Introduction to Sanskrit THomas EcENEs PART ONE MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED ¢ DELHIot Indian Ein Del, 1994 Send Ree ison: DD, 1996 ‘Thee Eton: Des, 2003 Pblhed: Cabri, 1989 ‘© THOMAS EGENES {All Rights Reserved ISON; a1g09.11402 i oni MOTILAL BANARSIDASS «Sih Seams a ae Ne aaa, Benseasl tte, et ‘Say lag, 1302 Ba Rap Road, Pune 411 O02 ee tan ‘Goris reel Sener {0% SALE JN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA ONLY By JAINENDRA PRAKASH JIN AT SHR JAINENDRA PRESS, “hs NARAINA PAASE, NE ELE 110028 AND PUBLISHED BY NARENDIA PRAKASH [IN FOR. [MOTILAL BANASIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED,CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION xi LESSON ONE 1 Alphabet: ‘The vowels in roman script 2 ‘The first six vowels in devanaigart 4 Grammar: How a verb is formed 5 ‘The singular ending for verbs 5 ‘Vocabulary: The verbs Vgam and Yprach 6 ‘The word for “and” 6 How to write simple sentences 6 LESSON TWO 8 Alphabet: Most of the consonants and how they are organized 9 ‘The last seven vowels in devandgari 12 Grammar: Verbs in the dual 13 Vocabulary: More verbs 14 ‘The word for “where” 4 LESSON THREE 18 Alphabet! ‘The remaining letters in roman script 19 ‘The first ten consonants in devanagari 23 Grammar; The plural 4 ‘The grammatical terms to deseribe a verb 25 ‘Accent 27 Vocabulary: More verbs 28CONTENTS LESSON FOURTEEN Alphabet: The sandhi rules for final Grammar: Verb prefixes and the imperfect active Vocabulary: More verbs LESSON FIFTEEN Alphabet: Grammar: Vocabulary: ‘The sandhi rules for final m More verb prefixes ‘The imperfect middle More verbs. LESSON SIXTEEN Alphabet: The sandhi rules for final n Grammar: Nouns in an ‘The imperfect for Vas The dvandva compound 210 Vocabulary: Nouns in an, more adjectives LESSON SEVENTEEN Alphabet: The sandhi rules for final t Grammar: Nouns ending in r, the future tense Vocabulary: Nouns in r LESSON EIGHTEEN Alphabe: Grammar: Vocabulary: All remaining sandhi rules Nouns in w ‘The karmadharaya and tatpuruga, compound Summary of compounds Nouns in u, more adjectives 181 182 188 191 195 196 197 199 204 205 208 210 214 217 218 220 224 228 229 232 233 235 238LESSON ONE Alphabet Grammar: Votabulary: ‘The vowels in roman script The first six vowels in devandigari How a verb is formed ‘The singular ending for verbs ‘The verbs Vgam and ¥prach The word for “and” How to write simple sentencesALPHABET: VOWELS LESSON ONE In Sanskrit, each letter represents one and only one sound (varna). In English, the leter “a” may indicate many sounds, but not so in ‘Sanskrit. The alphabet is systematically arranged according to the structure of the mouth. . There are two basic divisions to the alphabet: a. Vowels vara, or sounded) b. Consonants (vyafijana, or manifesting) . Vowels can be either short (hrasva) or long (dirgha). Short ‘vowels are held for one count (mitra), and long vowels are held for two counts, Some vowels are called simple (6uddha), and some are called complex (samyukta).. SHORT LONG Simple a a i i u a t F 1 LONG LONG Complexe ai ° au |. In Vedic Sanskrit, but rarely in Classical Sanskcit, there are also vowels held for three counts, called pluta, which are marked in ‘devandigari and roman script by the short vowel followed by the ‘numeral 3. Forexample: a3, or a times 3. You may also see it marked with a long vowel: 43. Panini (1.2.27) compares the three ‘counts to the calling of a rooster: u @ u3.LESSON ONE 5. Heres the pronunciation of the vowels: like the “a” in i like the “ea” in T like the “ee” in Tike the “u” in like the “oo” in like the “ri” in like the “ri” in like the “Iry” in like the “a” in like the-“ai" in © like the “o” in ‘au like the “ou” in like the first‘“a” in America father river (usually not rolled) reed jewelry gate aisle pole Joud 6. The lines and dots are called “diacritics,” or “diacrtical marks.” ‘They are used because the Sanskrit alphabet has more letters than. the English alphabet. Diacritics are combined with roman letters to represent new sounds. 7. Avowel by itself, or a consonant or group of consonants followed bya vowel, is called a syllable (akgara).LESSON ONE, 8, Sanskrit is written in the devaniigai e word devandgari cript means the “city (ndgarl) of immortals (deva).” There are no capital letters. 9, The ideal way to Lear the script will be to memorize approximately one letter each day, writing it 20 times or so, and putting it on a Mash card (devandigari on the front and roman on the back). Continue to practice regularly with your flash cards throughout the course, Practice for small amounts of time, several times a day. 10. Here are six vowels in devandigarl, The small numbers inside each letter indicate the order in drawing the various parts of the letter. In general, write left co right, top to bottom, writing the bar last. (Alternate forms for a and & will be learned in Lesson Seven.) zs ‘Ss ohLESSON ONE GRAMMAR: VERBS ‘Sanskrit roots are divided into ten classes (gana) in order to form the present stem. We will study the four classes whose stems end ina, The root (dhatu), written with V before it, forms a stem (aiuga), and the stem adds an ending (tii) to form a verb (tifanta). Root Veam go Stem gaccha g0 Verb gacchati_ —_he, she, or it goes. ni wat Stem + Ending (ti) . Verbs are in three persons (purusa): third (prathama, or first), second (madhyama, or middle), and first (uttama, or last). (Students in the West have learned these upside down.) Third person he, she, or it Second person you First person I . The stem stays the same, but the ending changes for each person. ‘This form is called the present indicative, because itis in the present tense, and it indicates. It is singular (eka-vacana).. Third person gacchati she goes, he goes (gaceha + ti) Second person _gacchasi you go (gaccha + si) First person gacchimi Igo (gaccha + a+ mi)VOCABULARY 1 LESSON ONE Here is the vocabulary in Sanskrit and in English. Bach verb appears in its root form, followed by the third person singular form. The stem can be found by removing the endings. SANSKRIT ENGLISH gam (root) gacchati (3rd per. sing.) he goes, she goes a (indeclinable*) and (placed after the last werd of the seties, or after each word) (never first in a sentence or clause! \prach (root) prechati (3rd per. sing.) he asks, she asks Some words do not have endings, and so are called “indeclinable” (avyaya). Included as indeclinables are: prepositions, adverbs, particles, conjunctions (like ea), and interjections. A few nouns (ike svasti) are also treated as indeclinables. Here are some sample sentences: gacchami Igo. (or) 1am going. prechati gacchimi ca He asks and I go. prechati ca gacchimi ca He asks and I go. gacchasi ca prechasi ca You go and you ask. (or) You go and ask.LESSON ONE EXERCISES 6. ‘Memorize the vowels and their order in roman script. Lea to pronounce them correctly. ‘Leam to write and recognize the first six vowels in devandigari. ‘Memorize the forms for the first, second, and third person singular verbs in the present indicative, Memorize the vocabulary. ‘Translate the following sentences into English. Pronounce each sentence several times out loud, both before and after translating. Compare with the correct answers given on page 242. a. prechasicagacchatica _¢,_prechati prechiimica b. gacchimi prechiimica f._gacchasi ca gacchati ca . prechaticagacchatica g._prechimi gacchasi ca 4. gacchasi prechimica _h._prechatica gacchimi ca ‘Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit: a. Tgoand Task. fe. You ask. b. You ask and he goes. f. Lask and you go. c. He asks and you go. 8. Tgoand you go 4d. He goes and asks. hh, He goes and you go.LESSON TWO Alphabet: Most of the consonants and how they are organized ‘The last seven vowels in devanagart Grammar: Verbs in the dual Vocabulary: More verbs ‘The word for “where”LESSON TWO 9 ALPHABET: 1. The first 25 consonants, called stops (sparsa) are arranged CONSONANTS according to five points of articulation (sthana): . ‘Teeth dantay Roof (mvirdhan) Palate (tal) Lips (osth ‘Throat (kantha) 2. Here are the five sets (varga), arranged according to point of articulation. For example, all the consonants in the velar row (ka vvarga), are pronounced in the throat. The labial row is pronounced at the lips. The a is added for the sake of pronunciation. Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Sth Velar (kanthya) ka kha ga gh fta Palatal (talavya) ca cha ja, jha ia Retroflex(mirdhanya) fa tha. = das dha Dental (dantya) ta tha = das dha. na Labial (osthya) pa phasbasbhaSsmas uo mou Aspirated Aspirated Nasal10 LESSON TWO Each set of English letters represents one Sanskrit sound. For ‘example, gh is one sound. It is the aspirated, voiced velar. ‘The sound ka is called kakira (“ka” maker). The sound ga is called gakiira (“ga” maker), and so on. The only exception is that raisnot called rakiira, but just ra or repha, “snarl.” (In the next lesson we will lear ra.) . Each row is divided into five sounds: the first (prathama), the second (dvitiya), the third (trtlya), the fourth (caturtha), and the fifth (paficama). For example, ka, ca, ta, ta, and pa are all first in their rows. ‘Some sounds are aspirated (mahi-prlina)—more breath is used in pronouncing these sounds. Some are unaspirated (alpa-praina). Some are voiced (ghosavat)—the vocal chords are used in pronouncing these sounds. Some are unvoiced (aghosa). The fi, fi, ‘n,n, and m are called nasals (anuniisika). . Here is how the consonants are pronounced: Kk Tikethe kin skate keh Tike the “kh” in bunkhouse 2 likethe“g"in go gh likethe “gh” in loghouse fA likethe“n” in sing ¢ likethe“c”in cello ch like the“ch” in charm (using more breath) 5 likethe'j”in just gh like the" in just (using more breath) fi likethe“n"in enjoyableLESSON TWO 8. fh like the ‘tin @ like the “d” in dh like the “dh” in like the “nin n stable (for this group the tongue is touching the hard palate, as in the diagram on page 9.) table (using more breath) dynamic redhead (using more breath) gentle In English, we normally pronounce “t” and “d” somewhere between these two groups (retroflex and dental). like the “t" in th like the “t” in dike the “a” in dh like the “dh” in nike the “n” in like the “p” in Ph like the “ph” in b like the “b” in bh like the “bh” in m like the “m” in stable (tongue at base of teeth) table (using breath, tongue at base of teeth) dynamic (tongue at base of teeth) redhead (using breath, tongue at base of teeth) gentle (tongue at base of teeth) spin shepherd beautiful clubhouse mother In Vedic Sanskrit, whenda or dha have vowels on both sides, they may become [a or Jha. The example used is that when white has crimson on both sides, the white changes its color slightly, ‘Therefore, when da has a vowel on both sides, it changes to Ja. For example, agnim ide is found in the Rk SamhitS as agnim fe.9, LESSON TWO Here are the remaining vowels in devandgart: Js Ad a. Tt ay. aLESSON TWO B GRAMMAR: 1, Unlike English, Sanskrit has dual verbs. The dual (dvi-vacana) DUAL VERBS is formed like this: Third person gaechatah those two go (gaceha + tas) Second person gacchathah you two go (gaccha + thas) First person gaechavah ‘we two go (gaccha + a+ vas) ‘We will leam the pronunciation of ft in the next lesson. Note that the ending tas becomes tah when it forms a verb. This change is because sandhi is applied. (See the following page for an introduction to sandhi.) 2. In English, interrogative words usually begin with “wh,” such as where, when, etc, In Sanskrit, interrogative words usually begin with k, The word for “where” is kutra. Its usually placed at the beginning of a sentence. The other words do not need to be rearranged to make a question out of the sentence. For example: kutra gacchati Where is he going? 3. To translate kutra gacchati into English, first write “where” for kutra and then write “he goes” for gacchati Literally it would then be translated as “Where he goes?” However, itis important to form correct English sentences. For “Where he goes?” you must write “Where is he going?” or “Where does he go?”“ VOCABULARY SANDHI LESSON TWO SANSKRIT ENGLISH kutra (indectinable) where Vbhii (root) bhavati (3rd per. sing.) _he is, he becomes (you are, Iam) ‘vas (root) vasati (3rd per. sing.) he lives ‘Ysmr (root) smarati (3rd per. sing.) he remembers Before doing the exercises, we will have an introduction to sandhi (samdhi), the rules for how sounds are combined. In English, we say “an apple” but “a pear.” The word “the” is often pronounced differently, depending upon the following word. For example, “the house” and “the other house.” Some sounds are modified according to their phonetic environment. In Sanskrit, many sounds make these same changes, and unlike English, all of these changes are written. The rules for these changes are called sandhi, which means “junction,” “putting together,” or “combination.” Sandhi is now an English word and appears in ‘most English dictionaries. The Sanskrit word is samadhi, ‘The exercises in Lesson 1 are written the same even after sandhi rules have been applied. However, in Lesson 2 the sentences would be written differently if they were to appear in a Sanskrit text, At this point, however, you do not need to learn these rules. Just observe the sentences in parentheses, and notice that these sentences are written slightly differently with sandhi.LESSON TWO. EXERCISES 15 Lear the five sets of consonants, their order, and their pronunciation, Learn to write the last seven vowels in devandgari. Be able to identify each consonantby its classification, For example, the aspirated, voiced palatal is jha ‘Lear the dual endings for verbs. Lear the vocabulary. Translate these sentences, using the summary sheet on page 17. Just observe the sentences in parentheses with sandhi, (See page 14.) Answers are given on pages 243 and 244, a. kutra vasivah (kutra vasivah) b. bhavasi ca bhavavah ca (bhavasi ca bhavivas ca) ¢. vasami smaratah ca (vastimi smaratas ca) 4. prechathah ca smarati ca (prechathas ca smarati ca) e. kutra gacchavah (kutra gacchavah) £. kutra bhavami (kutra bhavami) g. kutra gacchdmi (kutra gacchami)16 LESSONTWO h. prechimi ca smarati ca (prechami ca smarati ca) i, vasasi ca gacchavah ca (vasasi ca gacchivas ca) i. kutra gacchasi (kutra gacchasi) 9. Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit: a. Where are you two going? b. Tlive and those two live. -- We two ask and those two remember. 4d, You go and he goes. e. Where am I going? f, Tam and you two are. g. Where are you? (Use the singular.) hh, Where is he going?LESSON TWO ” SUMMARY Third ——-gacchati gacchatah SHEET (he, she goes) (they two go) Second —_gacchasi gacchathah (you go) (you two go) First gacehmi-—_gacchiivah (go) (we two go) Lo Dual VERBS Ygam ——gacchati he goes, she goes Yprach — prechati he asks Ybho —bhavati heis vas vasati helives Vsmr ‘smarati he remembers INDECLINABLES kutra where ca and :LESSON THREE, LESSON THREE Alphabet: The remaining letters in roman script The first ten consonants in devandigari Grammar: ‘The plural The grammatical terms to describe a verb ‘Accent Vocabulary: More verbsLESSON THREE ALPHABET: THE REMAINING LETTERS 19 |. The previous consonants are sometimes referred to as “stops,” because they stop the flow of air. They are formed by “complete contact” (sprsta). The remaining letters are consonants, but they allow more flow of air. . There are four consonants, formed by “slight contact” isat-sprsta), called semi-vowels. They ate voiced, but not aspirated: They are considered to be between vowels and consonants, and so are called antahstha, or “in-between”: ya, ra, la, va }. The sibilants are formed by “half contact” (ardha-sprsta). They are aspirated, but not voiced. They are called figman, or “heated”: Sa, $a, sa . The aspirate (voiced, but sometimes classified as a sibilant) is: ha Here is how these sounds are pronounced: like they” in yes like the“r’ in red like the “l" in law like the “V" in victory (but closer to a “w") . WAT Aes Hay Aalst amt: (amrtam anasya phalam bhavat inasya phalam bhavati)ih Sastre pathanti balah Sastre pathanti) a WaT aT: Taararars: Perea aefe | amtasya putrah bhavathety ci isydin vadati (amptasya putrd bhavathety dedryah Sigyan vadati) © RAG Brava: WET SRT A katham (katham tresu Satyam p: tresu Satyam pasydmiti rimo vadati)LESSON EIGHT e. SA OOM ary vada are: Ga kutra siktanam jfainam bhavatiti virah putram prechati (kutra saktandim jédinam bhava prechati) » TO: Wea YEH Talat | nrpab baldya pustakam pathati (orpo balaya pustakam pathati) virah puteam 6. Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit, First write them without sandhi, then with (vowel) sandhi, and finally in devanag 4. The elephant is not the king of the forest. b. How do you see the moon’? ¢. Raima thinks that he sees the deer. 4. The fruit isin the hands of the boy. €. How does the king live without Rama? f. Rama is the king.98 7 LESSON EIGHT g. The king is Rama. h, The hero lives in the village of the immortals. Translate the following sentences into English. First write in roman script, then take out the sandhi, and finally write in English: a way ase feat ae: Toy ovata (ea wae faa ae 7G aaa 1) ». Fray ara: gery wate t (Rrarmrarc: ger wate 1) c WaT at Gents sardifa aver: dre aaha (a at wants saxdfe aret até acter 1 a. Ot: at cata wat: a ot aafa 1 (ait aa vata waa ot cafe 1) (When a phrase or clause is joined by ea, it usually takes the second position. See p. 28.) eo WA gees sada: afar (art Gere vadtarerat aefa 1)LESSON EIGHT Weed fat fee: arg ea (Geteea Fart feet art arf) s. WT Ba Ti we nesahia Ga: Geoha | (UH a Fite ae weoehhe Ga: TeoFe 1) no WE ATA GEHL Tata | CR aaa Were Tae 1) . Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit. Translate, put in the vowel sandhi, and write in devanagari a. Where do you read the knowledge of immortality? b, How does Rima go to the forest without the horses? c. “The hymns are in the book,” the teacher tells the students. 4, Rama sees the truth and speaks the truth, “T.see the sun and the moon,” says the son of the king. f. Without knowledge, there are no teachers or students. g. The hero speaks to the boys about immortality. h. The horses, elephants, and boys come from the village.LESSON EIGHT 9, Transtiverate the following: 1 Ore 2 1 3. Fee 4, Wee 5. Wat 6. Arar 1. Ta 8. Wat 9, Tae 10, WERT n.aepet 2. 13 TRIS 14. Wate 15, eT 16, FRAT 17. TATA 18, WATT 19, aT 20. TK 22, VAT 23. Fart 24. ectLESSON EIGHT SUMMARY SHEET VERBS ‘Third gacchati gacchatah (he, she goes) (they two go) Second gacchasi First a+ Vgam gam Veint ‘path pas (drs) \prach Vbhi vad vas \stha \smr (you go) gacchaimi (go) Singular Agacchati gacchati cintayati pathati pasyati prechati Dhayati vadati vasati tisthati smarati gacchathah (you two go) gacchavah (wwe two go) Lo Dual he comes he goes he thinks he reads he sees he asks heis he speaks, he says he lives he stands he remembers 101 gacehanti (they all go) gacchatha (youall go) gacchamah (we all go) D ' Plural102 LESSONEIGHT MASCULINE NOU! Nom. | narah narau narah (subject) | i Ace, | maram — narau naran (object) 1 ‘ Inst. 1 narena* narabhyam naraih (with) 1 1 Da. 1 narabhyam narebhyah (or) i Abl | narat —narabhyam narebhyah (from) | i Gen, | narasya narayoh —naranim* (of.’s) | I Loc. | mare narayoh nares (in, on) | | Voc. | nara narau narah OL Singular Dual rural *gajena, gajandim (See page 46.) asvah horse rama Rama acaryah teacher virah hero gajah elephant Sisyah student gramah village siryah sun candrah moon hastah hand narah rman nrpah king putrah son balah boy mrgah deerTRSSON EIGHT NEUTER NOUNS Nom. | phalam (subjecd | \ ‘Ace, 1 phalam (object) | \ Inst. 1 phalena* Gwith) ! Dat, | phataya (fo) 1 \ Abl | phalat rom) 1 \ Gen, | phalasya (of’s) I 1 Loc. | phale (in,on) 1 1 Voc. | phala ©) 4 Singular "Sst NEUTER NOUNS (given in nominative form) amrtam immortality jiinam knowledge pustakam book phalam fruit vanam forest Sistram scripture satyam truth siktam hymn 103 phale phalani* phale phalani* phalabhyam phalaih phalabhyam phalebhyab phalabhyam phalebhyah phalayoh —_phalindm* phalayoh —_phalesu phale phalini* Dual Plural Sstrena, Sstranam INDECLINABLES atra here ith end of quote katham how (used like kutra) kutra where ca and tatra there na not “a or vind without saha with108 LESSON EIGHT ‘THE MONKEY AND ‘Translate the following, using the vocabulary on the next THE CROCODILE page. Words not given you should already know. 1, Wa Tava erie: vate | (wa Travat Beit sae 1) 2 ae: ae aaa | (ares arate 1) 3. ane: weft eeinra Pferafe (ame: wenht erie Prfeater 1) 4 Sra: wat raha | (ean: weanht arefet 1) s. Wat areed eeay geohe | carat ares exaftrest 1)LESSON EIGHT VOCABULARY (IN ORDER OF APPEARANCE) os rea at Tada are: safe 1 (wea Fa sada ara aefe 1 wad ceay areadift are: aha | cwRreged areahit art seit 1) war erie: ara: a AA fred: 1 (ea Bett area fx freA: |) gariga (fem. noun) Ganges. This follows the feminine declension for long a. The locative is gaitgayam, “in the Ganges. kumbhirah (mas. noun) crocodile vanarah (mas. noun) monkey tatah (mas. noun) bank (of the river) niksipati: (rd per. sing. verb) he throws down Khadati (3rd per. sing. verb) he eats bharya (fem. noun) wife. This, again, follows the feminine declension for long &. The stem, as well as the nominative, is bharya.106 LESSONEIGHT hrdayam (neuter noun) heart. The Fis written next tothe h, (See Lesson 6, page 57.) Jechati (3rd per. sing. verb) she wants (10 eat) vrksah (mas, noun) tree |. kah (mas, pronoun) who cit (ind.) (makes kab indefinite) kageit someone corayati (3rd per. sing, verb) he steals ..evam (ind.) therefore mitram (neuter noun) friend (Here itis used in the nom, dual.) tisthati Grd per. sing. verb) he remains, or stands as (Here used in the dual.) (The story will become more clear when itis studied in detail in Lesson 11.)LESSON NINE Aphabet: ‘The sandhi rules for final h Grammar; ‘The middle voice and “have” Vocabulary: Verbs in the middle voice108 ALPHABET: SANDHI RULES FOR FINAL bh LESSON NINE ‘The following chart describes the changes that take place when the first word ends in b (which was originally s). There are three categories: al, ab, and h preceded by any other vowel. FINAL LETTERS OF FIRST WORD Any vowel r INITIAL Any vowel h LETTER OF (exceptah and ah) ah ah SECOND WORD vowels (a) rol a 10 ggh re er Vib rol a 10 aah root a) dah (b) roi a 1 0 bibh rol a |e nasals (n/m) rota lo yw ce r roi a to 1 roi @ 1 0 h hot ah kkh sl i as eich s | 1 as th sol 1 as uth hood | ah piph ©) hot | ah ‘ hot | ah sis hot i ah end of line (1) The h disappears, and if i or u precedes, it becomes i or The F disappers, and ifa, §, or w precedes, it becomes &, (2) Except that ah + 0? Forexample: UH: . wa = TAIT mo "tra, ral + ate:LESSON NINE 109 2. I the first word ends in ab, then use the third column, If the first word ends in ah, then use the middle column. If the first ‘word ends in any other vowel before the h or any vowel before the r (including ar or Sr), then use the first column, Here are some examples: Withousandhi With sanal we: Testt TH Teeter ramah gacchati ramo gacchati ant: Treaster dna tester virah gacchat vird gacchanti we: wate we: water ramah pasyati imah pasyati an: water att: aeater virah pasyanti virah pasyanti Additional examples are given on pages 183-187. |. Final s should be treated as h. For example, ramas follows the same rules as ramab. Either would become ramo before gacchati ‘After these sandhi rules have been applied, ifthe first word ends ina vowel (including b). then there is @ break between words in devandigari, For now, words that do not follow the sandhi rules presented in Lessons 8 and 9 should be kept separate.0 LESSON NINE Jn this text, when writing in roman script, words are usually the sandhi change is a result of two vowels joining together, such as bhavairjuna. For example: separated, une Withoutsandhi Withsandhi uw: Faarafa wafasate rimab cintayati ima cintayati wm: fasta watersia raimah tisthati amas tisthati gacchat Ta AT bhava arjuna bhavarjuna Notice that the chat is divided into three groups on the rights (a), (b), and (c). These three groups are determined by the first letter of the second word. The groups are: (a) Vowels (b) Voiced consonants (©) Unvoiced consonants (The end of the line is considered to be unvoiced.)LESSON NINE Mm 7. The following chart (described in more detail in Lesson 14) puts the sandhi changes into these three groups. It gives the same information as the first chart, but in a more conceptual form, so that later on it will be easier to memorize. Each group represents the first leter of the second word: h ka kha | ga gha fa s ca cha | ja ha fia 5 fa tha | da dha s ta tha | da dhaona h pa pha | ba bha_—sma fya ora la va ho fa sa sat ha h ——_endofliine ! (©) Unvoiced consonant (b) Voiced consonant (@) If the second word begins in a vowel: ah becomes a (except ah +a = Ah becomes 4 vowel h becomes r (b) If the first letter of the second word is @ voiced consonant: ‘ah becomes 0 Bh becomes & vowel h becomes r (except before a word beginning in r) (©) If the first letter of the second word is an unvoiced consonant, the h changes to the letter in the far left column,na GRAMMAR: MIDDLE VERBS “HAVE” Now we will learn the middle endings (fitmanepada). For the middle voice, the fruit of action is said to go to the agent (Gt man). For the active voice, the fruit of action goes to someone else (para). Many verbs usually take active endings, many usually take middle endings and some verbs take both endings. Here is the formation of the middle verb ¥ bhas (to speak): Third bhasate bhasete bhasante Second bh bhagethe bhasadhve First bhase bhasavahe ——-bhasmahe L Le ow 1 Singular Dual Plural Note that the present middle endings are listed on p. 316. Although most of the verbs we have learned (before V bhi) are usually seen with active endings, they occasionally take middle endings also (in situations where the fruit of action goes more to the agent). One verb, Veint, regularly takes both aetive and middle endings, and so is classified as ubhayapada. (See p. 25.) Verbs that regulary take both endings will be listed like this: cintayati -te, |. There is no verb for “have” in Sanskrit. “Have” is formed with the genitive and Vbha, Forexample: dea at waft virasya putro bhavati Of the hero a son is. (becomes) The hero has a son.LESSON NINE 3 VOCABULARY SANSKRIT ENGLISH wa only, ever TET grham(n.) house AA jatam (a) water fr (active) jayati he conquers SAA dubkham* (n.) suffering aT \ bh (middle) bhasate he speaks wT man (middle) manyate —_he thinks a Vlabh (middle) labhate he obtains TSA sukham (n.) happiness a sev (middle) sevate he serves *When the ht occurs in the middle of a word, itis pronounced as a breath of air,na LESSON NINE EXERCISES 1. Putin the correct sandiny tor ine soliowing phrases a WH: eats WE att ». Tat: Teer, aT: ERT « A ames: 2. Ua: water a, Freq: at a, Wa: aah 2. Take out thesandhi in the following phrases: a TT eet War Bratt >. Barres 1 Wh: Waa « Waza 2. ae 6. Tata: h, wean, 3. Translate the follow iences into English. Take out the sandhi (for vowels and final h), and then translate: a ae are waft virasya balo bhavati (area areit staf 1LESSON NINE, ns . Fa aes ary sat | sukham jagnasya phalam bhavati (qa area Fa Taft 1) . Brean yer wart areata aT | Sisy grhat jalam dcaryaya labhante (Rren yersaenrarata eat 1) . Ure Fara teardifa det aefe 1 rimas tatra jaliya gacchatiti viro vadati (THETA Fars Tread aAret eke |) fara array Ba Sisya Scdryam sevate (fara arard Fae 1) Rear ary wraraid, Tart | Sisyl jiinam Scaryat labhante (Perea arrararatcerst 1)16 LESSON NINE . UT PAY Fa TAA | rama katham dubkham jayasi (UT Bs Seat TAR 1) . Oat yer TIT Teka | putro grhat nrpasyasvesu gacchati (at Terrenay Teste |) i, WaT geet way sada Reva amrtam sukhasya phalam bhavatiti cintayate (aat Faer wet sada Reaae j. Seat arrest Gera Rreara weft Acaryo jfanasya pustakam Sisyaya pathati (areal aeret Gere fereara wef |) |. Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit. First write in roman, then devaniigari, and then write again with the (vowel and final h) sandhi: a. The water is in Rama's hands. b. The boy reads the book.LESSON NINE nT ‘The hero stands ever in the house of the king. ‘The boys obtain the fruits from the forest. “You conquer suffering with knowledge,” the teacher says. From the fruit the boy obtains water. (Use singular for “fruit.”) “[ see ruth in the sun and the moon,” says Rama, Without knowledge there is suffering. “Tdo not come from the village,” the king's son says. ‘The hero and the boy live in the forest.SUMMARY SHE! Third First nd gaceh: gacehati (he, she goes) (you go) gacehami Ugo) Singular LESSON NINE gacchatah ——gacchanti (hey nwo go) (they all go) gacchathah —_gacchatha (you two go) (youall go) gacchavah —gacchimah (we two go) (well go) Lo , Dual Plural VERBS PRIMARILY TAKING ACTIVE ENDINGS (parasmaipada a+ Ygam Ygam Vii ‘path pas (Vdrs) \prach bhai Yad vas Ystha Ysmr agacchati ga jayati pathati pasyati prechati bhavati vadati vasati (isth smarati he comes he goes he conquers he reads he sees he asks he is he speaks, he says he lives he stands he remembers1 ESCON NINE 9 Third —-hasate —_hasete bhasante (he speaks) (they two speak) (they all speak) Second bhasase bhisethe bhasadhve (you speak) (you two speak) (you al speak) First hase bhasavahe —_bhasimahe (speak) (we two speak) (we all speak) t a) Plural Singular VERBS PRIMARILY TAKING MIDDLE ENDINGS @tmanepada) bbs haste he speaks Vman manyate he thinks Viabh labhate he obtains sev sevate he serves VERB REGULARLY TAKING BOTH ENDINGS (ubhayapada) YVeint cintayati-te he thinks120 MASCULINE NOUNS asvah Scdryah gajah grimah candrah narah nrpah putrah balah mrgah rimah Nom. (subject) | Ace. (object) Inst (with) Dat (for) ADI. (Grom) Gen. (of, 's) Loe, (in, on) Voc. (O) horse teacher elephant Village ‘moon man king son boy deer Rama 1 t 1 1 1 i 1 i i i I 1 1 1 t 1 i \ LESSON NINE narah — narau narah naram —narau naran narena* narabhyim naraih naraya narabhyam narebhyah naratnarabhyim narebhyah narasya narayoh —naranam* hare —narayoh —naresu nara narau narah Singular Dual Plural *gajena, gajanam (See page 46.) virah hero. student siryah sun hastah handLESSON NINE phale phale phalabhyam phalabhyam phalabhyaim phalayoh phalayoh phale Dual 11 phalani* phalani* phalaih, phalebhyah phalebhyah phalanam* phalesu phalani* Plural *Sastrani, Sastrena, Sastranim Nom. | phalam (subject) | i Acc, | phalam (object) | 1 Inst, | phalena* (with) 1 i Dat | phalaya (for) | i Abl | phalat (Grom) 1 1 Gen, | phalasya (f,’s) | 1 Loc. | phale (in, on) | I Voc. | phal oO | Singular amrtam immortality grham house Jalam water jfanam knowledge duhkham suffering pustakam — book phalam fruit vanam forest Sastram’ scripture satyam = truth sukham happiness sktam = hymn2 LESSON NINE INDECLINABLES atra here iti end of quote only, ever hhow (used like kutra) where and there na not va or without withLESSON NINE RAMAYANA m Translate the following, using the vocabulary given afterward: 1, WaTeaTay, eeeAT aT HT AAT (warearat seat ary TUT eave 1) Teal Aca: Yat TART | (eeraea Aca: Yat Taft 1) 3. UAT Ua Tea TM: MART Tatar 1 (Gar TT TAT SAT: ATTA Tata 1) 4. 7: GE: TR ara wale (UT: GR: SIT aa Tae 1) 5. qar wat ferafe (att wa ferafe 1 6. Tn fafa cats ae Tee I (amt fafa centr ae Tate»)14 VOCABULARY . sitd (Fem.) Sita (The accusative is sit LESSON NINE wa aa: drag wea 1 (aa wm: Arat watt 1) drarany ferencifa wat aefet (atarai Perartife wat afar 11) ayodhyai (fem.) the city of Ayodhya (The locative is noun) DaSaratha, the king of Ayodhya nama (ind,) by name ceatvarah (nom.) four (used as an adjective) bharatah, lakgmanah, Satrughnah names of Rama’ brothers sundara (adjective) beautiful Santa (adjective) peaceful vira surong (here an adjective—strong like a bero) snihyati (3rd per. sing, verb) he loves (used with locative) mithild (fem) city of Mithila (The accusative is, mithilam,) m.) .. The locative of sita is sitayam.LESSON TEN Alphabet Grammar: Vocabulary ‘The remaining sandhi rules Pronouns and adjectives The verb Vas Adjectives and particles126 LESSON TEN ALPHABET: 1. Here is the chart for the sandhi rules for final t, n, and. REMAINING. SANDHI RULES Sepggga8 ch)" INITIAL LETTER OF SECOND WORD: vowels veh Sih dah aah bibh nasals (n/m) yw h K/h clch vith uth p/ph ‘ sis end of line 1. Ifthe vowel before m is short, n becomes nn, 2. The following $ may become eb, 3.7 2 following h becomes dh 4, The following § becomes eh. Examples for this chart can be found on: p. 196 (Vor final m) pps. 205-207 (or final ny pps. 218 and 219 (for final t)LESSON TEN a7 Many of the changes on this chart occur because the last leter of the first word is “getting ready” to say the first letter of the next word. This rule, which often involves a change of voicing, is called “regressive assimilation.” The prior sound is assimitated. . There are a few additional rules, which are used less often. They are discussed in Lesson 18. |. There are no sandhi changes if the first word ends in a vowel (excluding h and m) and the second word begins with a consonant. Atone time the manuscripts didn't have any breaks between ‘words, sentences, or paragraphs in the written script. Fortunately, ‘modem editions have introduced some spaces between words. ‘Words are separated indevaniigari as much as possible without changing how they are written and without adding a virama. Here are the cases that result in a break between words. After the sandhi has been applied, there is a break in the devandgart between words when the first word ends in a vowel, which includes h or m. For example: We: Testa = WAT TeSTT owen wh: yeatt- wa: gests «) Te Treas = Wt TESTA ny rmab gacchati = ramo gacchati (vowel) mah prechati = rimab prechati (}y) ramam gaechami (mn) rimam gacchami If the first word ends in a vowel and the second word begins in a vowel and together they form a new vowel (bhava + arjuna = bhavarjuna), then there can be no break in devandigari or roman script. (See point 10 on page 90.)128 GRAMMAR: PRONOUNS, LESSON TEN Pronouns (sarva-néiman) decline exactly the same way that nouns decline. This table does not give, however, the endings, but the entire first person pronoun (I, we two, we, etc): Stems: mad (singular) I; asmad (plural) we. Both are any gender. Nom WEL ATA aay Lwe aha avi vayam Ace amet art ET: me, us mam (ma) divam (nau) asman (nah) Inst. wrareary, rea: with me, us avabhyam asmabhih Dat mrarary at ere A: for me, us mahyam (me) dvabhyam (nau) asmabhyam (nah) an OW waa from me, us mat avabhyam asmat Gen aa oad at wee: my, our mama (me) — dvayoh (nau) asmiakam (nah) Lo aft oraat: ea on me, us mayé avayoh asmiisu ele o a Singular Dual Plural The Sanskrit words in parentheses are sometimes used. For example, ma is sometimes used instead of mam (except beginning a sentence).LESSON TEN ADJECTIVES 3, Here is the second person pronoun (you): 129 Stems: tvad (singular) you; yusmad (plural) you. Both are any gender, a yuvam Nom. TA you tvam Ac, TAL TaT you vam (twa) Ins, AAT with you tvaya pb. = CALS for you tubhyam (te) Ab TAT from you tyat Gon, THT your tava (te) Loc, TAT on you tvayi \ Singular gary ay yuvam (vam) qa yuyabhyam Farrar aT yuvabhyam (vim) garry yuvabhyam aaa: aT yuvayoh (vim) yuvayoh “Dual CLE yayam wary a: yusman (vah) yugmabhih eA a: yusmabhyam (vah) at yusmat way eT: yusmakam (vab) yusmasu Plural Adjectives (visesama) are considered nominals (subanta), or noun forms. They are declined like nouns. They are usvally placed before the noun that they modify and agree with it in number, case, and gender. For example, the adjective for “beautiful” is sundara:130 LESSON TEN Gat ait Wests sundaro gajo gacchati (with sandhi) ‘The beautiful elephant goes. Ifa genitive is also modifying a noun, the genitive goes closest w wie noun, For example: We are wait reste | sundaro nrpasya gajo gacchati (with sandhi) ‘The beautiful elephant of the king goes. Gael TT Tat Wests | sundarasya nrpasya gajo gacchati (with sandhi) ‘The elephant of the beautiful king goes. VAS 5. One of the most common roots in Sanskrit is Yas, which means “to be.” We have had another root, V bhi, which also means “to be as a copula, For example: ” but Vas is more common, It is used to mean “there is” and There isthe horse. ATSTET avo ’sti Rama is the king, wT TST ramo nrpo ’stiLESSON TEN 131 6. Here is the present indicative (lat) for Vas. These are not the endings, but the entire verb: Third ATET a: ait asti stah santi second AT ea: a asi sthah stha Fist TET ta: eq asmi svah smah fae Ls Singular Dual Plural Note how closely this is related to the endings for the active verbs. Note also that the singular forms begin with a, and the dual and plural begin with s 7. This verb is often understood. That is, the verb is meant, but is, not written in the sentence. For example: WaT TaSET or TUT TH | amo nrpo ’sti nrpo ramah Rama is the king. Rama is the king. Notice that when the verb is understood, the predicate nominative king) is sometimes placed before the subject (Rama). 8. Often this verb begins the sentence, For example: afer Tat eeeat wT 1 asti nrpo dasaratho grame There is a king, DaSaratha, in the village132 VOCABULARY LESSON TEN SANSKRIT ENGLISH ativa (ind.) very api ind.) also, too (placed after the qqA ea 44494494 44 word itis associated with) Yas (root) asti (3rd per. sing.) he, she, or itis asmad (plural pro.) we aho (ind) aha! hey! evam (ind.) thus, in this way kupita (ad) angry tvad (sing. pro.) you dharmika (adj) virtuous nama (ind.) by name (placed after the ‘word itis associated with) punar (ind.) again bhita (adj.) afraid mad (sing. pro.) I yusmad (plural pro.) you sundara (adj.) beautifulEXERCISES 133 Pat in the correct sandhi, write in devanagari, and translate: a, mama putrah gaechati b. tava gajah mat tvam gacchati ¢. mama hastau pustakesu stah 4. aham nrpah asmi fe. vayam aGve tisthaimah £. tvam mama pustakam pathasi g. Mima tava nrpab asti h, ydlyam grhe stha i, asmakam nrpah kupitah asti j. tvayd saha aham gacchimi k, dharmikah nrpah bhitah asti 1. sundarah tvam 2. Take out thesandhi and translate the following: a. aes Taster134 LESSON TEN ». Wat wa: Grate | o. Bendre tat Tah o. Brarat ata geretht watt o. Bet Fat Wa aT aT 1 eS Ta We Tanda Perea: gests 1 . aR ay ont safe ». Wa: Gears aT | 1. Wea feet grant 1 i. Gee wa he Ga TT135 3. Translate the following sentences, writing them first without sandhi (in devanagari) and then with sandhi (in devandgari): a, The students not afraid of the teacher. (Use ablative for teacher.) b. You obtain knowledge from the scriptures. ¢. “The boy is there,” says the hero to the teacher. 4d. Lask the teacher about the deer. €. “Where are you going?” the boy asks. f, Again the hero comes to my house, g. Your teacher speaks the truth, h. Our horses are standing in the village. i. There is a king, Rama by name, in our village. J. How do I obtain the king's horses from you?136 SUMMARY SHEET ‘Third gacchati LESSON TEN gacchatah ——_gacchanti (he, she goes) (they two go) (they all go) Second gacchasi First (you g0) gacchiimi (Igo) Singular gacchathah — gacchatha (you two go) (youall go) gacchivah —gacchamah (we two go) (weal go) \ Plural VERBS PRIMARILY TAKING ACTIVE ENDINGS (parasmaipada) a+ Vgam Ygam Vii path pas (drs) Vprach bhi vad Vyas \stha Vsmr Agacchati gacchati pasyati prechati bhavati vadati vasati tistha smarati he comes he goes he conquers he reads he sees he asks he is he speaks, he says he lives he stands he remembersLESSON TEN ‘Third Second bhagase (you speak) First hage (speak) \ ' Singular 137 bhasete bhagante (they two speak) (they all speak) bhagethe ——_bhigadhve (you two speak) (you all speak) bhasavahe —bhasamahe (wwe two speak) (we all speak) 1“ He Dual Plural VERBS PRIMARILY TAKING MIDDLE ENDINGS (itmanepada) \Vbhas bhasate ‘he speaks man manyate he thinks. Vlabh labhate he obtains sev sevate he serves VERB REGULARLY TAKING BOTH ENDINGS (ubhayapada) Veint cintayati-te he thinks ‘THE VERB Vas Third asti stab santi Second asi sthah stha First asmi svah smah Lo mo mo Singular Dual Plural Charts for pronouns are listed on pages 307-311.138 LESSON TEN MASCULINE NOUNS aévah aearyah gajah gramah candrah narah nrpah putrah balah mrgah ramah Nom. | narah — narau narah (subject) | 1 Acc. | naram —narau arin (object) | I Inst. | narena* narabhyam naraih (with) | 1 Dat | mardya narebhyah (or) | i AbL | nari narabhyam_narebhyah (from) I Gen, | marasya narayoh —_nardndim* (of,’s) 1 \ Loc. | mare narayoh ——naresu in, on) | 1 Voc. | nara narau narah © | Singular Dual Plural *gajena, gajanam (See page 46.) horse hero teacher student elephant sun village hand moon man king son boy deer RamaLESSON TEN 139 NEUTER NOUNS Nom. | phalam — phale phalani* (subject) | | Acc. | phalam — phale phatani* (object) | | Inst. | phalena* phalabhyam__phalaih (with) | \ Dat. | phaldya phalabhyam phalebhyah (for) \ Abl. | phalat — phalabhyam phalebhyah I \ | phalasya phalayoh —_phalindm* | 1 Loc. | phale —phalayoh —_phallesu Gin, on) | | Voc. | phala phate phalani* (a Singular Dual Plural *Sastrani, Sastrena, Sastrdnaim amtam = immortality satyam == truth grham house sukham happiness jalam water siktam = bymn jfjnam knowledge dubkham suffering pustakam book phalam fruit vanam forest Sastram140 LESSON TEN ADJECTIVES kupita angry dharmika virtuous bhita afraid sundara beautiful INDECLINABLES. ativa atra api aho iti eva evam katham kutra ca tatra na nama punar va vinal saha very here also, too (placed after the word it is associated with) aha! hey! end of quote only, ever thus, in this way how where and there not by name (placed after the word itis associated with) again or without withLESSON ELEVEN Alphabet: Intemal sandhit rules Grammar: Feminine nouns in @ and third person pronouns Vocabulary: Feminine nouns2 ALPHABET: INTERNAL. SANDHI LESSON ELEVEN . We will learn only two intemal sandhi rules at this time. These need not be memorized, but are mainly for recognition. ‘The first rule is that s changes to $ if immediately preceded by any vowel but a or or preceded by k or r. The rule does not apply if the s is final or followed by an r. Itapplies even if an anusvaira (my) or visarga (bh) comes between the vowel, k, or rand the s. This rule is clearer in chart form: | any vowel | inspite of | changess | unless final | | (butaor a), 1 intervening! tos | orfollowed | Ikore | morh | 1 immediately | I I | byr I \ l Ifthe sound following thesis t, th, orn, itis also retroflexed, Forexample: sth becomes tisthati The second rule is that m changes to n if preceded anywhere in the same word by r, r, F, or. Certain sounds may interrupt the process, Study this chart r rot ft thddha, ftom vowels, m, y, F tthdvdh, ly orn 1 org | 1, §, sinterferes | ' n LL L lunless¢, ch, j, jh, B, | changes m1 if'followed by 1 { ' 1 iLESSON ELEVEN 43 5. Retroflex sounds, such as r, f, F, and §, leave the tongue in a retroflexed position. Unless certain sounds interfere, such as retroflex sounds of the releasing type, like t, or sounds from the row above or below, then n becomes retroflexed. (The ka varga and pa varga don’t seem to move the tongue enough to change out of the retroflex position.) For example: mena (The r changes the n to n.) putrena (The r changes the n ton.) utriindim (The r changes the n ton.) 6. In this chart, the sounds which could interfere are in bold, They are all the consonants in three rows except for yaz ka kha ga gha fa ha ca cha ja jha—sfia’—Sya ft fa tha das dha manag ta tha da dha masks pa pha ba —Ssbha. ss maw 7. Ifanother n immediately follows the n, they both become np.4 GRAMMAR: FEMININE NOUNS IN A LESSON ELEVEN, 1. There are standard endings to nouns, and it will help to compare all future declensions with the standard endings. Some declensions follow these endings more closely than other declensions. The standard endings are the same for all genders, except the neuter nominative and neuter accusative, which are m, i, and i masifem_n fe i Nom os) maw asi Acc. am om au as i Inst. bhyam bhis Dat. e bhyam bhyas ADL as bhyam bhyas Gen, as os im Loc. i os su Singular Dal Fuat ‘These endings are generally applied 1o most stems using sandhi rules, For example, the masculine nominative plural standard ending is as. When as is added to nara, the word for “men” becomes naras (narah with sandhi). These standard endings are listed by Panini in a sitra (4.1.2) that begins with su and ends with p. Panini therefore calls the nominal endings sup. 2. On the following page is the declension for feminine nouns ending with 3 in their stem form:LESSON ELEVEN Stem: send (feminine) army Nom, Ace. Inst. Dat. ADI. Gen, Loe, Voe. Co seni am senam art senayi sendyai wart: senayah art: senayah array senayam ‘Singular a sene wm sene area senabhyam area senabhyfim rear, senabhyam aa: senayoh art: senayoh ww sene u Dual Ms ar senah ar: senah aa: senabhih wares: senabhyah area: senabhyah Pai senanim —__t Plural Feminine nouns must have feminine adjectives. Masculine and neuter adjectives normally are declined like nara and phala, If the noun is feminine, the adjective is declined like & ot tems. (The feminine stem ending in i will be studied in Lesson 13.) The dictionary will indicate how the feminine adjective is formed. For example:46 THIRD PERSON PRONOUNS 4 kupita mf(ajn dharmika mi()n LESSON ELEVEN Dbhita mf(ayn sundara mf(n If the dictionary entry is marked (mfn), the word is an adjective, and the feminine adjective is usually formed with &. While the first and second person pronoun have only one declension, the third person pronoun has three declensions—one foreach gender: Stem: tad (masculine) he Nom. (he, they) Ace. (him, them) Inst. (with him, them) Dat. (for him, them) ADL (from him, them) Gen. (his, their) Loc. (on him, them) a: sah F, tam a tena wt tasmai TeTT tasmat Te tasya afer tasmin Ls Singular area tabhyam area tabhyam aa tabhyam wat: tayoh a te a an a taih ara: tebhyah qa: tebhyah ary tesa ay tegu ‘Furl 'LESSON ELEVEN ur 5. Withsandhi, sah, the masculine nominative singular, drops the final h before all consonants and all vowels but a. Itusually appears as sa. At the end of a line, it appears as sab, and before a it appears as so (and the a is dropped). For example: areata sa gacchati He goes. ast so’tra He is here, 6. Here is the neuter third person pronoun: Stem: tad (neuter) it Nom (it) Ace. (objec) Inst. (with it) Dat (for it) ALL (from it) Gen. (of it, its) Loe. (onit) tat a tat tasmin i Singular1g, LESSON ELEVEN 7. Notice that the nominative and accusative are the only forms in which the neuter differs from the masculine. 8. Hereis the feminine third person pronoun: ‘Stem: tad (feminine) she ‘Nom, a a a: (she, they) sa te tah Ace. 1 a TT (her,them) tam te tah Inst. war aa aT: (with her, them) taya tabhyam tabhih Dat wet area aa: (forher, them) — tasyai tabhyam tabhyah Abt. wea: wear aa: (from her, them) tasyah tabhyam tabhyah Ger Tet: wat: wary, (her, their) tasyah tayoh tasam Loe. Tar wat: ae (on her, them) — tasyam tayoh tisu L ‘ ul ! t Singular Dual PluralLESSON ELEVEN, us 9. The third person pronoun can act as a pronoun or a demonstrative pronoun meaning “that.” For example: areata | sa gacchati He goes. (“He" is a pronoun.) aa Taft | sa naro gacchatt ‘That man goes. (“That” is a demonstrative pronoun.) ‘The demonstrative pronoun is usually referred to in English as a demonstrative adjective. In Sanskrit, itis called a pronoun. 10, The demonstrative pronoun goes in front of the noun itis used with and corresponds to the noun in case, gender, and number. For example: a arett Westie | sa balo gacchati That boy goes. aaa ort Tete | balas tam gramam gacchati ‘The boy goes to that village. IVA 11. The word “iva” indicates “like” or “as if.” For example: Wea wet aefa nrpa iva balo vadati. The boy speaks like a king,150 VOCABULARY SANSKRIT area a ea ayidya (fem.) iva (ind.) katha (fem.) ‘kanya (fem.) kupita (fem. adj.) haya (fem.) putrika (fem.) raja (fem.) bala (fem.) bharya (fem.) bhita (fem. adj.) mala (fem.) vidya (fem.) sita (fem.) sena (fem.) LESSON ELEVEN, ENGLISH ignorance asif, like (used after verbs, nouns oF adjectives) story gil angry shadow daughter child, subject (of aking) girl wife afraid garland knowledge Sita (wife of Rama) amyLESSON ELEVEN EXERCISES 151 . Write in devanaigari, with correct internal and external sandhi, and translate. Use the vocabulary list and tables located in the back of the text, a. rlimena saha h, tim gacchati b. Sistrani sah balah gacchati hale agve stah j. $i bala gacchati 4d. sah gacchati k, sah balah iva gacchimi ce. sah balah dgacchati 1, ahorima {. balah mam dgacchati —m,_tasmin vane sah vasati g. si bala mdm agacchati —n.sitayah malt ‘Take out the sandhi and translate the following: a Waa Tt Tae ». UF Fa ae aftientster 1 «. TAU Hat vate | 6. TTT STATA SPEABERT | (Notice thatch becomes ech after a short vowel. See p. 230 #5.)152 LESSON ELEVEN, eo. Tree otra arate t . & areas svat Baa ge. TT UPTAT | ». Farerar Rreatsyd eat i Wr araa te We Teeter 3. Translate the following into Sanskrit, including sandhi, and then write in devanagari: a. There isa gil, Sita by name, in that village. b. ‘The daughter of the virtuous king is very afraid. c. “He tells me again,” that subject says. d. “Aha! [remember that story!” the girl says. . With knowledge, you obtain immortality; with ignorance, you obtain suffering f. Like those girls, Siti reads books. g. “Where is our daughter?” the hero asks his wife.LESSON ELEVEN 153 bh, The wife of Rama is Siti, i. The hero obtains a garland and thus obtains a wife. j. “Without Sita, I am as if without the sun, ama says. THE MONKEY AND 4. Translate the following story. The vocabulary is given afterward: THE CROCODILE a. Ber TaTat Sea: | o. aed ft Tavarede arate | c. Wiafed are: vaarht warts Piferata 1 4. Bete: wert Urata e aneer ged Promehfa esicer svat aefer 1 1. Wat eed erfeatreste | 2. Wal are ae Tearreafa Sint art aefa | 5, Tanfecata are aehe | i. Ter Heit art aefa154 VOCABULARY LESSON ELEVEN 4 TTT Wet GOH: Tet aah kW eet Get Tach aT ATT | 1 Uaat aa vate aa ara m. SEA ae WaTaTeAS TAR | a. TA Faas | o. aR Fereq fast Tat | p. Saray eed Arafe Bhs ar safe 1 q. Ua BE aa Hs farsa: a. gangi (fem., @ declension) Ganges kumbhirah (mas.) crocodile b. mitra (n,) friend vainarah (mas.) monkey. Appears first as an appositional (his friend, a monkey) tatah (mas.) bank (of the river) ©. pratidinam (ind.) everyday pakva raf(@)n (adj) ripe niksipati (3rd per. sing.) he throws down 4, khadati (3rd per. sing) he eatsLESSON ELEVEN hrdayam (a,) heart mista mfla)n (adj.) sw bharya (fem., d declension) wife a Khaditum (infinitive—treated like an accusative) to eat iechati (3rd per. sing.) he wants (khaditum icchati = he ‘wants 10 eat) . figaecha 2nd per. sing. imperative) evam astu (ind.) O.K., s0 let it be prstham (n,) back vahati (3rd per. sing.) he carries madhyam (n,) middle veksah (mas,) tree nayati (3rd per. sing.) he takes, he carries. Second person imperative is maya (combined with iti is nayeti) uechal: i Grd per. sing.) he jumps up bilam (n.) hol 9. Kah (mas. pronoun) who cit (ind.) (makes kah indefinite) kkaScit someone corayati (3rd per. sing.) he steals, sma (ind,) makes verb before it in past tense tisthati Grd per. sing.) he remainsLESSON TWELVE Alphabet: Numerals; cardinal and ordinal numbers Grammar: Nouns in i and the gerund Vocabulary: Nouns iniALPHABET: NUMBERS 1 157 Here are the numerals (samkhy3) and cardinal numbers from one to ten, Alternate forms for some numerals are given in parentheses. NUMERALS CARDINAL NUMBERS Arabic devanagari English Sanskrit 1 g one Uh eka 2. R two FR avi 3. 3 thee oi 4. % four AME catur 4 (4) five Wa paiica 6. q six WT sas 7. 9 seven AA sapta G (ec) eight FE asa 9. & (8) nine AT nava 10. Re ten eM dasa ‘The devandigari numerals combine just like Arabic numerals (since Arabic numerals were formed from Sanskrit), For example: u RR 12 RR 13 2 20 Re158 LESSON TWELVE, For now, We Wil nor use ine cardinal numbers (eka, dvi, etc.) as part of the sentences, since their declensions are complex. At the end of each sentence in the exercises, we will use the numerals, (3% %, ere). Here are the ordinal numbers: First prathama Sixth sastha Second —_dvitiya Seventh saptama Third trtiya Eighth —astama Fourth caturtha (orturiya) Ninth navama Fifth paficama Tenth agama The ordinal numbers will be used in the exercises, because their declensions are easier than the cardinal numbers. The ordinal numbers are used like adjectives, going before the noun they modify and agreeing with it in gender and case. The number will be singular. ‘The ordinal numbers follow the short a declension for the ‘masculine and neuter. Here are the feminine stems. (The feminine will be leaned in Lesson 13.) First prathama Sixth sasthi Second dvitiya Seventh saptami Third trtiy Eighth —astami Fourth —caturthi (or turiya) Ninth navami Fifth ——_paficami Tenth dasami ‘Compare the devandgari numerals with other scripts: