Decibel (dB) is a convenient unit for expressing the ratio of two quantities. DBm is a unit to measure antenna gain in reference to a lossless half-wave dipole antenna.
Decibel (dB) is a convenient unit for expressing the ratio of two quantities. DBm is a unit to measure antenna gain in reference to a lossless half-wave dipole antenna.
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Decibel (dB) is a convenient unit for expressing the ratio of two quantities. DBm is a unit to measure antenna gain in reference to a lossless half-wave dipole antenna.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
where: x is in dB dB has no dimension 20 dB means 100:1
0 dB [ 1 / 1 ] 10 dB [ 10 / 1 ] 20 dB [ 100 / 1 ] - 3 dB [ 0.5 / 1 ] 3 dB [ 2 / 1 ] Review of Related Topics dBm dBm = Decibel unit in reference to a power unit which is 1mW.
x = 10 log 10 ( P / 1mW )
where: x is in dBm
0 dBm [ 1mW / 1mW ] 10 dBm [ 10mW / 1mW ] 20 dBm [ 0.1W / 1mW ] - 3 dBm [ 0.5mW / 1mW ] 3 dBm [ 2mW / 1mW ] 30 dBm [ 1W / 1mW ] - 50 dBm [ 0.01W / 1mW ] - 75 dBm [ 0.032nW / 1mW ] - 110 dBm [ 0.01pW / 1mW ] Review of Related Topics dBi vs dBd dBi is a unit to measure antenna gain in reference to an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna has a power gain of unity; i.e., O dBi.
dBd is a unit to measure antenna gain in reference to a lossless half-wave dipole antenna. A lossless half-wave dipole antenna has a power gain of 0 dBd.
CONVERSION FACTOR:
dBi = dBd + 2.15 dB id Review of Related Topics EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER ERP vs EiRP ERP (Effective Radiated Power): is the radiated power (transmit power times antenna gain) with respect to a dipole antenna within a given geographic area. EiRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power): is the radiated power from an isotropic antenna. EiRP = ERP + 2.15 (dB) EiRP Lp SSdesign Review of Related Topics OBJECTIVES OF LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS
to estimate the maximum allowable path loss to compute the required BS transmitter power for a balanced path to estimate the coverage design threshold to evaluate technology performance Tx Combiner Feeder Feeder Rx Tx Rx Receiver Divider Feeder Feeder Gd BTS Lc BTS Lf BTS Ga BTS Lp Lp Ga MS Lf MS Pin BTS Pout BTS Lf BTS Ga BTS Pout MS Pin MS RF PATH WHY BALANCED PATH? BS does not hear the MS MS hears the BS Strong Signal Weak Signal UPLINK LIMITED: DOWNLINK LIMITED: BS hears the MS MS does not hear the BS Weak Signal Strong Signal HOW TO BALANCE PATH? Coverage in a two-way radio communication system is decided by the weakest transmission direction. Assume Uplink Limited Balance Path Compute BS Tx Power Output Path Loss in Uplink = Path Loss in Downlink Balanced Path: LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS LBA Processor Engineer INPUT OUTPUT Rx Sensitivity MS Max. Power Coverage Threshold Reliability Equipment / Technology Maximum Path Loss Coverage Threshold BS TX Power Output - Balanced Path Gain Loss Antenna PA Diversity Combiner Feeder Connector etc Cell Radius and Count INPUT TO LBA LBA Processor Engineer Rx Sensitivity MS Max. Power Coverage Threshold Reliability Equipment / Technology Gain Loss Antenna PA Diversity Combiner Feeder Connector etc Rx Sensitivity MS Max. Power MS RX SENSITIVITY and BTS RX SENSITIVITY Sensitivity GSM900 MS RX SENSITIVITY
MS TYPE Sensitivity Value Ericsson MS - 104 dBm GSM900 Recommendation - 102 dBm GSM900 BTS RX SENSITIVITY
BTS TYPE Sensitivity Value Ericsson RBS 2000/2301/200 - 107 dBm GSM900 Recommendation - 104 dBm Nokia LCC Rx Sensitivity MS Max. Power MS RX SENSITIVITY and BTS RX SENSITIVITY
V to dBm Sensitivity In the conversion of V to dBm, a terminal impedance should be known.
EXAMPLE: A receiver has a sensitivity of 0.1 V. What is the equivalent level in decibels above 1 mW if the terminal impedance is 50O? (x) dBW = 10 log [ (V 2 /R) / 1 W ] (x) dBW (y) dBm Rx Sensitivity MS Max. Power MS POWER CLASSES GSM900 MS Power Classes and Corresponding Maximum Power Levels: POWER CLASS Maximum Power Level
1 (20 Watts)
2 39 dBm (8 Watts)
3 37 dBm (5 Watts)
4 (handheld) 33 dBm (2 Watts)
5 (handheld) 29 dBm (0.8 Watt) Original power & is now eliminated. Class 4 33 dBm / 2 Watts Power Control Level Peak Output Power (dBm) 0 - 1 - 2 39 3 37 4 35 5 33 6 31 7 29 8 27 9 25 10 23 11 21 12 19 13 17 14 15 15 13 16 11 17 9 18 7 19 5 Rx Sensitivity MS Max. Power GSM900 MS POWER CONTROL LEVEL Coverage Threshold Reliability CELL COVERAGE MS SENS + MARGINS Indoor In-Car Outdoor Coverage Threshold Reliability MARGINS Independent of the Environment Environment Dependent Rayleigh Fading Margin Interference Margin Body Loss Outdoor Log Normal Fading Margin Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal Fading Margin Car Penetration Loss Mean Building Penetration Loss Coverage Threshold Reliability MARGINS Independent of the Environment Rayleigh Fading Margin Interference Margin Body Loss REQUIRED SIGNAL STRENGTH, SS req
SS req = MS sens + RF marg + IF marg + BL
where MS sens = MS Sensitivity RF marg = Rayleigh Fading Margin IF marg = Interference Margin BL = Body Loss Coverage Threshold Reliability MARGINS Independent of the Environment Rayleigh Fading Margin Interference Margin Body Loss RAYLEIGH FADING MARGIN
RF marg = 3 dB* (slow MSs, no FH) RF marg = 0 dB* (with FH) *based on Ericsson GSM900 RF Guidelines FH = Frequency Hopping Coverage Threshold Reliability MARGINS Independent of the Environment Rayleigh Fading Margin Interference Margin Body Loss INTERFERENCE MARGIN
IF marg = 2 dB* *based on Ericsson GSM900 RF Guidelines
Nokia and LCC define this as Interference Degradation Margin. LCC uses about 3 dB. Coverage Threshold Reliability MARGINS Independent of the Environment Rayleigh Fading Margin Interference Margin Body Loss BODY LOSS
BL = 5 dB* *based on Ericsson GSM900 RF Guidelines
LCC values for Body Loss = 2 - 4 dB ETSI recommended value is 3 dB Coverage Threshold Reliability MARGINS Environment Dependent DESIGN LEVEL, SS design SS design = SS req + LNF marg(o) -MS outdoor SS design = SS req + LNF marg(o) + CPL -MS in-car SS design = SS req + LNF marg(o+i) + BPL mean -MS indoor where SS req = Required signal strength LNF marg(o) = Outdoor log normal fading margin LNF marg(o+i) = Outdoor + indoor log normal fading margin CPL = Car penetration loss BPL mean = Mean building penetration loss Coverage Threshold Reliability MARGINS Environment Dependent Outdoor Log Normal Fading Margin Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal Fading Margin Car Penetration Loss Mean Building Penetration Loss >THRESHOLD LOG NORMAL FADING MARGIN % AREA COVERAGE % BORDER COVERAGE JAKES FORMULAS Coverage Threshold Reliability LOG NORMAL FADING MARGINS 90% AREA COVERAGE 50% BORDER COVERAGE threshold + 4.5 dB LNF Margin at 7 dB standard deviation 75% BORDER COVERAGE In order to plan for more than 50% probability of signal strength above a threshold, a log normal fading margin is added to the threshold during the design process. (Ericsson) (Nokia) Coverage Threshold Reliability LOG NORMAL FADING MARGINS Log Normal Fading Margin in a Multi-Cell Environment Jakes formula does not take the effect of many servers into account. The presence of many servers at the cell borders will reduce the required log normal fading margin. (Ericsson) Coverage Threshold Reliability OUTDOOR LOG NORMAL FADING MARGINS % AREA COVERAGE
oLNF (o) (dB) 75 85 90 95 99
6 -3 -1 1 3 7
8 -3 0 2 5 10
10 -3 0 3 6 12
12 -3 1 4 8 15
14 -3 1 4 9 17 Outdoor Log Normal Fading Margins (LNF marg(o) ) in dB for different environments (oLNF (o) ). Suburban/Rural Urban Dense Urban Coverage Threshold Reliability OUTDOOR + INDOOR LOG NORMAL FADING MARGINS % AREA COVERAGE
oLNF (o+i) (dB) 75 85 90 95 99
10 -3 1 3 7 13
12 -3 1 4 8 15
14 -3 1 4 9 17 Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal Fading Margins (LNF marg(o+i) ) in dB for different environments (oLNF (o+i) ). Suburban Urban Dense Urban Coverage Threshold Reliability MARGINS Environment Dependent Outdoor Log Normal Fading Margin Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal Fading Margin Car Penetration Loss Mean Building Penetration Loss CAR PENETRATION LOSS CPL = 6 dB* *based on Ericsson GSM900 RF Guidelines LCC value is 4 to 10 dB CPL (portable) Coverage Threshold Reliability MARGINS Environment Dependent Outdoor Log Normal Fading Margin Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal Fading Margin Car Penetration Loss Mean Building Penetration Loss BUILDING PENETRATION LOSS BPL mean (dB)*
Dense Urban 18 Urban 18 Suburban 12
* based on Ericsson GSM900 RF Guidelines LCC value is 10 - 20 dB Equipment / Technology BASE STATION RF COMPONENTS LNA PA RX1 RX2 Duplexer Power Ampifier Receiver with sensitivity Receiver Multicoupler Combiner Bottom Jumper Cables Main Cable Feeder Connector Lightning Arrestor Top Jumper Cables RX1 TX/RX2 Equipment / Technology RF COMPONENTS GAINS LOSSES
MS BS MS BS
Antenna Antenna Feeder Main Cable/Feeder Power Amp Power Amp Duplexer Diversity Combiner LNA Jumper Cable Connector Lightning Arrestor Gains Losses Equipment / Technology BASE STATION ANTENNAS Gains Omni Antenna 7- 11 dBi Directional Antenna 11- 17 dBi Antenna gain plays a very important role in the maximum allowable path loss. Equipment / Technology MOBILE AND PORTABLE ANTENNAS Gains Portable antennas typically have no gain
0 dBi Mobile antenna gain 1 - 4 dBi Equipment / Technology AMPLIFIERS TX Power Amplifier & Low Noise Amplifier Gains LNA RX1 TX/RX2 TX Power Amplifier Low Noise Amplifier typical gain up to 20 dB TX Power Amplifier
System PA Output Range GSM 2.5 - 32 Watts TACS 0.5 - 100 Watts Equipment / Technology DIVERSITY Gains LNA RX1 TX/RX2 RX RX Equipment / Technology DIVERSITY SCHEMES Gains LNA RX1 TX/RX2 SPACE DIVERSITY d = 10 minimum according to LCC d = 12 to 18 according to Ericsson
Smart uses 4 meters RX separation for GSM900/ETACS
POLARIZATION DIVERSITY
For Ericsson, both schemes will give a gain of 3 to 6 dB.
For Nokia, the practical range is 0 to 5 dB depending on environment and antenna installation (separation). When BTS RX diversity is used, the default value is 4 dB for urban areas. d Equipment / Technology DIVERSITY COMBINERS Gains RX RX RX Selective Combining Switched Combining usually used in Mobiles RX RX + Maximal-Ratio Combining RX RX + Equal-Gain Combining commonly used in BSs E (S/N)i i=1 M E (Envelope)i i=1 M Equipment / Technology DIVERSITY GAIN TABLE Gains LNA RX1 TX/RX2 Manufacturer Diversity Combining Diversity (Technology) Scheme Method Gain
Nokia Maximum GSM/DCS1800 Space Ratio 3.0 dB
Ericsson Maximum GSM/DCS1800 Space Ratio 3.0 dB Equipment / Technology another DIVERSITY SCHEME FREQUENCY HOPPING for Frequency Diversity Gains 0.5 to 2.5 dB FH Gain Equipment / Technology CABLE LOSSES (BS) Losses LNA RX1 TX/RX2 Jumper Cables LDF4-50 1/2 inch Heliax Foam 2.160 dB loss per 100 ft at 900 MHz Main Cable / Feeder Cable LDF5-50 7/8 inch Heliax Foam 1.210 dB loss per 100 ft at 900 MHz recommended use < 55 meters Equipment / Technology CONNECTOR LOSS (BS) Losses LNA RX1 TX/RX2 Connectors connect RF components and typically have a loss of 0.1 dB each. Equipment / Technology LIGHTNING ARRESTOR LOSS (BS) Losses LNA RX1 TX/RX2 Lightning Arrestor Loss = 0.1 dB Equipment / Technology COMBINER LOSS (BS) Losses PA RX1 RX2 Duplexer Characteristic Cavity Hybrid
Frequency Range 806-960 806-1000 (MHz)
Continuous Input 150 150 Power (Watts)
Insertion Loss (dB) 2 to 4.8 3.8 to 7.4
Maximum VSWR 1.5 : 1 1.5 : 1 Combiners Equipment / Technology DUPLEXER LOSS (BS & MS) Losses PA RX1 RX2 Duplexer Duplexer Characteristic Value
Isolation (across all 3 ports, with >60 dB unused ports terminated at 50O
Insertion Loss (across all ports) 0.5 dB
Power handling 500 W
Maximum Input VSWR 1.5 : 1 OUTPUT OF LBA LBA Processor Engineer Maximum Path Loss Coverage Threshold BS TX Power Output - Balanced Path Cell Radius and Count Maximum Path Loss MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PATH LOSS (MAPL) Uplink Path Loss Uplink Path Loss = MAPL for uplink limited system Maximum Path Loss UPLINK PATH LOSS Rx Receiver Divider Feeder Feeder Gd BTS Pin BTS = BTS SENS Lf BTS Ga BTS Feeder Rx Tx Ga MS Lf MS Pout MS Pin MS PL UP + FM Ldup MS BTS SENS = Pout MS - Ldup MS - Lf MS + Ga MS - PL UP + Ga BTS - Lf BTS + Gd BTS - FM - others
PL UP = Pout MS - BTS SENS - Ldup MS - Lf MS + Ga MS + Ga BTS - Lf BTS + Gd BTS - FM - others
Maximum Path Loss DOWNLINK PATH LOSS Feeder Rx Tx Ga MS Lf MS Pout MS Pin MS = MS SENS PL DOWN + FM Ldup MS MS SENS = Pout BTS - Lc BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS - PL DOWN + Ga MS - Lf MS - Ldup MS - FM - others
PL DOWN = Pout BTS - MS SENS - Lc BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS + Ga MS - Lf MS - Ldup MS - FM - others
Tx Combiner Feeder Lc BTS Lf BTS Ga BTS Pout BTS Maximum Path Loss MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PATH LOSS (MAPL) UPLINK PATH LOSS PL UP = Pout MS - BTS SENS - Ldup MS - Lf MS + Ga MS + Ga BTS - Lf BTS + Gd BTS - FM - others Note common parameters!!! DOWNLINK PATH LOSS PL DOWN = Pout BTS -MS SENS - Lc BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS + Ga MS - Lf MS - Ldup MS - FM -others MAPL = PL UP BS TX Power Output - Balanced Path BS TX POWER OUTPUT UPLINK PATH LOSS PL UP = Pout MS - BTS SENS - Ldup MS - Lf MS + Ga MS + Ga BTS - Lf BTS + Gd BTS - FM - others Note common parameters!!! DOWNLINK PATH LOSS PL DOWN = Pout BTS -MS SENS - Lc BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS + Ga MS - Lf MS - Ldup MS - FM -others PL UP = PL DOWN = MAPL
Pout BTS = Pout MS + Gd BTS + Lc BTS + (MS SENS - BTS SENS )
Balanced Equation Coverage Threshold COVERAGE THRESHOLD EiRP (balanced) Penetration Loss MAPL COVERAGE TH Coverage Threshold COVERAGE THRESHOLD COVERAGE TH Feeder Rx Tx Ga MS Lf MS Pout MS Pin MS = MS SENS Ldup MS COVERAGE TH = Pin MS + Ldup MS + Lf MS - Ga MS + FM + other
COVERAGE TH = EiRP(balanced) - MAPL
EiRP(balanced) = Pout BTS - Lc BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS COVERAGE TH = SS DESIGN Coverage Threshold COVERAGE ENVIRONMENTS with GSM900 Coverage Thresholds On Street Portable - 95 dBm In Car Portable - 85 dBm Vehicle Mounted Mobile - 95 to -100 dBm In Building Portable - 75 dBm LBA DATA SHEET LBA Processor Engineer INPUT OUTPUT Rx Sensitivity MS Max. Power Coverage Threshold Reliability Equipment / Technology Maximum Path Loss Coverage Threshold BS TX Power Output - Balanced Path Gain Loss Antenna PA Diversity Combiner Feeder Connector etc Cell Radius and Count CELL SIZE ESTIMATION Cell Radius Estimate MAPL Propagation Loss Model Required Input d R PROPAGATION LOSS MODEL OKUMURA-HATA MODEL
L p (urban) = 69.55+ 26.16logf - 13.82logh b + (44.9 - 6.55logh b )logR - a(h m ) where L p = Path Loss in dB a(h m ) = (1.1logf - 0.7)h m - (1.56logf - 0.8) f = carrier frequency in MHz (150-1000 MHz) h b = the base station antenna height in meter (30-200m) R = distance in km from the base station (1-20 km) h m = mobile antenna height in meter above ground (1-10m) Cell Radius and Count Cell Radius and Count CELL RADIUS ESTIMATE BASED ON OKUMURA-HATA MODEL d R MAPL - 69.55 - 26.16logf + 13.82logh b + a(h m )
44.9 - 6.55logh b log R = * urban area Cell Radius and Count CELL COUNT ESTIMATION Cell Count Estimate Technology LBA MAPL Mobile Type Environment Area Boundaries Type of Coverage Demographics Traffic Assumptions ReUse Pattern Required Input d R Cell Radius and Count CRUDE CELL COUNT ESTIMATION R A
2.6 R 2 Cell Count = Cell Radius, R, from Okumura-Hatas Formula A = Market Area LBA Processor Engineer CONCLUSION 1. What is receiver sensitivity? 2. What is Fade Margin/Log-Normal Margin? 3. Why do we care about coverage reliability? 4. What is diversity? 5. How many different kinds of diversity exist? 6. Why balanced path? 7. How does the environment affect LBA?