmits uplink data through RACH(PRACH).
UE State transition
RRC State Transition (III)

Transit from CELL_DCH Mode
URA_PCH CELL_PCH
UE transceives uplink and downlink data through dedicated channels (DPDCHs and DPCCHs).
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
T
IDLE
During the time when there is no data transmitted, CN may indicate UEs transiting to URA_PCH or CELL_PCH.
DEAD
156
UE State transition
RRC State Transition (IV)

CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states
URA_PCH CELL_PCH
T T
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH
UE has no activated uplink. Paging Information makes UE back to CELL_FACH or CELL_DCH mode. In CELL_PCH, UE should transit to CELL_FACH first to finish cell updating, and go back if no service request. In URA_PCH, if URA changes, UE also transits to CELL_FACH to finish cell updating first before it goes back to URA_PCH.
T
IDLE
DEAD

T
System resource can be saved in these two modes.
Content
157
Signaling flow
Basic Conception (1)

T
RRC (Radio Resource Control)

B provides information transfer service to the NAS (Non Access
Stratum).
B responsible for controlling the configuration of UMTS radio
interface Layers 1 and 2.

T
RRC Connection
B A point to point bi directional connection between the RRC (Radio
Resource Control) entities on the UE (User Equipment) and UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network).
B The UE requires an RRC connection to access the services of the
UMTS network.
Signaling flow

RAB -Radio Access Bearer
B Identify the service the AS (Access Stratum) provides to the
NAS (Non Access Stratum) for transfer of user data between the UE (User Equipment) and the CN (Core Network).
T
RB -Radio Bearer
B The service provided by the Layer 2 for the transfer of user
data between UE (User Equipment) and UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network).
158
Signaling flow
RL (Radio Link)
B RL is a logical association between single UE (User
Equipment) and a single UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) access point.
B Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions.
B It is possible for a UMTS mobile to have many radio links
established, when this occurs the mobile is said to be in a soft handover.
Signaling flow
Sketch of the basic conceptions
159
Signaling flow
UE Call Procedure Overview
Startup Startup CellSearching Searching Cell
Handover Handover
Cell/URA Cell/URA Update Update

Location Location Update Update RL RL Reconfiguration Reconfiguration RB/RAB RB/RAB Reconfiguration Reconfiguration
Standby Standby RRC RRC Connection Release Connection Release
RAB RAB Assignment Assignment
Call/Called Call/Called initiate initiate
RRC RRC Connection Setup Connection Setup
NAS NAS ConnectionSetup Setup Connection
Signaling flow
Trilogy of Call Setup
RRC Connection Setup

B The signaling interacting in UTRAN is normal when receiving the
signaling RRC Connection Setup Complete.

T
NAS Connection Setup

B UE interacts with CN about the service request, authentication and
ciphering, etc. through the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling,

T
RAB Assignment
B CN allocates resource according to UEs service requests.
160
Signaling flow
Call Setup Flow

B CN initiates a paging message to RNC. B RNC judges the paging message from the CN and then sends a paging
message to the corresponding UE.

B If no RRC connection is available, UE will send a RRC connection setup
request message (RRC Connection Request) to RNC.

B RNC determines to set up a RRC connection according to the service
request and system resource occupation then sends a RRC connection setup message (RRC Connection Setup) to UE.
B After signaling connection setup, the higher layer of UE (NAS) sends a
service request message to CN through a directly transfer message.

B CN sends a RAB assignment message (RAB Assignment Request) to
the RNC to allocate resource for UEs request.
Signaling flow
RRC setup
UE RRC Node B RNC RRC Allocate RNTSelect L1 and L2 parameters 2.Radio Link Setup Request NBAP
1.CCCH: RRC Connection Request
NBAP Start RX NBAP
3.Radio Link Setup Response NBAP
ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup DCH-FP 4.Downlink Synchronisation 5.Uplink Synchronisation DCH-FP DCH-FP
DCH-FP Start TX RRC RRC
6.CCCH: : RRC Connection Setup 7.DCCH: : RRC Connection Setup Complete
RRC RRC
161
Signaling flow
RAB setup
UE
Node B
SRNC
RAB ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
ALCAP setup
CN
RL RECONFIG PRE RL RECONFIG READY ALCAP setup, synchronization RL RECONFIG COMMIT RRC RB SETUP RRC RB SETUP COMPLETE RAB ASSIGNMENT RESPONSE
Signaling flow
Call Setup Flow

UE Node B
Paging (RRC) RRC connection setup request RRC connection setup
RNC
Paging (RANAP)
CN
NAS message interaction (service request)

RL setup request RL setup response RB setup RB setup completion RAB assignment response RAB assignment request
162
Signaling flow
Soft Handover Flow

UE NodeB
DRNS)
NodeB (SRNS)
DRNC
SRNC
Measurement report
RL setup request RL setup response Active set update command Active set update completion
RL creation request RL setup response
RL Deletion request RL Deletion response
Signaling flow
Hard Handover Flow

UE Target Node B Original NodeB SRNC
Measurement report RL setup request RL setup response Reconfiguration command Reconfiguration completion RL deletion request RL deletion response
163
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (1)
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (2)
164
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (3)
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (4)
165
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (5)
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (6)
166
Exercise
T
vertical:UTRAN interface universal model involve 4 planes,they are ( )( )( )( )
horizontal :UTRAN interface universal model involve 2 layers, they are ( ) ( )
pls write down IUCS\ IUPS \IUB interface control plane application protocol and user plane protocol.
T T T
Uu Interface is fall into ( )plane and (
) plane. ) ( ).
There are 3 layers in Uu Interface, they are ( ) ( pls describe the RRC setup procedure.
167
168
WCDMA RAN KPI Introduction
Content
KPI Overview WCDMA RAN KPI Definition and Measurement Methods Libya WCDMA Network KPI Values
169
KPI Overview
KPI Overview
T T T
What is KPI? KPI is Key Performance Indicator. The general characters of KPI
B Measurability B Comparability B Integrality B Applicability
KPI Overview
RAN KPI Category

Coverage Class Capacity Class ' CS Capacity ' PS Capacity ' Cell UL Load Factor ' Block Call Ratio ' Mobility Class ' RNC Soft Handover Success Ratio ' Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio ' Intersystem Hard Handover Success Ratio (CS domain and PS domain)
' Coverage Probability
Resource Usage Class ' Trouble Cell Ratio ' Busy Cell Ratio ' Sleeping Cell Ratio
RAN KPI Class
QoS Class ' RRC Connection Setup Success Ratio ' RAB Setup Success Ratio ' Call Setup Success Ratio ' Drop Call Ratio 'Average UL/DL Throughput ' RTT Ping with 32Bytes
'
170
Content
WCDMA RAN KPI Definition and Measurement Methods
Coverage Probability
Indicator Description
W W
Indicator Signaling Flow Definition
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period Period Statistic Statistic Area Area Clutter-wise Clutter-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor Outdoor BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Methods Methods DT DT or or CQT CQT Index Index Meaning Meaning The The coverage coverage probability probability reflect reflect the the RF RF coverage coverage strength strength and and RF RF signal signal quality. quality.
W W
W W
W W
W W
171
Coverage Probability
Indicator Description Indicator Signaling Flow Definition Indicator Extension
F=RSCPR and Ec/Io S

(NotesRSCP is the Received Pilot Signal Chip Power Ec/Io is the received pilot signal qualityR and S is the threshold for the RSCP and Ec/Io calculation. When these two conditions satisfiedF=1; otherwise F=0)
Coverage Probability is defined as the percentage of the samples whose F=1 to the all measured samples
(NoteUnreasonable samples are not included
The R and S are different to different service
RRC Connection Setup Success Ratio (Service Related

W W
Indicator Definition
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period Period :15 :15 Mins,30 Mins,30 Mins,1 Mins,1 Hour. Hour. 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area Area cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor Outdoor BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method calculate calculate based based on on the the OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning Meaning this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the accessibility accessibility of of the the service service of of the the Cell Cell and and RNC RNC
W W
W W
W W
W W
172
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
RRC Connection Setup Success RatioService Related RRC Connection Setup Complete TimesService Related /RRC Connection Setup Request TimesService Related100%

Indicator Description Indicator Definition Signaling Flow Indicator Extension
RRC Connection Setup Request Times RRC Connection Setup Complete Times
173

Indicator Description Indicator Signaling Flow Definition Extension Indicator
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
Outgoing Outgoing Conversation Conversation Service Service RRC RRC Connection Connection Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio Outgoing Outgoing Streaming Streaming Service Service RRC RRC Connection Connection Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio Outgoing Outgoing Interactive Interactive Service Service RRC RRC Connection Connection Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio Outgoing Outgoing Background Background Service Service RRC RRC Connection Connection Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio Incoming Incoming Conversation Conversation Service Service RRC RRC Connection Connection Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio Incoming Incoming Streaming Streaming Service Service RRC RRC Connection Connection Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio Incoming Incoming Interactive Interactive Service Service RRC RRC Connection Connection Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio Incoming Incoming Background Background Service Service RRC RRC Connection Connection Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio
RAB Assignment Success Ratio

W W
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period Period :: 15 15 Mins,30 Mins,30 Mins,1 Mins,1 Hour. Hour. 1 1 Day. Day.
W W
Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise
W W
Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH
W W
Measurement Measurement Method: Method: calculate calculate based based on on the the OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: RAB RAB assignment assignment is is the the last last step step of of the the service service connection. connection. If If it it is is successfully successfully assigned, assigned, the the connection connection to to the the User User Panel Panel is is Successfully Successfully Setup Setup
W W
174
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
RAB Assignment Success Ratio CS RAB Assignment Success Times +PS RAB Assignment Success Times /(CS RAB Assignment Request Times PS RAB Assignment Request Times100%

Indicator Description Indicator Definition Signaling Flow Indicator Extension
RAB Assignment Request Times
RAB Assignment Success Times
175

CS CS RAB RAB Assignment Assignment Success Success Ratio Ratio PS PS RAB RAB Assignment Assignment Success Success Ratio Ratio AMR AMR RAB RAB Assignment Assignment Success Success Ratio Ratio CS CS C C 64/64 64/64 RAB RAB Assignment Assignment Success Success Ratio Ratio PS PS II 64/64 64/64 RAB RAB Assignment Assignment Success Success Ratio Ratio PS PS II 64/128 64/128 RAB RAB Assignment Assignment Success Success Ratio Ratio PS PS II 64/384 64/384 RAB RAB Assignment Assignment Success Success Ratio Ratio
Call Setup Success Ratio

W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15 15 Mins, Mins, 30 30 Mins, Mins, 1 1 Hour. Hour. 1 1 Day. Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method: Method: calculate calculate based based on on the the OMC OMC counters counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the accessibility accessibility of of the the service service of of the the Cell Cell and and RNC RNC
W W
W W
W W
W W
176
Indicator Extension
Call Setup Success Ratio RRC Connection Setup Success Ratio (Service Related) RAB Assignment Success Ratio100%

RRC Connection Setup Success Ratio
177
Indicator Extension
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
AMR AMR Call Call Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio CS CS C C 64/64 64/64 Call Call Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio PS PS II 64/64 64/64 Call Call Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio PS PS II 64/128 64/128 Call Call Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio PS PS II 64/384 64/384 Call Call Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio PS PS S S 64/64 64/64 Call Call Setup Setup Success Success Ratio Ratio
Call Drop Ratio
W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15 15 Mins, Mins, 30 30 Mins, Mins, 1 1 Hour. Hour. 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method: Method: calculate calculate based based on on the the OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the Retainability Retainability of of the the network, network, it it is is one one of of the the most most important important indicators indicators of of the the customers customers experience. experience.
W W
W W
W W
W W
178
Call Drop Ratio

Call Drop Ratio RNC Triggered CS RAB Release Times RNC Triggered CS Iu Release Times RNC Triggered PS RAB Release Times +RNC Triggered PS Iu Release Times /(CS RAB Assignment Success Times PS RAB Assignment Success Times100%
Call Drop Ratio
Indicator Extension
RNC RAB R ELE ASE R EQ U ES T
CN
RNC Triggered RAB Release Times, it includes CS and/or PS RAB
RNC
CN IU RELEASE REQUEST
RNC Triggered Iu Release Times, When UE is lost or it is inactive, or the UTRAN failure is happened, RNC will send the Iu Release Request to CN
179
Call Drop Ratio
Indicator Extension
CS CS Call Call Drop Drop Ratio Ratio PS PS Call Call Drop Drop Ratio Ratio AMR AMR Call Call Drop Drop Ratio Ratio CS CS C C 64/64 64/64 Call Call Drop Drop Ratio Ratio PS PS II 64/64 64/64 Call Call Drop Drop Ratio Ratio PS PS II 64/128 64/128 Call Call Drop Drop Ratio Ratio PS PS II 64/384 64/384 Call Call Drop Drop Ratio Ratio
RNC Soft Handover Success Ratio (Including Softer Handover)

W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15 15 Mins, Mins, 30Mins,1Hour. 30Mins,1Hour. 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: RNC-wise RNC-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method: Method: calculate calculate based based on on the the OMC OMC counters counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the soft soft handover handover mobility mobility in in the the RNC RNC control control area. area.
W W
W W
W W
W W
180
RNC Soft Handover Success Ratio (Including Softer Handover
Indicator Extension
Soft Handover Success Ratio Soft Handover Requirement Times Soft Handover Failure Times /Soft Handover Requirement Times100%

UE

Success flow
Indicator Extension
UTRAN
ACTIVE SET UPDATE A ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE B
Soft Handover Requirement Times
UE
Failure Flow
UTRAN
ACTIVE SET UPDATE A ACTIVE SET UPDATE FAILURE B
Soft Handover Failure Times. If the handover is failed, RNC will received this Message. And if the Update Complete Message is not replied in a certain time delay, it will be counted to the handover failure time.
181

configuration configuration unsupported unsupported failure failure caused caused handover handover failure failure ratio ratio physical physical channel channel failure failure caused caused handover handover failure failure ratio ratio incompatible incompatible simultaneous simultaneous reconfiguration reconfiguration caused caused handover handover failure failure ratio ratio protocol protocol error error caused caused handover handover failure failure ratio ratio cell cell update update occurred occurred caused caused handover handover failure failure ratio ratio invalid invalid configuration configuration caused caused handover handover failure failure ratio ratio No No reply reply caused caused handover handover failure failure ratio ratio
Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio
W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins, 15Mins, 30Mins,1Hour. 30Mins,1Hour. 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method: Method: calculate calculate based based on on the the OMC OMC counters counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the hard hard handover handover mobility mobility in in the the RNC RNC control control area. area.
W W
W W
W W
W W
182
Indicator Extension
Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Requirement Times Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Failure Times / Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Requirement Times 100%
Inter-Frequency Hard Handover should Include Intra-RNC hard handover and Inter-RNC Hard handover

UE

Success Flow SRNC
Indicator Extension
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
Inter-frequency hard handover requirement times
IntraRNC Inter -Frequency Hard Handover Flow
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
UE
Failure Flow
SRNC
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION FAILURE
Inter-frequency hard handover failure times
183

InterRNC Inter -Frequency Hard Handover Flow
Sent from SRNC
Feedback to DRNC
W W
Indicator Extension
configuration configuration unsupported unsupported caused caused intra-NodeB intra-NodeB inter-frequency inter-frequency hard hard handover handover failure failure ratio ratio
W W W W W W W W W W W W
configuration configuration unsupported unsupported caused caused intra-RNC intra-RNC inter-frequency inter-frequency hard hard handover handover failure failure ratio ratio configuration configuration unsupported unsupported caused caused inter-RNC inter-RNC inter-frequency inter-frequency hard hard handover handover failure failure ratio ratio physical physical channel channel failure failure caused caused intra-NodeB intra-NodeB inter-frequency inter-frequency hard hard handover handover failure failure ratio ratio physical physical channel channel failure failure caused caused intra-RNC intra-RNC inter-frequency inter-frequency hard hard handover handover failure failure ratio ratio physical physical channel channel failure failure caused caused inter-RNC inter-RNC inter-frequency inter-frequency hard hard handover handover failure failure ratio ratio
184
CS Intersystem Handover Success Ratio WCDMA->GSM

W W
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise or or RNC-wise RNC-wise
W W
W W
Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH
W W
Measurement Measurement Method Method Calculate Calculate based based on on OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the intersystem intersystem CS CS handover handover mobility, mobility, the the handover handover is is from from WCDMA WCDMA system system to to GSM GSM system. system.
W W
CS Intersystem Handover Success Ratio WCDMA->GPRS

Indicator Description Indicator Definition Indicator Extension
Signaling Flow
CS Intersystem Handover Success RatioWCDMA->GSM 1CS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Failure Times /CS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Required Times100%
185

Success Flow UE RNC Relocation required
Handover from UTRAN command
CN
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
2GMSC
Prepare handover Prepare handover response
Relocation command
Handover complete
CS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Required Times
UE
Failure Flow
UTRAN
HANDOVER FROM UTRAN COMMAND
CS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Failure Times, if the handover is failed, RNC will receive this message
HANDOVER FROM UTRAN FAILURE
W W W W W W W W W W
Indicator Extension
configuration configuration unsupported unsupported caused caused CS CS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio physical physical channel channel failure failure caused caused CS CS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio Configuration Configuration incomplete incomplete caused caused CS CS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio protocol protocol error error caused caused CS CS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio cell cell update update occurred occurred caused caused CS CS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio invalid invalid configuration configuration caused caused CS CS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio
W W W W
No No reply reply caused caused CS CS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio
186
PS Intersystem Handover Success Ratio WCDMA->GPRS

W W
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins, 15Mins, 30Mins,1Hour. 30Mins,1Hour. 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise or or RNC-wise RNC-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method: Method: calculate calculate based based on on the the OMC OMC counters counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the intersystem intersystem handover handover mobility, mobility, the the handover handover is is from from WCDMA WCDMA system system to to GPRS GPRS system. system.
W W
W W
W W
W W
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
PS Intersystem Handover Success RatioWCDMA->GPRS 1PS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Failure Times /PS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Required Times100%
187

Success Flow UE NODEB
RNC Iu Release Command
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
3G SGSN
Cell change order from UTRAN RL Del Req RL Del Resp
PS Intersystem handover from UTRAN required Times

Iu Release Complete
UE
Failure Flow
UTRAN
PS intersystem handover from UTRAN failure times. If the RNC received this message, or response message of Iu Release Command is not received by RNC, it means the PS handover from UTRAN is failed.
CELL CHANGE ORDER FROM UTRAN
CELL CHANGE ORDER FROM UTRAN FAILURE
PS Intersystem Handover Success RatioWCDMA>GPRS

W W
Indicator Extension
configuration configuration unsupported unsupported caused caused PS PS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio
W W W W
physical physical channel channel failure failure caused caused PS PS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio Configuration Configuration incomplete incomplete caused caused PS PS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio
W W W W W W W W W W
protocol protocol error error caused caused PS PS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio cell cell update update occurred occurred caused caused PS PS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio invalid invalid configuration configuration caused caused PS PS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio No No reply reply caused caused PS PS intersystem intersystem handover handover from from UTRAN UTRAN failure failure ratio ratio
188
PS Intersystem Handover Success Ratio GPRS->WCDMA

W W
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise or or RNC-wise RNC-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method Calculate Calculate based based on on OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the intersystem intersystem handover handover mobility, mobility, the the handover handover is is from from GRRS GRRS system system to to WCDMA WCDMA system. system.
W W
W W
W W
W W
PS Intersystem Handover Success Ratio GPRS->WCDMA
Indicator Extension
PS Intersystem Handover to UTRAN Success RationGPRS->WCDMA PS Intersystem Handover to UTRAN Success Times /PS Intersystem Handover to UTRAN Required Times100%
189
PS Intersystem Handover Success Ratio (GPRS>WCDMA

UE

Serving RNC CN
Indicator Extension
1. UE initiated signaling connection establishment
The flow of PS intersystem handover to UTRAN is similar to the PS setup flow on the UTRAN Side
2. Direct Transfer
3. Radio Access Bearer Establishment
RNC received message RRC Connection Requestfrom UE, the cause is Inter-RAT cell reselectioncan be used for calculation the PS intersystem handover to UTRAN required timesRNC received message RRC Connection Complete (From UE) can be used for calculation the PS intersystem handover to UTRAN success times
CS12.2K Service Access Time
W W
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: Statistic Statistic Area: Area: Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method Statistic Statistic from from the the logging logging files files of of system system signaling signaling Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the integrity integrity of of CS CS 12.2K 12.2K service. service. It It is is one one of of the the most most important important indicators indicators of of the the customers customers experience. experience.
W W
W W
W W
W W
190
Indicator Extension
CS12.2K Service Access Time Average TCC Alert) T RRC Connection Request

Indicator Description UE UE Indicator Signaling Flow Definition RNS RNS MSC MSC Indicator Extension Incoming Incoming MSC MSC
RRC Connection Request RRC Connection Setup RRC Connection Setup Complete CN Signaling Connection Process RRC DT(CM Service Request) Authority and Safe Mode Process RRC DT(Setup) RRC DT(Call Proceeding) RAB Assignment Process ISUP IAM CN Bear Setup Process ISUP ACM ISUP ANM
TRRC Connection Request
TCC Alert
RRC DT (Alert) RRC DT(Connect) RRC DT(Connect ACK)
Service data talking
191
CS64K Service Access Time

W W
Signaling Flow
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: Statistic Statistic Area: Area: Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method Statistic Statistic from from the the logging logging files files of of system system signaling signaling Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the integrity integrity of of CS CS 64K 64K service. service. It It is is one one of of the the most most important important indicators indicators of of the the customers customers experience. experience.
W W
W W
W W
W W
Indicator Extension
CS64K Service Access Time Average TRRC Request) TCM Service Request
192

Indicator Description UE UE Indicator Signaling Flow Definition RNS RNS MSC MSC Indicator Extension Incoming Incoming MSC MSC
RRC Connection Request RRC Connection Setup RRC Connection Setup Complete CN Signaling Connection Process RRC DT(CM Service Request) Authority and Safe Mode Process RRC DT (Setup) RRC DT (Call Proceeding) RAB Assignment Process ISUP IAM CN bear setup process ISUP ACM ISUP ANM
TRRC Connection Request
TCC Alert
RRC DT (Alert) RRC DT (Connect) RRC DT (Connect ACK)
Service data talking
Average PS Download Data Rate

W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: Statistic Statistic Area: Area: Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method DT DT or or Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the integrity integrity of of average average PS PS download download data data rate. rate. It It is is one one of of the the most most important important indicators indicators of of the the customers customers experience. experience.
W W
W W
W W W W
193
Average PS Download Data Rate
Indicator Extension
Use the software flashget to download and Upload large files from and to FTP server Use the software dumeter to statistic the application layer data rate for about 15 Mins And from the software dumeter we can get the PS service average transfer data rate
CS Service Traffic Erlang

W W
Indicator Signaling Flow Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method Calculate Calculate based based on on OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the traffic traffic Erlang Erlang of of the the CS CS conversation conversation service service
W W
W W
W W
W W
194
Indicator Extension
CS Call Duration TimeRadio Link Setup Response TimeRadio Link Deletion Response
CS Service Traffic ERLTotal CS Call Duration of a Certain Period/3600
Indicator Extension
W W
CS CS AMR AMR Voice Voice Service Service Traffic Traffic Erlang Erlang
W W
CS CS Video Video Phone Phone Service Service Traffic Traffic Erlang Erlang
195
PS Service Throughput
W W
Indicator Signaling Flow Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method Calculate Calculate based based on on OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the total total throughput throughput of of PS PS service service
W W
W W
W W
W W
Indicator Extension
UL PS Service ThroughputRNC Received Total RLC PDU Bytes DL PS Service ThroughputRNC Sent Total RLC PDU Bytes
Including user dataRLC head dataretransfer datasignaling dataUnitKbytes
196
Indicator Extension
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
PS PS II 64/64 64/64 UL UL Throughput Throughput PS PS II 64/64 64/64 UL UL Throughput Throughput PS PS B B 64/64 64/64 UL UL Throughput Throughput PS PS B B 64/64 64/64 UL UL Throughput Throughput PS PS S S 64/64 64/64 UL UL Throughput Throughput PS PS S S 64/64 64/64 UL UL Throughput Throughput
UL Interference Load Factor

W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method: Method: Calculate Calculate based based on on Measurement Measurement Report Report value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the cell cell average average UL UL load load factor factor in in a a defined defined period, period, it it is is calculated calculated based based on on the the RTWP RTWP value value on on a a certain certain frequency. frequency.
W W
W W
W W W W
197
UL Interference Load Factor
Indicator Extension
UL Interference Load Factor UL RTWP measurement valueN0 /UL RTWP measurement value100%
DL Power Load Factor

W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method: Method: Calculate Calculate based based on on Measurement Measurement Report Report value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the cell cell average average DL DL load load degree degree in in a a defined defined period, period, it it is is calculated calculated based based on on the the base base station station Tx Tx power. power.
W W
W W
W W
W W
198
DL Power Load Factor
Indicator Extension
DL Power Load Factor DL Average Transmitting Carrier Power/ Configured DL Maximal Transmitting Carrier Power100%
Trouble Cell Ratio
W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: RNC-wise RNC-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method Calculate Calculate based based on on OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the ratio ratio of of dead dead cells cells to to total total cells, cells, it it is is an an assistant assistant to to analyze analyze the the QoS QoS of of whole whole network. network.
W W
W W
W W
W W
199
Trouble Cell Ratio
Indicator Extension
Trouble Cell Ratio Trouble Cell Number/ Active Cell Number100%
Trouble Cell is the cell whose drop call ratio>a or Call Setup Success Ratio<b
Busy Cell Ratio
W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method Calculate Calculate based based on on OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the ratio ratio of of busy busy cells cells to to total total cells, cells, it it is is an an assistant assistant to to analyze analyze the the QoS QoS of of whole whole network. network.
W W
W W
W W
W W
200
Busy Cell Ratio
Indicator Extension
Busy Cell Ratio Busy Cell Number/Active Cell Number100
Busy cell is the cell whose DL Power Load factor>c or Code Resource Occupation Factor>d
Sleeping Cell Ratio
W W
Indicator Extension
Statistic Statistic Period: Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day. 1Day. Statistic Statistic Area: Area: cell-wise cell-wise Indoor Indoor or or Outdoor: Outdoor: BOTH BOTH Measurement Measurement Method Method Calculate Calculate based based on on OMC OMC Counters Counters value value Indicator Indicator Meaning: Meaning: this this indicator indicator reflect reflect the the ratio ratio of of idle idle cells cells to to total total cells, cells, it it is is an an assistant assistant to to analyze analyze the the QoS QoS of of whole whole network. network.
W W
W W
W W
W W
201
Sleeping Cell Ratio
Indicator Extension
Sleeping Cell Ratio Sleeping Cell Number/Active Cell Mumber100%
Sleeping Cell is the cell whose DL power load factor<e
Content
202
Libya WCDMA Network KPI Values
Libya Large Scale Commercial Application

one of the few profitable WCDMA large Scale networks
Libya Libya
Network Scale
T 1.8 Million lines GSM network, MSS adopted ZTEs WCDMA R4 CN based on V3 platforms, finished at the end of 2005. T 1 Million lines WCDMA, covering the capital, Tripoli and the other 13 main cities, can serve 90% of the population in Libya. T Fast growth of subscriber: The number of subscribers broke through 300,000 at the end of 2006.
Speciality
T R4 architecture; GSM and WCDMA hybrid network; support 2G/3G handover and roaming T Both Pre-paid and Post-paid services are available T Thousands of dual mode mobile subscribers can smoothly migrate to 3G network T Within 3 months, finished the construction and
optimization of 1.1 M lines 3G network T HSDPA in scale application, smoothly evolve to HSPA+
Libya WCDMA Network Dimensioning
ZTE The Most Reliable Partner of 3G Operator

Network KPIs indicate the excellent of Libyanas network: Phase1 Tripoli260 sites Phase2 Highway and 5 cities, 91 sites Phase3 8 cities, 119 sites
203
Libya WCDMA Network Coverage

T
ZTE Excellent Network Quality

In dense urban, the planning object is CS64K continuous coverage with CS64K. The road test for network coverage:
RSCP threshold level is -85dBm, coverage probability is 95.19%
Ec/Io threshold level is -12dB, coverage probability is 99.09%
Current KPI from OMCR

1 00 99.5 99 98.5 98 97.5 97 96.5 96 95.5
3-25
3-26
3-27
3-28
3-2 9
3- 30
3-3 1
4- 1
4- 2
4 -3
4- 4
4 -5
4-6
4-7
R RC S et up S uc ce ss Ra te (f or s er vi ce )( %) R AB S et up S uc ce ss Ra te (% ) R ad io A cc es s Su cce ss R at e( %)
204
Current KPI from OMCR (cont.)

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0. 1 0
3- 25
3 -26
3 -27
3 -28
3 -29
3 -30
3-31
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
CS Call Drop Rate(%)
Current KPI from OMCR (cont.)

1 00
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
3- 25
3 -26
3 -27
3-28
3 -29
3 -30
3-31
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
SHO Success Rate(%)
CS iRATHO Success Rate(%)
205
206
WCDMA Network Optimization Cases study
Content
WCDMA DT Cases WCDMA Network optimization Cases
207
WCDMA DT Cases
DTBest Ec
Weak coverage area
WCDMA DT Cases
DT Best SC
Ant reverse
Over cover
No domi server
208
WCDMA DT Cases
Uplink/downlink unbalance
TX is high
WCDMA DT Cases
Over Shoot Analysis

T
PSCs coverage exceeds defined threshold, and may cause negative influence on remote region.
209
WCDMA DT Cases
Handover problem analyze

Monitor set 267&283 arestrong
Adjacent cell problem
Call drop
Content
WCDMA DT Cases WCDMA Network optimization Cases
210
WCDMA Network optimization Cases
Case1(Handover problem)
T
In especially urban environment, the handover region between two cells might be too small. If the UE passes such an area in a very quick speed, the call might be dropped.
There might be sudden changes of signal strength at crossroads of the city.
Case1
For successful handover, the increase and decrease speed of the signals received by the UE can enable the UE to complete the necessary active set updating process.
211
Case1
The handover region should be big enough to ensure the UE to complete the active set up-dating process before being interfered or compressed.
Case1
Cover the crossroad with one cell.
212
Case1
The antenna of the cell should be put higher than the buildings along the street so that the cell coverage area can be bigger.
Case1
T
How to determine that the call-drop is caused by too small handover region or sudden change of signal strength?
B Before the call is dropped, the Ec/Io reported by the UE is very
poor.
B Once in the idle mode, the UE sets up connection with the new
cell.
B The Ec/Io reported by the UE becomes very good. B The big difference of Ec/Io indicates that the call-drop is caused by
these reasons.
B The pilot strength data of the two cells recorded by the Scanner
also proves the above conclusion.
213
Case2
T
It is found that the call-drop rate is very high on the seaside express way from TRI002 to TRI004. According to the testing data analysis, the coverage distance of 404 is very short at the call-drop venue.
Case2
To take a birds-eye view from the sky, it is found that there are several tall buildings in front of the 404 cell.
214
Case2
Problem analysis:
T
As the handover region is short and the call-drop venue on the seaside road is close to the TRI002 site (only 400m), signals might be strong at first but disappear quickly. This can cause slow speed of strong signals of the adjacent 404 cell in adding the active set. It can also cause a lot of ping-pang handover and result in call-drop.
Case2
Solution:
Event 1A event Reporting Range Constant
Hysteresis
Optimize the handover parameter: Adjust 1A and 1B event handover parameters so that adding events can easily occur and deleting events occur slowly and difficultly. The values of handover parameters 1C and 1D events are adjusted. Replacement threshold with strongest pilot is reduced; replacement observation duration is increased. The advantage of such adjustment is to enable high percentage of the users using strongest and stable scramble.
Setting before optimization
Setting after optimization
3 3.5dB 200ms
5 2dB 200ms
Time to trigger 1B event Reporting Range Constant

Hysteresis
7 3.5dB 200ms
6 4dB 640ms
Time to trigger 1C event

Hysteresis
Effect after optimization:

6dB 200ms 4dB 320ms
T
Time to trigger 1D event

Hysteresis
According to the route testing after handover parameter adjustment, the handover success rate on this section is greatly improved; the call-drop rate is reduced.
6dB 200ms
4dB 320ms
Time to trigger
215
Case3
Case3
Problem analysis:
T
Spot A is about 2.7km from Sousse2 site. A is the entrance of a uptown highway and has a turn of about 90 degrees. Signals of cell 228 of Erriadh TT site become weak suddenly because the cell is sheltered.
Spot B is about 2km from CTT Skanes site. The seaside road that B located is at a lower sea level than the CTT Skanes site. Signals of cell 332 of CTT Skanes site can be received by the mobile phone after penetrating several 2~3-layer buildings. At around spot B, the pilot signal strength is reduced to be below -100dBm.
The NodeB in Sahaling is quite restricted by the environment. The site height is only 25m; there is little space for increasing the height.
216
Case3
Solution:
T
Channel CPICH BCH FACH PCH PSCH Before adjustment 10% -3dB 0dB -3dB -4dB -4dB -7dB -7dB After adjustment 15% 0dB 3dB 0dB -3dB -3dB -4dB -4dB
Adjust the transmit power of common channels;
Increase the pilot transmit power

T
SSCH PICH AICH
The coverage effect and the calldrop rate is optimized. There is almost no dropped call along the express way.
Case 4 (High Sites problem)

T
Flower hall site is located on the Gaoxun Tower beside the Quzhuang cloverleaf junction. Its is at a height of 70m. After line testing, it is found that the 425 (scramble) cell of the site provides cross-cell coverage. Cell signals are still strong in the First Zhongshan Road, which is far from the Flower hall site. As the 425 cell is not configured as the Neighbor-Cell of cell 436 in the first sector of the Shuqianlu site located on the First Zhongshan Road, calls are easily dropped in this area.
The above figure shows the pilot Ec/Io route testing result on the First Zhongshan Road (affected by signals from the Flower hall site, Ec/Io in area A is very poor; call-drop rate in the area is high; however, the pilot strength of the area is good.)
217
Case 4
T
Analysis of the call-drop reason:
As there is shadow fading, the occurrence of the following events can be detected from the active set upgrading report. Cell2 is the best service area; Cell1 is deleted from the activation cell; Cell3 is not in the Neighbor-Cell list of Cell2; strong signals from Cell3 result in poor Ec/Io; Poor Ec/Io results in call-drops.
Solution:
Add Cell3 into Cell2s Neighbor-Cell list; As Cell3 is in a far distance, it is not expected to be a member of the active set in the problematic area; Reduce the transmit power of Cell3 and increase its tilt angle in order to control its signal coverage range. At the same time, take into consideration the coverage range to be provided by Cell3.
Case 4
Execute solution:
T
Add the mechanical tilt angle of the antenna of Huachang site 425 cell;
Add Huachang site 425 cell into the Neighbour-Cell list of Shuqianlu site;
Reduce the maximum transmit power, public channel power and pilot channel power of Flower hall site 425 cell by 3dB.

T
After optimization, the pilot Ec/Io of area A is obviously improved.
After optimization, there is no call-drop
218
Case 4
T
There is no strict definition for the high site. It is a relative concept.
It is not necessarily wrong to put the UMTS base station on the top of the hill.
The high site can easily receive uplink interference generated by other users.
The bigger the loads in the high site coverage area, the more possible the problem might occur.
If the network is vacant or lightly loaded, the effect of the high site is not obvious. But it still cause cross-cell coverage, pilot pollution and call-drop.
Case 4
T T
Suggestion In urban areas, buildings are densely located and the penetration loss is big; the radio transmission environment is complicated and the NodeB coverage distance is small. Hence the antenna should not be put too high. According to the present building density and average height, the antenna height can be about 35m; it should be 10~15m higher than the average height of surrounding buildings. Of course, the specific height of the antenna should be determined according to the local radio transmission environment.
In rural areas, population is relatively small and buildings are not densely located; distances between base stations are big. Hence the antenna should be high; in general, the antenna height in rural areas is around 50m and should be 15m higher than the average height of its surrounding.
In the sea, the radio transmission model is similar as the transmission model for free spaces. The radio transmission environment is good; radio electric waves can be transmitted to a far distance. The site can be located on a high hill (higher than 100m) in order to expand its coverage.
In deserts and Gobi areas, signals are transmitted to a farer distance than in ordinary plains. The antenna height is usually 60m or higher in order to expand the signal coverage area.
219
Case 5
The Neighbour-Cell list problems
T
The Neighbour-Cell list is a cell list that might be added into the active set;
Cells in the Neighbour-Cell list will be measured as whether they meet the requirement for soft handover or softer handover with the main service cell;
T T
The number of cells in the Neighbour-Cell list is up to 32; Avoid missing Neighbour-Cells with best signals in the Neighbour-Cell list.
Case 5
The network planning tool can use proper algorithm to automatically plan the Neighbour-Cell list; such planning is always based on the interference among cells; If the pilot signals of one cell is very strong but the cell is not added in the active set, signals of the cell will become strong interference; Either single-directional configuration or bi-directional configuration might be adopted between Neighbour-Cells; In setting the Neighbour-Cell list, take into first considerations about the cell interference and the cells possibility of becoming a main service cell of the MS; The method of automatically creating the Neighbour-Cell list via the network planning tool can be regarded as an initial reference of the Neighbour-Cell list. Manual adjustment is needed. The Neighbour-Cell list should finally be optimized by using the route testing data.
220
Case 5
T
According to repeated route tests, it is found that calls are usually dropped during the handover in the direction from the Flower hall site to the Yunshan Hotel site; in the opposite direction from the Yunshan Hotel site to the Flower hall site, no call-drop occurs.
Case 5
Problem analysis:
T
According to testing data analysis, the section 20m from the call-drop venue is mainly covered by signals from the third sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site instead of signals from the first sector (scramble 424) of the Flower hall site. The reason might be the third sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site is sheltered by a tall building in front of it; signals of this sector are reflected to the road segment of 20m between the Flower hall site and the Yunshan Hotel site. Check the Neighbour-Cell list; it is found that the third sector (scramble 414) of the Yunshan Hotel site has configured the third sector of the Flower hall site as an Neighbour-Cell, while the third sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site does not configure the third sector (scramble 414) of the Yunshan Hotel site as an NeighbourCell. This has caused a failure in single-directional handover and resulted in call-drop.
Solution:
T
Configure the third sector (scramble 414) of the Yunshan Hotel site as an Neighbour-Cell of the third sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site.

T
After the Neighbour-Cell is configured, route tests are made on the road segment between the Flower hall site and the Yunshan Hotel site. No call-drop occurs.
221
Case 5
Summary
T
In the network planning phase, the Neighbour-Cell list can be automatically generated via the network planning tool.
Optimization of the Neighbour-Cell list can be executed via route tests and statistics analysis of the route testing data.
The Neighbour-Cell list optimized via route test data statistics analysis is a short Neighbour-Cell list. And if necessary, the preference sequence in the Neighbour-Cell list can be very clear.
By analyzing the route test data, Neighbour-Cells not configured in the Neighbour-Cell list via planning tool can be found.
Case 6
If the path loss values from the MS to multiple cells are similar, problems will be generated as there is no dominant server.
Such problems include poor Ec/Io, low downlink capacity, and frequent updating of the active set.
222
Case 6
Add loads on a small network with 7 omni-directional sites; there are 200 voice terminals in average; the connection rate is 100%.
Case 6
Remove the central site; pilot pollution will be generated in the central area, which leads to the emulated Ec/Io failure (the coverage probability now is 78%).
223
Case 6
Increase the pilot power from 33 dBm to 38 dBm; simulated Ec/Io failures disappear; but downlink Eb/No failures occur in the same area.
Case 6
Zoom in
Pilot pollution
224
Case 6
Solution:
In the precondition of satisfying coverage, adjust the tilt angle, azimuth and power parameters of Neighbour-Cells so that signals of one cell become a dominant server.
Add a site in the problematic area; adopt one cell of the new site into the dominant server.
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2. About This Manual

3. Manual Update history

4. From the Author

WR_BT02_E1_1 WCDMA Wireless Principle

ZTE University TD&W&PCS BSS Course Team

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Multi-path characteristics of radio channel

Electromagnetic propagation: --direct radiationreflectiondiffraction and scattering

reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading

Description of Fast fading distribution

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

C C= = Blog Blog22(1+S/N) (1+S/N)

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth

30 KHz 1.25 MHz

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

Despreading Spreading radio channel Noise

B User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

multiplying high speed spread code(chip)

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

White noise signal

signal White noise

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication v

Direct sequence spread spectrumDS-SS

band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-noise generator

Frequency hopping spread spectrumFH-SS

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

DS-SS communication system

A technology of transmission after spreading signal spectrum.

Slow Information Sent

Slow Information Recovered

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

signal by using the right orthogonal code

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Concept of orthogonal code

Code1 Code2 Mul Sum

Code1 Code2 Mul Sum

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Example of orthogonal code

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Direct spread technique

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading

Spreading code = 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 ( SF = 8 ) Spread signal = Data code

Data = Spread signal Spreading code

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Characteristics of Spreading Communication

Occupy band wide Complex realization

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Purpose of Channel Coding

No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2