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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
r"kkLkku fku X ku
r"k#
Lkt kh
r"k#
12
"ne"xe fk#ku
13
ftkLke fk#ku
14
k#ko"h% fk#ku
15
fwxwtk fk#ku
16
17
18
19
20
kkLk Lkt kh
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
u#k
#k#wk r"kLkLkwt u#k yu Mkkk MkkUk%eLke r#k
kh yuf fkhLkku "ikrLkf ytfw& Au. Mk{#u Mk{#u
kLkkk #k#wk r"kLkLkk r"k# "Mkw ytku MktMktLkk
ktLku k]nkuLku % fh"k {kxu u#kLkku Wk#kuk kk# Au.
u fu, u#kLke sYrh#kk rLkuo&k{f Au yLku ku Lk
kk# kku rLk#{ !tk kkku Lkke. (V. C. Shukla v.
State (Delhi Administration, (1980) Supp SCC
249) yu s heku, MktMk Mk{k {wfk#uwt #k#wk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkurxMk
LkkurxMk yuxu [kSoMk ytku Mktu&ku knkU[kz"ku yLku fkuE
#k Mkk{u kkwt !hkkt knuk ku Vhrs#kk Au.
LkkurxMk{kt Mktktrk #kLku fuMk ki#kh fh"kLkku kqhkku
Mk{# ykk"ku s uEyu. ku kqhkk Mk{#{kt nku"ku
uEyu yLku #k Mkk{u u"k#uk k{k{ ykkhkuLkku
rLkuo& k"ku s uEyu, suke ku kuLke Mkk{uLkk ykkukkuke
"kfuV kk#. u yk{ Lk kk# kku, LkkuxeMk h k&u.
LkkurxMkLkke k#kokk ykkku khk Lke kk# Au yLku
rLkBLkrr$k Wknh%ku LkkurxMkLke yk#kokk Wkh
fhu Au :
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
MkwLkk$!e
MkwLkk"%e yuxu ykhkuke #kLku kuLke Mkk{u
{wfk#uk knku{kkuLkku ELfkh fh"kLke ykk"k{kt
yk"ue kf. yk"e kf #kkk MkwLkk"%e yk"k
ur$k hsqykk khk ykke &fk#. "ne"xe
MkkkktkkuLku Mkkt!"kLke kqhke kf ykk"e uEyu
khtkw k Mktukku{kt "kske kf yuxu &wt yu yuf
krh"koLkk{ r"[kh Au yLku kuLkku rLk%o# fkuxo khk
fuMkLkk r"k#, nfefkku yLku MktukkuLkk ykkhu u"k{kt
yk"&u.
k{k{ Mktukku{kt {kir$f MkwLkk"%eLkku n nkukku Lkke
yLku (%k fuMkku{kt fkuxkuo yu"wt Xhk"u Au fu ur$k
rkrLkr"Lke hsqykk fwhke L#k#Lkwt k#ko kkLk
Au. (Union of India v. Jesus Sales Corporation,
(1996) 4 SCC 69) {kir$f MkwLkk"%eLke sYrh#kk
kkkMkLkk fkh Mk{kr" nfefkkuLkk fkh, fuMkLkk
Mktukku yLku rLk%o#fkko MkkkktkLkk fkh kh rLk!oh
hnu&u. Wknh% khefu, kfLkefe Mk{M#kLku kke
nfefkLkku sxe & W!ku kk# yk"k Mkkke kkMkuke
r"kk"kh kwhk"k u"k sYhe nku# #khu {kir$f
MkwLkk"%e yk"~#f kLke &fu. {kir$f MkwLkk"%eLke
sYhe#kk Q!e kE nku# ku"k fuxkf Wknh%ku Lke[u
{wsk Au. (i) [kuMk hMkk#% Mkt#kusLk kLkk"ke
nku"kLkk ykkh kh ftkLke kh ykkfkhe "uhku
kt$"k{kt yk#ku yLku ftkLkeyu kuLkku r""k f#kuo.
khtkw Mkhfkhu "uhkLke "MkqkkLku Mk{koLk ykkkk knukt
#kkk MkwLkk"%e {kxuLke kf ykke Lkrn. ykke
fk#o"kne MkkkkuMkkk h fh"k{kt yk"e. fkh% fu ku%u
kfLkefe &ku Q!k f#ko. yk suLkku rLk%o# rLk%kkLkku
kwhk"ku ek kk fh"ku uEkku nkku. (Travancore
Rayons v. Union of India, AIR 1971 SC 862);
(ii) #kLkk !khke# Lkkkrhf"Lkku r""k ytku
rLk%o# fheLku kuLke Mkkku nkkrhkku nwf{ k""k{kt
yk"u #khu, #kkk MkwLkk"%e yk"~#f Au (Union
of India v. Chand Putli, AIR 1973 All 362);
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Wx kkkMkLkku n
"ne"xe [wfkk{ktke kMkkh kke #kLku yk nf
Wk Au fu{ ku kkkk huf #kkk fuMkLke
nfefkku yLku Mktukku kh rLk!oh hnu&u. Mkk{kL#heku
Lke[uLkk Mktukku{kt Wx-kkkMkLkku nf ykk"k{kt yk"u
Au. (i) {Lke kkkk{kt f{o[khe Mkkku r&Mk r"k#f
kkk u"k {kxu rLk#kukk khk kkkMk (Rohtas
Industries v. Workmen, (1977) 2 SCC 153);
(ii) Mkhfkhe f{o[khe Mkkku r&Mk r"k#f fk#o"kne;
(iii) "ikrLkf rLkk{ khk kuLkk f{o[khe Mkkku r&Mk
fkLkqLke hsqykkLkku nf
Mkk{kL#k%u "feLkku yk nf L#k#e MkwLkk"%eLkk
nfLkku Vhrs#kk !kk k%"k{kt yk"kku Lkke. (H.
C. Sarin v. Union of India, AIR 1976 SC
1686) L#kr#f fk#o"kne{kt nfefk yu fk#kLkk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
kk%ff rLk!o#
"ne"xe MktMkkykuLkk rLk%o#ku{kt fkh%ku nuh k"k s
uEyu. suke Mk{ekk fhkkt Mkkkktkku yu kkkkLke
kkkMk fhe &fu fu ku MkwMktkk r"[kh%kykuLkk ykkhu
u"k{kt yk#k Au. yk"k !qh!hue nfefkku yk"k
fkLkqLke ykkhLkku !kuk kL#k Au fu fu{. "ne"xe
r""ufkrfkhLkk wYk#kuk kh yk yuf {n"Lke kkkMk
Au yLku kuLkk fkh%u "ne"xe r#kyku{kt kkh&ofkk
yu kuf r"kMk Q!ku kk# Au. (S. N. Mukherjee
v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1984) u fu,
fuxkf {#kork fuMkkuLkk fkh%u ykk"kLke sYhe#kkLkku
Mkk%u fk#k khk yk"k k'!k heku ykMkkkMkLkk
Mktukku khk ELfkh fhe &fk#.
Lkk!ktfe# kq$kokn
kkkk k{u kuxe LkkLke fu rkLk{n"Lke fu{ Lk nku#,
r""kLkk krh%k{u Q!k kkkt Lkk%ktfe# rnkLkk fkh%u
Xuh""k{kt ykke rLk%o#{ktke rLk%o#fkkoLku
kuhk#f Xuh""k{kt yk"&u. $hu$h kq"koknLku
&ko""kLke sYh Lkke; kq"koknLke fu" &#kk s
kqhke Au. fkh% fu {w# rMkktk {wsk L#k# {kk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
#kkk kq$kokn
L#k#e& r""k kkLkk r{k, Mktkte fu #k"Mkkr#f
Mkkke nku# yk"k kuyku yk"e #k kh"u "uh!k"
hk"kk nku# kku yk #kkk kq"koknLku fkh%u
L#k#e& r""k Mkkt!"k {kxu y#ku# k%"k{kt
yk"&u.
kq"koknLkku k"ku suLkk kh Lke fh"k{kt yk"u Au ku
kuh% Au kkske &#kk A. K. Kraipak v.
Union of India, AIR 1970 SC 150 {kt rLk#k
fh"k{kt yk"uwt. yk kuh% fu {kk &kuk#ue &tfk
ytkuLkwt kuh% u fu fuxkf fuMkku{kt fkuxuo kq"oknLke
"kske &#kk &kue Lk nku# kku k% L#k# k#ku
nku"kLkwt u$k"wt uEyu ku rMkktkLkk ykkhu L#k#ke&
kuhk#f Xuh"e &fk#.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
k Ehkk
Mkkkktk kq"okn, ukkwr yk"k $kuxe !k"Lkkke
uhek kk# #khu ku kEhkkke fk#o"kne fhu Au.
Mkhfkhe fk#o"kneyku{kt Mkk{kL# heku Mkkhe !k"Lkkke
kh%k nku# Au. kuke kEhkku Mkkrkk fh"kLke
s"kkkhe #k kh Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Wkk#ku
"ne"xe fk#kLkk rLk#{kuLke [[ko fheLku yk rLk#{kuLkk
!tkLkk rLk"kh% {kxuLkk L#kr#f Wkk#kuLku Mktrk heku
"%o""k{kt yk#k Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkU :...........................................................................
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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
ftkLkeLke #k#k.
!ftkLke &Lkku fkuE [wMk kfLkefe fu fk#kfe#
yko Lkke. (Stanley, Re, [1906] 1 Ch 131)
Mkk{kL#k: !ftkLke yuxu yu"e #kykuku Mk{qn
su yr!kk%u yufMk{kLk # {u""kLkk nukwke
[kuMk fk#kfe# kkkk{kt uzk#uku nku# Au.
Mkwk fk#k {wsk !ftkLke &Lkku yko Au, ftkLke
Act. (S.3(1)) nuX hr[k yLku hrsMxzo Au.
ftkLkeLke kkr!fkkyku
uzk% kh ftkLke M"ktk fkukkuohux hk"u Au. ftkLke A
yuf " rk kMkoLk Au yLku ku kkukkLke Mktkrk yLku
yk'kf s"kkkheyku hk""k Mkk{ Au. ftkLke
kkukkLke r{fk hk"e &fu Au, kuLkku k"ku fhe &fu Au,
Lkk%kt WAeLkk R &fu Au, kuLf yufkWLx hk"e &fu Au
yLku kkukkLkk Lkk{u fkuLxufx{kt "u&e &fu Au.
ftkLke fk#{e "khMkknf hk"u Au , ku Au, khku fu
ftkLkeLkwt Mk#k "$kku"$k kk# kku k% ku"k
VuhVkhku ftkLkeLkk Mkkk#Lku yMkh Lkrn fhu.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Mkhfkhe ftkLke
Mkhfkhe ftkLke A ftkLke Au su{kt fw kuEz-yk &u#Mko
furkxLkk k!k 51xfk fuL Mkhfkh, yuf fu "w
hks# MkhfkhLkk rLk#tk%{kt nku# Au. (s) yk"k fuL
Mkhfkh yLku yuf fu "w hks# Mkhfkhku Mkt#wkk%u
(S.617)
Wknh! :
u ftkLke A ftkLke B Lkk51% &u#Mko hk"u Au, kku
ftkLke B ftkLke A Lke kuxk ftkLke k%k#.
u ftkLke A ftkLke B Lkk rLk#k{f {tzLkk yzk
WkhLkk Mk#kuLke rLk{%qf fh"kLkku yrfkh hk"ke
nku# kku B ftkLke , ftkLke A Lke kuxk ftkLke k%k#.
u ftkLke B ftkLke A Lke kuxkftkLke nku# yLku ftkLke C
ftkLke B Lke kuxk ftkLke nku#, kku ftkLke C yLku ftkLke
B A ktLku ftkLke A Lke kuxk ftkLkeyku k%k#.
rMxuz ftkLke
rMxz ftkLke A nuh ftkLke Au su{kt &u#Mko fu yL#
Mkwhrkkkk( su{ fu rzkU[h). !khk{kt Mxkuf
yufMk[uLsLkk rMx{kt Au yLku su{kt kuyku rMxuz Au ku
Mxkuf yufMk[uLs khk kuLkku {wfTk #kkkh fhe &fk# Au
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
VkuhuLk ftkLke
su ftkLkeLke h[Lkk !khkLke knkh fh"k{kt yk"e Au
k% suLkwt "ukkhLkwt Mk !khk{kt Au ku !VkuhuLk ftkLke
khefu yku$k# Au.) (S.591)
VkuhuLk ftkLkeykuyu !khk{kt "ukkhLkwt Mk Lke f#ko
kAeLkk 30 r"Mk{kt y{wf $kMk Mkk"uu su"k fu ,
MkLke Mkk"uuLke Lkfku yLku rLk#k{fkuLke {krnke
hrsMxkh ykuV ftkLke (RoC) Lku MkkUk"e kzu Au
(S.592).
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
uVhLMk "uh
fh% 4 : &u h fu r kx
Erf$xe "u#Mko
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
"uh kh {kkrfkh
"uhkuLke kkre
ftkLkeLkk &uhku yMkh r{fk Au yLku yk'xfMk ykuV
ftkLke khk rLkrk &hkku{kt kkreLku kkk nku# Au.
(S.82)
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
"uhkuLke se
Mk#ku kkMku suxk &uh nku# kuLke Mktkq%o hf{Lke
[qf"%e fh"k {kxu kuLkk Mk#kuLku "fku" fh"kLkku
ftkLkeLku yrfkh Au.
u fkuR Mk#Lku fku f#ko yk"wt fh"k{kt fnu"k{kt
yk"u, yLku Mk# khk hk""k{kt yk"Lkkhk &uhkuLke
Mktkq%o hf{ khVu [qf"%wt fh"k{kt Lkkkhe fh"k{kt
yk"u kku ku"k rfMMkk{kt ftkLkeLku yk"k Mk# Mkk{u
kkk u"kLkku yrfkh Au. #"nkh{kt, {kuxk !kkLke
ftkLkeykuLkk yk'xfMk yk"k Lkkkh Mk#kuLkk &uhkuLku
s fhe u"kLkku yrfkh hk"u Au. &uhkuLke se
fh"kLkk yrfkhLkku ftkLke khk ku"k s Mktukku{kt
Wk#kuk fhe &fk# Au u (a) yk'xfMk{kt yk ytku
Mk uk"kR ykk"k{kt yk"e nku#, (b) Mktktrk
Mk#Lku se ytkuLke LkkuxeMk ykkWke ykk"k{kt
yk"e nku# , yLku (c) ftkLkeLkk kkuzo ykuV rzhuxMkuo yk
ytkuLkk Xhk"Lku {tsqhe ykke nku#.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
rLk{!qtfLke "hkku
$kLkke ftkLkeyku{kt rzhuxhkuLke rLk{%qtfLke &hkku
rLk{%qtfLkk Mk{#u &uhnkuzhku khk yk"k kku
yk'xfMk{kt rLkrk f#ko {k%u fhe &fk# Au. u
yk'xfMk{kt rLkrk fh"k{kt yk#wt Lk nku# kku
$kLkke ftkLkeykuLkk rzhuxhku hkuxu&Lk {khVku rLk"k
kR &fkk Lkke. nuh ftkLkeyku{kt fw rzhuxhku{ktke
Vk yuf k]ke#kt& rzhuxhkuLke fk#{e kuh%u rLk{%qt
fhe &fk# Au. kkfeLkk rzhuxhku hkuxu&Lk kuh%u
rLk"]k kR &fu Au. (S.255)
ykurVMkLkku Mk{#kkku kq%o Lk k#ku kku k% ku%eLku kuLke
ykurVMk{ktke qh fh"kLkku n &uhnkuzhku hk"u Au.
(S.284)
rzhuxhkuLkk fkh
kq%ofkeLk rzhuxh : kq%o fkeLk rzhuxhku yu"k
rzhufxhku Au suyku ftkLke{kt Mktkq%o Mk{# {kxu
hkuskkhe hk"u Au.
M"ktk rzhuxhku : M"ktk rzhuxhku yu"k rzhuxhku
Au suyku rzhuxhLkwt {nuLkkk%w {u""k rMk"k#
fkuR k% yk'kf kkkkku Mkkku Mktkt hk"kk Lkke
yk"k ftkLke, kuLkk Mkt[kLk yk"k kuLke
kuxkftkLkeyku fu su ku{Lkk rLk%o#Lke M"ktkkk kh
{kXe yMkh kkzu ku"k Mkkku #"nkh fhkk Lkke.
rzhuxhLke Mkkkyku
kkuzo ykuV rzhuxMkoLku yk fkhLke Mkkkyku yLku yk"k
fk#kuo yLku kkkkku fh"k {kxu fk#ku Mkkk ykku Au,
fu{ fu ftkLkeLku kuLkku Wk#kuk fh"kLke yLku ku"wt fh"kLke
Mkkk nku# Au. (S.291)
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
(S.287)
"uhnkuzMkoLke kuXf
&uhnkuzMkoLke kuXfLkku k% Mkk{kL# Mk!k khefu
Wu$ kk# Au.
huf ftkLke h "kuo &uhnkuzMkoLke ykuAk{kt ykuAe yuf
kuXf fh"k fhkhk nku# Au.su kuXf{kt ftkLkeLkwt
"k'kf Lkk%ktfe# Mkh"i#w &uhnkuzMko Mk{k {qf"k{kt
yk"kwt nku# Au. yk kuXf " "krkof sLkh kuXf
khefu yku$k# Au. fk#ku s%k"u Au fu ku yuSyuBMk
"[uLkku Mk{#kkku kth {rnLkkke "wLkku Lk nku"ku
uEyu. Mkwk rkLkuMkLkk Mk{#kkk hr{#kLk
nuh h rMk"k#Lkk r"Mku ftkLkeLke hrsMxzo ykurVMk
kh yk"k ftkLkeLke hrsMxzo ykurVMk s#kt yk"ue Au
ku &nuhLke yth yk"uk fkuE Mk kh hk$"e
uEyu.
kk s &uhnkuzMkoLke yuSyu{ rMk"k#Lke kuXfku "
yMkk{kL# Mkk{kL# kuXf yk"k "ESyu{yuMk
khefu yku$k# Au. rLk#k{f {tzLku yLkwfq nku#
#khu ESyu{ kkuk"e &fk# Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
rzr$zLz
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
{LkLkku rkkt
u ftkLkeLkk fk{fksLkwt Mkt[kLk nuh rnkLku LkwfMkkLk
knkU[kzkwt nku# yk"k fkuE Mk# fu Mk#kuLkwt {Lk
fhkwt nku# kku (w{ke &uhnkuzMko fkuxo khk #ku#
Wkk# &kue &fu Au (S.397)
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
kuh$ne$xLkku rkkt
Mkwk fk#kLkwt Mkuf&Lk S.398, ftkLkeLkk
kuh"ne"xLkk rfMMkk{kt hknk kqhe kkzu
Au.kuh"ne"x'Lkk f]#{kt Vrh#keyu yu"wt rkkkek
fh"kLkwt hnu Au fu ftkLkeLkk fk{fksLkwt yu heku Mkt[kLk
kE hkwt Au fu ftkLkeLkk rnkku fu nuh rnkku u${k#
Au .
the Act):
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
s$kkkheykuLke [wf$!e
Vz[k{kt R k#k kk ftkLke kt fh"kLke f{k yLku
$[koyku "e hk#k kk fuL yk"k hk#
Mkhfkh, yk"k yL# fkuE MkkrLkf Mkkk{tz kkMku
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkU :...........................................................................
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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
kt kh%e# Wkk#ku
rhx kukkrfkh
Mktr"kLk{kt Aa.32 yu 226 Mk"kuo[ ykk ku{s
nkEfkuxkuoLku rhx, yku&ku yk"k yku&ku fh"kLke Mkkk
ykku Au. {q!qk nfkuLkk !tkLke Vrh#k fhke
fkuEk% #k fkuEk% fkuh{kt kuLkk rLk"kh%Lkku
{u""kLkku #Lk fhe &fu. hex ykuV {uLzu{{Mk
MkhMkheykuhuhe yLku rLkku Mkk{kL# heku k#ko"h%ke
kkkkkuLkk Wkk#ku Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
(S. 37)
$knLk qk!
yke
yrrLk#{ nuX hk# kkuzo khk fh"k{kt yk"uk
yku&ke w!k#ue fkuE #k yku& {#kLkk 30
r"Mk{kt yke fhe &fu. yke Mkkku kLku kuxku
se kuLkku rLkfk fh"kLke $kke kqhe kzk&u. "k#w
yrrLk#{ nuX kLkk"k#uk rLk#{ku{kt yke fh"k
{kxuLke fk#okrkLke uk"kE Au.
M. C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC
734 (the Taj Trapezium case) {kt "k#w qk%
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
EPA)
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
yk#ku Au :
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
ykhrkk stkku;
kk{ stkku;
Mkthrkk stkku; yLku
rkLk-Mkhfkhe stkku.
ykhrkk stkku
"Lk yrrLk#{Lke S.3 hk# MkhfkhLku MkhfkhLke
{krfeLke fkuEk% stk s{eLk "uMx uLzLku Mkkk"kh
hkskk{kt nuhLkk{w knkh kkzeLku ykhrkk stk
khefu h["kLke Mkkk ykku Au.
S.4 nuXLkk nuhLkk{k Wkhktk " yrrLk#{Lke
S.20(1) nuXLkwt yuf nuhLkk{wt stkLku ykhrkk
kk{ $Lkku
"Lk yrrLk#{Lke S.28 nuX kk{ "Lkku #khu Mkkk#
Au. #khu hk# kk{ Mk{wk#Lku fkuEk% s{eLk Wkh
yrfkhku ykku Au, su s{eLk yuf ykhrkk stk
khefu h[k#ue Au. hk# Mkhfkhku kk{ "LkkuLkk
Mkt[kLk {kxuLkk rLk#{ku kLkk"u Au yu yu MktukkuLkku
rLkuo& fhu Au suLke nuX kk{ Mk{wk#Lku kfzkt, yL#
"Lkkuk&ku yu kku[h kqhk kkz"k{kt yk"u Au.
rLk#{{kt "LkLkk hk% yLku Mkwkh%k {kxu kk{Lke
Vhu Lke kE &fu.
Mkthrkk stkku
"Lk yrrLk#{Lke S.29 nuX hk# Mkhfkh fkuEk%
stk fu kuMkuLzLku Mkthrkk stk khefu rLk' fhe
&fu fu su{kt stkLke kuk&kuLkk yuf !kk kh
MkhfkhLkku {krfe nf yk"k nfku nku#. Mkthrkk
stkku ykhrkk stkku{ktke h[e &fkkk Lkke.
Mkthrkk stk{kt kkuzkf ytfw&ku nku# Au yLku kk{
Mk{wk#Lku kfzk fu yL# "Lkkuk&ku kqhk kkz"k{kt
yk"u Au.
"Lk yrrLk#{Lke S.31 MkhfkhLku Mkthrkk stkLkk
"khk& Mktktrk k{k{ nku yLku r"&ukkrfkhkuLku
rLk#trkk fh"kLke Mkkk ykku Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
rkLk-Mkhfkhe stkku
"Lk yrrLk#{Lke S.35 nuX hk# Mkhfkh kfzk
fkk"k, "k"ukh, [rh#k% yLku s{eLkLke "%e
MkrnkLke "]rkyku {kxu yk"e s{eLk yk"k
stkkuLkk Wk#kukLku rLk#trkk yk"k rkktrk fhe
&fu.
"Lk (Mkthk%) yrrLk#{, 1980 (the FCA)
Auk yuf k#fk{kt Mk"kuo[ ykku "Lk Mkthk%
{kxuLkk f{o&e"kLku kuMkknLk ykk"k{kt {w#
!qr{fk !s"e Au. T. N.Godavarman v. Union of
India, AIR 1997 SC 1228, {kt Mk"kuo[ ykku
"Lk Mkthk% yLku Mkt[kLkLkku {wku nkk #kuo nkku. yk
fuMk{kt, "]kku fkk"kLke [kuMk (xLkkLku #kkf
kLkk"eLku ku{kt k{k{ hk#ku yLku fuL&krMkk u&kuLku
yk"he u"k{kt yk#k nkk. u%ek rLkuo&ku,
yku&ku yLku [wfkkyku khk Mk"kuo[ ykku kuLkk rhx
yrfkhkuk nuX, FCA Mkk[k nko yLku swMMkk
{k%u kuLkku y{ k"kLke $kke kqhe kkz"k FCA Lkwt
yko(xLk f#wO. kkuk"{oLk fuMk khk ykku ykkWLkk
fkuEk% k#ko"h%e# {wf{k{kt suLke uzLkk szu ku
heku k#ko"h%e# {wkykuLke Mk{k u%eLkk kt {kxu
{t[ kqhku kkzku Au.
ykkkuyu $k%fk{, {k$kfe# "]rkyku {kxuLke
nkf "Lk Mkthk%Lke yk"~#fkk Mkkku MkkrLkf
hne&kuLke Mkk[e yLku #kkko sYhe#kkkuLkwt MktkwLk
fh"k {kk{% fhe Au. k$ khefu, kfzk ykkrhk
Wkukku Wkh-kq"o hk#ku{kt stkkuLkk (xkzkLkwt {w#
fkh% nku"k Akkt MkkrLkf kufkuLkk y"tkLkLku #kLk{kt
hk$eLku kuLke Aqx ykk"k{kt yk"e nke.
FCA stkkuLkk Mkthk% yLku "%e {kxu (z"k{kt
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
"%o"e &fk# :
kufu&Lk{kt nku#;
2.hkxe# WkLkku yu y#kh#ku su"k rLk'
r"Mkkhku{kt k{k{ rkykuLkk hk% {kxu rkktrf#k
#qnh[Lkk ykLkk"e.
"L# S"LkLkk Mkthk% {kxuLkk fk#kykuLke Lkerk yLku
Wu& k%eS"Lk yLku "LkMkrkS"LkLkk Mkthk%Lke
kkke sYhe#kkLke "ke ske Mk!kLkkkLkwt Mkt#wk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
WPA)
$L#S$Lk kwLkkyku
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Mkyku
WPA Lkkt !tk {kxu yLku yLkwMkqr[ yuf{ku yk"k
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
yk"k r{% fu su kuLkk hkMkk#r%f yk"k !kirkfhkMkk#r%f kw%{kuo yk"k ktLku fkh%u {Lkw#ku,
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
nuh Wk$
nuh Wk"Lkk Wkk#ku yk {k%u Au :
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
fk#o"kne
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkU :...........................................................................
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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
h Xhk""k{kt yk"u sL{u MktkkLk kuLkk {kkkrkkkLkk "khMkk Mktkte k{k{ nukwyku {kxu ykihMk
MktkkLk khefu "ko"k{kt yk"&u. #khu LkLkk fkuEk%
kkfkh LkLke #kokkLku kzfkhu Au, yLku kuke Lk
h fh"k{kt yk"kk Lkke, #khu ku Lk {kL# hnu&u
yu ku kkfkhLkwt MktkkLk ykihMk hnu&u, S.16(2)
{wsk, #khu Lk h fh"k{kt yk"u Au, #khu ku"k
Lk hB#kLk sL{u MktkkLk huf nukwyku ku{s
Ehkkyku rMk"k# fu S.16(3) Lkk {wsk, kuyku ku{Lkk
{kkk-rkkk rMk"k#Lke yL# #kLke r{fk Mktkte
fkuE k"ku/n Lk kE &fu.
rnLw Lk khkLke S.10 nuXLkk ykkh fu suLkk kh
L#kr#f r"!ksLk {kxuLkwt nwf{Lkk{w kMkkh fhe &fk#
ku{s S.13 Lke AqxkAuzkLkk nwf{Lkk{k {kxu k% yu s
ykkh sYhe Au.
S.13 {wsk AqxkAuzk {kxuLkk ykkhkuLke #ke Lke[u
{wsk Au.
k{, rk"ke krk fu kLke yu #kr![kh fhu
nku"ku uEyu. #kr![khLkk ykkh kh krk fu
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
EMk{ke Ykktkh!
EMk{ke M"{oLkku #kk fu Ykktkh yu heku #k
&{kt kkwt nku"wt uEyu fu, nwt ykke EMk{ {oLkku
#kk fYt Awt fu ku "koLkke #k kkwt nku"wt uE&u.
Wknh% khefu kt!eh heku {kunB{ kuktkh r"
yk{kLksL# !kkkLkku Wk#kuk fhe kkk {wMk{kLk
Mkk{u #w zkk w~{LkkuLke Mkkku uz"wt. khtkhkkk
{wM{ fk#k {wsk #khu {wMk{kLk yL# {o{kt
Ykktkh fhu Au, #khu ku%e kuLkk {wM{ Mktkteyku
kkMkuke "khMkku {u""k {kxu kkrk kLku Au.
Mktk#Lke M"ktkkkLkku khku, 1850 Lke yh fh"k
Akkt k% #khkAe ktkh% {wsk EMk{Lkk Ykktkh
kAe k% "khMkku {u""kLkku n skku hnukku Lkke.
"w{kt, rnLw e fu kwYk {wMk{kLkLke keh
(r{fk)ku yLkwkk{e kLke &fu Lkrn.
Lk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Aq x kAu z k
AqxkAuzkLkk fkh
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
AqxkAuzkLkk krh!k{ku
yL# Lk fhkhLkku n : Lk MktkLLk Lk k#k
nku# kku, kLke EkLkwt kkLk fh"k ktk#ue
Lkke. yLku ku%e Vheke kkfkrf Lk fhe &fu.
u fu, Lk MktkLLk kE k#k nku# kku kLke
MkwMktkk EkLkwt kkLk fh"k ktk#ue Au.
rLk&k$ : ykkW Wu$ f#kuo ku {wsk krk Ek
Mk{#kkk hr{#kLk kLkeLkku rLk!k" fh"k
ktk#uku Au.
krkLke r{fk{kt nf : Lk Mktkq%o k#k nku# kku
kLke Lkrn ykk"k{kt yk"u r{fk rnMMkk{ktke
Mktkq%o rnMMkk {kxu nkh Au. yLku u Lk k#k
nku# kku rLk' rnMMkk{ktke yzk rnMMkk {kxu
nkh Au.
$khMkkLkku khMkh nf : AqxkAuzk yr"Au kLku
#khu, "khMkkLkk khMkh nf Mk{k kk# Au.
rMk"k# fu krkLke {h% kkkhe kh krk khk
ku%eLku AqxkAuzk ykk"k{kt yk#k nku# ku"k
fuMk{kt kLkeLku EkLkku Mk{#kkku kqhk kk# #kt
Mkwe kLke {kxu "khMkkLkku n [kw hnu Au.
AqxkAuzk ykkue kLke Mkkku kwLk: Lk : Ek
Mk{#kkk kAe kkku yufke Mkkku kwLk: Lk
fhe &fu rMk"k# k%"kh kkf kku#k kAe
AqxkAuzk ykk"k{kt yk#k nku# kku yk"k fuMk{kt
kuyku kwLk: Lk fhu ku knukt, kLke EkkLkwt
kkLk fhu, yL# #k Mkkku Lk fhu, ku Lk
kqhk fhu, ku kwYkke AqxkAuzk u yLku #khkk
ku%e kuLkk !qkkq"o krk Mkkku kwLk: Lk fhe &fu.
$kek!wt
{wM{ fk#k nuX kf u"kLkku r"[kh [[o"k{kt
yk#ku Lkke. u fu, [kh fkhLkk "kek%k {kL#
hk$"k{kt yk#k Au. su keS kkkkLke Mkkku Mkkku
AqxkAuzk kkkt fMxze Lke fh"kLke kkkk Mkkku
MkwMktkk Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
rLk$oMke#ke $khMkku
fkuEk% {kLkrMkf rk{khe r"LkkLkk huf kwg {wM{
kuLke {krfeLke MktkrkLkk Mkt!o{kt Mktkrk kh% fh"k
{kxu k#f fkuEk% #kLkk Lkk{u "rMk#k kLkk"e
&fu Au. kuLke MktkrkLkk {kk yuf-k]rk#kt& !kkLkwt
"rMk#k kLkk"e &fu Au, kkfeLkku ku-k]rk#kt& rnMMkku
"khMkkhkuLku s&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Lk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
CMA)
CMA)
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
kf r$kLk
$khMkku
!khke# "khMkk yrrLk#{, 1925 (the
Succession Act) !khkLkk knw{ke r$MkeykuLku
kkw kzkku "khMkk Mktktrk fk#ku Au.
kku"k, {% yu e" ("ne"xe ktk) yrrLk#{,
1962 Lke uk"kEykuu fkh%u kku"k{kt kkuxwoke
r"kLke Mktrnkk kkw kzu Au. kkUze[uhe{kt hsq yksu
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
kkhMke shkwMx
kkhMke &Lke #k#k {k%u kuLkku yko kkhMke
shkwMx k#u Au. kkhMke rkkk yu rkLk kkhMke
{kkkLkk kkfku kkhMke Au, u kuyku kkhMke {o{kt
Mkk{u k#k nku# yLku shkwMx kt kkkk nku#. u fu,
rkLk-kkhMke rkkk yLku kkhMke {kkkLkk kkfku kkhMke
k%k&u Lkrn. (Sir Dinshaw Maneckji v. Sir
Jamshedji, 33 ILR Bom 509)
PMDA) :
#kr![kh
ekLke, kkfkh fu yfwhke kwLkku Indian
Penal Code, 1860, S.377 (nuX)
"keLku kt!eh R knkU[kz"e
whkk
Mkkk fu kuke "khu "ko k[k"kk su{kt hkku Au.
ykuAk{kt ykuAk ku "ko {kxu "keLkku #kk
ykuAk{kt ykuAk ku "ko {xe Lkk &fu ku"e {kLkrMkf
rk{khe
"keLku [uke ke# hkuk kkz"ku
LkLkk Mk{#u "w yL# fkuELkk khk Mkk!ko
nke.
LkLkk yuf "ko{kt Lkr""knLke {hSke rkLkkrhkq'k
{okrh"koLk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkU :...........................................................................
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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
(the CERD)
The ICCPR;
The ICESCR;
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
rkLk &u&k$
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
S"LkLkku yrfkh
ktkh%Lke A.21 {kt ykk"k{kt yk"uku S"LkLkku nf,
kkrhf ku{s rkLkLkkkrhfLku Wk yk hk%
k{k{ {kLk"nfku kifeLkku Mkkike f{ke nf Au. S"Lk
nf yu"e kktnuhe ykku Au fu, fkuEk% #k kuLkk
S"Lkke fu #kkk M"kkt#ke "tr[k hnu&u Lkrn.
rMk"k# fu fk#k khk Mkkrkk fhue fk#o"kne
yLkwMkkh. ku{ Akkt yk nf fk#k khk Mkkrkk
fh"k{kt yk"ue {#kokykuLku ykeLk Au. Maneka
Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Wknh! : M$kM#Lkku nf
D Lku xuLk{ktke kze skkt kt!eh E kE nke. D Lku
&ku k% Mkk{u nf
Aa.23 yLku 24 hk# yu $kLkke #kyku khk
{o M"kkt #
Mktr"kLkLke Aa.25 28 {o M"kkt# nfLkwt rLk#{Lk
fhu Au. A.25 huf #kLku ytkhyk{k M"kkt#Lkku
ku{s {wkk%u fkuEk% {oLkku [kh fh"kLkku yLku
k"ku fh"kLkk ku{s y{ fh"kLkk nfLke $kkhe
ykku Au. yk nf kuf yku& Lkirkfkk yLku ykhku#Lku
ykeLk Au. yk nf{ hk#Lku k'{f %ke Mkkku
Mktfk#uk fkuEk% yk'kf, Lkk%ktfe#, hksfe#
yk"k Mkktkr#f "]rkwt rLk#{Lk fu r#tk%
fh"kLkk fk#k (z"k fu Mk{ks f#k% yLku Mkwkhk
{kxuLkk fk#k (z"k Mkk{u kkkte {qfkk Lkke.
{o [khLkk nf{kt {kOkh ku{s kskhekq"ofLkk
{kOkhLkku Mk{k"u& kkku Lkke, ku #kLkk
ytkhyk{k M"kkt#{kt $kehe fhkku Lkke. (Rev.
Stainislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR
1977 SC 908)
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
r"k! nf
Mktr"kLkLkk 86 {k Mkwkhkke 6 ke 14 "koLke {hLkk
kkfku {kxu r"Lkk{q# yLku Vhrs#kk r&k%Lkku nf
ykk"k{kt yk#ku. 1e yur, 2010 ke y{{kt
{wf"k{kt yk"uku. kkfkuLku r"Lkk{w# yu Vhrs#kk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
ktkh!e# Wkk#kuLkku nf
ktkh%Lke A.32 {kt {q!qk nfkuLkk !tk {kxuLkk
Wkk# kh"uLkk rLk%ko#f nfLku yk"he u"k{kt yk#ku
Au. A.32(1) nuX Mkeku Mk"kuo[ ykkLkku Mktkfo
Mkk"kLke kktnuhe ykku Au. yLku A.32(2) nue#Mk
fkkuoMk, {uLzu{Mk, MkhMke#kuhhe, "ku "kuhuLxku yLku
rkkt su"k yku&ku yk"k nwf{ku yLku hexku fh"k
fkuxoLku Mkkk ykku Au. A.226
nuX nkEfkuxoLkku k% Mktkfo fhe &fk#. u fu, yk nf
Mktr"kLkLke A.352 kh nuX fxkufxeLke nuhkk
y{{kt nku# #khu hkxkrkLkku nwf{ fheLku Mkkrkk
fhe &fk#.
su{Lkk nkuLkku !tk k#ku nku# ku"e #k khk
yk"k kufrnk !k"Lkk hk"kk #kyku khk
kexe&Lk VkE fhe &fk#. fkuxo Mkqyku{kuxku MkkkLkku
Wk#kuk fheLku !tkLku #kLku E &fu.
kufrnk Vrh#ke
{q!qk nfLkk y{Lke kkkk nku# ku"k fuMk{kt A.32
nuX Mk"kuo[ ykk{kt kufrnk yhS (a PIL)
fhe &fk#. {q!qk nfLkk !tkLku kk fhkkt (%kt
ykkhku kh A.226 nuX nkEfkuxo{kt hex kexe&Lk
fhe &fk#.
"tr[kkuLkk nkuLkk hk% {kxu yLku L#k# krLke
$kkhe kqhe kkz"k {kxu su{Lkku Wk#kuk kE hkku Au.
ku"e PILs; kuMk MxuLzeLkk khtkhkkk rMkktkkuLku
n"ku kLkk"u Au. su rMkktk {k%u yu"e #kyku s
ykk{kt sE &fu fu su{Lkk yrfkhkuLku yMkh kE
Au. 1975-1977 Lke fxkufxeLku kku rkLkw~{Lkk"x!#ko r"u#fku kufkuLkk {q!qk {kLk"
yrfkhkuLkk Mkthkf khefu W!#ko nkk. fk[k fk{Lkk
fueykuLke #kkk M"ktkkk (Hussainara
Khatoon & Others v. Home Secretary, State of
Bihar, 1979 AIR 1819) yLku kk "i~#kykuLkk kwLk:
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkU :...........................................................................
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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Wkuk
Wkuk &Lke #k#k{kt fkuE "ukkh, "kr%#,
Wk{, WkkLk yk"k rLk#kukkLkku fk{tku yu"k
yko kk# Au. ku{kt ykSr"fk, Lkkufhe, hkuskkh,
nkkWkuk yk"k ykikurkf #"Mkk# yk"k
fk{khkuLkk fk{fksLkku Mk{k"u& kk# Au. ykikurkf
r""k yrrLk#{Lke S.2(j) VkLkku fkuE nukw yk"k
yk"f Q!e fh"kLke fkuE EAk #kLk{kt ek rMk"k#
{kLk" sYhe#kkku yLku EAkyku Mktkkuk"k {kxu {k
yLku Mku"kykuLke "nU[%e yu/yk"k WkkLk {kxu
rLk#kukk yLku f{o[kheyku "[uLkk Mknfkhke #ku#u
fkuE krkMkh "]rk Wkuk Au. (Bangalore
fk{kh
fk{kh yuxu fkuE &kherhf, fkhfwLke yk"k
u$hu$ fk{ !kzu yk"k kkke fh"k fkuE
Wkuk{kt hk$u W{u"kh Mkrnk fkuEk% #k.
(ykikurkf r""k yrrLk#{ S.2(s))yk #k#k{kt
ufu, (i) Mk& ku{kt rLk{ue #kyku, (ii)
kkueMk yrfkheyku yLku fuLkk f{o[kheyku, (iii)
{w#"u #"Mkk yk"k "ne"xe nurMk#k{kt rLk{k#ue
#k; yk"k (iv) h {rnLku Yk. 1600 fhkkt "khu
"ukLk {u"ke u$hu$ nurMk#kLke #kyku yk"e
# Au.
ykikurkf r$$k
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
#ku# Mkhfkh
Act)
nzkk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
kkkkte
ykikurkf r""k yrrLk#{Lke S.2(l) {kt kkkkte
&Lke #k#k hkuskkhLkk MkLku fk{[kW kt
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Ax!e
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
fk{ kt fh$wt
ykikurkf r""k yrrLk#{Lke S.2(cc) {kt
hkuskkhLkk Mk yLku kuLkk !kkLku fk#{e kt fhe
u"ku yu"e #k#k Au.
50 yk"k "khu fk{khkuLku hk$ke ykikurkf
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
#$Mkk# Mkt(
#"Mkk# Mkt( yrrLk#{{kt #"Mkk# Mkt( Lke #k#k
fk{khku yLku rLk#kukk "[u kk# yk"k fk{khku
yLku fk{khku "[u yk"k f{o[kheyku yLku
f{o[kheyku "[uLkk MktktkuLkwt r"rLk#{Lk fh"kLkk nukw
{kxu h[k#u fk#{e fu fk{[kWLkk r{% khefu
fk{ fh"k yk"k fkuE "ukkh yu #"Mkk# [k""k
kh rLk#tk%k{f &hk k"k {kxu Au yLku ku{kt ku
yk"k "khu #"Mkk# Mkt(Lkk Vuzhu&LkLkku Mk{k"u&
kk# Au.
#"Mkk# Mkt(Lke LkkU%e Vhrs#kk Lkke, #"Mkk# Mkt(
yrrLk#{ nuX LkkUk#uk #"Mkk# Mkt(Lku fuxkf
n r"&uk n {kk nku"kke, LkkU%e EALke# Au.
su{Lkk kukkrfkh{kt #"Mkk# Mkt( yk"kk nku# ku
#"Mkk# Mkt(Lkk hSMxkh kkMku kuLke LkkU%e fhk""e.
yk{ Lk LkkUk#u Mkt(Lkk fk{khkuLku (%k k! {kk
Lkke.
fk{khku
#"Mkk# Mkt( yrrLk#{{kt fk{kh &Lke #k#k
suLke Mkkku #"Mkk# r""k Q!ku k#ku nku# ku
rLk#kukkLke Lkkufhe{kt nku# fu Lkrn Akkt "ukkh yk"k
Wkuk{kt rLk{k#ue ke #kyku "ukkh yk"k
Wkuk &Lke #k#k #"Mkk# Mkt( yrrLk#{{kt
ykke Lkke. #"Mkk# Mkt( yrrLk#{{kt WkukLke
fkuE #k#k Lk nku"kke Wkuk Au fu fu{ ku Lke fh"k
nukw {kxu su r"[kh%kyku Mkwk s%kE nke ku
#"Mkk# Mkt( yrrLk#{Lkk nukw {kxu Mk{kLk heku
Mkwk hnu&u.
kLkwMkkh rLk#kukk yLku f{o[kheLkku Mktkt nku#, kku ku
"]rkLku Wkuk khefu k%"k{kt yk"u. rLk#kukk fkuE
k% "ukkh, #"Mkk#, Wk{, WkkLk yk"k
fk{tk{kt #Mk nku# yLku f{o[kheyku fkuEk%
Lkkufhe, hkuskkh, nkkWkuk yk"k ykikurkf
#"Mkk# yk"k fk{fks{kt #Mk nku#, "]rkLku
"ukkh yLku #"Mkk#Lku {kk yk"kk Wk{ khefu
k%k# ku {kxu, su"e heku "ukkh yk"k #"Mkk#Lku
#kus"k{kt yLku kkuX""k{kt yk"u Au. ku heku kuLku
#kus"k yLku kkuX""k uEyu. {n"Lkk {k yk"k
{n"Lke Mku"kykuLkk WkkLk, "u[k% yk"k
r"kh%Lke ryu rLk#kukk yLku f{o[kheyku Mkkku
{eLku fk{ fhu ku ku{Lke "[uLkk Mknfkh kh ykkrhk
Au. yk"e "]rk{kt LkVkLkku Wu& Au fu fu{ yLku {qzeLkwt
hkufk% Au fu fu{ ku Mktkq%ok%u yMkwk Au. kuLkk Wu&
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
$ukkh r$$k
"ukkh r""k Lke ykikurkf r""k yrrLk#{
nuXLkk ykikurkf r""k &Lke #k#kLku khkkh
{ke yk"u Au. kuke ykikurkf r""kLkk fuMk su{
"ukkh r""k Q!ku fh"k {kkkk kkfkhLku r""kLke
r"k#-"Mkw{kt Mkew rnk nku"wt uEyu.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
#ku# Mkhfkh
#"Mkk# Mkt( yrrLk#{ Lke[u k{k{ nukw {kxu #ku#
Mkhfkh yuxu (i) #"Mkk# Mkt( kkkk{kt fuL Mkhfkh,
kuLkku Wu& yuf hk# kqhkku {#kork Lkke; yLku (ii)
ke kk #"Mkk# Mkt( kkkk{kt hk# Mkhfkhku.
#ku# Mkhfkh fuxef rLk#k kkkkku ytku r"rLk#{Lk
(z"k Mkkk hk"u Au.
kkw kz$wt
Mkk#e nwf{ yrrLk#{Lke S.2(e) ykkWLkk kkh
{rnLkk{kt 100 fk{khku "khu fhkkt fk{khku hk$ke
ykikurkf MktMkkykuLku kkw kzu Au. ykikurkf
MktMkk &Lke #k#k Mkk#e nwf{ yrrLk#{Lke
S.2(e) {kt (i) "ukLk [wf"%e yrrLk#{, 1936 {kt
#k#k f#ko {wsk ykikurkf MktMkk; (ii) fkh$kLkk
yrrLk#{, 1948 {kt #k#k f#ko {wsk fkh$kLkw;
(iii) hu"u; (iv) su ykikurkf MktMkkLkk {krf Mkkku
fhkh kqhku fh"k fk{khkuLku hk$u ku fLxkxhLke MktMkk
khefu ykke Au.
Mkk#e nwf{ku
Mkk#e nwf{ku fkr&k Mkk"uu Au. ku{kt kqhke
[kuMkkEke hkuskkheLke &hkkuLke #k#k Au yu
hkuskkheLkk #kkk fhkhLke &hkku kh nk"e kk#
Au. (Western India Match Company v.
Workmen, AIR 1973 SC 2650)
S.2(g) {kt uk"kE Au fu fk{khkuLkwt "keofh%,
fk{kh
Mkk#e nwf{ yrrLk#{u ykikurkf r""k
yrrLk#{Lke fk{kh &Lke #k#kLku ykLkk"e
Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
kkw kkz$wt
ke (%k { yLku ykikurkf fk#kykuke r"
(wk{ "ukLk yrrLk#{ kkw kkz"kLkwt rLk#kukkLkk
fkh kh ykkrhk Lkke, khtkw hkuskkhLkk fkh kh
ykkrhk Au. (wk{ "ukLk yrrLk#{Lke uk"kEyku
yLkwMkkh, Mktktrk kukkrfkh nuX yLkwMkwr[k
hkuskkh kkkk{kt fk{khkuLku (wk{ "ukLkLke [wf"%e
rLk#k fh"k, Mkwkh"k, kuLke Mk{ekk fh"k yLku kuLkku
y{ fh"k fuL Mkhfkh yLku hk# Mkhfkhku kLLku
#ku# Mkhfkh Au. fuL MkhfkhLkk kukkrfkh{kt 45
yLkwMkqr[k hkuskkh Au. #khu hk# MkhfkhkuLkk
kukkrfkh{kt 1600 Wkhktk yLkwMkqr[k hkuskkh Au.
u fu, fuxkf hk#ku{kt wfkLk yLku MktMkk yrrLk#{
(wk{ "ukLk yrrLk#{ kkw kkz"kLkwt kuk yk"k
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
$ukLk
(wk{ "ukLk yrrLk#{Lke S.2(h) {kt "ukLkLke
#k#k, hkuskkh kkkk{kt yk"k hkuskkh Mktkt{kt
rLk{k#u yk"k yk"k hkuskkh{kt fhuk k
#kLku hkuskkhLkk fhkhLke &hkku Mk yk"k
k'!k heku krhkq%o kk#, kku [qf""kkkk kk
{nuLkkk%k kk# Au. ku{kt (h!kzk !kkLkku Mk{k"u&
kk# Au. khtkw Lke[uLkkLkku Mk{k"u& kkku Lkke :
{fkLkLke fkuE Mkk"z, "ese, kk%e yLku
kkeke Mkkh"kh ykk"kLke f{k; yk"k
#ku# MkhfkhLkk Mkk{kL# yLku $kMk nwf{ke
kkfkk h$k#u keS fkuE Mkwr"k yk"k Mku"kLke
f{k;
fkuE kuL&Lk !tzku yk"k !r"#rLkr yk"k
Mkk{krsf "e{kLke fkuE #kusLkk nuX rLk#kukkyu
ykkuk VkkLke f{k;
fkuE "kMk !kkLke yk"k fkuE "kMk hknkLke
f{k;
kuLke LkkufheLkk fkhke kuLkk kh fhuk $kMk $[o
[qf""k Lke{ue #kLku [qf"ue fkuE hf{Lke
f{k; yk"k
Aqxk kke "$ku [qf""kkkk ku#wExeLke f{k.
$ukLk h
(wk{ "ukLk yrrLk#{ #ku# Mkhfkh yk h Lke
fhu ku"e uk"kE Au :
Mk{# ykkrhk fk{ {kxu (wk{ "ukLk h;
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Mkk{kSf Mkw h kk
kkw kz$wt
fk{kh hk# "e{k yrrLk#{ {kuMk{e fkh$kLkk
rMk"k# k{k{ fkh$kLkk (MkhfkhLkk fkh$kLkk Mkrnk)
#kt :
ykkWLkk kkh {rnLkk{kt fkuEk% r"Mku #kt
"ukLk kh Mk yk"k "khu #kyku Lke{kE
nku# yLku "eseLke {ke kuLkk fkuE !kk{kt
WkkLk r#k [kke nku# yk"k Mkk{kL# heku
[k"kke nku#; yk"k
ykkWLkk kkh {rnLkk{kt fkuEk% r"Mku #kt
"eMk yk"k "khu #kyku "ukLk kh Lke{kE
nku# yk"k nke yLku kuLkk fkuE !kk{kt
"eseLke { rMk"k# WkkLk r#k Mkk{kL#
heku [k"ke nku# Au.
fk{kh hk# "e{k yrrLk{#, $k% yrrLk#{,
1952 Lke fk{keheLku ykrLk nku# ku"e $k%ku yk"k
hu"uLkk &uz yk"k MkhfkhLkk rLk#tk% nuXLkk yk"k
MkhfkhLkk fkh$kLkkt yk"k MktMkkyku, suLkk
f{o[kheykuLku fk{kh hk# r"{k yrrLk#{ nuX
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
y{
fk{kh hk# r"{k yrrLk#{ Lke[uLkk hkufz k!Lkku
"ne"x fuLu Mkhfkh fk{kh hk# r"{k rLkk{
{khVk fhu Au, #khu hk# Mkhfkhku yLku Mkt( u&
"ne"xe ktkku kkeke Mkt!kLkku "ne"x fhu Au.
Vkku
f{o[khe kkkk{kt fk{kh hk# "e{k rLk#{Lku
[wf""kkkk Vkku rLk#k hu rLk#kukkLkk Vkk yLku
f{o[kheLkk VkkLkku kLkuku hnu&u. yk h{kt
"$kku"$k Mkwkhk kk# Au. nk f{o[kheLkk VkkLkk
h "ukLkLkk 1.75 xfk Au. yu rLk#kukkLkku h huf
"ukLk Mk{#{kt f{o[kheyku kkkk{kt
[qf"uk/[qf""kkkk "ukLkLkk 4.75 xfk Au. hhkus
Mkhuhk& Yk. 50 MkweLke hkuS {u"kk f{o[kheyku
VkkLke [wf"%e{ktke [wf"%e{ktke {wk Au. u fu
ku{Lkk rLk#kukkyu yk f{o[kheyku kkkk{kt ku{Lkk
kkukkLkk rnMMkkLkku Vkku ykk"ku uEyu.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
y&kkkLkk k!
ykrkLkk k!
{h%kukh r"r $[o
fk{kh hk# "e{k yrrLk#{Lke S.2(14) {kt
r"{kkh #k Lke #k#k{kt f{o[khe Au yk"k
nke, suLke kkkke{kt fk{kh hk# "e{k yrrLk#{
Lke[u Vkk [qf""kkkk Au. yk"k nkk ku"e
#kyku fk{kh hk# "e{k yrrLk#{ 1948 ke
uk"kE fhuk fkuE k% k! {u""k nfkh Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
f{o[khe
S.2(9) {kt f{o[khe Lke #k#k Au. ku Lkku yko :
$e{kkh #k
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
$ukLk
fk{kh hk# r"{k yrrLk#{Lke S.2 nuX "ukLkLke
#k#k ykke Au fu f{o[kheykuLku hkufz{kt [qf"u
yk"k [qf""kkkk kw {nuLkkk%w, hkuskkhLkk
fhkhLke Mk yk"k k'!k &hkku krhkq%o fh"k{kt
yk"u yu ku{kt yrf]k h, yk"k kuhfk#u Lk nku#
ku"e kkkkte, nzkk yk"k Vhrs#kk fk{ Awe
(u-ykuV) yLku "w{kt "w ku {rnLkkLkk ytkhu [wf"kkk
ke "khkLkk {nuLkkk%kLkku Mk{k"u& kkku nku#,
khtkw Lke[uLkkLkku Mk{k"u& kkku nku# :
rLk#kukkyu fkuE kuL&Lk !tzku, !r"#rLkr{kt
yk"k fk{kh hk# r"{k yrrLk#{ Lke[u
ykkuk fkuE Vkku;
fkuE "kMk !kw yu fkuE "kMk hknkLke
f{k;
kuLke LkkufheLkk fkhLke ku%u fhuk $kMk $[o
[qf""k rLk{k#u #kLku [qf"u fkuE hf{;
yk"k
Awxk k#u [qf""kkkk fkuE ku#wExe.
kkw kkz$wt
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
y{
Vkk
f{o[khe !r"#rLkr kkw kzkkt, rLk#kukkyu yk"he
u"k#u huf f{o[khe kkkk{kt :
h {rnLku {q "ukLkLkk 12 xfk f{o[khe
!r"#rLkr{kt Vkku;
h {rnLku f{o[khe kuL&Lk Vtzu kuxu {q "ukLkLkk
8.33 xfk Vkku;
f{o[khe kkk% Mkkku Mktfk#u "e{k rLke{kt h
{rnLku {q "ukLk, {kU("khe !kw yu rkkh%
!kkLkk yufthLkk 1 xfk Vkku.
f{o[kheykuLkku Vkku ku{Lke Mktkt{kt rLk#kukkyu
[qf""kkkk Vkk suxku hnu&u. fkuE f{o[khe kuLkk
{q "ukLk, {kU("khe !kk yLku rkkh% !kk
(fkuE nku# kku) !kkLkk 12 xfk fhkkt "khu Vkku
ykk"k {kku kku ku yu &hkLku ykeLk hnu&u fu
rLk#kukkyu [qf""kkkk Vkk fhkkt fkuE "khu Vkku
[qf""kLke s"kkkhe hnu&u Lkrn.
f[o{khe
f{o[khe !r"#rLkr yrrLk#{Lke S.2 {kt f{o[khe
&Lke #k#k ykke Au. kuLkku yko, fkuEk% fkhLkk
&khehef fu yL#kk fk{{kt MktMkkLku kkw fkuE fk{
ytku "ukLk kh hk#ku nku# yu rLk#kukk khVke
#k fu khkuk heku "ukLk {u"kku nku# ku"e #k.
ku{kt :
MktMkkLkk fk{ Mktkt{kt fLxkxh khk yk"k
{khVk rLk{k#u #kLkku; yLku
W{u"khe yrrLk#{, 1961 (1961Lkku 52
{ku) nuX yk"k MktMkkLkk Mkk#e nwf{kuLke[u
hkufuk W{u"kh Lkn, khtkw W{u"kh khefu
hkufue #k Lkku Mk{k"u& kk# Au.
rLk#kukk &Lkku yko ykh&: f{o[khe
!r"#rLkr yrrLk#{{kt Mk{ks f#k% {kxu Wr
Au ku{s fh"ku. k$k khefu, ftkLkeLkk rLk"]k k#uk
f{o[kheykuLku fhkh kh Vhe hk#k. ku{kt ku f{o[khe
!r"#rLkr yrrLk#{Lkk nukw {kxu f{o[khe nku"kLkwt
Xhk#wt. (Central Provident
Fund Commissioner and Another v. Modern
Transportation Consultancy Service Private
Limited and Others, AIR 1998 Cal) ku{ Akkt,
r$$kLkku Wfu
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
{q $ukLk
f{o[khe !r"#rLkr yrrLk#{Lke S.2 {kt {q
"ukLk Lke #k#k fh"k{kt yk"e Au. kuLkku yko Vhs
kh yk"k h kh yk"k nuh h kh "ukLk Mkkku
nku# #khu f{o[kheyu k fhuk k{k{ "kh yLku
hkuskkheLkk fhkhLke &hkku yLkwMkkh kuLku [qf"u
yk"k [qf""kkkk hkufzk, khtkw ku{kt Lke[uLkkLkku
Mk{k"u& kkku Lkke:
fkuE $kuhkfLke hknkLke hkufz f{k;
f{o[kheLku kuLke Lkkufhe yk"k yk"k hkuskkh{kt
fhuk fk{ Mktkt{kt [qf""kkkk {kU"khe !kw,
kkw kz$wt
fk{kh "kh yrrLk#{, fkhfwLke nurMk#k rMk"k#
u${e #"Mkk#{kt yLku fk{kh "kh
yrrLk#{Lke yLkwMkqr[ II {kt rLk' fhuk ke
hkuskkh{kt rLk#k#ue fkuEk% #kLku kkw kzu Au.
yk{kt fkh$kLkk, $k%, "k"ukh, #tkke [k"kkk
"knLkku, kktfk{Lku kkwt fk{, ke fuxkf u${e
#"Mkk# yLku hu"u f{o[kheykuLke r"r& fkkykuLkku
yk{kt Mk{k"u& kk# Au. ku{ Akkt fk{kh "kh
yrrLk#{Lke S.2(3) hk# MkhfkhkuLku Mkhfkhe
hkskk{kt k% {rnLkkLke LkkuxeMk yk#k kAe su{Lkk
#"Mkk# u${e k%kkk nku# ku"e #kykuLkk "koLku
yk yrrLk#{Lkku #kk tkk""kLke Mkkk ykku Au. u
fu, fk{kh "kh yrrLk#{ Mk& ku{kt Lkkufhe
fhke #kkuLku yLku fk{kh hk# r"{k yrrLk#{
1948 Lke uk"kEykuke yk"he u"k#uk
f{o[kheykuLku kkw kzkku Lkke.
y{
fk{kh "kh yrrLk#{ Lke[u hk# MkhfkhkuLku (i)
r""krk k"kykue kkk"x, (ii) {]#w Mkrnk ELkk
fuMkkuLkk rLkfk yu (iii) Mkk{r#f [wf"%eLke Mkwkh%k
{kxu fr{&Lkh Lke{"kLke Mkkk ykkE Au. fk{kh
"kh yrrLk#{ hk# MkhfkhkuLku yk yrrLk#{Lkku
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
rLk#kukkLke s$kkkhe
Lkkufhe hr{#kLk yLku ku{ktke kkkt yfM{kkke
fk{khLku ytkk E kk#, kku rLk#kukk "kh
[qf""k s"kkkh Au.
fkuE hkuskkh{kt rLk{k#u fk{khLku fk{kh
"kh yrrLk#{{kt rLk' fhu hkuskkhLku
r"r& #k"Mkkr#f hkuk kk# kku rLk#kukk
"kh [qf""k s"kkkh Au.
$kh
yfM{kk
fk{kh "kh yrrLk#{{kt yfM{kk &Lke
#k#k fh"k{kt yk"e Lkke. ku{ Akkt, fuMk fk#k
{khVk yk &Lku rLkrk yko {#ku Au. fk{khLkk
kku kuhfkhe nku"k Akkt fkuE #kMk rMk"k# fkuE
y%k#ko kLkk" kLku ku yfM{kk.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkU :...........................................................................
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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
ykf]# yu kwLkku
wf]#Lkku fk#ku (ykf]#Lkk ykwrLkf r"[khLkku
kwhkukk{e) E kk{ue #kykuLkk rnkLkwt hk% fhu
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
y$uS s$kkkhe
s"kkkheLkwt yn &ko""k su"wt yuz M"Yk
s"kkkheke r"!k"Lkk Au. ku{kt #kLku keS
#kLkk "koLk k s"kkkh Xhk"e &fk#. y"uS
s"kkkheLke #k#k, ku kkfkhkuLkk Mktkt kh
ykkrhk kkkkLkk yk"k MkkkuLkk (su{ fu f{o[khe)
fk{ [k""kkkk "koLk ku u$hu$ kkfkh (su{ fu
rLk#kukk) "nLk fhu Au ku.
y"uS s"kkkhe fzf (yLku kki%) s"kkkheLkwt
M"Yk Au kuLkwt {q yusLMkeLkk Mkk{kL# fk#k{kt {u
Au. ku #kkf heku s%k"u Au fu Wkhe kkkkLkk
f{o[kheykuLkk fk#kuo {kxu s"kkkhe Au. yk fkhLke
s"kkkhe sqLke urxLk{kt rMkktk Wkhe s"kkkh Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Mkt#wk s$kkkhe
ku yk"k "khu rk"ke kkfkhkuLke Mkt#wk
s"kkkhe nku# #khu ku{Lku Mkt#wk ykf]#fkko
fnu"k{kt yk"u Au. yLku huf #kkk heku
LkwfMkkLkLke fw hf{ Mkwe "keLku s"kkkh Au. yuf
rk"ke kwshe #, u$kkku kt kE # yk"k
u"kkh nuh kk# kku k% "ke ke
rk"ke/rk"keyku kkMkuke "khLke kqhukqhe hf{
"Mkq fhe &fu. "keyu Mkk{kL# heku rk"keykuLke
Mkt#wk s"kkkhe {u""k nkrLkLke yr"!k#kk
&ko""kLke hnu&u. "ke kuLkwt kwhukwY "kh yuf fhkkt
"khu "kh "Mkq fhe Lk &fu ku {n"Lkwt Au.
yk s$kkkhe
ku fu "khu rk"keykuLke k]kfT yk"k yk
s"kkkhe nku# #khu ku{Lku yk ykk M"ktk
ykf]#fkko fnu"k{kt yk"u Au. huf s% M"ktk
ykf]#fkko fnu"k{kt yk"u Au. huf s% LkwfMkkLk
yk"k nkrLkLkk ku{Lkk kkukkLkk Mktktrk rnMMkk {kxu
s "keLku #kkk heku s"kkkh Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Ehkkkq$ofLkk ykf]#ku
yuf fu "khu #kykuLku nkrLk knkU[kz"k #ku# heku
ykkWke $hu$h khe &fk# ku"k Ehkkkq"ofLkk f]#ku
&ko"ku.
Ehkk$khLkk ykf]#ku
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
y#k ykf]#ku
y#k ykf]#ku {ks yk"k rkckLku LkwfMkkLk fhu
ku"k ykf]#ku &ko"u Au.
y#k ykf]#kuLkk k$k{kt kLkke, fkukehkExLkku
!tk, MkkoLkk rLk#tk%Lkku Mk{k"u& kk# Au. (%kt$hkt
kukkrfkh{kt y#k ykf]#ku{kt Mkk{kL# heku
ykf]# fh"kLkku Ehkku sYhe nku# Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Mk{qn ykf]#ku
yuf yk"k "khu (Mkk{kL# heku fkukkuohux yk"k
hk#) rk"keyku Mkk{u yLkuf !kuk kLkLkkh "keLku
Mkktfkk r"kLke kkk &ko"ku. Mk{qn ykf#ku{kt
Mk{qn ykkrk ykf]#, Mk{qn r"kk%w ykf]#ku yLku
Mk{qn Wkk s"kkkhe ykf]#kuLkku Mk{k"u& kk# Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Fletcher
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Union of India
M. C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC
1086 (Oleum Gas Leak case) {kt !khke# Mkwr{
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkU :...........................................................................
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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
#k yu khkuk $uhk
#k "uhk #kyku kh Lkkt$"k{kt yk"u Au. ku
Mkk{kL# heku ku{Lke [qf""kLke &k kh ykkrhk Au
yLku ku ku{Lke yk"f, $[o yk"k [ku$e Mktkrk kh
k%"k{kt yk"u Au. (k$k khefu, yk"f"uhku,
Mktkrk"uhku, krkMk "uhku.)
keS kkswyu khkuk "uhk {k, Mku"k, u"zu"z yk"k
"]rkyku kh kt$"k{kt yk"u Au. ku Mkk{kL# heku
yk$hu suLkk kh "uhkLkk kkus kz"kLkku nku# ku #k
kkMkuke "u[Lkkh yk"k Mku"k kqhe kkzLkkh su"e
"[kkkLke #k "Mkq fhu Au. khkuk "uhkLkk
k$k{kt "u[k%"uhku, ykkfkhe sfkk, Mke{k &wfLkku
Mk{k"u& kk# Au.
yk$f $uhku
r$kLk
yk"f"uhku yk"f"uhk yrrLk#{, 1961 nuX
kt$"k{kt yk"u Au. !khke# yk"f"uhk yrrLk#{,
1922 Lku ku ku yk#ku Au. Mktr"kLkLke Mkkk{e
yLkwMkwr[Lke #ke 1 Lke LkkU 82 nuX ku kMkkh
fh"k{kt yk#ku Au. ku{kt $ukeLke yk"f rMk"k#Lke
yk"f kh "uhkLke uk"kE Au. $ukeLke yk"f {kxuLke
{wk yk"f"uhk yrrLk#{Lke S.10(1) {kt &ko"e
Au.
yk$f
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
fw yk$f
yk"f"uhk yrrLk#{Lke S.5(1) Lke[u rLk"kMke Lke
fw #k#k{kt Lke[uLke yk"fLkku Mk{k"u& kk# Au :
!khk{kt {ue yk"k {"kLke {kLkue, yk"k
kuLku !khk{kt kk kE Au yk"k Q!e kE Au,
yk"k
kuLku !khk knkh k kE Au yk"k Q!e kE
Au.
!khk{kt Mkk{kL# rLk"kMke Lk nku# ku"e #kLku
WkhLkk Vk k{ ku {wk kh "uhku u"k{kt yk"&u.
yk$f, kr
yk"f yuxu fhkkkLkk yk"k fhkkk "ke
fkuEfLkk nkk{kt !kirkf heku yk"ke yk"f. yk"f
kkkk{kt ku {krnke Mk{s"kLke sYh Au. yk"fLkwt
Mk yLku yk"fLkku Mk{#, hf{ fhkkkLkk
rLk#tk%{kt {qf"k{kt yk"u #khu fhkkk hf{ {u"u
Au. kuke xkk khk [uf {#kLkwt Mk fhkkkyu [uf
#kt {u#ku nku# ku Mk hnu&u, [uf "xk#kLkku Mk{#
Lkrn.
fhkkkyu {u"e nku"kLke {e eue hf{{kt kr
MkkLku fhue, fhfkkk, fhkkkLke yk"f{kt Mk{kr"
keS #kykuLke yk"f kk# Au (Ss.60 - 64), Lk
Mk{"ue yk"f, {qze hkufk% (Ss.69A, 69),
!r"# rLkr{kt Vkku (S.7(i)), yLku ftkLkeyu [qf"u
rzr"zLz yk"k {kLke euk rzr"zLz (S.2(22)) Lkku
Mk{k"u& kk# Au.
#kLke khVu%{kt u"wt Q!wt fh"k{kt yk"u #khu
yk"f k kE nku"kLkwt fnu"k# Au. {k yk"k
Mku"k ykkeLku WkkLk{kt Vkku ykku #khu #k
yk"f f{k# Au, khtkw k k"k {kxu yk"e yk"f
{u""kLkku nf fhkkk{kt rLkrnk kk# #khu kr kLku
Au.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
{wk yk$f
yk"f"uhk yrrLk#{Lke Ss.10 - 13A {kt fw
yk"fLkku !kk Lk kLkke swe swe yk"fLke #ke
ykke Au. ke &ku{kt ku !khk{kt "uhk{ktke {wk
Au. S.10(1) $ukeLke yk"fLku {wke ykku Au fu{ fu
Mktr"kLk kuLke Aqx ykkkwt Lkke. S.10 Lke keS kuxk
f{ku{kt yL# fkhLke {wkyku Au. Ss.10A,
10AA, 10B yu 10BA {wk "ukkh kuLk, $kMk
yk'kf kuLk, rLkfkMkke Wk{ku yLku Mkku^x"uh
kikurkfe kkfo{kt nku# ku"e fuxef "MkwykuLku {wk
ykku Au.
S.11 nuX Mktkq%o Mk$k"ke yk"k k'{f xMx nuX
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
yk$fLkk Mkh
S.14 nuX, ke yk"fLkwt "keofh% Lke[uLkk kkt[
"ukLk(Ss.15 17)
{fkLkLke r{fk{ktke yk"f (Ss.22 27)
"ukkh yk"k #"Mkk#{ktke LkVku yLku k!
(Ss.28 - 44DA)
{qze{kt k! (Ss.45 55A)
$ukLk
"ukLk Lke #k#k S.17 nuX fhe Au. ku{kt keS
hf{ku{kt hkuS ("uS), "k'kf yk"k kuL&Lk,
ku#wExe, Ve fr{&Lk, yLkwk! yk"k "ukLkLkk
ku LkVku "ukLk yk"k Wkhktk "ukLkLkku Mk{k"u& kk#
Au. yk Mkh nuX yk"f {kxu [qf"Lkkh yLku fhkkk
"[u rLk#kukk-f{o[kheLkk Mkttkt nku"k uEyu. kuke
Mku"kLkku fhkh "ukLk kh E # Au, khtkw Mku"k {kxuLkk
fhkhke "ukLk {kwt Lkke.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
keS fkkk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
{qzekk k&
{qzekk k!Lke k%khe yk"f"uhk yrrLk#{Lke
S.48 Lke[u k%"k{kt yk"u Au. ku s%k"u Au fu {qze
yMf#k{kLke kkee{ktke su k! kk# ku
kkee{ktke {u"ue Mktkq%o f{k{ktke Lke[uLkk $[o
kk fhkkt su f{k yk"u ku:
yk"e kkee {kxu fhuwt $[o;
kkee {kxu MktkkLkLkwt $[o; yLku
{qze yMf#k{kLkwt Mkwkh%k $[o
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
r$kLk
ykkfkhe M"u&e kLkk"xLkk {k khLke sfkk Au.
fuLe# ykkfkhe {kxu "uhkkkk kLkk" WkkLk Au.
ku khkuk "uhku Au, fkh% fu ku Wkkf kh Lkt$kkku
nku"k Akkt, Wkkf "uhkLkku kkus {kLke f{k{kt
"uhkLkku Mk{k"u& fheLku kknf kh kMkkh fhu Au. fuLe#
ykkfkhe fuLe# ykkfkhe yrrLk{#, 1944 {khVk
Lkkt$"k{kt yk"u Au. Mkt( fuLe# ykkfkhe Mkkk{e
yLkwMkwr[Lke #keLke LkkU 84 Lke[u Lkkt$"k{kt yk"u Au.
$uhkkkk kLkk$
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Wkkf
yrrLk#{{kt Wkkf &Lke #"Mkk Lkke, khtkw
ykkfkhe sfkk Wkkf kh Lkkt$"k{kt yk"ke
nku"kke, ku {n"Lke Au. Mkke Mk{s {wsk,
Wkkf yuxu su kkukkLke {uu yk"k !kzu hk$uk
{sqh {khVk yk"k #k {khVk fk{ fhk"u Au. ku
yk{k #kursk Au fu !kzu hk$Lkkh yu {sqh "[u
{krf-Lkkufh yk"k {w# #k yusLxLkku Mktkt
nku"ku uEyu.
WkhLke #ke{kt s%k"u rLk#tk% fMkkuxe Wkhktk
fkuxkuoyu LkVk fMkkuxeLkku k% Wk#kuk f#kuo Au. yk fMkkuxe
Lke[u su LkVku {k%u yu r#kLkwt LkwfMkkLk "uXu ku
Wkkf Au.
Wknh! : ftkLkeyu xkkoELk yLku ykuxhLkuxhLkwt xkkuoykuxhLkuxh kLkk#wt. khtkw kuLku xkkuo-ykuxhLkuxh
khefu kh{kt k"e &fk#wt Lkrn. kuke ku WkkLk Lk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
r$kLk
Lkk%ktfe# yrrLk#{, 1994 {khVk !khk{kt Mku"k
"uhku k$ fh"k{kt yk#ku nkku yLku ku yrrLk#{
nuX ku k"kLkwt [kw Au. Mku"k "uhk Mkkku fk{kehe
fh"k yks Mkwe{kt yk r"kLk Lkke.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
$uhkkkk Mku$k
Lkk%ktfe# yrrLk#{, 1994 Lke S.65(105) {kt
#ke{kt s%k"u Mku"kyku s Mku"k "uhkLku kkk Au. yu"wt
rLk#k fhu Au fu r"r" "Mkwyku Mktkt{kt kqhe kkzue
fu kqhe kkz"k{kt yk"Lkkh Mku"kyku kh !khk{kt "uhku
u"k{kt yk"u Au.
Mkwr{ fkuxuo iMagic Creative v. C. C. T., (2008) 2
SCC 614 {kt Xhk#wt Au fu "u[k% "uhku yLku Mku"k
"uhkuLke [wf"%e khMkh yLkL# Au. u"zu"z kh Mku"k
"uhku [wf""k{ktt yk"u, ku ku s u"z u"z kh "u[k%
"uhku Lkk$e &fk# Lkrn. ku{ Akkt, (%e u"zu"z,
$kMk fheLku Lkk%kfe# kxk, !kzk $hee yLku fuxkf
Mkku^x"uhLkk fLxkx kh "u[k%"uhk yLku Mku"k "uhk ktLku
Lkkt$"kLkwt [kwt Au.
Mke{k&w f (fMx{ zw z e)
r$kLk
Mke{k&wf {kLke yk#kk kh Lkt$kke xurhV yk"k
"uhku Au. ykkfkhe kkkk{kt "uhku {k kh Lkt$kkku
Lkke, k% yk#kkLke "]rk kh Lkt$k# Au. Mke{k&wf
yrrLk#{, 1962, Mkkku "kt[kk Mke{k&wf xurhV
yrrLk#{ 1975 yL"#u, Mke{k&wf Lkkt$"k{kt yk"u
Au.
Mke{k"wfLkk fkh
!khk{kt Lkt$kkk Mke{k&wfLkk fkh Lke[u {wsk Au:
{q&qk Mke{k"wf : Mke{k&wf yrrLk#{Lke
S.12 nuX {q!qk heku Mke{k&wf Lkkt$"kkkk
Au. Mkk{kL# heku ku f{k {k%u Lkkt$"k{kt yk"u
Au. fuxkf kLkk"ku{kt, Mke{k&wf rfkukk{ eX
ykxk Yrk#k kh rLk#k fh"k{kt yk"u Au.
$khkLkwt Mke{k"wf : !khk{kt yk#kk k#ue
fkuEk% "Mkw kh "khk{kt Mke{k&wf xuheV
yrrLk#{Lke S.3(3) nuX ku Mk{# kqhke
{kLkwt {q#ktfLk
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
$u[k!
"u[k%"uhkLkk nukw {kxu "u[k% Lkku {k yrrLk#{,
1930 {kt Mk{#k {wsk s Au. kuLke #k#k S. 2(g)
{kt ykke Au. yLku ku{kt fuxef $kMk &hkku Au.
Mktr"kLkLke A. 366(29-A) Lke[u {kLke euwt
"u[k% Au. {kLke euk "u[k%{kt Vhrs#kk
"u[k%, !kzk $hee, "u[k%,{kLkku Wk#kuk fh"k
nfLke kkee, fk{Lkk fhkh "kuhuLkku Mk{k"u& kk#
Au.
yktkhhkxe# $u[k!
r$kLk
"u [ k%"u h ku
$uhkkkk kLkk$
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkU :...........................................................................
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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
(teaching)
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
rh#kE fk#ku
rh#kE fk#ku #"Mkk fh"kLkku k{ MkV #Lk
rh#kE fk#k ytku Mkt#wk hkxMkt( (UN) Lkku 1958
Lkku fhkh nkku, khtkw fk#kLkk $qk {n"Lkk kkMkkt
n"u rh#kE fk#k ytkuLkk Mkt#wk hkxMkt(Lkk fhkh
(the UNCLOS), 1982 {kt &ko#k Au. yk
fk#ku Mktr yLku Mkeykuke r"fMku YZekk yLku
Mkkrkk yk"k W!"kk YrZkk yktkhhkxe#
fk#kLkwt r{% Au. 1958Lkk fhkhLkk kkfkhku nku#
ku"k u&ku {kxu, Mkt#wk hkxMkt(Lkku rh#kE fk#k
ytkuLkku fhkh kuLkk ku Au. (%k$hk yk fhkh
yktkhhkxe# ykktf$k
ykktf"k ytkuLkku yktkhhkxe# fk#ku nS Mkkfkh
k"kLke r#k{kt Au. k$k khefu Mkt#wk hkxMkt(Lkk
yLku knwkk~"eo# yLku kur&f fhkh ykktf"kLku
kkk swk swk &ku n fh"k #Lk fhu Au. ku{
Akkt, yktkhhkxe# MktktLkk u&ku yLku ke
$ukzeyku ykktf"kLke Mkk"orkf heku Mkt{k yLku
fk#uMkh ktLkfkko #k#k Mkkrkk fhe &#k Lkke.
sLkh yuMkuBkeyu ykLkk"uk ykktf"k khLkk ku
{w# fhkh yk Au : ykktf"keykuLkk kkuutk{khkLkk
{Lk {kxuLkku yktkhhkxe# fhkh (1997), yLku y%w
ykktf"kLkk f]#ku zk{"k ytkuLkku yktkhhkxe# fhkh
(2005).
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
Mkk{ke krhk
Mkk{ke krhk{kt 15 Mk#ku nku# Au. ku{kt kkt[
fk#{e nku# Au. Mk rkLk-fk#{e Mk#ku ku "ko Mku"k
ykku Au. ku{ktLkk kkt[ Mk#kuLku h "kuo sLkh
yuMkuBke [qtxu Au. yk Mk Mk#ku kkkkh Mkkku{kt
Mku"k ykke Lk &fu.
sLkh yuMkuBkeke r" Mkk{ke krhkLkk huf
Mk#Lku yuf {k nku# Au. fk#okrkr"k#f kkkkkuLkku
Lk" yk"k "w Mk#kuLkk nfkhk{f {kke rLk%o# kk#
Au. A.27(2), UN Charter r"xkuLkku Wk#kuk fhe
&fk# Lkrn. fku# fk#{e Mk#kuyu r"xku Lk "kk#kuo nku#
kku keS ke kkkkku khLkk rLk%o# Lk" yk"k "khu
Mk#kuLkk nfkhk{f {kke kk# Au. A.27(3), UN
Charter ke r" fk#{e Mk# {kkLk{kt kxMk hnu
yk"k kuhnksh hnu kuLku r"xku khefu k%e &fk#
Lkrn. Mkk{ke krhkLke kk 1946 ke Mkn{ke
ykkkk &#kukLkwt Vk "ktku Lk ukk khefu
yko(xLk fh"kLkwt Au.
Mkt#wk hkxMkt(Lkk yrfkhkkLke A.24 Mkk{keLke
krhkLku yktkhhkxe# &ktrk yu Mkk{keLkk
rLk!k""kLke kkr{f s"kkkhe ykku Au. Mkk{ke
krhkLku Mkt#wk hkxMkt(Lkk kk Mk#ku kh fk#uMkh
ktLkfkko kkk k"kLke Mkkk krhkLkk (%k$hk
Xhk"ku{kt Vk !k{%ku nku# Au yLku kuLku ykik[krhf
heku fh%- VI Xhk"ku khefu Wu$ fh"k{kt yk"u
Au, fu{ fu Mkt#wk hkxMkt(Lkk yrfkhkkLkk fh%
nuX fhuk Xhk" ktLkfkko Lkke. kuLke r"{kt
fh% VII yk"k VIII nuXLkk Xhk"ku kur&f
{tzkuLku y{Lke fk{kehe fh"k yrf]k fhu Au yLku
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
LkkU :...........................................................................
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2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.
kukku :
huELk{kfo kukku :
Vu-3.
ytuhe ("uMx)
Lk"e rne.
{wtkR - 400053.
!khk.
!khk.
info@barcouncilof-india.org
info@rainmaker@co.in
www. barcouncilof-india.org
www.rainmaker.co.in
2010 kkh fkWLMke ykuV ELz#k kke{ yLku !hke $kLkke e{exuz kk nku yLkk{k. yk kwMkfLkk fkuE k% rkLk yrf]k Wk#kuk fu kwLk:
fk&Lk yu k{k{ r"kLke yLku Vkuskhe Wkk#kuLku ykeLk hnu&u.