Chemistry FORM 4

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
(919810-T)
Tingkat 1, No. 35, Jalan 5/10B, Spring Crest Industrial Park 68100 Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel/Fax: 03 - 6185 2402
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CONTENTS
KANDUNGAN
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS STRUKTUR ATOM
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
22
PERIODIC TABLE JADUAL BERKALA
49
CHEMICAL BOND IKATAN KIMIA
72
ELECTROCHEMISTRY ELEKTROKIMIA
88
ACID AND BASES ASID DAN BES
114
SALT GARAM
139
MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY BAHAN KIMIA DALAM INDUSTRI
168
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Chemistry Form 4 MODULE
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

STRUKTUR ATOM
MATTER / JIRIM
PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI ZARAH JIRIM

To state the particle theory of matter
Menyatakan teori zarah jirim
To differentiate and draw the three types of particles i.e. atom, ion and molecule
Membezakan dan melukis tiga jenis zarah jirim iaitu atom, ion dan molekul
To describe the laboratory activity to investigate the diffusion of particles in gas, a liquid and a solid. (To prove that matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles)
Menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk mengkaji resapan zarah dalam gas, cecair dan pepejal (Untuk membuktikan bahawa jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit)
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

To state the kinetic theory of matter
Menyatakan teori kinetik jirim
To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change

Menghubungkaitkan perubahan keadaan jirim dengan perubahan tenaga
To relate the change of energy in the particles with kinetic particle theory of matter
Menghubungkaitkan perubahan tenaga dalam zarah dengan perubahan tenaga kinetik zarah
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM
HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM
To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as the scientists who discovered electron, proton, nucleus, neutron and shell
Menyatakan sumbangan ahli sains kepada perkembangan model struktur atom dan ahli sains yang menemui elektron, proton, nukleus, neutron dan petala
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES / ZARAH-ZARAH SUBATOM
To compare and differentiate subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass and location
Membanding dan membezakan zarah-zarah subatom iaitu proton, neutron dan elektron dari segi cas, jisim relatif dan kedudukan
To state the meaning of proton number and nucleon number based on the subatomic particle
Menyatakan maksud nombor proton dan nombor nukleon berdasarkan zarah subatom Menulis simbol unsur yang mengandungi nombor proton dan nombor nukleon
To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number
ISOTOPE / ISOTOP
To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes
Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT / SUSUNAN ELEKTRON
To know the number of electron shells and number of electrons in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shell
Mengetahui bilangan petala elektron serta bilangan elektron yang diisi dalam petala 1, 2 dan 3
To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or number of electrons and state the number of valence electron
Menulis susunan elektron bagi suatu atom berdasarkan nombor proton atau bilangan elektron dan seterusnya menyatakan bilangan elektron valens
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MODULE Chemistry Form 4
MATTER / Jirim
Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

The Particle Theory of Matter / Teori Zarah Jirim 1 2 3
Jirim adalah sebarang bahan yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.
Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are
Jisim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah atom
atoms ,
, ion
ions
dan
molekul .
and molecules .
Matter can be classified as element or compound. / Jirim boleh dikelaskan sebagai unsur atau sebatian. Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
MATTER / JIRIM ELEMENT / UNSUR satu type of atom. A substance made from only satu Bahan yang terdiri daripada jenis atom sahaja. COMPOUND / SEBATIAN two or more A substance made from elements which are bonded together. dua Bahan yang terdiri daripada
unsur berbeza yang terikat secara kimia. atau
different lebih
Types of particles / Jenis zarah
Types of particles / Jenis zarah
Atom / Atom The smallest neutral particle of an element (Normally pure metals, noble gases and a few non-metal elements such as carbon and silicon).
Zarah neutral yang paling kecil bagi suatu unsur (Biasanya logam tulen, gas adi dan beberapa unsur bukan logam seperti karbon dan silikon).
Molecule / Molekul A neutral particle consists of similar non-metal atoms which are covalently-bonded.
Zarah neutral terdiri daripada atom-atom bukan logam serupa terikat secara ikatan kovalen. Contoh:
Molecule / Molekul A neutral particle consists of different non-metal atoms which are covalently-bonded.
Zarah neutral terdiri daripada atom-atom bukan logam berlainan terikat secara ikatan kovalen.
Example: Oxygen gas, O2
Contoh:
Example: Carbon dioxide gas, CO2
Ion / Ion Positively or negatively charged particles, which are formed from metal atom and non-metal atom respectively. The force of attraction between the two oppositely charged ions forms an ionic bond.
Contoh:
Example: Sodium metal, Na
Gas oksigen, O2
Gas karbon dioksida, CO2
Logam natrium, Na
O O O O
O O
O O
C C
O O O
Zarah bercas positif atau negatif terbentuk dari logam dan bukan logam terikat secara ikatan ion. Daya tarikan antara dua ion yang berlawanan cas membentuk ikatan ion.
Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na
Gas Neon, Ne
Contoh:
Example: Sodium chloride, NaCl

Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+
Gas hidrogen, H2
Hydrogen gas, H2
Air, H2O
Water, H2O
Natrium klorida, NaCl
Neon gas, Ne
H H Ne Ne H H
H H
H H
O O
H H H
Cl Na+ Cl Na + Cl
Ne
Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+
Calcium oxide, CaO

Kalsium oksida, CaO
Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+
Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table.

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Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond).

Pembentukan molekul atau ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4 (Ikatan Kimia).
m
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Unsur boleh dikenal pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada Jadual Berkala Unsur.
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Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut: Substances

Bahan
Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Type of particle
Jenis zarah
Substances
Bahan
Type of particle
Jenis zarah
Substances
Bahan
Type of particle
Jenis zarah
Hydrogen gas (H2)

Gas hidrogen (H2)
Molecule
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Sulfur dioksida (SO2) Iron (Fe) Ferum (Fe) Carbon (C) Karbon (C)
Molecule
Tetrachloromethane (CCl4) Tetraklorometana (CCl4)
Molecule
Copper(II) sulphate (CuSO4) Kuprum(II) sulfat (CuSO4 ) Argon (Ar) Argon (Ar)
5
Ion
Atom
Zink chloride (ZnCl2) Zink klorida (ZnCl2 ) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Hidrogen peroksida (H2O2)
Ion
Atom
Atom
Molecule
Resapan
Diffusion (a) The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart from each other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed.
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalam gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah berjauhan antara satu sama lain, dalam cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rapat dan dalam pepejal, zarah-zarahnya disusun dengan sangat padat dan teratur. Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah suatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain. Resapan berlaku dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Diffusion in a gas
Resapan dalam gas
(b) Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance.

(c) Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table:
Diffusion in a liquid
Resapan dalam cecair
Diffusion in a solid
Resapan dalam pepejal
Experiment Eksperimen
A few drops of bromine liquid

Beberapa titis cecair bromin
After few minutes

Selepas beberapa minit
Water
Air
After a few hours

Selepas beberapa jam
Agar-agar
Gel
After a day
Selepas sehari
Potassium manganate(VII)
Kalium manganat(VII)
Copper(II) sulphate
Kuprum(II) sulfat
Observation Pemerhatian
The brown colour of bromine vapour, far Br2 spreads throughout the two jars.
The purple colour of solid potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 spreads slowly throughout the water.
Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak cepat memenuhi kedua-dua dengan balang gas.
Warna ungu pepejal kalium manganat(VII), perlahan KMnO4 merebak dengan di dalam air.
Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat, sangat perlahan CuSO4 merebak di dalam agar-agar.
The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 spreads very slowly throughout the gel.
Explanation Penerangan
Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made molecules . up of Wap bromin, Br2 dan udara terdiri molekul daripada . molecules diffuse Bromine quickly between large space of air particles which is in gas form.
Molekul bromin meresap pantas besar melalui ruang antara zarahzarah udara yang berbentuk gas.
Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII). Ion-ion perlahan ini meresap rapat antara ruang zarah air yang berbentuk cecair.
Potassium manganate(VII) is made up of potassium ions and ions manganate(VII) ions. The slowly diffuse between close space of water particles which is in liquid form.
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is made ions and up of copper(II) ions ions sulphate . The slow diffuse very between closely packed space of gel particles which is in solid form.
Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 terdiri daripada ion ion kuprum(II) dan Ion-ion sulfat. ini meresap dengan perlahan sangat antara ruang padat zarah agar-agar yang berbentuk pepejal.
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(d) Conclusions:
Kesimpulan:
gas than in liquid. There is (i) Diffusion occurs faster in gas gas a than a liquid. Particles in a are closer are together.
larger further
space in between the particles of apart. The particles in the liquid

lebih besar berjauhan
gas Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam berbanding di dalam cecair. Terdapat ruang yang gas gas berbanding dengan cecair. Zarah-zarah adalah antara zarah-zarah lebih rapat antara satu sama lain. antara satu sama lain. Zarah-zarah cecair adalah
liquid than in solid. There is (ii) Diffusion occurs faster in a liquid of a than a solid. The particles in the solid are very
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam cecair antara zarah-zarah dan padat cecair
larger close
space in between the particles together.

lebih besar rapat
berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang
berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun sangat
antara satu sama lain.
(iii) Bromine gas, potassium manganate(VII) and copper(II) sulphate are made up of particles that are constantly moving/constant motion .
Gas bromin, kalium manganat(VII) dan kuprum(II) sulfat terdiri daripada zarah-zarah sentiasa bergerak . yang The Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim 1 2 3 4 5
tiny
halus
and
dan
discrete
diskrit
Matter exists in three different states which are

Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu pepejal ,
solid
liquid
dan
and
gas
gas
.
. moving
.
cecair
Matter that made up of
tiny
and
halus
discrete
dan
particles which are always in constantly

diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak
. .
.
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah
As the temperature increases, the

Apabila suhu meningkat, tenaga
kinetic
energy of particles increases and the particles move
faster
kinetik
zarah-zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak dengan
lebih cepat
Particles in different states of matter have different arrangement, strength of forces between them, movement and energy content.
Zarah-zarah tenaga yang berbeza. dalam keadaan jirim yang berbeza mempunyai susunan, daya tarikan antara zarah, pergerakan dan kandungan
Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

State of matter
Keadaan jirim Pepejal
Solid
Liquid
Cecair
Gas
Gas
Draw the particles arrangement. Each particle (atom/ ion/ molecule) is represented by
Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah (atom / ion / molekul) diwakili dengan
Particles arrangement
Susunan zarah
The particles are arranged closely packed in orderly manner.

Zarah-zarah tersusun teratur dan . padat
The particles are arranged closely packed but not in orderly manner
Zarah-zarah tersusun tidak teratur tetapi
The particles are very widely separated each other.
from
padat .
terpisah jauh Zarah-zarah antara satu sama lain.
Particles movement
Pergerakan zarah
Particles can only vibrate rotate about their and

Zarah bergetar dan berputar pada kedudukan tetap.
Particles can vibrate , rotate move and throughout the liquid.

Zarah bergetar , berputar dan bergerak dalam cecair.
Particles can vibrate , rotate move and freely.

Zarah bergetar , berputar dan bergerak bebas.
fixed position.
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Attractive forces between the particles

Daya tarikan antara zarah
strong forces Very between the particles.
forces between the particles but weaker than

kuat Daya tarikan yang antara zarah-zarah tetapi lebih lemah berbanding di dalam pepejal.
Strong
the forces in the solid.
Weak the perticles
forces between
lemah
Daya tarikan yang sangat kuat antara zarah-zarah.
Daya tarikan yang antara zarah-zarah.
Energy content of the particles

Kandungan tenaga zarah
Energy content is very

Kandungan tenaga sangat rendah .
low .
Kandungan tenaga lebih tinggi daripada pepejal tetapi lebih rendah daripada gas.
Energy content is higher than solid but less than in a gas.
Energy content is high.

Kandungan tenaga tinggi.
very
sangat
Perubahan keadaan jirim
Changes in the state of matter (a) Matter undergoes change of state when heat energy is
haba
absorbed
di
or
released/lose
atau di
:
:
Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga
serap
bebaskan
(i) When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the increases and they vibrate faster.
diserap Apabila tenaga haba oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga dan zarah tersebut bergerak dengan lebih cepat.
kinetic
kinetik
energy of the particles

zarah bertambah
(ii) When matter releases heat energy (it is cooled), the they vibrate less vigorously.
dibebaskan Apabila tenaga haba zarah tersebut bergerak kurang cergas.
kinetic
energy of the particles decreases and

berkurang dan
oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarah
(b) Inter - conversion of the states of matter:

Perubahan keadaan jirim: Solid Pepejal 7
Melting / Peleburan Freezing / Pembekuan
Liquid Cecair
Boiling/Evoporation / Pendidihan/Penyejatan Condensation / Kondensasi
Gas Gas
Penentuan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena
Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene Materials / Bahan: Naphthalene powder, water Apparatus / Radas: Boiling tube, conical flask, beaker, retort stand, thermometer 0 100C, stopwatch, Bunsen burner and wire gauze
Procedure / Prosedur: I. Heating of naphthalene / Pemanasan naftalena Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan radas:
Thermometer / Termometer Boiling tube / Tabung didih Water / Air Naphthalene / Naftalena
Haba
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boiling tube (a) A placed into it.

Tabung didih di dalamnya.
is filled
3 - 5 cm
height with naphthalene powder and a

3 5 cm dan
thermometer
is
diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi
termometer
diletakkan
(b) The boiling tube is immersed in a water bath as shown in the diagram so that the water level in the water bath is higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.
Tabung didih dimasukkan ke dalam kukus air seperti di dalam gambar rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air lebih tinggi daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.
(c) The water is
heated
and the naphthalene is

dikacau
stirred
slowly with
termometer .
thermometer
Air dipanaskan dan naftalena
perlahan-lahan dengan
60C , the stopwatch is started. The temperature of (d) When the temperature of naphthalene reaches 90C naphthalene is recorded at 30 seconds intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches .
Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai sehingga suhunya mencapai 90C 60C . , mulakan jam randik. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat
II. Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena
Naphthalene Naftalena Naftalena
(a) The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a in the diagram.
conical flask
kelalang kon
as shown
seperti
Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam dalam gambar rajah.
stirred constantly with thermometer throughout cooling (b) The content in the boiling tube is supercooling process to avoid (the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without the appearance of a solid).
dikacau Kandungan dalam tabung didih perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses penyejukan untuk penyejukan lampau (Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku tanpa pembentukan mengelakkan pepejal).
(c) The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every 60C to .

Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap suhu 30 saat
30 seconds
interval until the temperature drops

60C .
sehingga suhunya mencapai masa
(d) A graph of temperature against time is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.
Graf melawan dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.
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The Explanation of the Heating Process of Matter / Penerangan Proses Pemanasan 1
Lengkung pemanasan naftalena:
The heating curve of naphthalene:

Temperature/C
Suhu/C
F D B A Time/s
Masa/s
When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and move absorbed energy is , the state of matter will change.
faster
as its energy content increases. As the heat

disebabkan kandungan tenaga bertambah.
lebih cepat Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergerak diserap menyebabkan perubahan keadaan jirim. Tenaga haba
Point
Titik
State of Matter
Keadaan jirim
Explanation
Penerangan
A to B A ke B
Heat energy is kinetic
absorbed energy to
diserap
by the particles in the increase and vibrate

pepejal lebih cepat
solid faster
naphthalene causing their . The temperature

kinetik . akan
Solid
increases.
Tenaga haba bertambah oleh zarah-zarah dan zarah bergetar dengan naftalena menyebabkan tenaga meningkat . Suhu semakin
Heat energy B to C B ke C
absorbed
by the particles in the
liquid solid
naphthalene is turn to
digunakan
used liquid
to . The
Solid and Liquid
overcome temperature
Tenaga haba yang
forces between particles so that the remains constant

diserap
.
. Suhu adalah untuk mengatasi tetap .
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya
pepejal oleh zarah-zarah dalam naftalena pepejal cecair berubah menjadi
C to D C ke D
Heat energy kinetic
absorbed .
liquid by the particles in the increase energy to and move

oleh zarah-zarah cecair
naphthalene causing their faster . The temperature

akan
Liquid
increases
Tenaga haba bertambah
diserap
dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan
kinetik naftalena menyebabkan tenaga lebih cepat meningkat . Suhu semakin .
Heat energy overcome D to E D ke E
absorbed
by the particles in the
liquid
naphthalene is
used freely
to
the forces of attraction between particles. The particles begin to move gas
diserap
Liquid and Gas
to form a
Tenaga haba
. The temperature
oleh zarah-zarah dalam
remains constant
cecair
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah. Zarah-zarah mula bergerak tetap adalah .
naftalena digunakan untuk mengatasi bebas gas untuk membentuk . Suhu
Heat energy is E to F E ke F
absorbed
Gas
energy to incerease and move
gas by the particles in the faster . The temperature
causing their increases .

kinetik .
kinetic
akan bertambah
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diserap oleh zarah-zarah gas naftalena menyebabkan tenaga Tenaga haba lebih cepat meningkat dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan . Suhu semakin
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completely changes to become a liquid is called the melting point . absorbed by the particles During the melting process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy used liquid . is to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid change to turn into a The constant temperature at which a
Suhu tetap di mana suatu takat lebur berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggil diserap oleh zarah-zarah Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang mengatasi cecair daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi . pepejal . digunakan untuk
solid
completely changes to become a gas is called the absorbed During the boiling process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy The constant temperature at which a is used to overcome
Suhu tetap di mana suatu bahan dalam keadaan cecair
liquid
boiling point
by the particles
the forces between particles so that the liquid change to turn into a gas.
takat didih berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggil . diserap digunakan oleh zarah-zarah untuk
Semasa proses pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.
The Explanation for the Cooling Process of Matter: / Penerangan Proses Penyejukan Bahan: 1
Lengkung penyejukan naftalena:
The cooling curve of naphthalene:

Temperature/C
Suhu/C
P Q R S Time/s
Masa/s
slower When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move released decreases. As the energy is to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.
cecair Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah membebaskan tenaga dan dibebaskan ke persekitaran. berubah semasa tenaga Point
Titik
as its energy content
bergerak
semakin perlahan. Keadaan jirim
State of matter
Keadaan jirim
Explanation
Penerangan
Heat is P to Q
P ke Q
released/given out
Liquid
The particles in the temperature decreases
liquid to the surrounding by the particles in the liquid kinetic move lose their energy and .
cecair
naphthalene. slower. The
dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam Haba cecair kinetik kehilangan tenaga dan bergerak
naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalam semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin menurun
The heat by the Q to R

Q ke R
released heat
Liquid and Solid
The temperature
Haba tenaga
liquid to the surrounding by the particles in naphthalene is balanced solid energy released as the particles attract one another to form a . remains constant .
dibebaskan cecair diimbangi ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam naftalena oleh haba terbebas yang apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk pepejal tetap . Suhu adalah .
R to S
R ke S
Solid
The particles in the solid naphthalene decreases .

Zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena menurun Suhu semakin .
releases
heat and vibrate
slower
. The temperature
lebih perlahan .
membebaskan
tenaga dan bergetar dengan
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The constant temperature at which a
freezing point changes to a solid is called . During the freezing released process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat to the surrounding is balanced by the solid .
cecair
liquid
heat released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become a

Suhu tetap di mana suatu
takat beku berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil . Semasa proses dibebaskan diimbangi ke persekitaran oleh haba yang terbebas pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang pepejal . apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk
Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu: / Physical State Of A Substance At Any Given Temperature: 1 2 3
A substance is in
solid
state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point

pepejal jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih rendah daripada takat leburnya.
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan
A substance is in
liquid
state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.
cecair jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat didihnya.
A substance is in
gas
state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.

gas jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada takat didihnya.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing. Substance / Bahan Silver / Argentum Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida Ammonia / Ammonia Chlorine / Klorin
The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Chemical formula / Formula kimia Ag K2O NH3 Cl2 Type of particle / Jenis zarah
Atom Ion Molecule Molecule
(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas.
(b) Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer.
Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of one type of atom (c) Which of the substance are compound? Explain your answer.
Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements
2 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R. Substance / Bahan P Q R
The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substance P , Q and R.
Melting point / Takat lebur / C 36 18 98 Boiling point / Takat didih / C 6 70 230
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(a) (i)

What is meant by melting point?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat lebur?
The constant temperature at which a solid charges to a liquid at particular pressure

(ii) What is meant by boiling point?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat didih?
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure (b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P , Q and R at room condition.
Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.
Substance PP / Bahan P Bahan
Substance QQ / Bahan Q Bahan
Substance R/ Bahan RBahan R
(c) (i)
What is the substance that exist in the form of liquid at 0C.

Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu 0C.
P ,Q

(ii) Give reason to your answer.

Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The temperature 0C is above the melting point of Q and below the boiling point of Q (d) (i)

Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the heating of substance Q.
Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q terhadap masa untuk pemanasan bahan Q.
Temperature/C
70
Time/s (ii) What is the state of matter of substance Q at 70C?

Apakah keadaan fizik bahan Q pada 70C?
Liquid and gas (e) Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkan jawapan anda.
The melting point of substance R is higher than subtance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R is stronger than Q. More heat is needed to overcome the force between particles in substance R.
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Takat lebur asetamida boleh ditentukan dengan memanaskan pepejal asetamida sehingga lebur seperti dalam rajah di bawah. Suhu asetamida dicatatkan setiap tiga minit semasa disejukkan pada suhu bilik. Thermometer / Termometer Boiling tube / Tabung didih Water / Air Acetamide / Asetamida
The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the diagram below. The temperature of acetemide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool down at room temperature.
(a) What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?

Apakah tujuan menggunakan kukus air dalam eksperimen ini?
To ensure even heating of acetemide. Acetamide is easily combustible. (b) State the name of another substance which its melting point can also be determined by using water bath as shown in the above diagram.
Namakan satu bahan lain yang mana takat leburnya boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti rajah di atas.
Naphthalene (c) Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310C. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the water bath as shown in the diagram? Explain your answer.

Natrium nitrat mempunyai takat lebur 310C. Bolehkah takat lebur natrium nitrat ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
No, because the melting point of water is 100C which is less than the melting point of sodium nitrate. (d) Why do we need to stir the acetemide in the boiling tube in above experiment?
Mengapakah asetamida dalam tabung didih itu perlu dikacau sepanjang eksperimen?
To make sure the heat is distributed evenly (e) The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa untuk penyejukan cecair asetamida.
Temperature / Suhu/ C
T3 T2 T1 Q R
Time / Masa/s
(i) What is the freezing point of acetamide?

Apakah takat beku asetamida?
T2C
Suhu antara titik Q dan R adalah tetap. Jelaskan.
(ii) The temperature between Q and R is constant. Explain. The heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become solid.
(f) Acetemide exists as molecules. State the name of another compound that is made up of molecules.
Asetamida wujud sebagai molekul. Namakan sebatian lain yang terdiri daripada molekul.
Water/naphthalene (g) What is the melting point of acetamide?

Apakah takat lebur asetamida?
T2C
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The Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom

1 Sejarah perkembangan model atom: Scientist
Saintis
History of the development of atomic models:

Atomic Model
Model atom
Discovery
Penemuan
(i) Dalton
Matter is made up of particles called created

dicipta ,
atoms
atom
.
.
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggil
(ii) Atoms cannot be

Atom tidak boleh
dimusnah sama
destroyed
atau .
or
divided
.
dibahagi
(iii) Atoms from the same element are

Atom daripada unsur sama adalah
identical
Sfera bercas Positively charged sphere Positif positif ....................... Sfera bercas Thomson Elektron charges negative Electron ....................... bercas negatif Elektron bercas negatif
(i)
Discovered the
Menjumpai
elektron
electrons , the first subatomic particle.

, zarah subatom yang pertama.
(ii) Atom is sphere of
positif Atom adalah sfera yang bercas elektron bercas negatif dipanggil .
charge which embedded with negatively charged particles called electrons .

yang mengandungi zarah
positive
(i) Electron moves Elektron ........................... outside the nucleus bergerak di luar Elektron bergerak di luar nukleus Rutherford
nukleus
Discovered the nucleus as the centre of an atom and positively charged .

nukleus . yang merupakan pusat bagi atom dan bercas positif
Menjumpai
Nukleus mengandungi Nucleus that proton proton .................... contain

Nukleus mengandungi proton
(ii)

Proton
Proton
is a part of the nucleus.

adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus.
(iii)

Electron
Elektron Nukleus
move outside the nucleus.

bergerak di sekeliling nukleus.
(iv) Most of the mass of the atom found in the
nucleus
mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom.
Shell Nucleus that contain proton

Nukleus mengandungi proton
(i)
Discovered the existence of electron

petala
shells
Neils Bohr
Menjumpai kewujudan
elektron.
(ii) Electrons move in the

Elektron
shells
around the nucleus.
Electron
bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi
nukleus
Shell Nucleus that contain proton and neutron

Nukleus mengandungi proton dan neutron
(i)
Discovered the existence of
neutron
.
Menjumpai kewujudan
neutron
James Chadwick
(ii) Nucleus of an atom contains neutral particles called neutron and positively charged particles called proton .
Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggil proton zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil . Jisim neutron dan proton neutron dan
Electron
(iii) The mass of a neutron and proton is almost the same.

adalah hampir sama.
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The structure of an atom: / Struktur Atom:

Shell / Petala Nucleus that contain proton and neutron Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron Electron / Elektron
(a) An atom has a central

Atom mempunyai
nucleus
and electrons that move in the
shells
petala
around the nucleus.

mengelilingi nukleus tersebut.
nukleus
di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalam
(b) The
nucleus
Nukleus
contains protons and neutrons.

mengandungi proton dan neutron.
+1 . Each electron has an electrical charge of 1 . The neutron has no (c) Each proton has charge of charge neutral (it is ). An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge zero neutral of atom is . Atom is . (If an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion formation of ion will be studied in Chapter 4)
Setiap proton bercas (ianya adalah neutral ). sifar . Atom Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom adalah neutral . (Suatu atom akan membentuk ion apabila ia kehilangan atau menerima elektron pembentukan ion akan adalah . Setiap elektron bercas . Neutron tidak mempunyai dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4.) +1 1 cas
(d) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is 1. The mass of an atom is obtained mainly proton and neutron . from the number of
Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus ialah 1. Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah bilangan neutron dan bilangan . proton
1 (e) The mass of an electron can be ignored as the mass of an electron is about times the size of a proton or 1 840 neutron.
3 Jisim elektron boleh diabaikan kerana ia terlalu kecil iaitu 1 daripada jisim proton dan neutron. 1 840
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah: Subatomic particles

Zarah subatom
Complete the following table:

Symbol
Simbol
Charge
Cas
Relative atomic mass

Jisim atom relatif
Kedudukan
Position
Electron/Elektron Proton/Proton Neutron/Neutron 4
e p n
(negative) + (positive) neutral
1 =0 1 840
1 1
In the shells In the nucleus In the nucleus
Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur.
Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element. Complete the following diagram: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
Na Na Na Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Sodium element
Unsur natrium
Sodium element
Unsur natrium
Sodium element
Unsur natrium
Sodium
Atom
atom
natrium
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Nombor proton sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
Proton number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element) (a) Proton number of an

element
is the number of proton in its
atom
atom
.
. neutral
Nombor proton sesuatu unsur adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam
(b) The number of proton of an atom is also equal to the number of electrons in the atom because atom is (c) Every element has its own proton number:
Bilangan proton sesuatu atom adalah sama dengan bilangan elektron dalam atom kerana atom adalah Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri:
neutral .
.
Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potasium in the shells.

Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19. 19 elektron di dalam petala.
atom
has 19 protons in the nucleus and 19 electrons

kalium mempunyai 19 proton di dalam nukleus dan
Atom
Proton number of oxygen, O is 8. Oxygen in the shells.

6 Nombor proton untuk oksigen, O ialah 8. 8 elektron di dalam petala.
atom
Atom
has
8 protons
in the nucleus and

8 proton
8 electrons
oksigen mempunyai
di dalam nukleus dan
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
Nucleon number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element) (a) Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom
.
(b) Nucleon number is also known as a mass number.

Nombor nukleon juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim. Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu
atom
(c) Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron.

Symbol of Element And Standard Representation For An Atom of Element Simbol Unsur dan Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom Sesuatu Unsur 1
Simbol unsur adalah cara mudah untuk mewakilkan unsur. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti ditulis dengan huruf besar. Tetapi jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan huruf kecil.
The symbol of an element is a short way of representing an element. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital letter. If it has two letters, the first is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter.
Example: / Contoh:
Element
Unsur
Symbol
Simbol
Element
Unsur
Symbol
Simbol
Element
Unsur
Symbol
Simbol
Oxygen/Oksigen Magnesium/Magnesium Hydrogen/Hidrogen
O Mg H
Nitrogen/Nitrogen Sodium/Natrium Potassium/Kalium
N Na K
Calcium/Kalsium Copper/Kuprum Chlorine/Klorin
Ca Cu Cl
Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat berguna semasa menulis formula kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.
The first letter of each element is capitalised to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical formula. For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because there are two capital letters represent potassium and chlorine.
Standard representation symbol represents

Simbol perwakilan piawai mewakili satu atom
one atom
of an element. It can be written as:
sesuatu unsur. Ianya boleh ditulis sebagai:
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon Proton number/Nombor proton
A Z
Symbol of an element/Simbol unsur
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Example: / Contoh: 27 A1 13 The element is Aluminium.

Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.
The nucleon number of Aluminium is

Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah Nombor proton Aluminium adalah 27
27
.
. .
The proton number of Aluminium is

13
13
.
Aluminium has
13 protons
14 neutrons
,
and
13
dan
electrons.
13 elektron.
Atom Aluminium mempunyai
13 proton
14 neutron
Isotope / Isotop (a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.
Or / Atau Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same

Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor berbeza. 1 1 H Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 1 Proton number/Nombor proton = 1 Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 0 number of protons

proton
proton
number but different

yang sama tetapi nombor
nucleon
nukleon
number.
yang
Example: / Contoh:
2 1 H Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 2 Proton number/Nombor proton = 1 Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 1 neutron
berbeza
Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same but different in nucleon number because of the difference in the number of
bilangan proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang
Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton atau bilangan neutron . kerana perbezaan
Isotopes have the same arrangements.

Isotop mempunyai sifat
chemical
kimia
properties but different
physical
properties because they have the same electron

fizik yang berbeza.
yang sama kerana mempunyai susunan elektron yang sama tetapi sifat
(b) Examples of the usage of isotopes:

Contoh kegunaan isotop:
i.
Bidang perubatan
Medical field
To detect brain cancer.
To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel). Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland. Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.
Untuk mengukur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Natrium-24 Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60 Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat).
Untuk mengesan barah otak.
To kill microorganism in the sterilising process.
Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan.
ii.
Bidang industri
In the industrial field To detect wearing out in machines. To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin. Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.
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To detect leakage of pipes underground.
To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah.
Untuk mengesan keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang.
iii.
Bidang pertanian
In the agriculture field To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants. To sterile insect pests for plants.
Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan. Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan.
iv.
Bidang arkeologi
In the archeology field Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts.
Karbon-14 untuk menentukan usia sesuatu artifak.
Susunan elektron
Electron Arrangement (a) The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For the elements with atomic numbers 1-20:
Elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu. Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur yang mempunyai nombor proton 120:
First shell can be filled with a maximum of

Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum
2
2
electrons.
elektron.
Second shell can be filled with a maximum of

Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum
8
8
electrons.
elektron.
Third shell can be filled with a maximum of
8
8
electrons.
elektron.
First shell is filled with 2 electrons (duplet)

Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet) Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet) Petala ketiga disi 8 elektron (oktet)
Second shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet) Third shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)
(b) Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
5 Elektron valens: Elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Complete the following table: (a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element:
Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:
Electron arrangement of an atom Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi atom Standard representation of an element Perwakilan piawai unsur
Description Penerangan
Hydrogen Atom
Atom Hidrogen
Number of protons/Bilangan proton Number of eletrons/Bilangan elektron Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron Proton number/Nombor proton Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 H 1
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Sodium Atom
Atom Natrium
Number of protons/Bilangan proton Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron
11 11 12 11 23 2.8.1
23 Na 11
Na
Proton number/Nombor proton Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron
(b) Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X.

Pilih pernyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X. 23 Na 11 Statement
Pernyataan
Tick ( 3 / 7 )
Tanda ( 3 / 7 )
Element X has 11 proton number.

Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton. Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11. Nombor proton atom X ialah 11.
7 3 3 7 3 3 3 7 7 7 3 7
The proton number of element X is 11. The proton number of atom X is 11. The number of proton of element X is 11.
Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11. Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11.
The number of proton of atom X is 11. Nucleon number of element X is 23.

Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23. Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23.
Nucleon number of atom X is 23. Number of nucleon of element X is 23.

Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
Atom X has 23 nucleon number.
Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon.
Neutron number of atom X is 12.

Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12.
Number of neutron of atom X is 12.

Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12.
Number of neutron of element X is 12.

Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1

Symbol of element Simbol unsur

Number of proton Bilangan proton Number of electron Bilangan elektron Number of neutron Bilangan neutron Proton number Nombor proton Nucleon number Nombor nukleon Electron arrangement Susunan elektron atom Number of valence electron Bilangan elektron valens
Element Unsur
Hydrogen
Hidrogen
1 1 H 4 2 He 11 5 B 12 6 C 14 7 N
1 2 5 6
7
1 2 5 6
7
0 2 6 6
7
1 2 5 6
7
1 4 11 12 14
20
1 2 2.3 2.4 2.5

2.8
1 2 3 4 5 8 1 2 2
Helium
Helium
Boron
Boron
Carbon
Karbon
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Neon
Neon
20 Ne 10 23 Na 11 24 Mg 12 40 Ca 20
10
11
10
11
10
12
10
11
Sodium
Natrium
23
2.8.1
Magnesium
Magnesium
12
12 20
12
12 20
24 40
2.8.2
2.8.8.2
Calcium
Kalsium
20
20
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S.
The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P , R and S. 35 P 17 12 R 6 37 S 17
(a) What is meant by nucleon number / Apakah maksud nombor nukleon? Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom (b) What is the nucleon number of P / Apakah nombor nukleon atom P? 35 (c) State the number of neutron in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P. 18 (d) State number of proton in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P. 17 (e) (i) What is meant by isotope / Apakah maksud isotop? Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of proton but different number of neutrons
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(ii) State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown / Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan. P and S (iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii) / Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii). Atom P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutron
(f) An isotope of R has 8 neutron. Write the symbol for the isotope R.
Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R.
14 R 6
3 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.
Element Unsur Number of proton Bilangan proton
The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P , Q and R.
Number of neutron Bilangan neutron
P Q R
1 1 6
0 1 6
(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer.

Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda.
P and Q. Atom P and Q have same number of proton but different number of neutron // nucleon number. (b) (i)

Write the standard representation of element Q.

Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.
2 Q 1

(ii) State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i).
Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).
The proton number of element Q is 1 // Number of proton of atom Q is 1 Nucleon number of element Q is 2 // Atomic mass of atom Q is 2 Number of neutron of atom Q is 1 Nucleus of atom Q contains 1p and 1n (c) (i)

Draw atomic structure for atom of element R.

Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R.
6 protons + 6 neutrons
(ii) Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i).

Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i).
The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell. The nucleus consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral. The electrons are in two shells, the first shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists of four electrons. Electrons move around nucleus in the shells.
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(d) Element R react with oxygen and to produce liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the graph when liquid Z at room temperature, 27C is cooled to 5C.

Unsur R bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran graf apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27C disejukkan sehingga 5C. Temperature /C
Suhu /C
Time /s
t1 t2 Masa /s
(i) What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1 to t2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from t1 to t2.
Apakah keadaan jirim Z daripada t1 hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah daripada t1 hingga t2.
Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the particles at 0 C (ii) Draw the arrangement of particles of Z at 20C.
Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20C.
(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to 5C.
Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke 5C.
The particles move slower Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif

1

The diagram shows the arrangement of particles for a type of matter that undergoes a change in physical state through process X.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan zarah sejenis bahan yang mengalami perubahan keadaan fizik melalui proses X.
The diagram below shows the heating curve for substance X.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bahan X.
Temperature / Suhu C
U S Q P T
Time (m)
Masa (m)
Apakah proses X ?
What is process X?
Peleburan Pendidihan
Which region of the graph does boiling process occur?

Bahagian manakah pada graf berlaku proses pendidihan?
A Melting

C Freezing

B Boiling 2

D Sublimation
Pembekuan
A PQ B QR
C ST D TU
Pemejalwapan
Which of the following information is true?

Change of state Perubahan keadaan Process Proses
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul? Heat energy Tenaga haba
Which of the following substances can undergo sublimation when heated?

Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah mengalami pemejalwapan apabila dipanaskan?
A B C D
Solid Liquid Liquid Gas

Cecair Gas
A Sulphur
Sulfur
C Glucose
Glukosa
Pepejal Cecair
Melting
Peleburan
Released Released Released
Dibebaskan Dibebaskan Dibebaskan
B Ammonium chloride
Ammonium klorida
D Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
Evaporation
Penyejatan
Gas Solid
Gas Pepejal Gas Cecair
Sublimation
Pemejalwapan
Gas Liquid
Condensation
Kondensasi
Absorbed
Diserap
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The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against time when a liquid Y is cooled.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair Y disejukkan.
Substance Bahan
Melting point/C Takat lebur/C
Boiling point/C Takat didih/C
S T U V
182 23 97 41 132
162 77 65 182 290
t3 t2 t1 P Q R
W
S

Which substance exists as liquid at room temperature?

Bahan yang manakah wujud sebagai cecair pada suhu bilik?
Time (m)
Masa (m)
A S only

Which of the following statements are true about the curve? I

B S and T only
S dan T sahaja
S sahaja
C T and U only

D V and W only
V dan W sahaja
T dan U sahaja
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang lengkung itu?
At Q, liquid Y begins to freeze.

Pada Q, cecair Y mula membeku.
The diagram below shows standard representation of an atom copper.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom kuprum.
II III IV
At PQ, particles in Y absorb heat from the surroundings. Liquid Y freezes completely at S. The freezing point of Y is t2C.
Takat beku bagi Y adalah t2C. I dan III sahaja I dan IV sahaja Pada PQ, zarah dalam Y menyerap haba dari persekitaran. Cecair Y membeku dengan lengkap pada S.
64 Cu 29

A I and III only B I and IV only
C II and III only D II and IV only

II dan IV sahaja
Which of the following is correct based on the symbol the diagram?

Antara berikut, yang manakah betul berdasarkan rajah di atas? Proton number Nombor proton Nucleon number Nombor nukleon Number of electron Bilangan elektron
II dan III sahaja
The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against time when solid Z is heated.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila pepejal Z dipanaskan.
A B C D 9
29 35 64 29
64 29 35 64
29 64 29 35
80
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom berillium.
The diagram below shows the standard representation of beryllium atom.
9 Be 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Masa (m)
Time (m)
What is the number of valence electrons of beryllium atom?

Apakah bilangan elektron valens bagi atom berillium?
Which of the following is true during the fourth minute? A All the molecules are in random motion. Semua molekul bergerak secara rawak. B All the molecules are closely packed and in random motion. Semua molekul sangat rapat dan bergerak secara rawak. C All the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions. Semua molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap. D Some of the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions but some are in random motion. Sebahagian molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap dan sebahagian bergerak secara rawak. The table shows the melting points and boiling points of substances S, T, U, V and W.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bahan S, T, U, V dan W. Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar pada minit keempat?
A 2 B 3
C 4 D 7
10 The table below shows the proton number and the number of neutrons for atoms of elements W, X, Y and Z.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan neutron bagi atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z. Element Atom Proton number Nombor proton Number of neutrons Bilangan neutron
Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah adalah isotop?
W 7 7 X 8 8 Y 8 9 Z 9 10 Which of the following pair of elements is isotope?

W dan X
A W and X

C X and Y

B W and Y
W dan Y
D Y and Z
Y dan Z
X dan Y
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CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
RELATIF MASS / JISIM RELATIF
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR)
To state the meaning of relative mass and solve numerical problems

Menyatakan maksud jisim atom relatif dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan
RELATIVE FORMULA MASS / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR)

Menyatakan maksud JAR, JMR dan JFR berdasarkan skala karbon-12
To state the meaning of RAM, RMM and RFM based on carbon-12 scale
RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS / JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR)
To calculate RAM, RMM and RFM using the chemical formulae of various substances
Menghitung JAR, JMR dan JFR menggunakan formula kimia beberapa bahan
MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL
MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES / MOL DAN BILANGAN ZARAH
To solve numerical problems involving mole and the number of atoms/ ions/ molecules
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol dan bilangan atom, ion dan molekul
MOLE AND THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES / MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN
To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole concept
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol
MOLE AND THE VOLUME OF GAS / MOL DAN ISIPADU GAS
To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole concept
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS / FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
EMPIRICAL FORMULA / FORMULA EMPIRIK
Stating the purpose and describe the empirical formula laboratory activities to determine the formula empirical
Menyatakan maksud formula empirik dan menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk menentukan formula empirik
MOLECULAR FORMULA / FORMULA MOLEKUL
Solve calculation problems involving empirical formula

Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan formula empirik
CHEMICAL FORMULAE / FORMULA KIMIA
To write formula of anion and cation and to write chemical formula for ionic compounds
Menulis formula kation dan anion dan menulis formula kimia untuk sebatian ion
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA
Write a balanced chemical equation and solve problems arrangements involving the mole concept
Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan yang melibatkan konsep mol
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RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM) / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR) 1 2 3
Satu atom adalah terlalu ringan, kecil dan tidak dapat ditimbang secara langsung.
A single atom is too small and light and cannot be weighed directly.
Cara yang paling sesuai untuk menentukan jisim satu atom ialah dengan membandingkan jisimnya dengan jisim suatu atom unsur lain yang dianggap sebagai piawai.
The best way to determine the mass of a single atom is to compare its mass to the mass of another atom of an element that is used as a standard. Hydrogen was the first element to be chosen as the standard for comparing mass because the hydrogen atom is the lightest atom with a mass of 1.0 a.m.u (atomic mass unit). Example:
Hidrogen adalah unsur pertama dipilih sebagai piawai untuk membandingkan jisim kerana atom hidrogen adalah unsur yang paling ringan dengan jisim 1.0 u.j.a (unit jisim atom). Contoh:
The mass of one helium atom is four times larger than one hydrogen atom.
Jisim satu atom Helium adalah 4 kali lebih besar daripada satu atom hidrogen.
RAM for He is 4.
4
JAR untuk He ialah 4.
Pada skala hidrogen, jisim atom relatif suatu unsur ditakrifkan sebagai jisim satu atom unsur berbanding jisim satu atom hidrogen:
On the hydrogen scale, the relative atomic mass of an element means the mass of one atom of the element compared to the mass of a single hydrogen atom: Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jism atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR) = The average mass of one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur Mass of one hydrogen atom / Jisim satu atom hidrogen
RAM has no unit.

JAR tiada unit.
The new standard used today is the carbon-12 atom.
Piawai yang digunakan sekarang adalah berdasarkan atom karbon-12.
1 RAM based on the carbon-12 scale is the mass of one atom of the element compared with of the mass of an 12 atom of carbon-12:
JAR berdasarkan skala atom karbon-12 adalah jisim satu atom unsur berbanding dengan
Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jisim atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR) The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur = 1 The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12 12
1 jisim satu atom karbon-12: 12
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RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM) / RELATIVE FORMULA MASS (RFM) JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR) / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR)
RMM / JMR =
The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu molekul
JMR diperoleh dengan menambahkan JAR semua atom yang terdapat dalam satu molekul. Molecular substance
Bahan molekul
1 The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12 12 RMM is obtained by adding up the RAM of all the atoms that are present in the molecule.
Molecular formula
Formula molekul
Relative molecular mass

Jisim molekul relatif
Oxygen / Oksigen Water / Air Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida Ammonia / Ammonia

O2 H2O CO2 NH3
2 16 = 32 2 1 + 16 = 18 12 + 2 16 = 44 14 + 3 1 = 17
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, H = 1, C = 12, N = 14]
Untuk sebatian ion, JMR digantikan dengan Jisim Formula Relatif (JFR). Substance
Bahan
For ionic substances, RMM is replaced with Relative Formula Mass (RFM).
Chemical formula
Formula kimia
Relative molecular mass

Jisim formula relatif
Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida Copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat Ammonium carbonate / Ammonium karbonat Aluminium nitrate / Aluminium nitrat Calcium hydroxide / Kalsium hidroksida Lead(II) hydroxide / Plumbum(II) hidroksida Hydrated copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat terhidrat
NaCl K2O CuSO4 (NH4)2CO3 Al(NO3)3 Ca(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 CuSO45H2O
23 + 35.5 = 58.5 2 39 + 16 = 94 64 + 32 + 4 16 = 160 2 [14 + 4 1] + 12 + 3 16 = 96 27 + 3 [14 + 3 16] = 213 40 + 2 [16 + 1] = 74 207 + 2 [16 + 1] = 241 64 + 32 + 4 16 + 5 [2 1 + 16] = 250
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32, N = 14, H = 1, C = 12, Al = 27, Ca = 40, Pb = 207]
(i) The formula of metal oxide of M is M2O3. Its relative formula mass is 152. What is the relative atomic mass of metal M?
Oksida logam M mempunyai formula M2O3. Jisim formula relatif ialah 152. Apakah jisim atom relatif logam M?
(ii) Phosphorus forms a chloride with a formula PClx. Its relative molecular mass is 208.5. Calculate the value of x.
Fosforus membentuk sebatian klorida dengan formula PClx. Jisim molekul relatifnya adalah 208.5. Hitungkan nilai x. [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : P = 31, Cl = 35.5]
M = RAM for M 2M + 3 16 = 152 M = 52

Nil a
1 + x 35.5 = 208.5 3 35.5x = 208.5 31 35.5x = 177.5 x = 5
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MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL Mole and the Number of Particles / Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To describe the amount of atoms, ions or molecules, mole is used. Untuk menyatakan jumlah atom, ion atau molekul, unit mol digunakan.
Satu mol ialah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah seperti mana yang terdapat dalam 12 g atom karbon-12.
A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. A mole of a substance is the amount of substance which contains a constant number of particles (atoms, ions, molecules), which is 6.02 1023.
Satu mol bahan adalah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah yang tetap (atom, molekul, ion) iaitu 6.02 1023.
The number 6.02 1023 is called the Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number (NA). Nombor 6.02 1023 dikenali sebagai Pemalar Avogadro atau Nombor Avogadro (NA ).
Bagi sebatian yang wujud dalam bentuk molekul/ion, bilangan atom/ion dalam sebatian itu mestilah diketahui.
For compounds that exist as molecules/ions, the number of atoms/ions in that compound must be known.
The symbol of mole is mol. Simbol untuk mol ialah mol.

Bahan

Substance Formula
Formula
Jenis zarah
Type of particles
Model / Figure
Model / Rajah
Number of atom per molecule/ Number of positive and negative ion

Bilangan atom per molekul/ Bilangan ion positif dan negatif
Chlorine / Klorin Water / Air
Cl2 H2O NH3 SO2 MgCl2 Al2O3
Molecule Molecule
Cl Cl H O H H H N H O S O
Cl : 2 H : 2 O : 1 N : 1 H : 3 S : 1 O : 2 Mg2+ : 1 Cl : 2 Al3+ : 2 O2 : 3
Ammonia / Ammonia
Molecule
Sulphur dioxide / Sulfur dioksida Magnesium chloride / Magnesium klorida Aluminium oxide / Aluminium oksida 8
Molecule Ion Ion
[Cl] [Mg]2+ [Cl] [O]2 [A1]3+ [O]2 [A1]3+ [O]2
Hubungan bilangan mol dan bilangan zarah (atom/ion/molekul):
Relationship between number of moles and number of particles (atoms/ions/molecules): Number of moles
Bilangan mol
Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro
Number of particles
Bilangan zarah
Lengkapkan yang berikut: [Bezakan antara mol dan molekul]
Complete the following: [Differentiate between mole dan molecule] (a) 1 mol of Cl2 [Chlorine gas]

6.02 1023
molecules of chlorine, Cl2 / molekul klorin, Cl2
1 mol Cl2 [Gas klorin]
2 6.02 1023 atoms of chlorine, Cl / atom klorin, Cl 6.02 1023 4 molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3 1 mol of nitrogen atom, N / mol atom nitrogen, N 3 mol of hydrogen atoms, H / mol atom hidrogen, H
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(b) 1 mol of NH3 [Ammonia gas]

1 mol NH3 [Gas ammonia]
mol atoms / mol atom
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(c)

1 mol of NH3 4 [Ammonia gas]

1 mol NH3 4 [Gas ammonia]
0.25 6.02 1023 1

1
mol of atoms
mol atom
molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3 0.25 mol of N atoms / mol atom N, 23 number of N atoms / bilangan atom N = 0.25 6.02 10 0.75 mol of H atoms / mol atom H, number of H atoms / bilangan atom H = 2 6.02 1023
0.75 6.02 1023
(d) 2 mol of MgCl2 [Magnesium chloride]

2 mol MgCl2 [Magnesium klorida]
2 mol of Mg2+ ions / mol ion Mg2+, number of Mg2+ ions / bilangan ion Mg2+ = 4 mol of Cl ions / mol ion Cl, number of Cl- ions / bilangan ion Cl = 2 6.02 1023
4 6.02 1023
(e) 2 mol of SO2 [Sulphur dioxide]

2 mol SO2 [Sulfur dioksida]
molecules of SO2 / molekul SO2 2 mol of S atoms / mol atom S, number of S atoms / bilangan atom S = 3 2 = 6 mol of atoms
32=6 mol atom
2 6.02 1023
4 mol of O atoms / mol atom O, number of O atoms / bilangan atom O =
4 6.02 1023
10 Complete the table below: Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Number of moles

Bilangan mol
Number of particles
Bilangan zarah
0.5
0.5
mole of carbon, C
mol atom karbon, C
3.01 1023 atoms of carbon

3.01 1023 atom karbon
0.2 moles of hydrogen gas, H2

0.2 mol gas hidrogen, H2
(i) (ii)
0.2 6.02 1023
molecules of hydrogen / molekul hidrogen
2 0.2 6.02 1023 atoms of hydrogen / atom hidrogen
1
1
mole of carbon dioxide molecules, CO2

mol molekul karbon dioksida, CO2
6.02 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide contains:

6.02 1023 molekul karbon dioksida mengandungi:
6.02 1023
6.02 10
23
atoms of C and
2 6.02 1023
atom C dan
2 6.02 1023
atoms of O.
atom O.
NUMBER OF MOLES AND MASS OF SUBSTANCE / BILANGAN MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN 1 Molar mass / Jisim molar (a) Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance / Jisim molar adalah jisim satu mol sebarang bahan. (b) Molar Mass is the relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative formula mass of a substance in g mol1.
Jisim molar adalah jisim atom relatif, jisim molekul relatif dan jisim formula relatif suatu bahan dalam g mol1. (c) Molar mass of any substance is numerically equal to its relative mass (Relative atomic mass/ relative formula Jisim molar sebarang bahan mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan jisim relatif (Jisim atom relatif/ jisim formula relatif/ jisim molekul relatif).
2
Nil a
mass/relative molecular mass).
Jisim molar H2O = 18 g mol1 Jisim 1 mol H2O = 18 g
Example / Contoh: Molar mass of H2O = 18 g mol1 Mass of 1 mol of H2O = 18 g Mass of 2 mol of H2O = 2 mol 18 g mol = 36 g
1
RAM/ /RFM/RMM
Bilangan mol
Number of moles
JAR/JFR/JMR
Jisim 2 mol H2O = 2 mol
18
g mol1 =
36
RAM/ /RFM/RMM
JAR/JFR/JMR
Jisim dalam gram
Mass in gram
Mass of
Jisim
tio
2.5
2.5
mol of H2O = 45 g
mol H2O = 45 g
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Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Element/ Compound

Chemical formula Cu
RAM/RMM/RFM
JAR/JMR/JFR
Unsur/Sebatian
Formula kimia
Penghitungan
1 (a) Mass of 1 mol of Cu / Jisim 1 mol Cu : 1 mol 64 g mol = 64 g 2 mol 64 g mol1 = 128 g (b) Jisim 2 mol / Jisim 1 mol : 1 mol 64 g mol1 = 32 g 1 1 2 (c) Jisim mol / Jisim mol: 2 2 32 g (d) Mass of 3.01 1023 Cu atoms / Jisim 3.01 1023 atom Cu:
Calculate
Copper
Kuprum
RAM/JAR = 64
Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida
NaOH
RFM/JFR = 40
(a) Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide:

Jisim 3 mol natrium hidroksida: 120 g
120 g 0.5 mol
(b) Number of moles in 20 g sodium hydroxide:

Bilangan mol natrium hidroksida dalam 20 g:
0.5 mol
Oxygen gas
Gas oksigen
O2
RMM/JMR =
32
(a) Mass of 2.5 mol of oxygen gas:

Jisim 2.5 mol gas oksigen:
2.5 mol 32 g mol1 = 80 g
2.5 mol 32 g mol1 = 80 g
(b) Number of moles is 1.5 mol oxygen gas:

Bilangan molekul dalam 1.5 mol gas oksigen:
1.5 mol 6.02 1023 1 (c) Number of molecules in mol of oxygen gas: 2 1 Bilangan molekul dalam mol gas oksigen: 2 0.5 mol 6.02 1023 (d) Number of atoms in 2 mol of oxygen gas:
Bilangan atom dalam 2 mol gas oksigen:
Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
2 2 6.02 1023
NaCl Zn(NO3)2
RFM/JFR = 58.5 RFM/JFR = 189
Mass of 0.5 mol of NaCl / Jisim bagi 0.5 mol NaCl: 0.5 mol 58.5 g mol1 = 29.25 g
Bilangan mol dalam 37.8 g zink nitrat:
Zink nitrat
Zinc nitrate
Number of moles in 37.8 g of zinc nitrate: 37.8 g/189 g mol1 = 0.2 mol
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64, Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65, N = 14]
NUMBER OF MOLES AND VOLUME OF GAS / BILANGAN MOL DAN ISI PADU GAS 1 2 3 Molar volume of a gas: Volume occupied by one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at Isi padu molar gas: Isipadu yang dipenuhi oleh satu mol sebarang gas iaitu 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai (STP). Isi padu molar sebarang gas adalah 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada STP.
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
The molar volume of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at STP . Generalisation: One mole of any gas always occupies the same volume under the same temperature and pressure: Example / Contoh: (i) 1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas dan 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupy the same volume of 24 dm3 at room conditions.

Umumnya: satu mol sebarang jenis gas menempati isi padu yang sama pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama.
(ii) 2 mol of carbon dioxide gas occupies

2 mol gas karbon dioksida menempati
1 mol gas oksigen, 1 mol gas ammonia, 1 mol gas helium dan 1 mol gas sulfur dioksida menempati isi padu yang sama iaitu 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik.
44.8
. dm3 pada STP
44.8
dm3 pada STP.

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(iii) 16 g of oxygen gas = 0.5 mol of oxygen gas. Therefore, 16 g of oxygen gas occupies a volume of at room conditions [Relative atomic mass: O =16]
0.5 mol gas oksigen. Oleh itu, 16 g gas oksigen menempati isi padu 16 g gas oksigen = [Jisim atom relatif; O = 16] 12
12
dm3
dm3 pada keadaan bilik.
Number of moles of gas

Bilangan mol gas
24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1 24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1
Volume of gas in dm2

Isi padu gas dalam dm3
Formula untuk penukaran unit:
Formula for conversion of unit: Volume of gas in dm3

24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1 (RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol1

Jisim dalam gram (g)
24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1 (6.02 1023) (6.02 1023)
Mass in gram (g)
(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol1
Number of moles
Bilangan mol
Number of particles
Bilangan zarah
(RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol1

(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol1
Jisim atom relatif kalsium berdasarkan skala karbon-12 ialah 40.
Relative atomic mass of calcium is 40 based on the carbon-12 scale. (a) State the meaning of the statement above.
Nyatakan maksud penyataan di atas.
Mass of calcium atom is 4 times greater than
1 mass of carbon-12 atom. 12
(b) How many times is one calcium atom heavier than one oxygen atom? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16]
Berapa kalikah satu atom kalsium lebih berat daripada satu atom oksigen? [JAR: O = 16]
Relative atomic mass of calcium 40 = = 2.5 times Relative atomic mass of oxygen 16
Berapakah bilangan atom kalsium yang mempunyai jisim yang sama dengan dua atom bromin? [Jisim atom relatif: Br = 80]
(c) How many calcium atoms have the same mass as two atoms of bromine? [RAM Br = 80]

Number of calcium atom 40 = 2 80 2 80 Number of calcium atom = =4 40 A sampel of chlorine gas weighs 14.2 g. Calculate / Suatu sampel gas klorin berjisim 14.2 g. Hitungkan: [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cl = 35.5] (a) Number of moles of chlorine atoms / Bilangan mol atom klorin. 14.2 Number of mol of chlorine atoms, Cl = = 0.4 mol 35.5 (b) Number of moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2) / Bilangan mol molekul klorin (Cl2 ). 14.2 Number of mol of chlorine molecule, Cl2 = = 0.2 mol 71 (c) Volume of chlorine gas at room conditions / Isi padu gas klorin pada keadaan bilik. [Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure]
[Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai]

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Volume of chlorine gas = 0.2 mol 24 dm3 mol1 = 4.8 dm3
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(a) Calculate the number of atoms in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam bahan berikut: [Relative atomic mass: N = 14; Zn = 65; Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023]

[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14; Zn = 65; Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023] (i) 13 g of zinc / 13 g zink
13 = 0.2 mol 65 Number of zinc atom = 0.2 6.02 1023 = 1.204 1023 Number of mol of zinc atom =
(ii) 5.6 g of nitrogen gas / 5.6 g gas nitrogen 5.6 Number of mol of N atom = = 0.4 mol 14 Number of N atom = 0.4 6.02 1023 = 2.408 1023
(b) Calculate the number of molecules in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan molekul dalam bahan berikut: [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023]
4
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023] (i) 8.5 g of ammonia gas, NH3 / 8.5 g gas ammonia, NH3
8.5 6.02 1023 17 = 2.408 1023
(ii) 14.2 g of chlorine gas, Cl2 / 14.2 g gas klorin, Cl2 14.2 6.02 1023 71 = 1.2 1023
Suatu balang gas berisi 240 cm3 gas karbon dioksida. Hitungkan:
A gas jar contains 240 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas. Calculate: [Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16; Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room conditions] 240 = 0.01 mol 24 000
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16; Isi padu molar gas: 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik] (a) Number of moles of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan mol gas karbon dioksida:
Number of moles of CO2 =
(b) Number of molecules of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan molekul gas karbon dioksida: Number of molecules of CO2 = 0.01 6.02 1023 = 6.02 1021 (c) Mass of carbon dioxide gas / Jisim gas karbon dioksida: Mass of CO2 = 0.01 mol [12 + 2 16] g mol1 = 0.44 g
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Berapakah jisim molekul klorin (Cl2 ) yang mengandungi dua kali ganda bilangan molekul yang terdapat dalam 3.6 g air? [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5]
What is the mass of chlorine molecules (Cl2) that contains twice as many molecules as that found in 3.6 g of water? Number of moles of chlorine molecule = 2 no of mol in H2O 3.6 =2 = 0.4 mol 18 Mass of Cl2 = 0.4 71= 28.4 g
Hitungkan jisim karbon yang mempunyai bilangan atom yang sama seperti yang terdapat dalam 4 g magnesium. [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, Mg = 24]
Calculate the mass of carbon that has the same number of atoms as found in 4 g of magnesium.
2g
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Bandingkan bilangan molekul dalam 32 g sulfur dioksida (SO2 ) dengan 7 g gas nitrogen (N2 ). Terangkan jawapan anda. [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : S = 32, O = 16, N = 14]
Compare the number of molecule in 32 g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) with 7 g of nitrogen gas (N2). Explain your answer. 32 = 0.5 mol 64
Number of moles of molecules in 32 g SO2 = Number of moles of molecules in 7 g N2 =
7 = 0.25 mol 28 Number of molecule in 32 g SO2 is two times more than 7 g N2. Number of mole in sulphur dioxide molecule is two times more than number of mole of nitrogen molecule. Compare number of atoms in 1.28 g of oxygen to the number of atoms in 1.3 g of zinc. Explain your answer. 1.28 = 0.08 mol 16 1.30 Number of mol of Zn atoms in 1.3 g Zn = = 0.04 mol 65 Number of oxygen atoms in 1.28 g oxygen is 2 times more than number of zinc atoms in 1.3 g zinc. Number of mol of oxygen atom is 2 times more than zinc atom.
Bandingkan bilangan atom dalam 1.28 g oksigen dengan bilangan atom dalam 1.3 g zink. Terangkan jawapan anda. [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Zn = 65]
Number of mol of O atoms in 1.28 g SO2 =
CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / FORMULA KIMIA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA 1
Simbol unsur gunakan huruf besar untuk huruf pertama dan huruf kecil jika ada huruf kedua.
Symbol of elements use capital letters for the first alphabet and use small letters if there is a second alphabet. Sodium / Natrium Na Nitrogen / Nitrogen N Fluorine / Fluorin F
Example / Contoh: Potassium / Kalium K, Calcium / Kalsium Ca, Iron / Ferum Fe,

Formula kimia Satu set simbol kimia bagi atom-atom unsur dengan gandaan nombor bulat yang mewakili bahan kimia. Chemical substance
Bahan kimia
Chemical Formula A set of chemical symbols for atoms of elements in whole numbers representing chemical substances.
Chemical formula
Formula kimia
Catatan 2 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom O. 3 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom N. 3 atom C bergabung dengan 8 atom H.
Notes
Water
Air
H2O NH3 C3H8
2 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of O.
Ammonia
Ammonia Propana
3 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of N. 3 atoms of C combines with 8 atoms of H.
Propane
Information that can be obtained from the chemical formula / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada formula kimia: (i) All the elements present in the compound / Jenis unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian, (ii) Number of atoms of each element in the compound / Bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian, (iii) Calculation of RMM/RFM of the compound / Pengiraan JMR/JFR bagi sebatian. Two types of chemical formula / Dua jenis formula kimia: (i) Empirical formula / Formula empirik, (ii) Molecular formula / Formula molekul.
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EMPIRICAL FORMULA / Formula empirik 1 2 3
A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. Formula yang menunjukkan nisbah nombor bulat teringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
Formula itu boleh ditentukan dengan menghitung nisbah bilangan mol atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
The formula can be determined by calculating the simplest ratio of moles of atoms of each element in the compound. Experiments to determine empirical formula of metal oxide / Formula empirik bagi oksida logam diperoleh dengan cara:
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
Formula empirik magnesium oksida
Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide

Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:

Copper(II) oxide
Kuprum(II) oksida
Magnesium
Magnesium
Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen
Panaskan
Heat
Panaskan
Heat
Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku:
Magnesium dipanaskan dengan kuat di dalam mangkuk pijar untuk bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk magnesium oksida. Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
Magnesium is burnt in a crucble to react with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku:
Gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui kuprum(II) oksida yang dipanaskan. Hidrogen menurunkan kuprum(II) oksida kepada kuprum dan air. Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
Hydrogen gas is passed through heated copper(II) oxide. Hydrogen reduces copper(II) oxide to form copper and water.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
This method can also be used to determine the empirical formulae of reactive metals such as aluminium oxide and zinc oxide.
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida logam reaktif seperti aluminium oksida dan zink oksida.
This method can also be used to determine the empirical formulae of less reactive metals such as lead(II) oxide and tin(II) oxide.
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida logam kurang reaktif seperti plumbum(II) oksida and stanum(II) oksida.
Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Magnesium Oksida Semasa eksperimen ini, magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara untuk membentuk asap putih, magnesium oksida:
In this experiment, magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form white fumes, magnesium oxide: Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide
Magnesium + Oksigen Magnesium oksida
Material / Bahan: Magnesium ribbon, sand paper Apparatus / Radas: Crucible with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, tripod stand and balance Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
Magnesium ribbon
Heat
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Procedure / Langkah:
(a) A

crucible
Mangkuk pijar
and its
dengan
lid
penutup
are weighed.
ditimbang.
(b) 10 cm of
10 cm
magnesium ribbon is cleaned with

pita magnesium
sand paper
.
..
dibersihkan dengan menggunakan
kertas pasir
(c) The

magnesium ribbon is
di gulung
coiled
loosely and placed in the crucible. magnesium ribbon are weighed again.
pita magnesium ditimbang.
Pita magnesium
dan diletakkan dalam mangkuk pijar.
(d) The
crucible
Mangkuk pijar
together with the lid and

bersama dengan penutup dan
(e) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram.

Radas disusun seperti dalam gambar rajah.
(f) The crucible is heated burn

strongly
kuat
without its
tanpa penutup
lid lid
penutup .
. When the magnesium starts to .

. Apabila pita magnesium mula
, the crucible is covered with its
Mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan terbakar , mangkuk pijar ditutup dengan
(g) The

lid
Penutup
of the crucible is lifted from time to time using a pair of tongs.

dibuka sekali sekala dengan menggunakan penyepit.
(h) When the magnesium ribbon stops heated strongly for another 2 minutes.
pita magnesium Apabila kuat selama 2 minit lagi. berhenti
burning
terbakar ,
, the
penutup
lid
is removed and the crucible is
dibuka dan mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan
(i) The

crucible
Mangkuk pijar
lid and its content are allowed to cool down to room temperature .
, penutup dan kandungannya dibiarkan sejuk ke suhu bilik .
(j) The

crucible
Mangkuk pijar
, lid and its content are

, penutup dan kandungannya
weighed again
.
.
ditimbang sekali lagi
(k) The process of constant

Proses tetap pemanasan
heating
,
penyejukan
cooling
and weighing are

diulang
repeated
until a
mass is obtained.
, dan penimbangan beberapa kali sehingga jisim diperoleh.
Observation / Pemerhatian:
Magnesium burns
brightly
to release
white fumes
and
white solid
is formed.
pepejal putih .
Magnesium terbakar dengan Inference / Inferens:
terang
membebaskan
wasap putih
dan kemudiannya membentuk
Magnesium is a
reactive
metal.
reaktif .
Magnesium adalah logam yang
Magnesium reacts with
oxygen
in the air to form

oksigen
magnesium oxide
.
.
Magnesium bertindak balas dengan
dalam udara membentuk
magnesium oksida
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Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga: Step taken / Langkah yang diambil Magnesium ribbon is cleaned with
Pita magnesium perlu digosok dengan kertas pasir
Purpose / Tujuan
.
sand paper .
To remove the ribbon. To allow
oxide layer
on the surface of the magnesium
Untuk membuang lapisan oksida pada permukaan magnesium oksida.
The The
crucible lid crucible lid
is lifted from time to time. then replaced quickly.
oxygen
Penutup mangkuk pijar dibuka sekali sekala. Penutup mangkuk pijar kemudian ditutup semula dengan cepat.
Untuk membenarkan oksigen masuk dan bertindak balas dengan magnesium .
from the air to react with magnesium . from escaping. oxygen
To prevent fumes of
magnesium oxide
Untuk mengelakkan wasap magnesium oksida dari terbebas.
The process of
heating , cooling and weighing are repeated until a constant mass is obtained.
pemanasan , penyejukan penimbang dan Proses jisim tetap diulang beberapa kali sehingga diperoleh.
lengkap Untuk memastikan semua magnesium telah bertindak balas oksigen dengan untuk membentuk magnesium oksida .
To ensure magnesium react for magnesium oxide .
completely
with
to
Result / Keputusan: Description / Penerangan Mass of crucible + lid

Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida
Mass (g) / Jisim (g) x y z
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide
Calculation / Pengiraan: Element / Unsur Mass (g) / Jisim (g) Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas Mg yx yx 24 p O zy zy 16 q
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide is

Formula empirik magnesium oksida ialah Mg O
p
MgpOq
q
.
.
Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Copper(II) Oxide Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Kuprum(II) Oksida
Copper(II) Oxide + Hidrogen Copper + Water

Kuprum(II) oksida + Hidrogen Kuprum + Air Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
Copper(II) oxide Burning of hydrogen gas Hydrogen gas Combustion tube Heat
Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2

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The
Warna
black
colour of copper(II) oxide turns

kuprum(II) oksida menjadi perang
brown
.
hitam
Inference / Inferens:
Copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen to produce the brown

Kuprum(II) oksida bertindak balas dengan hidrogen untuk menghasilkan Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga: Step taken / Langkah yang ambil Hydrogen gas is passed through anhydrous calcium chloride.
Gas hidrogen dialirkan melalui kalsium klorida kontang.
copper metal
.
yang berwarna perang.
logam kuprum
Purpose / Tujuan Anhydrous calcium chloride absorb water vapour to hydrogen gas.
Kalsium klorida kontang menyerap wap air untuk mengering
dry
gas hidrogen.
Dry hydrogen is passed through the combustion tube for 5 to 10 minutes.

kering dialirkan melalui tabung pembakaran Gas hidrogen selama 5 hingga 10 minit.
To
remove
all the
air
(The mixture of hydrogen gas and
in the combustion tube. air explodes when lighted).
udara dalam tabung pembakaran. Untuk mengeluarkan semua udara (Campuran hidrogen dan menghasilkan letupan apabila dinyalakan)
The gas that comes out from the small hole is collected in the test tube. Then, a lighted wooden splinter is placed
Gas yang keluar daripada lubang kecil dikumpul dalam sebuah tabung uji. Kayu uji menyala di letakkan di mulut tabung uji.
If the gas burns quietly without pop sound , all the has been removed from the combustion tube.
bunyi pop Jika gas terbakar tanpa daripada tabung pembakaran. , semua gas telah
air
at mouth of the test tube.
dikeluarkan
The flow of hydrogen gas must be throughout the experiment.
continuous
Gas hidrogen dialirkan secara berterusan sepanjang eksperimen.
To prevent hot copper from reacting with copper(II) oxide again.
oxygen
to form
Untuk mengelakkan kuprum panas daripada bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan membentuk kuprum(II) oksida .
The process of
heating , cooling and weighing are constant mass is obtained. repeated until a
dan tetap penimbang diperoleh.
To ensure all copper(II) oxide has changed to
copper .
kuprum .
Untuk memastikan semua kuprum(II) oksida telah bertukar kepada
pemanasan , penyejukan Proses diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim
Result / Keputusan: Description / Penerangan Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish

Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat
Mass (g) / Jisim (g) x y z
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum(II) oksida Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper(II) oxide Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper
Calculation / Pengiraan: Element / Unsur Mass (g) / Jisim (g) Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas Cu zx zx 64 p O yz yz 16 q

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Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is

Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida ialah
tio
CupOq
CupOq .
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Terangkan mengapa susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik dalam kedua-dua eksperimen itu berbeza.
Explain why the set-up of apparatus to determine the empirical formula in both the experiments is different. (a) Magnesium is

reactive .
metal (above hidrogen in reactivity series). Magnesium
reacts
easily to form
teroksida
magnesium oxide
reaktif Magnesium adalah logam membentuk magnesium oksida .
(terletak di atas hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan. Magnesium mudah
(b) Copper is below by

7 Kuprum di bawah gas hidrogen
hydrogen
hidrogen
in the metal reactivity series. Oxygen in copper(II) oxide can be

dalam siri kereaktifan. Kuprum(II) okida boleh
reduced/removed
hydrogen gas
to form copper and water.

diturunkan/disingkirkan oleh untuk membentuk kuprum dan air.
Untuk menghitung formula empirik suatu sebatian, jadual di bawah boleh digunakan sebagai panduan: Element / Unsur Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) Number of mole of atom / Bilangan mol atom Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas
To calculate the empirical formula of a compound, use the following table:
Calculation steps / Langkah pengiraan:

(a) Calculate the mass of each element in the compound. (b) Convert the mass of each element to number of mole of atom. (c) Calculate the simplest ratio of moles of atom of the elements.
Hitungkan nisbah bilangan mol atom teringkas unsur-unsur tersebut. Tukar jisim setiap unsur kepada bilangan mol atom. Hitungkan jisim setiap unsur dalam sebatian.
Apabila 11.95 g oksida logam X diturunkan oleh hidrogen, 10.35 g logam terhasil. Hitungkan formula empirik bagi oksida logam X. [RAM / JAR: X = 207, O = 16] Element / Unsur Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas X 10.35 0.05 1 1 O 1.6 0.1 2 2
When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Calculate the empirical formula of metal X oxide.
Empirical formula / Formula empirik:
XO2
A certain compound contains the following composition / Satu sebatian mengandungi komposisi unsur seperti berikut: Na = 15.23%, Br = 52.98%, O = 31.79 % [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: O = 16, Na = 23, Br = 80] (Assume that 100 g of substance is used / Anggap 100 g bahan digunakan)
Element / Unsur Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas Na 15.23 0.66 1 1 Br 52.98 0.66 1 1 O 31.79 1.99 3.01 3
Empirical formula / Formula empirik:
NaBrO3
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2.08 g unsur X bergabung dengan 4.26 g unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian dengan formula XY3 . Hitung jisim atom relatif unsur X. [JAR: Y = 35.5] Element / Unsur Mass of element (g)
Jisim unsur (g)
2.08 g of element X combines with 4.26 g of element Y to form a compound with formula XY3. Calculate the relative atomic mass of element X. [RAM: Y = 35.5]
X 2.08 2.08 x 1
Y 4.26 4.26 = 0.12 35.5 3
x = relative atomic mass of X

Mol X = 1
Bilangan mol atom
Number of mole of atoms
Nisbah mol teringkas
Simplest ratio of moles
Mol Y 3 2.08 x 1 = 0.12 3 x = 52
2.07 g of element Z reacts with bromine to form 3.67 g of a compound with empirical formula ZBr2. Calculate the relative atomic mass of element Z. [RAM: Br = 80]
2.07 g unsur Z bertindak balas dengan bromin membentuk 3.67 g sebatian dengan formula empirik ZBr2. Hitung jisim atom relatif bagi unsur Z. [JAR: Br = 80] Element / Unsur Mass of element (g)
Jisim unsur (g)
Z 2.07 2.07 z 1
Br 1.6 1.6 = 0.02 80 2
z = relative atomic mass of Z

Mol Z = 1 Mol Br 2 2.08 z 1 = 2 0.02 z = 207
Bilangan mol atom
Number of mole of atoms
Simplest ratio of moles

Nisbah mol teringkas
The statement below is about compound J / Pernyataan berikut adalah mengenai sebatian J. It is black solid / Merupakan pepejal hitam. Contains 12.8 g copper and 0.2 mol of oxygen / Mengandungi 12.8 g kuprum dan 0.2 mol oksigen. [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cu = 64] (a) What is meant by empirical formula / Apakah maksud formula empirik? A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. (b) (i) (ii) Calculate the number of mol of copper atom / Hitung bilangan mol atom kuprum. 12.8 = 0.2 mol 64 What is the empirical formula of compound J / Apakah formula empirik sebatian J ? 0.2 mol Cu : 0.2 mol O. 1 mol Cu : 1 mol O. Empirical formula of Compound J is CuO.
(c) Compound J reacts completely with hydrogen to produce copper and compound Q.
Sebatian J bertindak balas lengkap dengan hidrogen menghasilkan kuprum dan sebatian Q.
(i)
State one observation for the reaction / Nyatakan satu pemerhatian daripada tindak balas tersebut. Black solid change to brown
(ii) Name two the substances that can be used to prepare hydrogen gas.
Namakan dua bahan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen.
Zinc/magnesium and hydrochloric acid/nitric acid/sulphuric acid. (iii) Name compound Q / Nama sebatian Q. Water

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(iv) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas tersebut.
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(d) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up of apparatus for the experiment.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel susunan radas bagi tindak balas tersebut.
Gas hidrogen
Compound J
Heat

(e) (i)
Mengapakah gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui tiub pembakaran selepas pemanasan dihentikan?
Why is hydrogen gas passed through the combustion tube after heating has stpopped?
To avoid copper produced react with oxygen to form copper(II) oxide.

(ii) State how to determine that the reaction between compound J and hydrogen has completed.
Nyatakan bagaimana menentukan tindak balas antara sebatian J dengan hidrogen telah lengkap.
By repeating the process of heating, cooling and weighing until constant mass is obtained.

(f) (i)
Bolehkah formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida ditentukan dengan cara yang sama? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Can the empirical formula of magnesium oxide be determined by the same method? Explain your answer. Cannot. Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen. Hydrogen cannot reduce magnesium oxide to form magnesium.
(ii) Magnesium can reduce copper oxide to copper. Explain why the empirical formula of the copper oxide cannot be determined by heating the mixture of copper oxide and magnesium powder.
Magnesium boleh menurunkan kuprum oksida kepada kuprum. Terangkan mengapa formula empirik kuprum oksida tidak boleh ditentukan dengan pemanasan campuran kuprum oksida dengan serbuk magnesium.
Magnesium oxide and copper produced are in solid form, copper cannot be separated from magnesium oxide. The mass of copper cannot be weighed.
MOLECULAR FORMULA / Formula MOLEKUL 1
Formula molekul suatu sebatian menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam satu molekul sebatian.
Molecular formula of a compound shows the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of the compound. Molecular Formula = (empirical formula)n, where n is a integer.
Formula molekul = (Formula empirik)n, di mana n adalah integer.
Example / Contoh:
Compound
Sebatian
Molecular formula
Formula molekul
Empirical formula
Formula empirik
Value of n
Nilai n
Water / Air Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida Sulphuric acid / Asid sulfurik Ethene / Etena Benzene / Benzena Glucose / Glukosa

H2O CO2 H2SO4 C2H4 C6H6 C6H12O6
H2O CO2 H2SO4 CH2 CH CH2O
1 1 1 2 6 6
The molecular formula and the empirical formula of a compound may be the same if the value of n = 1 but different if the value is n > 1. Formula molekul dan formula empirik suatu sebatian akan sama sekiranya nilai n = 1 tetapi akan berbeza sekiranya nilai n > 1.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1 2
Formula empirik sebatian X adalah CH2 dan JMR adalah 56. Tentukan formula molekul sebatian X. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1; C = 12]
The empirical formula of compound X is CH2 and relative molecular mass is 56. Determine the molecular formula of compound X. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12]
(12 + 2)n = 56 56 n = =4 14 Molecular formula = (CH2)4 = C4H8

2.58 g suatu hidrokarbon mengandungi 2.16 g karbon. Jisim molekul relatif bagi hidrokarbon ini ialah 86. [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1; C = 12] (i) Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon / Hitungkan formula empirik bagi hidrokarbon ini. Element Mass of element (g) Number of mole of atoms Ratio of moles Simplest ratio of moles C 2.16 0.18 1 3
2.58 g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 86.
H 0.42 0.42 21 = 7 3 3 7
Empirical formula = C3H7
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon / Tentukan formula molekul hidrokarbon tersebut. (12 3 + 7 1)n = 86 86 n = =2 43 Molecular formula = (C3H7)2 = C6H14
3 Rajah di bawah menujukkan formula struktur bagi benzena. H H
The diagram below shows the structural formula for benzene molecule.
H C C C C H C C H H
(a) Name the element that make up benzene / Namakan unsur yang membentuk benzena. Carbon and hydrogen (b) What are the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene?
Apakah formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena?
Molecular formula / Formula molekul: C6H6 Empirical formula / Formula empirik: CH

Banding dan bezakan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena.
(c) Compare and contrast the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene. Both empirical formula and molecular formula shows benzene is made up of elements.
Kedua-dua fomula molekul dan formula empirik menunjukkan benzena terdiri dari unsur
carbon
karbon
and
dan
hydrogen
hidrogen .
Molecular formula shows the molecule . Each benzene molecule
actual
number of consists of
carbon
6 carbon
karbon atom
atoms in benzene 6 hydrogen atoms and atoms.

dan atom hidrogen dalam molekul karbon 6 dan atom
atoms and
hydrogen
Formula molekul menunjukkan bilangan bagi atom molekul 6 benzena terdiri daripada benzena. Setiap
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Empirical formula shows the simplest ratio of number carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, the simplest carbon hydrogen 1:1 ratio of number of atoms to atoms in benzene is .
Formula empirik benzena menunjukkan Nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atom nisbah paling ringkas karbon kepada karbon bilangan atoms kepada atom hidrogen 1 : 1 adalah . hidrogen .
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION BY MASS OF AN ELEMENT IN A COMPOUND PERATUS KOMPOSISI UNSUR MENGIKUT JISIM DALAM SEBATIAN
Total RAM of the element in the compound 100%

1 2 % komposisi unsur mengikut jisim
% composition by mass of an element =
Jumlah JAR unsur dalam suatu sebatian 100%
RMM/RFM of compound/JMR/JFR sebatian
Hitungkan peratusan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam sebatian berikut: [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : N = 14, H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, K = 39]
Example / Contoh: Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in the following compounds:
(i) (NH4)2SO4 %N =
2 14 100% 132 = 21.2% 14 100% 101 = 13.9%
(ii) KNO3
%N =
CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS / formula kimia bagi sebatian ion 1 2
Formula kimia sebatian ion yang mengandungi ion X m+ dan Y n boleh diperoleh melalui pertukaran bilangan cas setiap ion. Formula yang diperoleh ialah XnYm.
Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn is by exchanging the charges on each ion. The formula obtained will be XmYn. Example / Contoh: (i) Sodium oxide / Natrium oksida
Ion / Ion Charges / Bilangan cas Exchange of charges / Pertukaran bilangan cas Smallest ratio / Nisbah teringkas Number of combining ions / Bilangan ion yang bergabung Formula / Formula Na+ +1 2 2 2 Na+ Na2O O2 2 1 1 O2
(ii) Copper(II) nitrate / Kuprum(II) nitrat Cu2+ +2 NO3 1
(iii) Zinc oxide / Zink oksida Zn2+ +2 O2 2
1 2 (Ratio / Nisbah) Cu(NO3)2
2 1 ZnO
2 1 (Ratio / Nisbah)
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40 ACTIVITY 1: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND NAMES OF THE FOLLOWING COMMON COMPOUNDS
Aktiviti 1: TULIS FORMULA KIMIA DAN NAMA BAGI BAHAN KIMIA BERIKUT
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O2, Oxide ion

Ion karbonat Ion sulfat Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat
Ion oksida
CO32, Carbonat ion
SO42, Sulphate ion
Cl, Chloride ion
Br, Bromide ion
I, Iodide ion
OH, Hydroxide ion
NO3, Nitrate ion
K+ Potassium ion K2CO3 Potassium carbonate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate H2CO3 Carbonic acid Ag2CO3 Silver carbonate Ag2SO4 Silver sulphate AgCl Silver chloride AgBr Silver bromide AgI Silver iodide H2SO4 Sulphuric acid HCl Hydrocloric acid HBr Hydrobromic acid HI Hydroiodic acid AgOH Silver hydroxide Na2SO4 Sodium sulphate NaCl Sodium chloride NaBr Sodium bromide NaI Sodium iodide NaOH Sodium hydroxide K2SO4 KCl KBr Potassium sulphate Potassium chloride Potassium bromide KI Potassium iodide
Ion kalium
K2O Potassium oxide
KOH KNO3 Potassium hydroxide Potassium nitrate NaNO3 Sodium nitrate HNO3 Nitric acid AgNO3 Silver nitrate
Na+ Sodium ion
Ion natrium
Na2O Sodium oxide
H+ Hydrogen ion
Ion hidrogen
Ag+ Silver ion
Ion argentum
Ag2O Silver oxide
NH4 + Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
(NH4)2CO3 Ammonium carbonate CaCO3 Calcium carbonate CuCO3 Copper(II) carbonate MgCO3 Magnesium carbonate ZnCO3 Zinc carbonate PbCO3 Lead(II) carbonate PbSO4 Lead(II) sulphate ZnSO4 Zinc sulphate MgSO4 Magnesium sulphate MgCl2 Magnesium chloride ZnCl2 Zinc chloride PbCl2 Lead(II) chloride CuSO4 Copper(II) sulphate CaSO4 Calcium sulphate CaCl2 Calcium chloride CaBr2 Calcium bromide
(NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulphate
NH4Cl Ammonium chloride
NH4Br Ammonium bromide
NH4I Ammonium iodide CaI2 Calcium iodide CuI2 Copper(II) iodide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate Ca(NO3 )2 Calcium nitrate Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3 )2 Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate
Ca2+ Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
CaO Calcium oxide
Cu2+ Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
CuO Copper(II) oxide
CuCl2 CuBr2 Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) bromide MgBr2 Magnesium bromide ZnBr2 Zinc bromide PbBr2 Lead(II) bromide
MgO Mg2+ Magnesium ion Magnesium Ion magnesium oxide
Mg(OH)2 MgI2 Magnesium Magnesium iodide hydroxide ZnI2 Zinc iodide PbI2 Lead(II) iodide Zn(OH)2 Zinc hydroxide Pb(OH)2 Lead(II) hydroxide
Mg(NO3 )2 Magnesium nitrate Zn(NO3 )2 Zinc nitrate Pb(NO3 )2 Lead(II) nitrate Al(NO3)3 Aluminium nirate
Zn2+ Zinc ion
Ion zink
ZnO Zinc oxide
Pb2+ Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
PbO Lead(II) oxide
Al 3+ Aluminium ion
Ion aluminium
Al2(SO4 )3 Al2O3 Al2(CO3 )3 Aluminium Aluminium oxide Aluminium carbonate sulphate
AlCl3 Aluminium chloride
Al(OH)3 AlBr3 AlI3 Aluminium Aluminium bromide Aluminium iodide hydroxide
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ACTIVITY 2: WITHOUT REFERRING TO THE TABLE IN ACTIVITY 1, WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF THE FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS
AKTIVITI 2: TANPA MERUJUK KEPADA JADUAL AKTIVITI 1, TULISKAN FORMULA KIMIA BAGI SEBATIAN BERIKUT
Oxide ion
Ion karbonat Ion sulfat Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat
Ion oksida
Carbonat ion
Sulphate ion
Chloride ion
Bromide ion
Iodide ion
Hydroxide ion
Nitrate ion
Potassium ion
Ion kalium
K2O
K2CO3
K2SO4
KCl
KBr
KI
KOH
KNO3
Sodium ion
Ion natrium
Na2O
Na2CO3
Na2SO4
NaCl
NaBr
NaI
NaOH
NaNO3
Hydrogen ion
Ion hidrogen
H2CO3
H2SO4
HCl
HBr
HI
HNO3
Silver ion
Ion argentum
Ag2O
Ag2CO3
Ag2SO4
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
AgOH
AgNO3
Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
(NH4 )2CO3
(NH4 )2SO4
NH4Cl
NH4 Br
NH4 I
NH4 NO3
Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
CaO
CaCO3
CaSO4
CaCl2
CaBr2
CaI2
Ca(OH)2
Ca(NO3 )2
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
CuO
CuCO3
CuSO4
CuCl2
CuBr2
CuI2
Cu(OH)2
Cu(NO3 )2
Magnesium ion
Ion magnesium
MgO
MgCO3
MgSO4
MgCl2
MgBr2
MgI2
Mg(OH)2
Mg(NO3 )2
Zinc ion
Ion zink
ZnO
ZnCO3
ZnSO4
ZnCl2
ZnBr2
ZnI2
Zn(OH)2
Zn(NO3 )2
Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
PbO
PbCO3
PbSO4
PbCl2
PbBr2
PbI2
Pb(OH)2
Pb(NO3 )2
Aluminium ion
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Ion aluminium
Al2O3
Al2(CO3)3
Al2(SO4 )3
AlCl3
AlBr3
AlI3
Al(OH)3
Al(NO3 )3
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Activity 3: Write The Chemical Formulae And Type Of Particles For The Following Element/Compound
Aktiviti 3: Tulis formula kimia dan jenis zarah untuk unsur/sebatian berikut
Compound / Element
Sebatian/Unsur
Formula
Formula
Type of particles
Jenis zarah
Compound / Element
Sebatian/Unsur
Formula
Formula
Type of particles
Jenis zarah
Sodium sulphate
Natrium sulfat
Na2SO4 (NH4 )2CO3 Mg(NO3 )2 HCl K2O MgO PbCO3 Fe2(SO4)3 MgCl2 ZnSO4 AgNO3 (NH4 )2SO4 ZnO HNO3 NH3 Mg Zn CuSO4 I2 Cl2
Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Molecule Atom Atom Ion Molecule Molecule
Zink karbonat
Zinc carbonate Ammonium carbonate
ZnCO3 (NH4 )2CO3 AgCl H2SO4 Cu(NO3 )2 H2 CO2 O2 Al2(SO4 )3 PbCl2 KI CuCO3 K2CO3 NaOH NH3(aq) NH4Cl NO2 NaCl Ag Br2
Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Molecule Molecule Molecule Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion Ion and molecule Ion Molecule Ion Atom Molecule
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium karbonat
Ammonium karbonat
Magnesium nitrate
Magnesium nitrat
Argentum klorida
Silver chloride
Hyrochloric acid
Asid hidroklorik
Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid Copper(II) nitrate
Potassium oxide
Kalium oksida
Kuprum(II) nitrat
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium oksida
Gas hidrogen
Hydrogen gas
Plumbum(II) karbonat
Lead(II) carbonate Iron(III) sulphate
Gas karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide gas Oxygen gas Aluminium sulphate Lead(II) chloride
Ferum(III) sulfat
Gas oksigen
Magnesium klorida
Magnesium chloride
Aluminium sulfat
Zinc sulphate
Zink sulfat
Plumbun(II) klorida
Silver nitrate
Argentum nitrat
Kalium iodida
Potassium iodide Copper(II) carbonate Potasium carbonate
Ammonium sulfat
Ammonium sulphate
Kuprum(II) karbonat
Zinc oxide
Zink oksida
Kalium karbonat
Nitric acid
Asid nitrik
Natrium hidroksida
Sodium hydroxide Aqueous ammonia Ammonium chloride Nitrogen dioxide gas
Gas ammonia
Ammonia gas
Ammonia akueus
Magnesium
Magnesium
Ammonium klorida
Zinc
Zink
Gas nitrogen dioksida
Kuprum(II) sulfat
Copper(II) sulphate
Natrium klorida
Sodium chloride Silver
Iodine
Iodin
Argentum
Klorin
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Bromin
Bromine
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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA 1
Two types of equation / Dua jenis persamaan: Equation in words / Persamaan perkataan using names of reactants and products / menggunakan nama bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas; Equation using symbols / Persamaan menggunakan simbol reactants and products are represented by chemical formulae and have certain meanings
menggunakan formula kimia untuk mewakili bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas serta menggunakan pelbagai jenis simbol yang membawa makna tertentu. Symbol / Simbol + Meaning / Maksud
Mengasingkan 2 bahan / hasil
Symbol / Simbol (g)

(g) Keadaan gas
Meaning / Maksud Gaseous state Aqueous state

Keadaan akueus
Separating 2 reactants / products
Produces
Menghasilkan
(aq)
(ak)
(s)
(p)
Tindak balas berbalik
Reversible reaction
Gas released
Gas terbebas
Solid state
Keadaan pepejal
Precipitation
Bahan termendap
(ce)
(l)
Liquid state
Keadaan cecair
Heating / Heat energy is given

Pemanasan / Haba dibekalkan
Information obtained from chemical equation using symbols / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada persamaan kimia bersimbol: (a) Qualitative aspect / Aspek kualitatif : type of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction and the state of each reactant and product.

jenis bahan / hasil tindak balas yang terlibat dalam tindak balas dan keadaan fizikal bagi setiap bahan / hasil tindak balas. (b) Quantitative aspect / Aspek kuantitatif : number of moles of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction
that is the coeffficients involved in a balanced equation of the formulae of reactants and products.
bilangan mol yang bertindak balas dan hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk iaitu pekali bagi setiap formula bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Example / Contoh:
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq)

Zn (p) + 2HCl (ak)
ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

ZnCl2 (ak) + H2 (g)
1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 1 mol

3
Interpretation / Tafsiran: 1 mol of zinc reacts with 2 mol of hydrochloric acid to produce 1 mol of zinc chloride and 1 mol of hydrogen.
1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 2 mol asid hidroklorik menghasilkan 1 mol zink klorida dan 1 mol hidrogen.
Writing balanced chemical equations / Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang:
Step 1 / Langkah 1 : Write the correct chemical formulae for each reactant and product.
Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Step 2 / Langkah 2 : Detemine the number of atoms for each element / Tentukan bilangan atom setiap unsur. Step 3 / Langkah 3 : Balance the number of atoms for each element by adjusting the coefficients in front of the chemical formulae.
Imbangkan bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dengan menambahkan pekali di hadapan setiap formula kimia.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions: Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut: 1
Zinc carbonate
ZnCO3
Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide / Zink karbonat
Zink oksida + Karbon dioksida Natrium sulfat + Air
ZnO + CO2
Sulphuric acid + Sodium hydroxide

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Sodium sulphate + Water / Asid sulfurik + Natrium hidroksida Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate
Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride

Argentum nitrat + Natrium klorida AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid hidroklorik CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
Argentum klorida + Natrium nitrat
Copper(II) oxide + Hydrochloric acid
Copper(II) chloride + Water
Kuprum(II) klorida + Air Magnesium oksida Natrium hidroksida + Hidrogen Kalium hidroksida Zink nitrat + Air
Magnesium + Oxygen
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Magnesium oxide / Magnesium + Oksigen
Sodium + Water
2Na + 2H2O
Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen / Natrium + Air
2NaOH + H2
Potassium oxide + Water

K 2O + H 2O 2KOH
Potassium hydroxide / Kalium oksida + Air Zinc nitrate + Water / Zink oksida + Asid nitrik
Zinc oxide + Nitric acid

ZnO + 2HNO3
Zn(NO3 )2 + H2O
Plumbum(II) nitrat Plumbum (II) oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen 2Pb(NO3 )2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Lead(II) nitrate
Lead(II) oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen
10 Aluminium nitrate Aluminium oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen Aluminium nitrat Aluminium oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen 4Al(NO3 )3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / Penghitungan berkaitan persamaan kimia Calculation steps / Langkah perhitungan: S1 / L1 : Write a balanced equation / Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang. S2 / L2 : Write the information from the question above the equation / Tulis maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan. S3 / L3 : Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (information about the number of moles of
reactants/products).
S4 / L4 : Change the information in S2 into moles by using the method shown in the chart below. Tukarkan maklumat L2 kepada mol menggunakan carta di bawah. S5 / L5 : Use the relationship between number of moles of substance involved in S3 to find the answer. Gunakan perhubungan bilangan mol bahan terlibat dalam L3 untuk mencari jawapan. S6 / L6 : Change the information to the unit required using the chart below.
Tukar maklumat kepada unit yang dikehendaki dengan menggunakan carta di bawah.
Tulis maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan (Maklumat perhubungan bilangan mol bahan/hasil tindak balas terlibat).
Mass (g)
Jisim (g)
(RAM/FRM/RMM) g mol1 (RAM/FRM/RMM) g mol1
No. of moles (n)

Bilangan mol (n)
24 dm3 mol1 / 22.4 dm3 mol1 24 dm3 mol1 / 22.4 dm3 mol1
Volume of gas (dm3)

Isipadu gas (dm3)
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Persamaan menunjukkan tindak balas antara zink dengan asid hidroklorik.
The equation shows the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Hitungkan jisim zink yang perlu ditindakbalaskan dengan asid hidroklorik berlebihan untuk menghasilkan 6 dm3 gas hidrogen pada keadaan bilik. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
Calculate the mass of zinc required to react with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room conditions. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]
Mol of H2 =
6 dm3 = 0.25 mol 24 dm3 mol1
From the equation, 1 mol of H2 : 1 mol of Zn 0.25 mol of H2 : 0.25 mol of Zn Mass of Zn = 0.25 65 = 16.2 g
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara kalium dengan oksigen.
The equation shows the reaction between potassium and oxygen. 4K + O2
2K2O
Hitungkan jisim kalium yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 23.5 g kalium oksida. [Jisim atom relatif: K = 39, O = 16]
Calculate the mass of potassium required to produce 23.5 g of potassium oxide. [Relative atomic mass: K = 39, O = 16]
Mol of K2O =
23.5 23.5 = = 0.25 mol (2 39 + 16) 94
From the equation, 2 mol of K2O : 4 mol of K 0.25 mol of K2O : 0.5 mol of K Mass of K = 0.5 mol 39 g mol1 = 19.5 g
Persamaan menunjukkan penguraian hidrogen peroksida.
The equation shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. H2O2 H2O + O2
Balance the equation above. Calculate the number of moles of H2O2 that decomposes if 11.2 dm3 oxygen gas is collected at STP . [Relative Atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at STP]
Seimbangkan persamaan di atas. Hitung bilangan mol H2O2 yang telah terurai sekiranya 11.2 dm3 gas oksigen dikumpulkan pada STP. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 pada STP]
Mol of O2 =
11.2 dm3 = 0.5 mol 22.4 dm3 mol1
From the equation, 1 mol of O2 : 2 mol of H2O2 0.5 mol of O2 : 1.0 mol of H2O2
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8.0 g serbuk kuprum(II) oksida dicampurkan kepada asid nitrik cair yang berlebihan dan dihangatkan. Hitungkan jisim kuprum(II) nitrat yang terhasil. [Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
8.0 g of copper(II) oxide powder is added to excess dilute nitric acid and heated. Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate produced. [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
CuO + 2HNO3 Mol of CuO =
Cu(NO3 )2 + H2O 8g = 0.1 mol (64 + 16)g mol1
From the equation, 1 mol of CuO : 1 mol of Cu(NO3)2 0.1 of CuO : 0.1 mol of Cu(NO3)2 Mass of Cu(NO3)2 = 0.1 mol 188 g mol1 = 18.8 g
1.3 g zink bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik cair yang berlebihan. Hasil tindak balas adalah zink sulfat dan hidrogen. Hitungkan isi padu hidrogen yang terbebas pada STP. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, isipadu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 pada STP]
1.3 g of zinc reacts with excess dilute sulphuric acid. The products are zinc sulphate and hydrogen. Calculate the volume of hidrogen gas released at STP . [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 dm3 mol1at STP]
Answer/Jawapan:
6
448 cm3
0.46 g of sodium burns completely in chlorine gas at room conditions to produce sodium chloride. Calculate the volume of chlorine gas that has reacted. [Relative atomic mass: Na = 23, Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room conditions]
0.46 g natrium terbakar lengkap dalam gas klorin pada keadaan bilik menghasilkan natrium klorida. Hitungkan isi padu klorin yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas lengkap. [Jisim atom relatif: Na = 23, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan:
7
0.24 dm3
Persamaan menunjukkan pembakaran gas propana.
The equation shows the combustion of propane gas. C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
720 cm3 of propane gas (C3H8) at room conditions burns in excess oxygen. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide formed. [Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at room conditions]
720 cm3 gas propana (C3H8) pada keadaan bilik terbakar dalam oksigen berlebihan. Hitungkan jisim karbon dioksida yang terbentuk. [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan:
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3.96 g
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Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif 1 The mass of one atom of element Y is two times more than an atom of oxygen. What is the relative atomic mass of element Y? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16] Jisim satu atom unsur Y adalah dua kali lebih daripada satu atom oksigen. Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi unsur Y? [Jisim atom relatif: O = 16] A 12 B 24 C 32 D 36 The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Which of the following statements are true about butane? [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C =12 and O =16, Avogadro Constant = 6 1023 mol1]
5
Jadual berikut menunujukkan jisim atom relatif bagi neon, karbon, oksigen dan kalsium. Element/Unsur Relative atomic mass/Jisim atom relatif Neon / Neon Carbon / Karbon Oxygen / Oksigen Calcium / Kalsium 20 12 16 40
The table below shows the relative atomic mass of neon, carbon, oxygen and calcium.
Formula kimia bagi butana ialah C4H10. Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah benar tentang butana? [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12 dan O = 16, Pemalar Avogadro = 6 1023 mol1]
The empirical formula for butane is CH2.

Formula empirik butana ialah CH2.
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah benar? [Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1] A Mass of one calcium atom is 40 g Jisim satu atom kalsium ialah 40 g B Mass of 1 mol of neon is 20 g Jisim 1 mol neon ialah 20 g C 16 g of oxygen contains 6.02 1023 oxygen 16 g oksigen mengandungi 6.02 1023 molekul oksigen D Mass of one oxygen atom is 16 times bigger than Jisim satu atom oksigen adalah 16 kali lebih besar daripada satu atom karbon
Which of the following statements is true? [Avogadro constant = 6.0 1023 mol1]
II Each butane molecule is made up of 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms.

molecule
III 1 mol of butane contains a total of 8.4 1024 atoms.

Setiap molekul butana terdiri dari 4 atom karbon dan 10 atom hidrogen.
one carbon atom
IV One butane molecule has a mass of 84 times higher than the mass of 1 hydrogen atom.

Jumlah bilangan atom dalam 1 mol butana adalah 8.4 1024.
A I and II only
Satu molekul butana mempunyai jisim 84 kali lebih daripada jisim satu atom hidrogen. I dan II sahaja
B II and III only
C II, III and IV only D I, II, III and IV

I, II, III dan IV
II dan III sahaja
Sebuah belon diisi dengan 1 800 cm3 gas argon pada keadaan bilik. Berapakah bilangan atom argon dalam belon itu? [Isipadu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik, Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1]
A bulb is filled with 1 800 cm3 of argon gas at room conditions. What is the number of argon atom in the bulb? [Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room conditions, Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1]
II, III dan IV sahaja
A 4.515 1022 B 4.515 1023
C 8.03 1022 D 8.03 1021
Sebuah botol mengandungi 3.01 1023 zarah gas. Berapakah bilangan mol zarah gas dalam botol itu?
A bottle contains 3.01 1023 of gas particles. What is the number of moles of the gas in the bottle? C 3.0 mol D 6.0 mol
What is the number of hydrogen atom in 0.1 mol of water? [Avogadro constant: 6.02 1023 mol1]
Berapakah bilangan atom oksigen dalam 0.1 mol air? [Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1]
A 0.5 mol B 1.0 mol
A 6.02 1022 B 60.2 1023
C 6.02 1023 D 3.01 1023
A 4.8 dm3 Ne B 4.8 dm3 O2
Antara gas berikut, yang manakah mengandungi 0.4 mol atom pada suhu dan tekanan bilik? [Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik]
Which of the following gases contains 0.4 mol of atoms at room temperature and pressure? [Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure]
5 g of element X reacted with 8 g of element Y to form a compound with the formula XY2. What is the relative atomic mass of element X? [Relative atomic mass: Y = 80]
5 g unsur X bertindak balas dengan 8 g unsur Y membentuk sebatian dengan formula XY2. Apakah jisim atom relatif unsur X? [Jisim atom relatif: Y = 80]
C 4.8 dm3 CO2 D 4.8 dm3 NH3
A 25 B 40
C 50 D 100
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Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menentukan formula empirik oksida logam X. Metal X
Logam X
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to determine the empirical formula of an oxide metal X.
11 The equation shows a decomposition of magnesium nitrate when heated.

Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan penguraian nitrat apabila dipanaskan.
2Mg(NO3)2

2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
Panaskan
Heat
Antara berikut, yang manakah mungkin bagi logam X?
Which of the following is metal X? A Zinc

Zink
C Tin
B Lead
Plumbum
D Copper
Kuprum
Stanum
Berapakah bilangan molekul oksigen apabila 7.4 g magnesium nitrat terurai apabila dipanaskan? [Jisim formula relatif Mg(NO3)2 = 148; Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1]
What is the number of oxygen molecules is produced when 7.4 g magnesium nitrate decomposed when heated. [Relative formula mass of Mg(NO3)2 = 148; Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1]
10 The following equation shows the decomposition reaction of lead(II) nitrate when heated at room temperature and pressure.
Persamaan tindak balas di bawah menunjukkan penguraian plumbum(II) nitrat apabila dipanaskan pada suhu dan tekanan bilik.
A B C D
1.505 1022 3.010 1022 1.505 1023 3.010 1023
12 The equation below shows the chemical equation of the combustion of ethanol in excess oxygen.

2Pb(NO3)2

2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan persamaan kimia pembakaran etanol dalam oksigen berlebihan.
Which of the following are true when 0.1 mol of lead(II) nitrate is decomposed? [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Pb = 207 and 1 mol gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure]
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar apabila 0.1 mol plumbum(II) nitrat terurai? [Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Pb = 207 dan 1 mol gas menempati isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik]
2C2H5OH + 6O2
4CO2 + 6H2O
Apakah isi padu gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan apabila 9.20 g etanol terbakar lengkap? [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]
What is the volume of carbon dioxide gas released when 9.20 g ethanol burnt completely? [Relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition]
66.2 g of lead(II) oxide is formed

66.2 g plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk 22.3 g plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk 2.4 dm3 gas oksigen dibebaskan
II 22.3 g of lead(II) oxide is formed III 2.4 dm3 of oxygen gases is given off IV 4 800 cm3 of nitrogen dioxide given off A I and III only B I and IV only
4 800 cm3 nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan I dan III sahaja I dan IV sahaja II dan III sahaja II dan IV sahaja
A B C D
4.8 cm3 9.6 cm3 96.0 cm3 9 600 cm3
13 What is the percentage by mass of nitrogen content in urea, CO(NH2)2? [Relative atomic mass: C = 12, N = 14, H = 1 and O = 16]
Apakah peratus kandungan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam urea, CO(NH2)2? [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, N = 14, H = 1 dan O = 16]
C II and III only D II and IV only
A B C D
23.3% 31.8% 46.7% 63.6%
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PERIODIC TABLE
JADUAL BERKALA
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN To identify the contribution of scientists in the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table. Mengetahui sumbangan ahli sains untuk penyusunan unsur dalam Jadual Berkala. To get ideas on the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table based on their proton numbers. Mendapat idea penyusunan unsur dalam Jadual Berkala berdasarkan nombor proton.

ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE / PENYUSUNAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA GROUP / KUMPULAN To write the electron arrangement for atoms of elements with proton numbers 1 to 20. Menulis susunan elektron bagi atom unsur dengan proton 1 hingga 20. PERIOD / KALA To determine the group and period based on the electron arrangement of atoms or otherwise. Menentukan kumpulan dan kala berdasarkan susunan elektron atom dan sebaliknya.
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE / SIFAT-SIFAT UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA GROUP 18 / KUMPULAN 18 To explain the existence of noble gases as monoatom and their uses. Menerangkan kewujudan gas adi secara monoatom serta kegunaannya. GROUP 1 / KUMPULAN 1 To explain physical properties, similar chemical properties (with water, oxygen and chlorine) and the different reactivities. Menerangkan sifat fizik, sifat kimia yang sama (dengan air, oksigen dan dengan klorin) serta kereaktifan yang berbeza. GROUP 17 / KUMPULAN 17 To explain physical properties, similar chemical properties (with water, sodium hydroxide and iron) and the different reactivities. Menerangkan sifat fizik, sifat kimia yang sama (dengan air, natrium hidroksida dan ferum) serta kereaktifan yang berbeza. PERIOD 3 / KALA 3 To explain changes in atomic size, electronegativity, metallic properties as well as oxide properties across period 3 from left to right. Menerangkan perubahan saiz atom, keelektronegatifan, sifat kelogaman serta sifat oksida merentasi Kala 3 dari kiri ke kanan. TRANSITION ELEMENTS / UNSUR PERALIHAN To state metallic properties of transition metals and their special characteristics. Menyatakan sifat kelogaman unsur peralihan serta ciri-ciri istimewa unsur peralihan.
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ADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFYING THE ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

KEBAIKAN PENGELASAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA
Unsur disusun secara sistematik dalam Jadual Berkala mengikut tertib pertambahan nombor proton yang membolehkan:
Elements are arranged systematically in the Periodic Table in an increasing order of proton number which enables: (a) Chemists to study, understand and remember the chemical and physical properties of all the elements and compounds in an orderly manner,

(b) Properties of elements and their compounds to be predicted based on the position of elements in the Periodic Table, (c) Relationship between elements from different groups to be known.
Perhubungan unsur dari kumpulan yang berlainan diketahui. Sifat unsur dan sebatiannya diramal berdasarkan kedudukan unsur dalam Jadual Berkala.
Ahli kimia mempelajari, memahami dan mengingat sifat kimia dan sifat fizik semua unsur dan sebatian secara teratur.
CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENTIST TO THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

SUMBANGAN AHLI SAINS DALAM SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN JADUAL BERKALA
Scientists / Saintis Antoine Lavoisier J.W Dobereiner
Discoveries / Penemuan Substances were classified into 4 groups with similar chemical properties.
Bahan dikelaskan kepada empat kumpulan dengan sifat kimia sama.
Substances were arranged in 3 groups / Bahan disusun dalam tiga kumpulan. Groups with similar chemical properties were called Triads. Triad system was confined to some elements only / Sistem triad terhad kepada beberapa unsur sahaja.
Kumpulan dengan sifat kimia sama dinamakan triad.
John Newlands
Elements were arranged in ascending atomic mass / Unsur disusun mengikut pertambahan jisim atom. Law of Octaves because similar chemical properties were repeated at every eighth element. This system was inaccurate because there were some elements with wrong mass numbers.
Sistem ini tidak tepat kerana ada unsur dengan nombor jisim salah. Hukum Oktaf kerana sifat sama berulang pada setiap unsur kelapan.
Lothar Meyer
Mass of 1 mol (g) / Jisim 1 mol (g) Density (g cm3) / Ketumpatan (g cm3) Plotted graph for the atomic volume against atomic mass / Memplotkan graf isi padu atom melawan jisim atom. Found that elements with similar chemical properties were positioned at equivalent places along the curve. The atomic volume / Isipadu atom =
Mendapati unsur dengan sifat kimia sama menduduki tempat setara dalam lengkungan. Unsur disusun mengikut pertambahan jisim atom.
Mendeleev
Elements were arranged in ascending order of increasing atomic mass. Elements with similar chemical properties were in the same group. Empty spaces were allocated for elements yet to be discovered. Contributor to the formation of the modern Periodic Table.
Penyumbang kepada pambentukan Jadual Berkala Moden. Ruang kosong disediakan untuk unsur yang belum ditemui. Unsur dengan sifat kimia sama berada dalam kumpulan sama.
Henry Moseley
Classified concepts of proton number and elements in ascending order of increasing proton number. Contributor to the formation of the modern Periodic Table.
Penyumbang kepada pembentukan Jadual Berkala moden.
Mengelaskan unsur berdasarkan konsep nombor proton dan menyusun unsur-unsur mengikut turutan nombor proton menaik.
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THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

SUSUNAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA MODEN
Tuliskan susunan elektron untuk setiap atom unsur dalam Jadual Berkala di bawah. Nucleon number / Nombor nukleon Proton number / Nombor proton GROUP / KUMPULAN 1
1
Write the electron arrangement for each atom of element in the Periodic Table below.
A Z
Symbol of an element / Simbol unsur
18
4 2
P E R I O D /
K A L A
H* 1 2
8 4
He 2
13
11 5
14
12 6
15
14 7
16
16 8
17
19 9
Li 2.1 Na 2.8.1
Be 2.2 TRANSITION METALS

LOGAM PERALIHAN
B 2.3
C 2.4
N 2.5
O 2.6
F 2.7
20 10
Ne 2.8
23
24 12
11
Mg 2.8.2 3 4 5
27 13
Al 2.8.3
28 14
Si 2.8.4
31 15
P 2.8.5
32 16
S 2.8.6
35 17
Cl 2.8.7
40 18
Ar 2.8.8
10 11 12
39
19
40 20
Ca
80 35
Br
2.8.8.1
2.8.8.2
Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged horizontally in increasing order of

Unsur-unsur dalam Jadual Berkala disusun secara mendatar mengikut tertib pertambahan
proton number
nombor proton
.
.
Two main components of the Periodic Table / Dua komponen utama Jadual Berkala: (a) Group / Kumpulan (b) Period / Kala
GROUP / KUMPULAN 1

The vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table arranged according to the number of valance electron in the outermost shell of atoms is called groups.
Lajur menegak dalam Jadual Berkala yang disusun mengikut bilangan bagi atom dipanggil kumpulan. elektron valens yang terdapat pada petala terluar
Terdapat 18 lajur disusun secara menegak disebut Kumpulan 1, Kumpulan 2, Kumpulan 3 hingga Kumpulan18. Number of valence electrons
Bilangan elektron valens
There are 18 vertical columns, called Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 until Group 18.
1 1
2 2
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 16
7 17
8 (except Helium)
8 (kecuali Helium)
Group
Kumpulan
18
For atoms of elements with 3 to 8 valence electrons, the group number is: 10 + number of valence electrons.
Bagi atom unsur dengan 3 hingga 8 elektron valens, nombor kumpulan ialah: 10 + bilangan elektron valens.
Specific name of groups / Nama-nama khas kumpulan: (a) Group 1: Alkali metals # / Kumpulan 1: Logam alkali # (b) Group 2: Alkali-earth metals / Kumpulan 2: Logam alkali bumi (c) Group 3 to 12: Transition elements # / Kumpulan 3 to 12: Unsur peralihan # (d) Group 17: Halogens # / Kumpulan 17: Halogen #
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(e) Group 18: Noble gases # / Kumpulan 18: Gas adi #

#The important groups that will be studied with respect to chemical and physical properties. # Kumpulan penting yang akan dipelajari dari segi sifat fizik dan sifat kimia.
Types of substances according to the groups / Jenis bahan mengikut kumpulan: (a) Elements of group 1, 2 and 13 atoms of each element have 1, 2 and 3 valence electrons respectively are metals.

(b) The elements of group 3 to 12 transition elements are metals.

Unsur Kumpulan 3 hingga 12 unsur peralihan yang merupakan logam.
Unsur Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 atom setiap unsur mempunyai 1, 2 dan 3 elektron valens adalah logam.
(c) The elements of Group 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 atoms of each element have 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 valence electrons respectively are non-metals.
Unsur Kumpulan 14, 15, 16, 17 dan 18 atom setiap unsur mempunyai 4, 5, 6, 7 dan 8 elektron valens adalah bukan logam.
PERIOD / KALA 1

The horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table, consists of the same number of electrons in an atom called period.
Baris unsur secara dalam atom mendatar dalam Jadual Berkala, mempunyai bilangan petala berisi disebut sebagai kala.
shell
elektron
occupied with
yang sama di
Terdapat tujuh baris unsur secara mendatar disebut Kala 1, 2, ....., 7 [Rujuk Jadual Berkala]
There are seven horizontal rows of elements known as Period 1, 2, ....., 7 [Refer to the Periodic Table] (a) Period 1 has 2 elements / Kala 1 mengandungi 2 unsur (b) Period 2 and 3 have 8 elements # / Kala 2 dan 3 mengandungi 8 unsur # (c) Period 4 and 5 have 18 elements / Kala 4 dan 5 mengandungi 18 unsur (d) Period 6 has 32 elements / Kala 6 mengandungi 32 unsur (e) Period 7 has 23 elements / Kala 7 mengandungi 23 unsur
Short periods, # Period 3 will be studied in detail with respect to physical and chemical properties / Kala pendek, # Kala 3 akan dipelajari Long periods / Kala panjang
dengan terperinci dari segi sifat fizik dan sifat kimia
EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1 Complete the table below / Lengkapkan jadual berikut.

Element
Unsur
Proton number
Nombor proton
Electron arrangement
Susunan elektron
Number of valence electrons

Bilangan elektron valens
Kumpulan
Group
Number of shell
Bilangan petala
Period
Kala
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3
1 18 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 13
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
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Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol kimia yang mewakili unsur X, Y dan Z.

23 11
The diagram below shows the chemical symbols which represent elements X, Y and Z.
12 6
39 19
(a) Explain how to determine the position of element X in the Periodic Table. Terangkan bagaimana menentukan kedudukan unsur X dalam Jadual Berkala. The proton number of element X is 11 and the number of proton in
atom
X is
11
. The number of
electrons in atom X is 11 . The electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.1 1 because atom X has one valence electron . Element X is in period three shells occupied with electrons .

. Element X is located in Group 3 because atom X has
atom X adalah 11 . Bilangan elektron dalam atom Nombor proton unsur X adalah 11 dan bilangan proton dalam 11 . Susunan elektron bagi atom 2.8.1 . Unsur X terletak dalam kumpulan 1 X adalah kerana X adalah atom satu elektron valens 3 atom tiga X mempunyai . Unsur X berada dalam kala kerana X mempunyai berisi elektron dengan . petala
(b) (i)
State the position of element Y in the Periodic Table. / Nyatakan kedudukan unsur Y dalam Jadual Berkala. Element Y is located in Group 14 and Period 2.
(ii) Explain how to determine the position of element Y in the Periodic Table.
Terangkan bagaimana anda menentukan kedudukan unsur Y dalam Jadual Berkala.
The proton number of element Y is 6 and the number of proton in atom Y is 6. The electron arrangement of atom Y is 2.4. Element Y is located in Group 14 because atom Y has 4 valance electron. Element Y is in Period 2 because atom Y has 2 shells occupied/filled with electrons. (c) Which of the above elements show the same chemical properties? Explain your answer.
Antara unsur di atas, yang manakah mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Element X and element Z. Electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.1 and electron arrangement of atom Z is 2.8.8.1. Atoms X and Z have the same number of valence electron.
GROUP 18 (NOBLE GASES) / KUMPULAN 18 (GAS ADI) 1

Terdiri dari Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Kripton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) dan Radon (Rn). Elements / Unsur Helium / Helium Neon / Neon Argon / Argon Krypton / Kripton
Consist of Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn).
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron 2 2.8 2.8.8 2.8.18.8
Unsur Kumpulan 18 adalah lengai secara kimia kerana petala terluar atomnya telah mencapai susunan elektron duplet untuk helium dan susunan elektron oktet untuk yang lain. Unsur Kumpulan ini tidak bergabung dengan unsur lain (atomnya tidak akan menderma, menerima, atau berkongsi elektron). Gas ini wujud sebagai atom tunggal iaitu sebagai gas monoatom.
Noble gases are chemically inert because the outermost shell of the atom has achieved duplet electron arrangement for helium and octet electron arrangement for others. Noble gases do not react with other elements (the atom does not lose, gain or share electrons). These gases exist as single uncombined atoms and are said to be monatomic gases.
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Going down Group 18 / Menuruni Kumpulan 18: (a) The atomic size is increasing because the number of
Saiz atom bertambah kerana bilangan petala bertambah.
shells
increases.
(b) The melting point and boiling points are very low because atoms of noble gases atoms are attracted by weak Van der Waals forces, less energy is required to overcome these forces. However, the melting and boiling points increase going down the group because atomic size increases, causing the Van der Waal forces to more increase and energy is required to overcome these forces.

(c) The density is low and increases gradually because the mass increases greatly compared to the volume going down the group.
Ketumpatan rendah dan semakin meningkat kerana jisim bertambah dengan banyak berbanding dengan isi padu menuruni kumpulan.
Takat lebur dan takat didih sangat rendah kerana atom-atom gas adi ditarik oleh daya Van der Waals yang lemah , sedikit tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, takat lebur dan takat didih bertambah menuruni kumpulan kerana pertambahan saiz atom menyebabkan daya tarikan Van der Waals semakin bertambah, semakin banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasinya.
Semua gas adi tidak larut dalam air dan tidak dapat mengkonduksikan elektrik dalam semua keadaan.
All noble gases are insoluble in water and cannot conduct electricity in all conditions.
Complete the uses of noble gases in the table below / Lengkapkan jadual kegunaan gas adi.
Noble gases / Gas adi Helium / Helium Neon / Neon Argon / Argon Krypton / Kripton Radon / Radon To fill weather balloons and airship. To fill neon light (for advertisement board). To fill electrical bulb. To fill photographic flash lamp. To treat cancer. Uses / Kegunaan
GROUP 1 (ALKALI METALS) / KUMPULAN 1 (LOGAM ALKALI) 1

Terdiri dari Litium (Li), Natrium (Na), Kalium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Sesium (Cs) dan Fransium (Fr). Elements
Unsur
Consist of Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs) and Francium (Fr).
Symbol
Simbol
Proton number
Nombor proton
Susunan elektron
Number of shells
Bilangan petala
Lithium / Litium Sodium / Natrium Potassium / Kalium
Li Na K
3 11 19
2.1 2.8.1 2.8.8.1
2 3 4
Physical properties / Sifat fizik: (a) Grey solid with shiny surface / Pepejal kelabu dengan permukaan berkilat. (b) Softer and the density is lower compared to other metals.

(c) Lower melting and boiling points compared to other metals. 3
Lebih lembut dan ketumpatan yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan logam lain. Takat lebur dan takat didih lebih rendah berbanding dengan logam lain.
Changes in physical properties going down the group / Perubahan sifat fizik menuruni kumpulan: (a) Atomic size increases because the number of shells increases / Saiz atom bertambah kerana bilangan petala bertambah. (b) Density increases because mass increases faster than the increase in radius.

(c) Melting and boiling points decrease because when the atomic size increases, the metal bonds get weaker.
Takat didih dan takat lebur berkurang kerana apabila saiz atom bertambah, ikatan logam semakin lemah.
Ketumpatan bertambah kerana pertambahan jisim lebih cepat dari pertambahan jejari
Chemical properties of Group 1 elements / Sifat kimia unsur Kumpulan 1: atoms 1 (a) All of elements in Group 1 have valence electron and achieve a stable duplet/octet electron arrangement by releasing
Semua melepaskan atom
one
1
electron to form
+1
charged ions:
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unsur mempunyai elektron valens dan mencapai susunan elektron oktet/duplet yang stabil dengan satu +1 elektron valens membentuk ion bercas .
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Example / Contoh: (i) Atom releases one electron to achieve stable duplet electron arrangement:
Atom litium melepaskan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron duplet yang stabil:
Li
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.1 Number of protons = 3, total charge: +3
Bilangan proton = 3,
Li+
+e
Number of electrons = 3, total charge: 3

Bilangan elektron = 3, jumlah cas: 3
jumlah cas: +3
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2 Number of protons = 3, total charge: +3


+
jumlah cas: +3
Lithium atom is
neutral
neutral
Positively
charges lithium ion, Li+ is formed.

positif
, Li terbentuk. Ion litium bercas . Atom litium adalah (ii) Sodium atom releases one electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement:
Atom natrium melepaskan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:
Na
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8.1 Number of protons = 11, total charge: +11
Na+
+e

jumlah cas: +11
Bilangan proton = 11, Bilangan elektron = 10, jumlah cas: jumlah cas: +11
Number of electrons = 10, total charge: Positively
10
10
Sodium atom is
Atom natrium adalah
neutral
neutral .
charges sodium ion, Na+ is formed.

positif , Na+ terbentuk.
Ion natrium bercas
atoms (b) All elements in Group 1 have similar chemical properties because all in Group 1 have one valence electron releasing electron and achieve the stable duplet/octet arrangement by its valence electron to form a

positively
charged ions.
atom unsur Kumpulan 1 mempunyai bilangan Semua unsur Kumpulan 1 mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama kerana semua elektron yang stabil dengan melepaskan satu elektron valensnya elektron valens yang sama iaitu satu dan mencapai susunan untuk membentuk ion bercas positif .
Atoms of Group 1 metals achieve a stable duplet/octet electron arrangement one by releasing valence electron to form +1 charged ion. The reactivity of Group 1 metals depends on the tendency for atoms to lose electrons; the easier it loses an electron, the reactivity of the metal increases .
Kereaktifan logam Kumpulan 1 bergantung pada kesenangan atom melepaskan elektron, semakin senang elektron dilepaskan, kereaktifan logam semakin bertambah . Atom logam Kumpulan 1 mencapai susunan elektron gas adi yang stabil dengan satu melepaskan elektron valens membentuk ion bercas +1.
Kereaktifan
Kereaktifan unsur logam alkali bertambah menuruni Kumpulan 1:
The reactivity of alkali metals increases going down the Group 1:
Li
Reactivity increases
bertambah
Na
Going down Group 1, the number of
increases, the atomic size further increases and the valence electron in the outer most shell gets away from the nucleus.
Menuruni Kumpulan 1, bilangan petala bertambah, saiz atom bertambah dan jauh dari nukleus.
shells
menurun Kumpulan 1
down Group 1
The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to the valence weaker . elecron gets
Kekuatan tarikan nukleus kepada elektron valens semakin lemah .
elektron valens pada petala terluar semakin
The valence electron is loosely held and it is be released.

Elektron valens ditarik dengan lemah dan ia makin
easier
senang
for the electron to

dilepaskan.
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Chemical reactions of Group 1 elements / Tindak balas kimia unsur Kumpulan 1: (a) Metal Group 1 reacts with water to produce alkali and hydrogen gas.

Logam Kumpulan 1 bertindak balas dengan air menghasilkan alkali dan gas hidrogen.
2X + 2H2O
2X + 2H2O
2XOH + H2 , X adalah logam Kumpulan 1 Lithium / Litium Water / Air
2XOH + H2, X is the metal of Group 1
Procedure / Kaedah: (i) Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps. (ii) Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper.
Potong sepotong litium menggunakan pisau dan forsep. Keringkan minyak pada permukaan litium menggunakan kertas turas.
(iii) Place the lithium slowly onto the water surface in a water trough. (iv) When the reactions stop, test the solution produced with red litmus paper.
Apabila tindak balas berhenti, uji larutan yang terhasil dengan kertas litmus merah. Letakkan litium dengan perlahan di atas permukaan air di dalam bekas.
(v) Record the observation / Catatkan semua pemerhatian. (vi) Repeat steps (i) (v) using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one. Observation / Pemerhatian:
Element
Unsur
Ulang langkah (i) (v) dengan menggunakan natrium dan kalium menggantikan litium satu demi satu.
Observation
Pemerhatian
Inference
Inferens
Reactivity
Kereaktifan
Li
Lithium moves slowly on the water red surface and produces flame. The colourless solution formed turns red litmus to blue .
dengan nyalaan Litium bergerak merah di atas permukaan air. Larutan tidak berwarna menukarkan kertas litmus merah kepada biru . perlahan
Lithium is the least reactive metal reacts with water to produce alkaline solution, lithium hydroxide:
Litium adalah logam yang paling kurang reaktif bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan beralkali , litium hidroksida.
Kereaktifan bertambah menuruni Kumpulan 1
Reactivity increases down Group 1
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: 2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2 Sodium is reactive metal reacts with water to produce alkaline solution, sodium hydroxide.
Na
Sodium moves
quickly
surface and produces
on the water yellow flame. The
Natrium bergerak cepat dengan nyalaan kuning di atas permukaan air. Larutan tidak berwarna menukarkan kertas litmus merah kepada biru .
colourless solution formed turns red litmus to blue .
reaktif bertindak Natrium adalah logam yang balas dengan air membentuk larutan beralkali , natrium hidroksida.
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 metal alkaline reacts with water to produce solution, potassium hydroxide. Potassium is the most reactive
Potassium moves
very quickly yellow
on the
flame. water surface and produce The colourless solution formed turns red litmus blue . to
dengan nyalaan Kalium bergerak kuning di atas permukaan air. Larutan tidak berwarna menukarkan kertas litmus merah kepada biru . sangat cepat
Kalium adalah logam yang paling reaktif bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan beralkali , kalium hidroksida.
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
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(b) Metal Group 1 reacts with oxygen or air to form metal oxide. The metal oxide dissolves in water to produce alkaline solution.

Logam Kumpulan 1 bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk oksida logam. Oksida logam larut dalam air menghasilkan larutan berakali.
X2O + H2O
4X + O2 2X2O 2XOH, X is a metal element of Group 1 (Li, Na and K)

2XOH, X adalah logam unsur Kumpulan 1 (Li, Na dan K) Combustion spoon / Sudu pembakaran Gas jar / Balang gas Chlorine gas / Gas klorin Burning lithium / Litium menyala
X2O + H2O
Procedure / Kaedah: (i) Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps / Potong secebis kecil litium menggunakan pisau dan forsep. (ii) Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper. (iii) Place the lithium in a combustion spoon and heat lithium until it start to burn.
Keringkan minyak pada permukaan litium dengan kertas turas. Letakkan litium pada sudu pembakaraan dan panaskan litium dengan kuat hingga ia menyala.
(iv) Put the burning lithium into a gas jar of oxygen / Letakkan litium yang menyala dalam balang gas berisi oksigen. (v) When the reaction stop, add water to dissolve the compound formed. (vi) Add a few drops of universal to the solution formed.
Apabila tindak balas berhenti, tambahkan air untuk melarutkan sebatian yang terbentuk. Tambahkan beberapa titis penunjuk universal kepada larutan yang terbentuk.
(vii) Record the observation / Catatkan pemerhatian. (viii) Repeat steps (i) (vii) using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one. Observation / Pemerhatian:
Element
Unsur
Ulang langkah (i) (vii) menggunakan natrium dan kalium untuk menggantikan litium satu demi satu.
Observation
Pemerhatian
Inference
Inferen
Reactivity
Kereaktifan
Li
Lithium burns slowly with a red flame to produce white solid .
Lithium is the least reactive metal towards oxygen.

Litium adalah paling kurang reaktif terhadap oksigen.
Litium terbakar perlahan dengan nyalaan merah menghasilkan pepejal putih .
The form
white solid colourless
soluble in water to solution.
Lithium reacts with oxygen to produce lithium oxide .

Litium bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk litium oksida .
Pepejal putih larut dalam air membentuk tidak berwarna . larutan
The solution turns green indicator to purple .
universal
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: 4Li + O2 2Li2O

.
Larutan itu menukarkan warna penunjuk hijau kepada ungu universal dari
Lithium reacts with water to form alkaline solution, lithium hydroxide.
Litium oksida bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan beralkali, litium hidroksida
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: Li2O + H2O 2LiOH
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Na
Sodium burns brightly with a yellow flame to produce white solid .

terang Natrium terbakar kuning menghasilkan dengan nyalaan pepejal putih .
Sodium is
reactive metal towards oxygen.

reaktif terhadap oksigen.
Natrium adalah logam
Sodium sodium oxide
reacts .
with oxygen to produce
The form
Natrium bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk natrium oksida .
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: 4Na + O2 2Na2O Sodium reacts with water to form alkaline solution, sodium hydroxide.
universal
Larutan itu menukarkan warna penunjuk universal dari hijau kepada ungu
Natrium bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan beralkali , natrium hidroksida.
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: Na2O + H2O 2NaOH K Potassium burns very brightly with a purple flame to produce
Kalium terbakar sangat terang dengan nyalaan ungu menghasilkan pepejal putih .
Potassium is the most reactive towards oxygen.

Kalium adalah logam oksigen. paling reaktif
metal
terhadap
white solid .
The form
Potassium reacts with oxygen to produce potassium oxide .
Kalium bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk kalium oksida .
universal
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: 4K + O2 2K2O Potassium reacts with water to form alkaline solution, potassium hydroxide.
Larutan itu menukarkan warna penunjuk universal dari hijau kepada ungu
Kalium oksida bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan beralkali , kalium hidroksida.
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: K2O + H2O 2KOH
(c) Metal Group 1 reacts with with chlorine to produce metal chloride.

Logam Kumpulan 1 bertindak balas dengan klorin menghasilkan logam klorida. 2X + Cl2 + 2H2O
2X + Cl2
X is a metal element of Group 1 (Li, Na and K)
2XCl , X adalah logam unsur Kumpulan 1 (Li, Na dan K)
Combustion spoon / Sudu pembakaran Gas jar / Balang gas Chlorine gas / Gas klorin Burning of metal Group 1
Pembakaran logam Kumpulan 1
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Element
Unsur
Observation
Pemerhatian
Inference
Inferen
Reactivity
Kereaktifan
Li
Lithium burns flame to produce
slowly white
with a solid.
red
Lithium is chlorine.
. Litium adalah klorin.
least reactive
metal towards
terhadap
Litium terbakar perlahan dengan nyalaan merah putih menghasilkan pepejal
paling kurang reaktif
Lithium reacts with chlorin to produce lithium chloride .

Litium bertindak balas litium klorida . dengan klorin membentuk
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: 2Li + Cl2 2LiCl
Na
Sodium burns brightly with a yellow flame to produce white solid.

dengan nyalaan Natrium terbakar kuning menghasilkan pepejal putih . terang
Sodium is
reactive metal towards chlorine.

reaktif terhadap klorin.
Natrium adalah logam
with chlorine to produce Sodium sodium chloride .

natrium klorida .
reacts
Natrium bertindak balas dengan klorin membentuk
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl K very brightly with Potassium burns a purple flame to produce white solid.
dengan nyalaan Kalium terbakar ungu menghasilkan pepejal putih . sangat terang
Potassium is the most reactive metal towards chlorine.

Kalium adalah logam klorin. paling reaktif terhadap
Potassium reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride .

Kalium bertindak balas . dengan klorin membentuk kalium klorida
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: 2K + Cl2 2KCl
GROUP 17 (HALOGENS) / KUMPULAN 17 (HALOGEN) 1 Consist of Fluorine (F2), Chlorine (Cl2), Bromine (Br2), Iodine (I2) and Astatine (At2).
Elements
Unsur
Terdiri dari Fluorin (F2 ), Klorin (Cl2 ), Bromin (Br2 ), Iodin (I2 ) dan Astatin (At2 ). Symbol
Simbol
Proton number
Nombor proton
Susunan elektron
Number of shells
Bilangan petala
Fluorine / Fluorin Chlorine / Klorin Bromine / Bromin Iodine / Iodin
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
19 17 35 53
2.7 2.8.7 2.8.18.7 2.8.18.18.7
2 3 4 5
Physical properties: Halogens cannot conduct heat and electricity in all state.
Sifat fizik: Halogen tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dan haba dalam semua keadaan.
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Changes in physical properties going down the group / Perubahan sifat fizik menuruni kumpulan: (a) The melting and boiling points are low because the molecules are attracted by weak Van der Waals forces, and small amount of energy is required to overcome these forces. However the melting and boiling points increase going down the group.

Takat didih dan takat lebur adalah rendah kerana molekul ditarik oleh tarikan Van der Waals yang lemah, sedikit tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya itu. Walau bagaimanapun, takat lebur dan takat didih meningkat menuruni kumpulan. Explanation / Penerangan:
The atomic size increases molecules get larger.

Saiz atom bertambah
going down the Group 17 because of increasing in number of

petala
shell
, the size
The inter molecular forces of attraction (Van der Waals forces) between molecules become stronger. More heat is needed to overcome the stronger forces between molecules during melting or boiling.
Daya tarikan antara molekul (daya Van der Waals) antara molekul semakin kuat.
menuruni kumpulan kerana dengan pertambahan bilangan
, saiz molekul semakin besar.
Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya antara molekul yang lebih kuat semasa peleburan atau pendidihan.
(b) Physical properties change from gas (fluorine and chlorine) to liquid (bromine) and to solid (iodine) at room temperature due to increase in the strength of inter molecular forces from fluorine to iodine.

Keadaan fizik berubah dari gas (flourin dan klorin) kepada cecair (bromin) dan kepada pepejal (iodin) pada suhu bilik kerana pertambahan kekuatan tarikan antara molekul dari flourin kepada iodin. Ketumpatan adalah rendah dan semakin meningkat apabila menuruni kumpulan.
(c) The density is low and increases going down the group.

darker (d) The colour of the elements becomes going down the group: fluorine (light yellow), chlorine (greenish yellow), bromine (brown) and iodine (purplish black).
Warna unsur semakin iodin (ungu kehitaman). gelap menuruni kumpulan iaitu flourin (kuning muda), klorin (kuning kehijauan), bromin (perang) dan
Chemical properties of Group 17 elements / Sifat kimia unsur Kumpulan 17: atoms seven (a) All of elements in Group 17 have valence electrons and achieve a stable octet electron one negatively arrangement by accepting electron to form charged ions.
Semua menerima atom satu unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyai elektron membentuk ion bercas tujuh elektron valens, mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dengan negatif .
Example / Contoh: (i) Fluorine atom

Atom
receives one electron to achieve stable duplet electron arrangement: F +e F

flourin menerima satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:


jumlah cas: +9

jumlah cas: +9
Fluorine atom is
neutral
neutral
Negatively
charged fluoride ion, F is formed.

negatif
. terbentuk. Atom flourin adalah Ion flourida, F bercas (ii) Chlorine atom receives one electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement:
Atom klorin menerima satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:
Cl
+e
Cl

jumlah cas: +17

Bilangan elektron = 18, jumlah cas: 18 terbentuk.
jumlah cas: +17
Chlorine atom is
neutral
neutral .
Negatively
charged chloride ion, Cl is formed.

negatif
Atom klorin adalah
Ion klorida, Cl bercas
(b) All elements in Group 17 have similar chemical properties because atoms in Group 17 have seven valence electron and achieve the stable octet electron arrangement by receiving one electron to form a negatively charged ion.
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atom tujuh unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyai Semua unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama kerana menerima elektron valens sama dalam atom, mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dengan satu elektron membentuk ion negatif . bercas
Reactivity of halogens decreases going down the group / Kereaktifan halogen berkurang menuruni kumpulan: All the atoms of Group 17 have seven valence electrons and achieve a stable octet electron arrangement by accepting one electron to form negatively charged ion.
Reactivity decreases down Group 17 Kereaktifan bertambah menuruni kumpulan 1
Semua atom unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyai tujuh elektron valens dan mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dengan menerima satu elektron membentuk ion bercas negatif .
Kereaktifan
The reactivity of a halogen atom depends on the electron.

Kereaktifan unsur Kumpulan 17 bergantung pada Apabila menuruni Kumpulan 17, bilangan Petala luar semakin jauh
tendency
of the atom to receive

atom menerima elektron.
kecenderungan
berkurang
Going down Group 17, the number of
shells
petala
increases, atomic
bertambah, saiz
size
increases.
Cl
atom bertambah.
Outer shell becomes further from the nucleus. The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to attract one electron into the outermost occupied shell becomes weaker . The strength of a halogen atom to attract electron astatine (electronegativity decreases).
Kekuatan atom halogen untuk menarik elektron (keelektronegatifan berkurang). Kekuatan tarikan daripada proton dalam nukleus untuk menarik satu elektron ke dalam petala luar semakin lemah . dari nukleus.
menurun Kumpulan 17
Br
decreases
from fluorine to
berkurang
dari fluorin ke astatin
Unsur Kumpulan 17 wujud sebagai molekul dwiatom. Dua atom unsur berkongsi sepasang elektron valens untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil. Contoh: Dua atom fluorin berkongsi sepasang elektron untuk membentuk molekul fluorin:
Elements in group 17 exist as diatomic molecules. Two atoms of element sharing one pair of valence electrons to achieve stable octet electron arrangement.
Example: Two fluorine atoms share one pair of electron to form one fluorine molecule:
Share / Kongsi kongsi kongsi
F F
Klorin, bromin dan iodin wujud sebagai molekul dwiatom (Cl2 , Br2 dan I2 )
Chlorine, bromine diatomic molecules. (Cl2, Br2 and I2) F and iodine F exists as F F Chemical properties reactions of Group 17 elements / Tindak balas kimia unsur Kumpulan 17: (a) Halogen reacts with water with different reactivity / Halogen bertindak balas dengan air dengan kereaktifan berbeza: X2 + H2O HX + HOX, X is halogen. (Cl2, Br2 and I2) / X2 + H2O
HX + HOX, X adalah halogen. (Cl2 , Br2 dan I2 ) Iodine crystals / Hablur Iodin
Fluorine atom / Atom fluorin Fluorine atom / Atom fluorin Atom flourin, Atom flourin, Atom flourin, Atom flourin,
Molekul florin Molekul Fluorine moleculeflorin / Molekul fluorin
Chlorine gas / Gas Klorin

Fluorine, Chlorine
Bromine water / Air Bromin Bromine

Bromin
Chlorine
Gas klorin Florin, Klorin
water
Water air
Air
Water Water / Air Procedure / Kaedah: A few drops of bromine water are added to water in a test tube.
Iodine Beberapa titis air bromin ditambah kepada air Iodin dalam tabung uji.
Air
Iodine cystals
Hablur iodin
Chlorine or Bromine
Klorin atau Bromin
Procedure / Kaedah: Chlorine gas is passed through water in a test tube.
Procedure / Kaedah: Some iodine crystals are added to water in a test tube. The test tube is shaken.
Tabung uji digoncang.
wool Heat The test tube is shaken. Iron The solution produced testedChlorine with / bromine Wul Besi NaOH untuk menyerap Haba klorin / bromin Tabung uji digoncang. blue litmus paper. The solution produced tested with Larutan yang terhasil diuji dengan kertas Heat litmus biru. Haba blue litmus paper.
Gas klorin dilalukan melalui air dalam tabung uji. NaOH to absorb
Sedikit hablur iodin ditambah kepada air dalam tabung uji.
The solution produced tested with blue litmus paper.
Larutan yang terhasil diuji dengan kertas litmus biru.
Larutan yang terhasil diuji dengan kertas litmus biru.

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Observation / Pemerhatian: Chlorine dissolves rapidly in water to form light yellow solution:
Klorin larut dengan cepat dalam air menghasilkan larutan berwarna kuning muda:
Observation / Pemerhatian: Bromine dissolves slowly in water to form brown solution:
Bromin larut dengan perlahan dalam air menghasilkan larutan berwarna perang:
Observation / Pemerhatian: Iodine dissolves slightly in water to form brown solution:
sedikit dalam Iodin larut dengan air menghasilkan larutan berwarna perang:
Cl2 + H2O
HCl + HOCl blue and
Br2 + H2O
HBr + HOBr blue and
I2 + H2O
HI + HOI blue
The solution changes red litmus paper to
The solution changes red litmus paper to slowly decolourises it.

kepada merah dan dengan perlahan.
The solution changes red litmus paper to
qucikly decolourises it.

kepada merah dan dengan cepat.
Larutan menukarkan kertas litmus biru melunturkannya
Larutan menukarkan kertas litmus biru melunturkannya
. The litmus paper is not decolourises .

Larutan menukarkan kertas litmus biru kepada merah . Kertas litmus tidak dilunturkan .
Inference / Inferens: Chlorine, bromine and iodine react water to form acidic solution.
Solubility decreases from chlorine to iodine / Keterlarutan berkurang dari klorin kepada iodin.
Klorin, bromin dan iodin bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan berasid.
(b) Halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution / Halogen bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida: X2 + 2NaOH
X2 + 2NaOH NaX + NaOX + H2O, X2 adalah halogen. (Cl2 , Br2 dan I2 )
NaX + NaOX + H2O, X2 is halogen. (Cl2, Br2 and I2)
Complete the following / Lengkapkan yang berikut: (i) Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O NaBr + NaOBr + H2O NaI + NaOI + H2O (ii) Br2 + 2NaOH (iii) I2 + 2NaOH
Reactivity decreases
Kereaktifan berkurang
(c) Halogens react with hot iron to form brown solid, iron(III) halide.
Iron wool / Wul besi
Halogen bertindak balas dengan besi panas membentuk pepejal perang, ferum(III) halida.
Iodine Chlorine or Bromine

Klorin atau Bromin Iodin
Haba
Heat
Iron wool NaOH to absorb chlorine/bromine

NaOH untuk menyerap klorin/bromin Wul besi

2Fe + 3X2
2Fe + 3X2
Heat / Haba
2FeX3, X2 mewakili sebarang halogen. (Cl2 , Br2 atau I2 )
2FeX3, X2 represents any halogen. (Cl2, Br2 or I2)
Halogen
Halogen
Observation
Pemerhatian
Chemical equation
Persamaan kimia
Chlorine
Klorin
Iron wool burns when cooled.
very brightly
terang
and forms a brown solid

dan membentuk pepejal perang
Wul besi terbakar dengan apabila sejuk.
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
Bromine
Bromin
Iron wool burns brightly and forms a brown solid when cooled.
Wul besi berbara dengan perang apabila sejuk. sangat terang dan membentuk pepejal
2Fe + 3Br2
2FeBr3
Iodine
Iodin
Iron wools glows slowly brown solid when cooled.

Wul besi berbara dengan apabila sejuk.
with a dull glow and forms a

dan membentuk pepejal perang
perlahan
2Fe + 3I2
2FeI3
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Experiment (a), (b) dan (c) show that all halogens have decreases going down the group:
similar
chemical properties but their reactivity

sama tetapi kereaktifannya
Eksperimen (a), (b) dan (c) menunjukkan semua halogen menunjukkan sifat kimia yang berkurang apabila menuruni kumpulan. Reactivity decreases / Kereaktifan
berkurang
F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2 / F2 , Cl2 , Br2 dan I2
PERIOD / KALA 1 2 3

Horizontal rows in the periodic table / Baris mendatar dalam Jadual Berkala. There are seven periods known as Period 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 / Terdapat 7 kala ditulis sebagai Kala 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. The number of period of an element represents the number of shells occupy with electrons in each atom of element.
Nombor kala suatu unsur mewakili bilangan petala yang diisi oleh elektron di dalam setiap atom unsur. Elements
Unsur
Proton number
Nombor proton
Susunan elektron
Number of shells
Bilangan petala
Period
Kala
Li Na K
3 11 19
2.1 2.8.1 2.8.8.1
2 3 4
2 3 4
Period 3 elements (complete the following table): / Unsur Kala 3 (lengkapkan jadual berikut):
Elements / Unsur Proton number
Nombor proton
Na 11 2.8.1 3 +11 0.191
Mg 12 2.8.2 3 +12 0.160
Al 13 2.8.3 3 +13 0.130
Si 14 2.8.4 3 +14 0.118
P 15 2.8.5 3 +15 0.110
S 16 2.8.6 3 +16 0.102
Cl 17 2.8.7 3 +17 0.099
Ar 18 2.8.8 3 +18 0.095
Susunan elektron Bilangan petala
Number of shells Positive charge in the nucleus

Bilangan cas positif dalam nukleus Jejari (nm)
Radius (nm)
Physical changes across the Period 3 (from left to right) / Perubahan fizik merentasi Kala 3(dari kiri ke kanan): (a) Change in atomic radius across Period 3 / Perubahan jejari atom merentasi Kala 3:
The atomic radius of the atoms decreases from sodium to chlorine
Jejari atom berkurang dari natrium kepada klorin
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
15 p +15 Si 2.8.5
S
16 p +16 P 2.8.7
Cl
Bilangan proton : Cas positif : Atom
11 p / Atom +11 Susunan electron : 2.8.1 Number of proton / Bilangan proton
12 p +12 2.8.2
Na 11 p +11 2.8.1
13 p +13 Mg 2.8.3
12 p
13 p
14 p +14 Al 2.8.4
14 p
15 p
17 p +17 S 2.8.7
Cl 17 p +17 2.8.7
16 p
Positive charge / Cas positif Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron
+12 2.8.2
+13 2.8.3
+14 2.8.4
+15 2.8.5
+16 2.8.6
All the atoms of elements have

Semua atom unsur mempunyai 3
shells
occupied with electrons
petala berisi elektron.

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The proton number
increases
by one unit from sodium to chlorine. positive

positif
Nombor proton bertambah satu unit dari natrium kepada klorin.
Increase in proton number causes the number of

Pertambahan nombor proton menyebabkan bilangan cas
charge in the nucleus to

pada nukleus bertambah .
increase increases .
The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to the electrons in the shells The size of atom decreases (b) Change in electronegativity / Perubahan keelektronegatifan:
Daya tarikan proton dalam nukleus terhadap elektron dalam petala bertambah . across period 3 / Jejari atom unsur berkurang
merentasi Kala 3.
Electronegativity: The strength of an atom in a molecule to attract The atomic radius decreases sodium to chlorine.
Jejari atom klorin. Saiz atom berkurang Kelektronegatifan: Kekuatan suatu atom dalam molekul menarik
electron
towards its nucleus.
elektron
due to the increasing nuclei attraction on the electrons in the shells from
bertambah dari natrium kepada
ke arah nukleusnya.
kerana daya tarikan nukleus terhadap elektron dalam petala
The size of atom
decreases
from sodium to chlorine. increases from sodium to chlorine.
berkurang
dari natrium kepada klorin. bertambah dari natrium kepada klorin.
Tendency of atoms to attract electron to the outermost shells

Kekuatan nukleus menarik elektron kepada petala paling luar
The electronegativity
Keelektonegatifan
increases
across Period 3 from sodium to chlorine.
bertambah
merentasi Kala 3 dari natrium kepada klorin.
(c) Physical state / Keadaan fizik: (i) The physical state of elements in a period changes from solid to gas from left to right. (ii) Metals on the left are solid while non-metals on the right are usually gases.
Keadaan fizik unsur-unsur dalam suatu kala berubah dari pepejal kepada gas dari kiri ke kanan. Logam di sebelah kiri adalah pepejal dan bukan logam di sebelah kanan kebanyakannya adalah gas. Na Metal
Logam
(d) Changes in metallic properties and electrical conductivity / Perubahan sifat kelogaman dan kekonduksian elektrik:
Element / Unsur Metallic properties
Sifat kelogaman
Mg
Al Semi metal
Separa logam
Si
Cl
Ar
Non-metal
Bukan logam
Electrical conductivity
Kekonduksian elektrik
Good conductors of electric.

Konduktor elektrik yang baik.
Weak conductor of electric but it increases with the presence of boron or phosphorous.
Cannot conduct electricity

Tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik
Konduktor elektrik yang lemah tetapi bertambah dengan kehadiran boron atau fosforus. Uses: semi-conductor / Kegunaan: semi konduktor
Changes in properties of oxide of elements Period 3 / Sifat oksida unsur Kala 3:

Na Mg Al Amphoteric oxide / Oksida amfoterik Amphoteric oxide + Acid
Oksida amfoterik + Asid Oksida amfoterik + Alkali Garam + Air
Si
Cl
Basic oxide / Oksida bes Basic oxide + Water

Oksida bes + Air Alkali
Acidic oxide / Oksida asid

Oksida asid + Air
Alkali
Salt + Water Salt + Water
Acidic oxide + Water
Example / Contoh: Na2O + H2O 2NaOH Basic oxide + Acid

Oksida bes + Asid Garam + Air
Amphoteric oxide + Alkali
Asid
Acid
Garam +Air
Salt + Water
Example / Contoh: MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O
Example / Contoh: Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 +3H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Example / Contoh: SO2 + H2O H2SO3

Oksida asid + Alkali
Acidic oxide + Alkali
Garam + Air
Salt + Water
Example / Contoh: SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O
(a) Elements in Period 3 can be classified as metals and non-metals based on basic and acidic properties of their oxides / Unsur Kala 3 boleh dikelaskan sebagai logam dan bukan logam berdasarkan sifat kebesan dan keasidan oksidanya. acid salt (i) Basic oxide is metal oxide that can react with to form and water .

Nil a
Oksida bes adalah oksida logam yang boleh bertindak balas dengan
asid
membentuk
garam
dan
air
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(ii) Acidic oxide is non-metal oxide that can react with
alkali
to form
alkali
salt
and
water .
garam dan
Oksida asid adalah oksida bukan logam yang boleh bertindak balas dengan air .
membentuk
(iii) Amphoteric oxide is oxide that can react with both
acid
and
asid
alkali
dan
to form
alkali
salt
and
water .
garam
Oksida amfoterik adalah oksida yang boleh bertindak balas dengan air . dan
untuk membentuk
(b) Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: (i) Reaction with water / Tindak balas dengan air:
Oxide
Oksida
Solubility in water
Keterlarutan dalam air
pH
pH larutan
Type of oxide
Jenis oksida
Sodium oxide, Na2O

Natrium oksida, Na2O
White solid dissolve in water

Pepejal putih larut dalam air
14 9 3 3
Basic oxide Basic oxide Acidic oxide Acidic oxide
Magnesium oksida, MgO

White solid slightly dissolve in water

Pepejal putih larut separa dalam air
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3

Aluminium oksida, Al2O3 Silikon oksida, SiO2
Insoluble Insoluble
Tidak larut
Silicon oxide, SiO2 Phosphorous oxide, P4O10

Fosforus oksida, P4O10 Sulfur dioksida, SO2
Tidak larut

Sulphur dioxide, SO2

(ii) Reaction between the oxide of elements Period 3 with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution:
Tindak balas antara oksida unsur Kala 3 dengan asid nitrik dan larutan natrium hidroksida: Observation / Pemerhatian Oxide
Oksida
Reaction with dilute nitric acid The white solid dissolve to form colourless solution.
Pepejal putih larut membentuk larutan tanpa warna.
Tindak balas dengan asid nitrik cair
Reaction with sodium hydroxide solution
Type of oxide
Jenis oksida
Tindak balas dengan natrium hidroksida
Magnesium oxide, MgO

No change. The white solid does not dissolve.

Tiada perubahan. Pepejal putih tidak larut.
Basic oxide
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3

Aluminium oksida, Al2O3
The white solid dissolve to form colourless solution.
Amphoteric oxide
Silikon oksida, SiO2
Silicon oxide, SiO2
The white solid dissolve to form colourless solution.
Acidic oxide
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Langkah-langkah untuk membanding dan menerangkan perubahan saiz atom/ jejari/ keelekronegatifan merentasi Kala 3, kereaktifan menuruni Kumpulan 1 dan Kumpulan 17:
Steps to compare and explain the change in atomic size/ radius/ electronegativity across Period 3, reactivity down Group 1 and Group 17:
Bilangan proton Cas positif
+16 +15 sodium +14 3 from : +17 Atomic radius of the atoms +12decreases +13across Period to chlorine. +11 2.8.7 2.8.5 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.7 Susunan electron : 2.8.1 berkurang merentasi Kala 3 dari natrium kepada klorin. Jejari atom
11 p
12 p
13 p
14 p
15 p
16 p
17 p
Reactivity decreases down Group 17/Kereaktifan berkurang menurun Kumpulan 17
Reactivity increases down Group 1/Kereaktifan bertambah menurun Kumpulan 1
(a) To Compare Atomic Size/ Radius and Electronegativity Across Period 3: Membanding Jejari/ Saiz Atom dan Keelektronegatifan Merentasi Kala 3: (i) Compare number of shells in each atom. Bandingkan bilangan petala dalam setiap atom. (ii) Compare number of proton in the nucleus. Bandingkan bilangan proton dalam nukleus.
Kereaktifan bertambah menuruni kumpulan 1
Li
Na
(iii) Compare the strength of attraction from the nucleus to the electrons in the shells . Bandingkan kekuatan tarikan dari proton dalam nukleus kepada elektron dalam petala . (iv) Compare the atomic size/ Compare the electronegativity. Bandingkan saiz atom/ Bandingkan keelektronegatifan. (b) To Compare Reactivity Down Group 1 and Group 17: Membanding Kereaktifan Menuruni Kumpulan 1 dan Kumpulan 17: Compare number of shells in each atom. Bandingkan bilangan petala dalam setiap atom. electron to the outermost shells (Group 17). Bandingkan kekuatan proton dalam nukleus menarik elektron valens (Kumpulan 1) // menarik elektron ke petala paling luar (Kumpulan 17).
Cl
(i)
Br
(ii) Compare the strength of proton in the nucleus to attract valence electron (Group 1)// to attract
(iii) Compare tendency of the atom to release electron (Group 1)// receive electron (Group 17). Bandingkan kecenderungan atom untuk melepaskan elektron (Kumpulan 1) // menerima elektron (Kumpulan 17).
TRANSITION ELEMENT / UNSUR PERALIHAN 1

Terletak antara Kumpulan 2 dan 13. Contoh unsur peralihan adalah Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu dan Zn.
Situated between Group 2 and 13. The examples of transition element are Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. Show metal properties: Shiny, conducts heat and electricity, malleable, high tensile strength, high melting point and density.
Mempunyai sifat logam: Permukaan berkilat, konduktor haba dan elektrik, bersifat mulur, boleh ditempa, kekuatan tegangan yang tinggi, takat lebur dan ketumpatan tinggi. Special characteristics / Ciri istimewa: (a) Form coloured compound / Membentuk sebatian berwarna. Example / Contoh: Ferum(III) klorida adalah perang, ferum(II) klorida adalah hijau dan kuprum(II) sulfat adalah biru. (b) Form different oxidation numbers / Membentuk nombor pengoksidaan berbeza. (c) Form complex ions: MnO4, Cr2O72, CrO42, etc / Membentuk ion kompleks: MnO4, Cr2O72, CrO42, dan sebagainya. (d) Useful as a catalyst in industries / Berguna sebagai mangkin dalam industri. Example / Contoh: Iron: Haber Process in the manufacture of ammonia / Ferum: Proses Haber dalam penghasilan ammonia.
Iron(III) chloride is brown, iron(II) chloride is green and copper(II) sulphate is blue.
N2 + 3H2

Fe
2NH3
Vanadium(V) Oksida: Proses Sentuh dalam penghasilan asid sulfurik.
Vanadium(V) Oxide: Contact Process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
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Platinum: Ostwald Process in the manufacture of nitric acid / Platinum: Proses Ostwald dalam penghasilan asid nitrik.
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Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom P dan Q. P P
The diagram below shows the electron arrangement for atoms P and Q.
(a) Elements P and Q are placed in the same group in Periodic Table. State the group.
Unsur P dan Q terletak dalam kumpulan yang sama dalam Jadual Berkala. Nyatakan kumpulan itu.
Group 1 (b) How is elements P and Q kept in the laboratory? Give reason for your answer.
Bagaimanakah unsur P dan Q disimpan di dalam makmal? Berikan sebab bagi jawapan anda.
In paraffin oil. To prevent them from reacting with oxygen or water vapour in the atmosphere.

(c) (i)
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas antara unsur P dengan air.
Write chemical equation for the reaction between elements P with water. 2P + 2H2O 2POH + H2
(ii) What is the expected change of colour when a few drops of phenolphthalein are added into the aqueous solution of the product? Explain your answer.
Apakah perubahan warna yang dijangkakan apabila beberapa titik fenolftalein dititiskan ke dalam larutan akueus yang terhasil? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Colourless to purple/ pink. The solution formed is alkaline.

(iii) Between element P and element Q, which is more reactive in the reaction with water?
Antara unsur P dan Q, yang manakah lebih reaktif apabila bertindak balas dengan air?
Element Q is more reactive than P . (iv) Explain your answer in (c)(iii) / Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (c)(iii). The size of atom Q is larger than atom P . The valence electron of atom Q is further away from the nucleus compared to atom P . The attraction forces between proton in the nucleus to the valence electron of atom Q is weaker than atom P . Atom Q is easier to release the valence electron compared to atom P .

(d) Name one element that has the same chemical properties as P and Q. Potassium
Namakan satu elemen yang mempunyai ciri-ciri kimia yang sama dengan P dan Q.
The diagram below shows the information regarding elements W and X which are from the same group in the Periodic Table.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan maklumat mengenai unsur W dan X yang terletak di kumpulan yang sama dalam Jadual Berkala.
19 9
35 17
(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom of elements W and X / Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom unsur W dan X. 2.7 2.8.7 Atom W / Atom W : Atom X / Atom X : (ii) State the position of elements W and X in the Periodic Table.
Nyatakan kedudukan unsur W dan X dalam Jadual Berkala.
(iii) Do elements W and X show the same chemical property? Explain your answer.
Adakah unsur W dan X menunjukkan sifat kimia yang serupa? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Element W / Unsur W : Group 17, Period 2 Element X / Unsur X : Group 17, Period 3
Elements W and X have the same chemical property. Atoms W and X have the same number of valence electrons. (b) State the type of particles of substances W and X / Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat pada W dan X. Molecule
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(c) (i)
Bandingkan takat didih unsur W dan X. Terangkan perbezaan itu.
Compare the boiling point of elements W and X. Explain the difference. The boiling point of element X is higher than element W. The size of molecule X2 is bigger than molecule W2 .
The forces of attraction between molecules X2 is stronger than molecule W2. More heat energy is needed to overcome the stronger forces between molecules.

(d) (i)
Unsur X boleh bertindak balas dengan unsur natrium untuk membentuk sebatian. Tulis persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas tersebut.
Element X can react with sodium element to form a compound. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. 2NaX
X2 + 2Na
(ii) How does the reactivity of element W and element X differ? Explain your answer.
Bagaimanakah kereaktifan unsur W dan X berbeza? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Element W is more reactive than element X. The size of atom W is smaller than atom X. The outermost occupied shell of atom W is nearer to the nucleus compare to atom X. The strength of the nucleus of atom W to attract electron to the outermost shell is stronger than atom X. 3

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan neutron dan jisim atom relatif bagi lapan unsur yang diwakili oleh huruf P, Q, R, S, T, U, V dan W. Atom / Unsur Number of neutron
Bilangan neutron dalam atom
The table below shows the number of neutron and relative atomic mass of eight elements represented as P , Q, R, S, T, U and W.
P 12 23 11 2.8.1 Q 12 24 12 2.8.2 R 14 27 13 2.8.3 S 14 28 14 2.8.4 T 16 31 15 2.8.5 U 16 32 16 2.8.6 V 18 35 17 2.8.7 W 22 40 18 2.8.8
Relative atomic mass

Jisim atom relatif
Number of proton
Bilangan proton dalam atom Susunan elektron dalam atom
(a) Complete the above table by writing the number of proton and electron arrangement for the atom of each element.
Lengkapkan jadual di atas dengan menulis bilangan proton dan susunan elektron bagi atom setiap unsur. Nyatakan kala manakah unsur P W terletak dalam Jadual Berkala? Terangkan jawapan anda.
(b) (i) State the period of element P W in the Periodic Table. Explain your answer. Period 3 because P W atoms have three shells occupied with electrons.
(ii) What is the proton number of another element that is in the same group as P?
Nyatakan bilangan proton bagi unsur lain yang sama kumpulan dengan P.
3/19 (c) Write the standard representation for element Q / Tuliskan simbol perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q. 24 Q 12 (d) Which element exist as / Unsur yang manakah wujud sebagai W diatomic gas / gas dwiatom? monoatomic gas / gas monoatom?

T/ U/ V
(e) (i)
Unsur yang manakah bertindak balas cergas dengan air untuk menghasilkan gas hidrogen?
Which element can react vigorously with water to produce hydrogen gas?
P (ii) Write the balanced equation for the reaction in (e)(i) / Tuliskan persamaan seimbang untuk tindak balas (e)(i). 2P + 2H2O 2POH + H2
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(f) State the arrangement of elements T, U and V in the order of increasing atomic radius. Explain your answer.
Nyatakan susunan unsur T, U dan V dalam tertib pertambahan jejari atom. Terangkan jawapan anda.
V, U and T. Atoms of T, U, and V have three shells occupied with electrons. The proton number // positive charges in the nucleus increases from T to V. The forces of attraction between proton in the nucleus and the electrons in the shells increase from T to V. The shells filled with electrons are pulled nearer to the nucleus from T to V. 4

The diagram below shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements. X, Y, A, B, D, E, F and G do not represent the actual symbols.
X Y A F G B D E
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur. X, Y, A, B, D, E, F dan G tidak mewakili simbol yang sebenar.
(a) (i)
State the position of element B in the Periodic Table / Nyatakan kedudukan unsur B dalam Jadual Berkala. Period 3, Group 13
(ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i) / Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (a)(i). Electron arrangement atom B is 2.8.3. Atom B has three valence electrons, element B is in Group 13. Atom B has three shells occupied with electrons, element B is in Period 3. Which element is monatomic gas / Unsur yang manakah adalah gas monoatom? Element Y
(b) (i)
(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i) / Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (b)(i). Atom Y has achieved octet electron arrangement // has electron arrangement 2.8. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) exists in the form of molecule / wujud dalam bentuk molekul forms acidic oxide / membentuk oksida asid has atoms that have no neutron / atom yang tiada neutron is an alkali metal / logam alkali forms amphoteric oxide / membentuk oksida amfoterik has a proton number of 15 / mempunyai nombor proton 15 X/D/E D/E X A/F B C F A/F G
(c) Choose an element that / Pilih unsur yang:
(vii) is most electropositive / paling elektropositif (viii) forms basic oxide / membentuk oksida bes (ix)

forms coloured compound / membentuk sebatian berwarna
(d) Arrange Y, A, B, D and E according to the order of increasing atomic size.

Susun Y, A, B, D dan E mengikut tertib pertambahan saiz atom.
Y, E, D, B, A (e) (i) Write the electron arrangement for an atom of element / Tulis susunan elektron bagi atom unsur: 2.8.5 2.8.7 D: E:
(ii) Compare electronegativity of elements D and E / Bandingkan keelektronegatifan unsur D dan E. Element E is more electronegative than element D. (iii) Explain your answer in (e)(ii) / Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (e)(ii). Atoms E and D have the same number of shells occupied with electrons. The number of proton in the nucleus of atom E is more than atom D. The strength of proton in nucleus to attract electrons to the outermost shells in atom E is stronger than of atom D.
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Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif 1

Nombor proton unsur P adalah 8. Apakah kedudukan unsur P dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur?
Proton number of element P is 8. What is the position of this element in the Periodic Table of Elements?
X oxide
Oksida X
Y oxide
Oksida Y
Z oxide
Oksida Z
A B C D 6

Amphoteric
Amfoterik Amfoterik
Acidic
Asid Bes
Basic
Bes
Group/Kumpulan
Period / Kala 2 3 2 3
A B C D 2

16 16 18 18
Amphoteric Acidic
Asid Asid
Basic Amphoteric
Amfoterik
Acidic
Asid Bes Bes
Basic Basic
Acidic
Acidic
Asid
Kalium bertindak balas dengan unsur Q dalam Kumpulan 17 dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur. Antara persamaan kimia berikut, yang manakah betul?
Potassium reacts with element Q from Group 17 in Periodic Table. Which of the following chemical equations is correct?
The table below shows the properties of the oxide of elements X, Y and Z which are located in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan sifat oksida unsur X, Y dan Z yang berada dalam Kala 3 Jadual Berkala Unsur. Element Unsur Property of the oxide formed Sifat oksida yang terbentuk
A K + Q KQ B K+ + Q KQ
C 2K + Q2 2KQ D K + Q2 KQ2
Oxide of X reacts with nitric acid.
The diagram below shows the position of elements X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kedudukan unsur X, Y dan Z dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Oxide of X does not react with sodium hydroxide solution./Oksida X tidak bertindak balas dengan larutan
natrium hidroksida.
Oksida X bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik.
Oxide of Y reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.

Oksida Y bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida.
X Y Z Z
Oxide of Y does not react with nitric acid
Oksida Y tidak bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik. Oksida Z bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida.
Oxide of Z reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.
Which of the following statements is true?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar?
Semua unsur boleh mengkonduksi elektrik. B All the elements exist as gas at room temperature. Semua unsur wujud dalam bentuk gas pada suhu bilik. C The boiling points of the elements increase from X Y Z. Takat didih unsur bertambah dari X Y Z. D The density of the elements decreases going down from X Y Z. Ketumpatan unsur berkurang dari X Y Z.
A All the elements can conduct electricity.
Oxide of Z reacts with nitric acid.
Oksida Z bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik.
What is the correct arrangement of elements X, Y and Z from left to right in Period 3 of the Periodic Table?
Apakah susunan yang betul bagi unsur X, Y dan Z dari kiri ke kanan Kala 3 Jadual Berkala Unsur?
A Z, X, Y B X, Z, Y 7

C X, Y, Z D Y, Z, X
The following statements describe the characteristic of an element:

Pernyataan berikut menerangkan sifat suatu unsur.
Which of the following elements can form acidic oxide?

Antara berikut, yang manakah dapat membentuk oksida asid?
I II
A B C D 5

Calcium / Kalsium III Potassium / Kalium Sulphur / Sulfur IV Nitrogen / Nitrogen I and II only / I dan II sahaja I and III only / I dan III sahaja II and IV only / II dan IV sahaja III and IV only / III dan IV sahaja
Used as a catalyst / Digunakan sebagai mangkin. Forms coloured ions or compound. Shows different oxidation number in its compound.
Menunjukkan numbor pengoksidaan yang berbeza. Membentuk ion atau sebatian berwarna.
Which of the following is the position of the element in the Periodic Table of Element?
The diagram below shows the standard representation for elements X, Y and Z.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol unsur X, Y dan Z.
27 13
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kedudukan unsur tersebut dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur?
32 16
23 11
Z
A B C D

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What type of oxides are formed by X, Y and Z?

Apakah jenis oksida terbentuk dari X, Y dan Z?
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The table below shows the proton number of elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
10 The table below shows the proton numbers of elements X and

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton unsur dalam Kala 3 Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Y.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton unsur X dan Y.
Elements
Unsur
Proton number
Nombor proton
Radius (nm)
Jejari (nm)
Elements / Unsur X Y
Proton number / Nombor proton 11 19
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
0.191 0.160 0.130 0.118 0.110 0.102 0.099 0.095
Which statements are true about elements X and Y? I II III IV
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang unsur X dan Y?
Why does the atomic radius of the atoms decrease from sodium to argon in the period?
Mengapakah saiz atom berkurang dari natrium ke argon dalam kala?
Bilangan elektron valens bertambah. B The electronegativity of the elements increases. Keelektronegatifan unsur bertambah. C The properties of the elements change from metallic to non-metallic. Sifat unsur berubah dari logam kepada bukan logam. D The strength of attraction of the nucleus to the electrons in the shells increases. Kekuatan tarikan nukleus kepada elektron dalam petala bertambah. 9

A The number of valence electrons increases.
A B C D
Atoms X and Y have one valence electron. Atom X dan Y mempunyai satu elektron valens. Elements X is more reactive than element Y. Unsur X lebih reaktif daripada unsur Y. Atom X has a bigger atomic size than atom Y. Saiz atom X lebih besar daripada saiz atom Y. Elements X and Y are in the same group in the Periodic Table. Unsur X dan Y berada dalam kumpulan sama dalam Jadual Berkala. I and III only / I dan III sahaja I and IV only / I dan IV sahaja II and III only / II dan III sahaja II and IV only / II dan IV sahaja
The table below shows proton number for elements P , Q and R.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur P, Q dan R.
Elements / Unsur P Q R
Proton number / Nombor proton 11 17 19
Which of the following statements about these elements are true?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang unsur-unsur tersebut?
I II III IV
A B C D
P and R has the lowest number of valence electrons. P dan R mempunyai bilangan elektron valens paling rendah. P and R have similar chemical properties. P dan R mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama. Size of atom R is bigger than size of atom Q. Saiz atom R lebih besar daripada saiz atom Q. Element R is more electronegative than element Q. Unsur R lebih elektronegatif daripada unsur Q. I, II and III / I, II dan III I, II dan IV / I, II dan IV I, III dan IV / I, III dan IV II, III dan IV / II, III dan IV
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CHEMICAL BOND
IKATAN KIMIA
TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND / JENIS IKATAN KIMIA IONIC BOND / IKATAN ION To predict the formulae of ionic compounds based on the electron arrangement. Meramal formula sebatian ion berdasarkan susunan elektron. To describe the formation of ionic bond / Menghuraikan pembentukan ikatan ion. To draw the diagram of the formation of ionic bond / Melukis rajah pembentukan ikatan ion. COVALENT BONDS / IKATAN KOVALEN To predict the formulae of molecules of elements or covalent compounds as well as the types of covalent bond. Meramal formula molekul unsur atau molekul sebatian kovalen serta jenis ikatan kovalen. To describe the formation of covalent bonds / Menghuraikan pembentukan ikatan kovalen. To draw the diagram of the formation of covalent bonds / Melukis rajah pembentukan ikatan kovalen.
PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS / SIFAT SEBATIAN ION DAN KOVALEN IONIC COMPOUNDS / SEBATIAN ION To state and explain the properties from the aspect of melting point and electrical conductivity in solid and molten state. Menyatakan dan menerangkan sifat dari segi takat lebur, kekonduksian elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal dan leburan. COVALENT COMPOUNDS / SEBATIAN KOVALEN To state the solubility in water and organic solvents / Menyatakan keterlarutan dalam air dan pelarut organik. To differentiate between ionic and covalent compounds / Membezakan sebatian ion dengan sebatian kovalen.
CHEMICAL BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS / IKATAN KIMIA ANTARA ATOM 1
Ikatan kimia dibentuk apabila dua atau lebih atom-atom unsur berpadu. Atom-atom membentuk ikatan kimia untuk mencapai susunan elektron yang stabil iaitu susunan elektron duplet atau oktet. Terdapat dua jenis ikatan kimia iaitu Ikatan Ion dan Ikatan Kovalen. IONIC BOND / IKATAN ION
Chemical bonds are formed when two or more atoms of elements bond together. Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve a stable duplet or octet electron arrangement. There are two types of chemical bond, that is Ionic Bond and Covalent Bond.
1 2 3
Ikatan ion terbentuk antara atom unsur logam yang melepaskan elektron kepada atom unsur bukan logam yang menerima elektron. Atom suatu unsur adalah neutral kerana bilangan proton adalah sama dan dengan bilangan elektron.
Ionic bond is formed between atoms of metal elements that release electrons to atoms of non-metal elements. Atom of an element is neutral because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
Atom unsur yang melepaskan elektron membentuk ion positif dan atom yang menerima elektron membentuk ion negatif untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet atau duplet yang stabil.
Atoms of elements that release the electrons form positive ions and atoms that receive the electrons form negative ions to achieve a stable octet or duplet electron arrangement:
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Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

Changes
Perubahan
Na 2.8.1
Na+ + e
Ca 2.8.2
Ca2+ + 2e
O + 2e
O2 2.8
Cl + e
Cl 2.8.8
Susunan elektron
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.8.7
Total of positive charges (From number of proton)

Jumlah cas positf (Dari bilangan proton)
+11
+11
+12
+12
+8
+8
+17
+17
Total of negative charges (From number of proton)

Jumlah cas negaitf (Dari bilangan proton)
11
10
12
10
10
17
18
Total changes
Jumlah cas Jenis zarah
0 Sodium atom
+1 Sodium ion
0 Calcium atom
+2 Calcium ion
0 Oxygen atom
2 Oxide ion
0 Chlorine atom
1 Chlorine ion
Type of particles
Atom natrium
Atom kalsium
Atom oksigen
Atom klorin
3 4 5
Ion positif dan ion negatif tertarik antara satu sama lain dengan daya elekrostatik yang kuat. Daya elektrostatik antara ion positif dan ion negatif membentuk ikatan ion.
The positive ions and negative ions are attracted to one another with strong electrostatic forces. The electrostatic force between the positive and negative ions forms ionic bond.
Ikatan ion biasanya dibentuk antara atom-atom daripada Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 (logam) dengan atom-atom dari Kumpulan 15, 16 dan 17 (bukan logam). Bilangan maksimum elektron yang berpindah dalam pembentukan ikatan ion biasanya tiga.
Ionic bond is usually formed between atoms from Groups 1, 2 and 13 (metal) with atoms from Groups 15, 16 and 17 (non-metal).
The maximum number of electrons transferred in the formation of ionic bond is usually three: (a) Atoms of elements in Groups 1, 2 and 13 release 1, 2 and 3 electrons respectively to form positively charged ions (+1, +2 and +3).

(b) Atoms of elements in Groups 15, 16 and 17 receive 3, 2 and 1 electrons respectively to form negatively charged ions (3, 2 and 1)
6 Atom unsur Kumpulan 15, 16 dan 17 masing-masing menerima 3, 2 dan 1 elektron membentuk ion bercas negatif (3, 2 dan 1).
Atom unsur Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 masing masing melepaskan 1, 2 dan 3 elektron membentuk ion bercas positif (+1, +2 dan +3).
Examples / Contoh-contoh: (i) Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida Predict the formula / Ramal formula:
Element
Unsur
Proton number
Nombor proton
Susunan elektron
Na Cl
11 17
2.8.1 2.8.7
Na Cl + e
Na+ + e Cl
Na+ 1
Cl 1 NaCl
Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi setiap sebatian yang terbentuk.
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
Na Na
Transfer Pindah
C1 Cl
Na Na
C1 Cl
Sodium atom, Na Atom natrium, Na
Chlorine atom,Cl Cl Atom klorin,
Sodium ion, Na Ion natrium, Na +

+
Chloride ion,Cl Cl Ion klorida,
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Explanation / Penerangan:
(a) Electron arrangement of sodium atom is stable Therefore sodium atom is not

. Sodium atom has one . Sodium atom releases
2.8.1
one
valence electron.
octet electron arrangement to form sodium ion , Na+ with electron arrangement
electron to achieve a stable 2.8 .
2.8.1 . Atom natrium mempunyai satu elektron valens. Dengan itu atom Susunan elektron atom natrium ialah stabil . Atom natrium melepaskan satu elektron ini untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang natrium tidak stabil membentuk ion natrium , Na+ dengan susunan elektron 2.8 .
seven (b) Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is . Chlorine atom has valence electrons. one Chlorine atom receives electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement to form chlorine

2.8.7
ion, Cl with an octet arrangement of electron

2.8.7
2.8.8
.
tujuh
Susunan elektron bagi atom klorin ialah
mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dengan menerima 2.8.8 . susunan elektron
. Atom klorin mempunyai elektron valens. Atom klorin satu elektron membentuk ion klorida , Cl dengan
(c)

Sodium ions , Na+ and chloride ions , Cl ions are attracted with strong bond formed is called ionic bond.
Ion natrium , Na+ dan ikatan ion.
electrostatic
force. The
ion klorida , Cl ditarik dengan daya elektrostastik yang kuat. Ikatan yang terbentuk dinamakan
(ii) Magnesium oxide / Magnesium oksida Predict the formula / Ramal formula:
Element
Unsur
Proton number
Nombor proton
Susunan elektron
Mg O
12 8
2.8.2 2.6
Mg Mg+ + 2e O + 2e O2
Mg2+ 2 1
O2 2 1 MgO

2+
Mg Mg
Pindah Transfer
O O
Mg Mg
O O
Magnesium atom, Mg Atom magnesium, Mg Explanation / Penerangan:
Oxygen atom, OO Atom oksigen,
Magnesium ion, Mg Mg 2+ Ion magnesium,

2+
2 2 Oxide ion, OO Ion oksida,
2.8.2 (a) The electron arrangement of magnesium atom is . Magnesium atom has stable electrons. Therefore magnesium atom is not . Magnesium atom releases electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement to form 2.8 arrangement .

two 2
2+
valence valence
magnesium ion , Mg
with electron
2.8.2 . Atom magnesium mempunyai dua elektron di petala terluar. Maka atom Susunan elektron atom magnesium stabil dua . Atom magnesium melepaskan elektron valens untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet magnesium tidak yang stabil membentuk ion magnesium , Mg2+ dengan susunan elektron 2.8 .
2.6 (b) The electron arrangement of oxygen atom is . Oxygen atom is also unstable. Oxygen atom receives two electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement to form oxide ion , O2 with electron arrangement

2.8
.
2.6 . Atom oksigen juga tidak stabil, atom oksigen ion oksida
2
Susunan elektron atom oksigen ialah
menerima
dua elektron 2.8 .
untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil membentuk
, O dengan susunan elektron
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(c)

Magnesium ion , Mg2+ and formed is called ionic bond.

Ion magnesium , Mg2+ dan dinamakan ikatan ion.
oxide ion , O2 are attracted by strong
electrostatic
force. The bond
ion oksida
, O2 ditarik dengan daya elektrostatik yang kuat. Ikatan yang terbentuk
(iii) Magnesium chloride /Magnesium klorida Predict the formula / Ramal formula:
Element
Unsur
Proton number
Nombor proton
Susunan elektron
Mg Cl
12 17
2.8.2 2.8.7
Mg Cl + e
Mg2+ + 2e Cl
Mg2+ 1
Cl 2 MgCl2

2+
Transfer Pindah
C1 Mg
Transfer Pindah
C1 C1 Mg C1
Chlorine atom, Atom klorin, Cl Cl
Magnesium atom, Mg Atom magnesium, Mg
Chlorine atom, Atom klorin, Cl Cl
2+2+ Chlorine ion, Cl Ion Magnesium ion, Mg Chlorine ion, Ion klorida, Cl magnesium, Mg Ion klorida, ClCl
(a) The electron arrangement of magnesium atom is in the outer shell. Therefore, magnesium atom is not
2.8.2
2 . Magnesium atom has stable . Magnesium atom releases
electrons 2
valence electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement to form 2.8 electron arrangement .

magnesium ion , Mg2+ with
2.8.2 . Atom magnesium mempunyai 2 elektron di petala terluar. Maka atom Susunan elektron atom magnesium stabil 2 . Atom magnesium melepaskan elektron valens untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet magnesium tidak yang stabil membentuk ion magnesium , Mg2+ dengan susunan elektron 2.8 .
2.8.7 (b) The electron arrangement of chlorine atom is . Chlorine atom is also unstable. Chlorine atom receives one electron to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement to form chloride ion , Cl with electron arrangement

2.8.8
.
2.8.7 . Atom klorin juga tidak stabil. Atom klorin
Susunan elektron atom klorin ialah
menerima
satu elektron untuk 2.8.8 .
mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil membentuk
ion klorida , Cl dengan susunan elektron
(c) As such,
Oleh itu,
one
satu
magnesium atom releases

atom magnesium melepaskan 2
electrons to
2
2+
2 and
chlorine atoms.
atom klorin.
elektron kepada
(d) Strong electrostatic ionic bond.

Daya elektrostatik
force is formed between
magnesium ion , Mg
chloride ion , Cl to form
yang kuat terbentuk antara
ion magnesium , Mg2+ dan
ion klorida , Cl membentuk ikatan ionik.
COVALENT BONDS / IKATAN KOVALEN 1 2
Ikatan ini terbentuk apabila dua atau lebih atom yang sama atau berlainan berkongsi elektron valens antara satu sama lain supaya setiap atom mencapai susunan elektron oktet atau duplet iaitu susunan elektron gas adi yang stabil.
This bond is formed when two or more similar or different atoms share valence electrons between them, so that each atom achieves the octet or duplet electron arrangement that is a stable electron arrangement for noble gases.
Ikatan ini biasanya terbentuk apabila atom-atom bukan logam berpadu. [Atom-atom dari Kumpulan 14, 15, 16 dan 17]
Normally, this bond is formed when similar or different non-metal atoms bond together. [Atoms from Groups 14, 15, 16 and 17]
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When atoms of non-metals share their valence electrons from their outermost shells to achieve stable duplet or octet sharing atoms electron arrangement, covalent bonds are formed. The product of the of electrons between is called molecule .
Apabila atom-atom bukan logam berkongsi elektron pada petala terluar untuk mencapai susunan elektron duplet atau oktet yang stabil, ikatan kovalen terbentuk. Hasil daripada perkongsian elektron antara atom-atom ini membentuk molekul .
The molecules are neutral as there is no electron transfer involved. During the formation of covalent bonding , each atom contributes same number of electrons for sharing. The number of electrons shared can be one pair, two pairs or three pairs.
neutral kerana tidak melibatkan pemindahan elektron. Semasa pembentukan ikatan kovalen , setiap atom akan Molekul adalah menyumbang bilangan elektron yang sama untuk dikongsi. Bilangan elektron yang dikongsi boleh jadi sepasang, dua pasang atau tiga pasang.
5 6
The forces that exist between molecules are Van der Waals forces that are weak. These forces become stronger when the molecule size increases.
Daya yang wujud antara molekul adalah daya Van der Waals yang lemah. Daya ini semakin kuat apabila saiz molekul bertambah.
Examples / Contoh: (i) Hydrogen molecule / Molekul hidrogen: (a) Hydrogen atom has one electron in the first shell, with an electron arrangement of 1 needs one electron to achieve a stable duplet electron arrangement. (b) Two hydrogen atoms share a pair of electrons to form a hydrogen molecule. (c)
Dua atom hidrogen berkongsi sepasang elektron membentuk satu molekul hidrogen. Kedua-dua atom hidrogen mencapai susunan elektron duplet yang stabil. Share Atom hidrogen mempunyai satu elektron pada petala pertama dengan susunan elektron 1 memerlukan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron duplet yang stabil.
Both hydrogen atoms achieve a stable duplet arrangement of electron.
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk. H H
Kongsi Kongsi Share
H one
satu
H H
The number of electron pairs shared is

Bilangan pasangan elektron dikongsi adalah
pair. Single covalent bond is formed.

pasang. Ikatan kovalen tunggal terbentuk.
(ii) Oxygen molecule / Molekul oksigen: (a) Oxygen atom with an electron arrangement 2.6 needs two electrons to achieve a stable arrangement.
Atom oksigen dengan susunan elektron 2.6 memerlukan dua elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron
octet
oktet
electron
yang stabil.
(b) Two oxygen atoms share

Dua atom oksigen berkongsi
pairs of electrons to achieve a stable octet arrangement of electron, form an oxygen molecule. Each oxygen atom achieves stable octet electron arrangement.
dua
two
pasang elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil, membentuk satu oktet yang stabil. molekul oksigen. Setiap atom oksigen mencapai susunan elektron
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
O O
Oxygen atom, O Atom oksigen, O
Kongsi Share
O O
O O

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Oxygen molecule, O2 Molekul oksigen, O 2

2
2
pairs. Double covalent bond is formed.

pasang. Ikatan kovalen ganda dua terbentuk.
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(iii) Nitrogen molecule / Molekul nitrogen: (a) Nitrogen atom with an electron arrangement 2.5 needs arrangement.
Atom nitrogen dengan susunan elektron 2.5 memerlukan stabil. 3
electrons to achieve stable
octet
oktet yang
elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron
(b) Two nitrogen atoms share

Dua atom nitrogen berkongsi
pairs of electrons to achieve a stable octet arrangement, form a nitrogen molecule. Each nitrogen atom achieves stable octet electron arrangement.
3 yang stabil membentuk
oktet pasang elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil. satu molekul nitrogen. Setiap atom nitrogen mencapai susunan elektron
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
Share Kongsi
N
Nitrogen atom, N N Atom nitrogen,
N N
N N
N N
Nitrogen atom, N Atom nitrogen, N
Nitrogen Molekulmolecule, nitrogen,N N 22

3
3
pairs. Triple covalent bond is formed.

pasang. Ikatan kovalen ganda tiga terbentuk.
(iv) Hydrogen chloride molecule /Molekul hidrogen klorida Predict the formula / Ramal formula:
Element
Unsur
Proton number
Nombor proton
Susunan elektron
H Cl
needs
perlu perlu
1 elektron 1 elektron
1 electron
H Cl
1 17
1 2.8.7
needs 1 electron
Cross the number of electrons each atom needs: HCl
Silangkan bilangan elektron yang diperlukan oleh setiap atom: HCl
Share Kongsi
Cl C1
H H
Cl C1
Hydrogen atom, H H Atom hidrogen, Explanation / Penerangan:
Chlorine atom, Atom klorin, ClCl
Hydrogen chloride molecule, HCl Molekul hidrogen klorida, HCl
(a) Hydrogen atom with an electron arrangement duplet electron arrangement.

Atom hidrogen dengan susunan elektron 1 duplet yang stabil.
needs
satu
one
electron to achieve a stable
memerlukan
(b) Chlorine atom with an electron arrangement 2.8.7 needs electron arrangement.
klorin dengan susunan elektron 2.8.7 memerlukan yang stabil. Atom satu
one
electron to achieve stable
octet
oktet
(c)
One chloride
Satu
one chlorine atom share molecule with the formula

atom klorin berkongsi satu HCl .
pair of electrons with HCl .

pasang elektron dengan
one
satu
hydrogen atom to form hydrogen

atom hidrogen membentuk molekul
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(d)
One chlorine atom contributes electron for sharing.

atom klorin menyumbang dikongsi bersama. Satu satu
one
electron and
satu
one
hydrogen atom contributes one
elektron dan
atom hidrogen menyumbang satu elektron untuk
(e) (f)
One
Satu
chlorine atom forms

atom klorin membentuk
one
satu
single covalent bond with

ikatan kovalen tunggal dengan
one
satu
hydrogen atom.
atom hidrogen.
Chlorine duplet
Atom duplet
atom
achieves stable
octet
oktet
electron arrangement and hydrogen

yang stabil dan atom
atom
achieves stable
electron arrangement.
klorin mencapai susunan elektron yang stabil. hidrogen mencapai susunan elektron
(v) Water molecule /Molekul air Predict the formula / Ramal formula:
Element
Unsur
Proton number
Nombor proton
Susunan elektron
H O
needs
perlu perlu
1 electron
H O
1 8
1 2.6
needs 2 electrons
Cross the number of electrons each atom needs: H2O
Silangkan bilangan elektron yang diperlukan oleh setiap atom: H2O
H H
Kongsi Share
O O
Kongsi Share
H H
H H
O O
H H
Hydrogen atom, H H Atom hidrogen, Explanation / Penerangan:
Hydrogen atom, H H Atom hidrogen,
Water molecule, HO O Molekul air, H 2

2
(a) Hydrogen atom with an electron arrangement electron arrangement.

Atom duplet yang stabil. hidrogen dengan susunan elektron 1
needs electron to achieve a stable

satu
duplet
memerlukan
(b) Oxygen octet

Atom oktet
atom
with an electron arrangement

2.6
2.6
needs
dua
two
electrons to achieve stable
oksigen dengan susunan elektron yang stabil.
memerlukan
(c)
oxygen atom share molecule with the formula

atom oksigen berkongsi air dengan formula H2O . Satu
One
two H2O
dua
pairs of electrons with .

pasang elektron dengan
two
dua
hydrogen atoms form water

atom hidrogen membentuk molekul
(d)
oxygen atom contributes electron for sharing to form single

Satu
One
two
dua
electrons and each of the two hydrogen atoms contributes one
covalent bond.
atom oksigen menyumbang elektron dan setiap satu daripada dua atom hidrogen menyumbang satu dikongsi bersama membentuk ikatan kovalen tunggal. elektron untuk
(e) (f)
One
Satu
oxygen atom forms

atom oksigen membentuk
two
dua
single covalent bonds with

two
dua
hydrogen atoms.
atom hidrogen.
Oxygen duplet
Atom
atom
achieves stable
octet
electron arrangement and hydrogen

yang stabil dan atom
atom
achieves
oksigen mencapai susunan elektron

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duplet yang stabil.
hidrogen mencapai susunan elektron
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(vi) The molecule formed between carbon and chlorine /Molekul yang terbentuk antara karbon dan klorin Predict the formula / Ramal formula:
Element
Unsur
Proton number
Nombor proton
Susunan elektron
C Cl
needs
perlu perlu
C Cl
6 17
2.4 2.8.7
4 electrons
Cross the number of electrons each atom needs: CCl4

Silangkan bilangan elektron yang diperlukan oleh setiap atom: CCl4
needs
1 electron
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
(a) Carbon octet

Atom oktet
atom

2.4
2.4
needs
empat
four
electrons to achieve a stable
karbon dengan susunan elektron yang stabil. memerlukan elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron
(b) Chlorine octet

Atom oktet
atom

2.8.7
2.8.7
needs
satu
one
electron to achieve a stable
electron arrangement..
klorin dengan susunan elektron yang stabil. memerlukan elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron
(c)
four carbon atom share pairs of electrons with CCl4 . tetrachloromethane molecule with the formula
atom karbon berkongsi empat tetraklorometana berformula CCl4 . Satu pasang elektron dengan
One
four
empat
chlorine atoms to form

atom klorin membentuk molekul
(d)
One four
Satu
four carbon atom contributes electrons and each of the electron for sharing to form single covalent bond.
four
chlorine atoms contributes

atom klorin
satu atom karbon menyumbang empat elektron dan setiap daripada empat satu elektron untuk dikongsi bersama membentuk ikatan kovalen tunggal . menyumbang
(e) (f)
One
Satu Atom
carbon atom forms

atom karbon membentuk
four
empat
single covalent bonds with

four
empat
chlorine atoms.
atom klorin.
Carbon and chlorine
atoms
achieve stable
octet
oktet yang stabil.
karbon dan atom klorin mencapai susunan elektron
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Comparing the Formation of Ionic and Covalent Bonds / Perbandingan Pembentukan Ikatan Ion dan Kovalen Ionic Bond / Ikatan Ion Type of element involved Between metals (Groups 1, 2 and 13) and non-metals (Groups 15, 16 and 17).
logam (Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13) dengan Antara bukan logam (Kumpulan 15, 16 dan 17).
Covalent Bond / Ikatan Kovalen Between non-metal 14, 15, 16 and 17). and
dengan
non-metals
bukan logam
(Groups
(Kumpulan
Jenis unsur terlibat
Antara bukan logam 14, 15, 16 dan 17).
Electron
Elektron
Electron is released by metal atoms and received by non-metal atoms (electron transfer).
Elektron dilepaskan oleh atom logam dan atom bukan logam (elektron berpindah). diterima oleh
Pairs different
Pasangan elektron dikongsi sama atau berlainan.
of electrons are shared non-metal atoms.
by the same or
oleh atom-atom bukan logam
Type of particle produced
Metal atom forms positive ion. Non-metal atom forms negative ion.
positif . Atom logam membentuk ion negatif Atom bukan logam membentuk ion .
Neutral molecule .
Molekul yang neutral.
Jenis zarah yang dihasilkan
How to predict the formulae

Bagaimana meramal formula
Determine the coefficient of the charge of the ions and criss cross.
Tentukan pekali cas pada ion dan silangkan.
Determine the number of electrons is needed to achieve stable duplet or octet electron arrangement and criss cross.
Tentukan bilangan elektron yang diperlukan untuk mencapai susunan elektron duplet atau oktet yang stabil dan silangkan.
Example of electron arrangement in the particles
Contoh susunan elektron dalam zarah
Strong electrostatic forces between ions

Daya elektrostatik yang kuat antara ion
Strong covalent bond between atoms in the molecules

# Ionic bond is the strong electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged ion and negatively charged ion. # Ikatan ion terhasil daripada daya tarikan elektrostatik yang kuat antara ion bercas positif dan ion bercas negatif. Ikatan kovalen yang kuat antara atom dalam molekul # Covalent bond is the shared pairs of electrons between atoms in a molecule. # Ikatan kovalen terhasil daripada perkongsian pasangan elektron antara atom-atom dalam molekul.
Example of ionic and covalent compounds
Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 Sodium chloride, NaCl Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4
Naphthalene, C8H10 Acetamide, CH3CONH2 Hexane, C6H14
Contoh sebatian ion dan kovalen
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUND SIFAT FIZIK SEBATIAN ION DAN KOVALEN Ionic compound / Sebatian ion Example
Contoh
Covalent compound / Sebatian kovalen Carbon dioxide, CO2 / Karbon dioksida, CO2
Sodium chloride, NaCl / Natrium klorida, NaCl
Weak Van der Waals forces between molecules Strong electrostatic forces between positive and negative ions
Daya elektrostatik yang kuat antara ion
Daya Van der Waals yang lemah antara molekul
Strong covalent bond between atoms in the molecules

Ikatan kovalen yang kuat antara atom dalam molekul
Type of forces between particles
Strong electrostatic force between ions.

Daya elekrostatik yang kuat antara ion.
Weak Van der walls forces (intermolecular force) between molecule.

Daya Van der Waals yang lemah antara molekul.
Jenis daya antara zarah
Melting and boiling points

Takat lebur dan takat didih
Takat lebur dan takat didih tinggi kerana ion positif dan ion negatif ditarik oleh daya tarikan elektrostatik yang kuat.
melting and boiling points because positive ions and negative ions are attracted by strong electrostatic force .
High
Low melting and boiling points because of the weak Van der Waals force between molecules.
Takat lebur/takat didih rendah kerana daya "Van der Waals" yang lemah antara molekul.
Large amount of energy is needed to overcome it.

Banyak tenaga haba diperlukan untuk
amount of energy is needed to overcome it.

Sedikit tenaga haba diperlukan untuk
Small
mengatasinya .
mengatasinya .
Giant molecules such as silicon dioxide have very high melting and boiling points.
Molekul raksaksa seperti silikon dioksida mempunyai takat didih dan lebur yang amat tinggi.
Electrical conductivity
Kekonduksian elektrik
Cannot conduct electricity when in
solid
but is able to conduct electricity when in or aqueous form.
form molten
Cannot
Tidak boleh keadaan.
conduct electricity in all state.

mengkonduksi elektrik dalam semua
Tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal tetapi boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan leburan atau akueus .
Covalent compound is made up of neutral molecules .

Sebatian kovalen terdiri daripada molekul yang neutral.
In solid form, the ions are not

Dalam bentuk pepejal, ion-ion tidak bergerak .
free
bebas
to
move .
untuk
No free moving ions in molten or aqueous state.
Tidak ada ion bebas bergerak dalam keadaan leburan atau akueus.
In molten or aqueous state, the ions are free to move to be attracted to the anode or cathode.
Dalam keadaan leburan atau akueus, ion-ion bergerak untuk ditarik ke anod atau katod. bebas
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Ionic compound / Sebatian ion Solubility

Keterlarutan
Covalent compound / Sebatian kovalen Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents* (example: ether, alcohol, benzene, tetrachloromethane and propanone). This is because covalent molecules and organic solvents are both held together by weak Van der Waals forces.
Most are soluble organic solvent*.
in water and insoluble in

dalam air tetapi tidak larut
This is because the polarisation of water molecule. Water molecules have partially positive end (the hydrogen end) and partially negative end (the oxygen end).
Ini kerana air adalah molekul yang berkutub. Molekul air mempunyai bahagian bercas separa positif (bahagian hidrogen) dan bahagian bercas separa negatif (bahagian oksigen).
Kebanyakannya larut dalam pelarut organik*
Tidak larut dalam air tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik* (contoh: eter, alkohol, benzena, tetraklorometana dan propanon). Ini kerana molekul kovalen dan pelarut organik ditarik oleh daya tarikan Van der Waals yang lemah. * Organic solvents are covalent compounds that exist as liquid at room temperature. * Pelarut organik adalah sebatian kovalen yang wujud dalam bentuk cecair pada suhu bilik.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur D, E, F, G, J dan L. Element / Unsur Proton number / Nombor proton D 1 E 6
The Table below shows the proton number of elements D, E, F, G, J and L.

F 17 G 11 J 18 L 8
(a) Which element in the table are metal and non-metal / Unsur yang manakah merupakan logam dan bukan logam? (i) Metal / Logam : G (ii) Non-metals / Bukan logam : D, E, F, J, L (b) State an element that exists as monoatomic gas. Explain your answer.
Nyatakan unsur yang wujud sebagai gas monoatom. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Element J, Atom J has 8 electrons in the outermost shell, the atom has achieved stable octet electron arrangement. (c) Write the formula for the ion formed from an atom of element L.
Tuliskan formula ion yang terbentuk daripada atom unsur L.
L2 (d) Element E reacts with element L to form a compound / Unsur E bertindak balas dengan unsur L untuk membentuk sebatian. (i) State the type of bond present in this compound / Nyatakan jenis ikatan yang wujud dalam sebatian ini. Covalent bond (ii) Write the formula of the compound formed / Tuliskan formula bagi sebatian yang terbentuk. EL2 (iii) Explain how a compound is formed between element E and element L based on their electron arrangement.
Jelaskan dari segi susunan elektron bagaimana unsur E dan unsur L bergabung membentuk sebatian.
E atom with electron arrangement 2.4 needs four electrons to achieve stable octet electron arrangement. L atom with an electron arrangement 2.6 needs two electrons to achieve octet electron arrangement. One E atom share four pairs of electrons with two L atoms to form a molecule with the formula EL2. One E atom contributes four electrons and each of the two L atoms contributes two electrons for sharing to form double covalent bond. One E atom forms two double covalent bond with two L atoms. E atom and L atom achieve stable octet electron arrangement that is 2.8. (e) (i) Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
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(ii) State one physical property of the compound / Nyatakan satu sifat fizik sebatian tersebut. Low melting/boiling point // does not dissolve in water // dissolves in organic solvents // does not conduct electricity in aqueous solution or molten state.
(f) When element G is burnt in L gas, G burns rapidly and brightly with a yellow flame and produces white fumes.
Apabila unsur G dibakar dalam gas L, G terbakar cergas dengan nyalaan kuning terang dan menghasilkan wasap putih.
(i)
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara unsur G dan gas L.
Write the equation for the reaction between element G and gas L. 4G + L2 2G2L .
(ii) Explain how a compound is formed between elements G and L based on their electron arrangement. Jelaskan dari segi susunan elektron bagaimana unsur G dan L bergabung membentuk sebatian. The electron arrangement of G atom is 2.8.1. G atom is not stable. G atom releases one valence electron to form G+ ion and achieve stable octet electron arrangement 2.8. The electron arrangement of L atom is 2.6. L atom is also unstable. L atom receives 2 electrons to form L2 ion and achieves a stable octet electron arrangement 2.8.8. Therefore two G atoms release two electrons to one L atom, a strong electrostatic force is formed between G+ and L2 ions. (iii) Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
+
2
(g) Compare the boiling point of the compounds formed in 1(d) and 1(e). Explain your answer. Bandingkan takat didih sebatian yang terbentuk di 1(d) dan 1(e). Jelaskan jawapan anda. The boiling point of compound G2L is high and EL2 is low. The boiling point of compound G2L is high because positive ions and negative ions are attracted by strong electrostatic force. Large amount of energy is needed to overcome it. The boiling point of EL2 is low because the molecules are attracted by weak Van der Waals forces, small amount of energy is needed to overcome it.
2
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi sebatian A. Sebatian A terbentuk dari tindak balas antara unsur X dan unsur Y.
The diagram below shows the electron arrangement of compound A. Compound A is formed from the reaction between element X and element Y.
+
X Y
(a) (i)

Write the electron arrangement for atom of elements X and Y / Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom unsur X dan Y. X: 2.8.1 Y: 2.8.7
Bandingkan saiz atom unsur X dan unsur Y. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
(ii) Compare the size of atoms of elements X and Y. Explain your answer. Atom Y is smaller than atom X. Atom X and atom Y have the same number of shells occupied with electrons.
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The number of proton in the nucleus of atom Y is more than X. The strength nuclei attraction to the electrons in the shells of atom Y is stronger than X. (b) How are X ion and Y ion formed from their respective atoms? Bagaimana ion X dan ion Y terbentuk daripada atom masing-masing? X ion / Ion X : Atom X releases one electron Y ion / Ion Y : Atom Y receives one electron Write the formula for compound A / Tuliskan formula sebatian A. XY (c) (i)
(ii) Name type of bond in compound A / Namakan jenis ikatan dalam sebatian A. Ionic compound (iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between element X and element Y to form compound A.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas antara unsur X dan unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian A.
2X + Y2
2XY
(d) Y can react with carbon to form a compound. Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed. [Given that proton number for carbon is 6]

Y bertindak balas dengan karbon untuk membentuk suatu sebatian. Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk. [Diberi nombor proton karbon ialah 6]
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor nukleon, bilangan neutron dan bilangan elektron bagi zarah X, Y, Z, Q, R, T dan U. Particles / Zarah Nucleon number / Nombor nukleon Number of proton / Bilangan proton Number of neutron / Bilangan neutron Number of electron / Bilangan elektron X 20 10 10 10 Y 24 12 12 10 Z 23 11 12 11 Q 16 8 8 10 R 12 6 6 6 T 27 13 14 10
The table below shows the nucleon number, the number of neutrons and number of electrons in particles X, Y, Z, Q, R, T and U.
U 35 17 18 17
(a) What is meant by nucleon number / Apakah maksud nombor nukleon? The total number of proton and neutron in the nucleus of an atom. (b) Complete the number of proton of the particles in the table above.
Lengkapkan bilangan proton bagi zarah dalam jadual di atas.
(c) State a particle which is / Nyatakan zarah yang merupakan (i) (ii) an atom of a non-metal / atom bukan logam an atom of a metal / atom logam X/R Z Y/T Q T X
(iii) a positive ion / ion positif (iv) a negative ion / ion negatif (v)
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(d) Particle Y combines with particle Q to form a compound / Zarah Y bergabung dengan zarah Q untuk membentuk sebatian. (i) State the type of compound formed / Nyatakan jenis sebatian yang terbentuk. Ionic compound (ii) Write chemical formula for the compound formed / Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian yang terbentuk. YQ (iii) Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
2+ 2
(e) Particle R combines with particle U to form a compound.

Zarah R bergabung dengan zarah U untuk menghasilkan suatu sebatian.
(i)
State the type of compound formed / Nyatakan jenis sebatian yang terbentuk. Covalent compound
(ii) Write a chemical formula for the compound formed / Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian yang terbentuk. RU4
Bandingkan kekonduksian elektrik bagi sebatian yang terbentuk di 3(d) dan di 3(e). Jelaskan jawapan anda.
(f) Compare the electrical conductivity of the compounds formed in 3(d) and 3(e). Explain your answer.

Compound in YQ cannot conduct electricity in solid state but can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous solution. Compound RU4 cannot conduct electricity in molten and aqueous states. In solid form the ions in compound YQ are not free to move but in molten and aqueous state, the ions are free to move to be attracted to the anode and cathode. Compound RU4 only consists of neutral molecules, there are no free moving ions in molten or aqueous state.
4
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan kekonduksian elektrik bagi bahan W, X , Y dan Z. Substance
Bahan
The table below shows the melting point and electrical conductivity of substances W, X, Y and Z.
Melting point (C)
Takat Lebur (C)
Electrical conductivity / Kekonduksian elektrik Solid / Pepejal Cannot conduct electricity

Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik Mengkonduksi elektrik
Molten / Leburan Cannot conduct electricity

Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik
V W X Y
7 80 808 1 080
Cannot conduct electricity Cannot conduct electricity Conduct electricity
Cannot conduct electricity Conduct electricity Conduct electricity
Mengkonduksi elektrik Mengkonduksi elektrik
(a) Which of the substance is copper? Give reason for your answer.

Antara bahan di atas, yang manakah kuprum? Beri sebab bagi jawapan anda.
Y. It can conduct electricity in solid and molten state. (b) (i) State the type of particles in substances V and W / Nyatakan jenis zarah dalam bahan V dan W. Molecule

(ii) Explain why substances V and W cannot conduct electricity in solid and molten state.
Jelaskan mengapa bahan V dan W tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal dan leburan.
Substances V and W are made up of neutral molecules. No free moving ions in molten state.
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(c) The boiling point of substance V is 59C. What is the physical state of substance V at room temperature?
Takat didih bahan V adalah 59C. Apakah keadaan fizikal bahan V pada suhu bilik?
Liquid (d) Draw the arrangement of particle V at room temperature / Lukiskan susunan zarah V pada suhu bilik.
(e) Explain why the melting and boiling points of substances V and W are low?
Jelaskan mengapa takat lebur dan takat didih bahan V dan W rendah?
Van der Waals / intermolecular forces between molecules are weak. Small amount of heat energy is required to overcome it. (f) (i) State the type of particle in substance X / Nyatakan jenis zarah dalam sebatian X. Ion .
Jelaskan mengapa bahan X tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal tetapi boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan leburan.
(ii) Explain why substance X cannot conduct electricity in solid but can conduct electricity in molten state.
Ions are not freely moving // ions are in a fixed position in solid state. Ion can move freely in molten state.
Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif

1

Which substance is an ionic compound? A B C D
Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah adalah sebatian ion?
The diagram shows symbol of an element T.

Rajah menunjukkan simbol unsur T.
24 12
Methane, CH4 / Metana, CH4 Carbon dioxide, CO2 / Karbon dioksida, CO2 Propanol, C3H7OH / Propanol, C3H7OH Copper(II) oxide, CuO / Kuprum(II) oksida, CuO
What is the electron arrangement of ion formed by an atom of T?

Apakah susunan elektron bagi ion yang terbentuk dari atom T?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah sifat zink klorida?
Which of the following is a property of zinc chloride?
A Volatile / Mudah meruap B Has a low melting point

C Insoluble in water / Tidak larut dalam air D Conducts electricity in the molten state

Mempunyai takat lebur rendah
A B C D
2.8 2.8.2 2.8.8 2.8.8.8
Mengalirkan arus elektrik dalam keadaan leburan
The table below shows the electron arrangements of atoms P , Q, R and S.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron atom P, Q, R dan S.
The diagram below shows the electron arrangement of a compound formed between atoms X and Y.
Atom / Atom P Q R S
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron 2.4 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.7
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron dalam sebatian yang terbentuk antara atom X and atom Y.
Y Y X Y Y
Which of the following statements is true about the compound? A It is an ionic compound / Ia adalah sebatian ion. B The compound has high melting point.
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah benar tentang sebatian itu?
Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah membentuk sebatian secara perpindahan elektron?
Which pair of atoms forms a compound by transferring of electrons? P and S / P dan S P and R / P dan R Q and S / Q dan S Q and R / Q dan R
A B C D
C The compound conducts electricity.
Sebatian itu mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi. Sebatian itu boleh mengkonduksi elektrik.
D The compound is formed by sharing of electrons.

Sebatian terbentuk secara perkongsian elektron.
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The table below shows the proton number of four elements P , Q, R and S.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton unsur P, Q, R dan S.
The diagram below shows the electron arrangement for an ion of element Q.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron ion unsur Q.
2
Element / Unsur Proton number / Nombor proton

P 6
Q 8
R 17
S 20 Q
A P and Q / P dan Q B Q and S / Q dan S 7

Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah membentuk sebatian dengan takat lebur dan takat didih yang tinggi?
Which of the following pairs will form a compound with high melting and boiling points? C P and R / P dan R D Q and R / Q dan R
The table below shows the proton number of elements X and Y.

Jadual berikut menunjukkan nombor proton unsur X dan Y.
What are the number of protons and electrons in an atom of element Q?

Apakah bilangan proton dan elektron dalam atom unsur Q?
Number of protons
Bilangan proton
Number of electrons
Bilangan elektron

X 6
Y 8
A B C D
20 20 16 18
20 18 16 18
What type of bond and the chemical formula of the compound formed between atoms X and Y?
Apakah jenis ikatan dan formula kimia bagi sebatian yang terbentuk antara atom X dan Y ?
Type of bond
Jenis ikatan
Chemical formula
Formula kimia
A B C D 8

Ion / Ion Ion / Ion Covalent / Kovalen Covalent / Kovalen
YX2 XY2 XY2 YX2
10 The table below shows the proton number of elements P , Q and R.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton unsur P, Q dan R.

P 10
Q 11
R 12
Which of the following particles contain 10 electrons? I II III IV A

The diagram below shows the electron arrangement of ion X+.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron ion X +.
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah zarah yang mengandungi 10 elektron?
B I, II and IV only C I, III and IV only

I, II dan IV sahaja I, III dan IV sahaja
I, II dan III sahaja
Q P Q+ R2+ I, II and III only
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kedudukan unsur X dalam Jadual Berkala?
Which of the following is the position of element X in the Periodic Table?
D II, III and IV only

II, III dan IV sahaja
Group / Kumpulan A B C D 1 18 1 18
Period / Kala 3 3 4 4
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ELECTROCHEMISTRY
ELEKTROKIMIA
ELECTROLYSIS / ELEKTROLISIS
CONDUCTOR AND ELECTROLYTE / KONDUKTOR DAN ELEKTROLIT To differentiate between electrolyte and conductor with regard to electrical conductivity and any chemical changes that may occur.
Membezakan elektrolit dan konduktor dari segi kebolehan mengkonduksikan elektrik dan sebarang perubahan kimia yang berlaku. Menyenaraikan contoh-contoh bahan yang dikelaskan sebagai elektrolit dan konduktor. ELECTROLYSIS CELL / SEL ELEKTROLISIS To draw and label the electrolytic cell / Melukis dan melabelkan sel elektrolisis. To identify anode and cathode in the electrolytic cell diagram / Mengenali anod dan katod dalam rajah sel elektrolisis. IONIC THEORY / TEORI ION Mengaitkan kewujudan ion-ion yang bebas bergerak dalam elektrolit dengan proses pengaliran elektron dalam litar luar. To explain the electrolysis process / Menerangkan proses elektrolisis. Membuat kesimpulan proses elektrolisis sebagai perubahan tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga kimia. FORMATION OF FREE MOVING IONS / PEMBENTUKAN ION BEBAS BERGERAK To differentiate molten and aqueous electrolytes / Membezakan elektrolit lebur dan akueus. Menulis persamaan pengionan untuk elektrolit lebur dan akueus. REACTION AT ELECTRODE / TINDAK BALAS DI ELEKTROD
To list examples of substances which are classified as electrolytes and conductors.
To relate the existence of free moving ions in an electrolyte with the electron flow in an external circuit. To conclude that electrolysis process involve changes from electrical to chemical energy.
To write the ionisation equation of molten and aqueous electrolytes.
Menulis persamaan di anod yang melibatkan anion melepaskan elektron. Fokus adalah kepada ion-ion yang biasa terpilih untuk nyahcas seperti ion klorida, ion hidroksida dan ion bromida.
To write the discharge equation at the anode, where the anion releases electron. Focus on ions that are normally selected for discharge, such as chloride, hydroxide and bromide ions.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT REACTIONS AT THE ELECTRODES FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINDAK BALAS DI ELEKTROD (i) The position of ions in the electrochemical series for dilute solutions and inert electrodes. Kedudukan ion dalam siri elektrokimia bagi larutan cair dan elektrod lengai (ii) The concentration for concentrated solutions and inert electrodes / Kepekatan bagi larutan pekat dan elektrod lengai. (iii) The types of electrode for diluted solutions and reactive electrodes / Jenis elektrod bagi larutan cair dan elektrod tak lengai. ELECTROLYSIS IN INDUSTRY / KEGUNAAN ELEKTROLISIS DALAM INDUSTRI Electrolysis in electroplating, purifying and extracting metals / Elektrolisis dalam penyaduran, penulenan dan pengekstrakan logam.
Menulis persamaan di katod yang melibatkan kation menerima elektron. Fokus adalah kepada ion yang biasa terpilih untuk nyahcas seperti ion hidrogen, ion kuprum(II) dan ion argentum.
To write the discharge equation at the cathode, where the cation receives electron. Focus on ions that are normally selected for discharge, such as hydrogen, copper(II) and silver ions.
VOLTAIC CELL / SEL KIMIA ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES / SIRI ELEKTROKIMIA To define and memorise the sequence of metal including hydrogen in the Electrochemical Series.
Menakrif dan menghafal siri logam termasuk hidrogen dalam Siri Elektrokimia.
APPLICATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES IN DISPLACEMENT OF METALS APLIKASI SIRI ELEKTROKIMIA DALAM PENYESARAN LOGAM To predict the displacement of metal reactions based on the positions of metals in the Electrochemical Series.
Meramal tindak balas penyesaran logam berdasarkan kedudukan logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia. Menulis persamaan tindak balas penyesaran dan menyatakan pemerhatian.
To write the equation of displacement reaction and to state the observations.
Menghuraikan eksperimen penyesaran logam bagi membina Siri Elektrokimia.
To describe the metal displacement experiment to construct the Electrochemical Series.
APPLICATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES IN VOLTAIC CELL APLIKASI SIRI ELEKTROKIMIA DALAM SEL KIMIA To determine the negative and positive terminals of a voltaic cell / Menentukan terminal negatif dan positif suatu sel kimia. To predict the voltage of voltaic cell / Meramal voltan sel kimia. To determine the direction of electron flow / Menentukan arah pengaliran elektron.
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ELECTROLYSIS / elektrolisis 1
Bahan boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga jenis berdasarkan kekonduksian elektrik. Type of substance
Jenis bahan
Three types of substances that can be classified based on electrical conductivity.

Definition
Definisi
Example
Contoh
Conductor
Konduktor
Element that can conduct electricity at solid or molten state without any chemical changes , normally metals and carbon.
Unsur yang boleh mengkonduksi arus elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal atau leburan tanpa perubahan kimia , biasanya logam dan karbon.
Copper, lead, tin, silver and carbon
Kuprum, plumbum, stanum, argentum dan karbon
Electrolyte
Elektrolit
Compounds that can conduct electricity in *molten state or *aqueous solution and undergo chemical changes .
Sebatian yang boleh mengkonduksikan arus elektrik dalam keadaan *lebur atau *akueus serta mengalami perubahan kimia .
Aqueous solution of ionic compound such as copper(II) sulphate solution and sodium chloride solution.
Aqueous solution of *acid or alkali such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ammonia solution (NH3). ionic compounds such as molten lead(II) Molten bromide, molten sodium chloride and molten aluminium oxide.
ion contohnya leburan plumbum(II) Leburan sebatian bromida, leburan natrium klorida dan leburan aluminium oksida. Larutan akueus *asid atau alkali contohnya asid hidroklorik (HCl) dan larutan ammonia (NH3 ).
Larutan akueus bagi sebatian ion contohnya larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan larutan natrium klorida.
* Molten state: a solid that is heated until it melts. * Lebur: pepejal yang dipanaskan sehingga cair. * Aqueous solution: a solid that is dissolved in water. * Akueus: pepejal yang larut di dalam air.
* HCl and NH3 are covalent compounds, exist in form of molecule without water but ionised in water. (Explanation is in the next topic i.e acid and base) * HCl dan NH3 adalah sebatian kovalen, yang terdiri daripada molekul dalam keadaan tanpa air tetapi ianya terion dalam air (akan dijelaskan dalam tajuk seterusnya iaitu dalam asid dan bes)
Non- electrolyte
Bukan elektrolit
Compounds that cannot conduct electricity in molten and aqueous solution.

Sebatian kimia yang tidak boleh mengkonduksikan elektrik dalam keadaan lebur dan akueus.
Molten covalent compound such as naphthalene, molten sulphur and liquid bromine.
Leburan sebatian bromin. kovalen contohnya naftalena, sulfur lebur dan cecair
2 3 4
Electrolysis is a current passes

Elektrolisis adalah
process
proses
whereby an electrolyte is decomposed to its constituent elements when electric

penguraian elektrolit kepada unsur juzuknya apabila arus elektrik dialirkan melaluinya.
through it. chemical energy .

.
Energy change in electrolysis process is electric energy to
Perubahan tenaga dalam proses elekrolisis adalah dari tenaga elektrik kepada
tenaga kimia
Conductor which is dipped into electrolyte which carries electric current in and out of electrolyte is called an
electrode
Electrode
is normally made up of
inert
substance such as carbon.

elektrod .
Konduktor yang dicelup dalam elektrolit yang mengalirkan arus elektrik ke dalam dan keluar daripada elektrolit dipanggil Elektrod lengai biasanya terdiri daripada bahan seperti karbon.
electrodes An electrolytic cell is a set-up of apparatus that contains two which are dipped in an battery and produce a chemical reaction when connected to a (source of electricity).
elektrod yang dicelup ke dalam Sel elektrolisis adalah susunan radas yang terdiri daripada dua bateri . (sumber arus elektrik). tindak balas kimia apabila disambungkan kepada elektrolit
electrolyte
dan menghasilkan
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Example of electrolytic cell / Contoh sel elektrolisis:
(i)
Electrodes
Elektrod
(ii)
A
A
(iii)
A
Electrolyte
Elektrolit
Electrolyte
Elektrolit
Electrode
Elektrod
Electrode
Elektrod
Electrolyte
Elektrolit
Electrodes
A
A
Elektrod
Electrolysis of molten electrolyte

Elektrolisis elektrolit lebur
Panaskan
Heat
Electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte (No gas released)
Elektrolisis elektrolit dalam bentuk akueus (Tiada gas dibebaskan)
Electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte (Gas is released)
Elektrolisis elektrolit dalam bentuk larutan (Gas dibebaskan)
Arus elektrik dari bateri mengalir ke dalam elektrolit melalui elektrod. Terdapat dua jenis elektrod dalam sel elektrolisis:
Electric current from the battery flows into the electrolyte through the electrode. There are two types of electrode in the electrolytic cell: (a) Anode: An electrode that is connected to the
Anod: Elektrod yang disambung kepada Katod: Elektrod yang disambung kepada
positive terminal negative terminal
of the battery. of the battery.
terminal positif terminal negatif
bateri dalam sel elektrolisis. bateri dalam sel elektrolisis.
(b) Cathode: An electrode that is connected to the

7
Dalam keadaan lebur atau akueus, elektrolit terdiri daripada ion-ion yang bergerak bebas. Setiap ion bergerak kepada elektrod yang bertentangan cas. Terdapat dua jenis ion dalam elektrolit:
An electrolyte consists of free moving ions because it is in a molten or aqueous state. Each ion moves to the opposite charge electrode. There are two types of ions in electrolyte: Negative
negatif
(a) Anions:
8 Anion: Ion Kation: Ion
ions which are attracted and move to the

akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah elektrod akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah elektrod
positively
anod katod
charged electrode,
yang bercas yang bercas positif negatif .
anode cathode
.
. .
(b) Cations:
Positive
positif
ions which are attracted and move to the negatively charged electrode,
Proses elektrolisis berlaku di elektrod apabila arus elektrik mengalir melalui sel elektrolisis. Peringkat dalam proses elektrolisis adalah seperti berikut:
Electrolysis occurs at the electrode when electric current flows in the electrolytic cell. The stages in electrolysis process are: anode
(a) Anions (negative ions) are attracted and move to the

Anion (ion negatif) akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah menjadi atom/molekul. Anion dinyahcaskan pada anod. anod
of anode and become neutral atoms or molecule. The anions are
. The anions release electrons to the surface discharged at the anode.
. Anion melepaskan elektron pada permukaan anod dan
(b) Electrons flow from the

Elektron mengalir dari
anode
anod ke
to the
katod
cathode
through the connecting wire in the

litar luar .
external circuit .
melalui wayar penyambung dalam
(c) Cations (positive ions) are attracted and move to the

katod Kation (ion positif) akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah menjadi atom/molekul. Kation dinyahcaskan pada katod.
cathode
of cathode and become neutral atoms or molecules. The cations are
. The cations receive electrons at the surface discharged at the cathode.
. Kation menerima elektron pada permukaan katod dan
Electrons flow through the external circuit / Elektron mengalir melalui litar luar. Chemical changes occur at the anode and cathode / Perubahan kimia berlaku di anod dan katod.
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FORMATION OF FREE MOVING IONS IN THE ELECTROLYTE PEMBENTUKAN ION BERGERAK BEBAS DALAM ELEKTROLIT 1
Persamaan pengionan adalah persamaan yang menunjukkan ion yang hadir dalam elektrolit sama ada dalam keadaan leburan atau akueus.
Ionisation equation is an equation to determine the ions present in molten or aqueous electrolyte. (a) Example of ionisation of molten electrolyte (a compound that is heated until it melts)
Contoh pengionan elektrolit dalam keadaan leburan (sebatian yang dipanaskan sehingga lebur)
(i)
Molten sodium chloride / Natrium klorida lebur:
NaCl (s) Na2O (s) Al2O3 (s)
Na+(l) + Cl(l) Pb2+(l) + 2Br (l) 2Na+(l) + O2(l) 2Al3+(l) + 3O2(l)
(ii) Molten lead (II) bromide / Plumbum (II) bromida lebur: PbBr2 (s) (iii) Molten sodium oxide / Natrium oksida lebur: (iv) Molten aluminium oxide / Aluminium oksida lebur:
(b) Example of the ionisation on an aqueous electrolyte (a compound that is dissolved in water): Contoh pengionan elektrolit dalam keadaan akueus (sebatian yang dilarutkan dalam air): Na+(aq) + Cl+(aq) (i) Sodium chloride solution / Larutan natrium klorida: NaCl(aq / ak )
2
H2O H2O H2SO4(aq / ak ) H2O
H+(aq) + OH(aq) Cu2+ + SO42 H+ + OH 2H+ + SO42 H+ + OH
(ii) Copper(II) sulphate solution / Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat: CuSO4(aq / ak ) (iii) Sulphuric acid / Asid sulfurik:
Pengionan elektrolit dalam keadaan lebur hanya menghasilkan kation dan anion dari sebatian itu sahaja. Pengionan elektrolit dalam keadaan akueus menghasilkan kation dan anion daripada sebatian dan air.
Ionisation of molten electrolyte produces cation and anion of the compound only. However the ionisation of an aqueous electrolyte produces cation and anion from the ionisation of the compound and water. Example / Contoh: (i) Ionisation of
Pengionan
molten
leburan
sodium chloride produces Na+ and Cl only.

natrium klorida menghasilkan Na+ dan Cl sahaja.
(ii) Ionisation of
aqueous
akueus
sodium chloride produces Na+, H+, Cl and OH.

natrium klorida menghasilkan Na+, H+, Cl dan OH.
Pengionan larutan
REACTIONS AT THE ELECTRODES / TINDAK BALAS DI ELEKTROD 1
The process of cation gaining electron at the cathode or anion losing electrons at the anode is called discharged :
Proses apabila kation menerima elektron di katod atau anion melepaskan elektron di anod dipanggil nyahcas :
(a) A cation is
2 Kation Anion
discharged discharged
when it when it
receives releases
electrons at the cathode. electrons at the anode. atom

atau
dinyahcaskan dinyahcaskan
apabila apabila
menerima melepaskan
elektron di katod. elektron di anod.
(b) An anion is (c) When ions are

Apabila ion
discharged
, they become neutral

atom
or
molecule .
yang neutral.
dinyahcaskan
, ianya akan menjadi
molekul
Persamaan ion yang berlaku di anod dan di katod untuk menghasilkan setengah.
The ionic equation that occurs at the anode and cathode to produce neutral half equation.
atom
atom
molekul
or
molecule
is called
atau
neutral dipanggil persamaan
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Persamaan setengah yang biasa di anod (anion/atom logam melepaskan elektron):

Persamaan setengah
Common half equation at the anode (anion/metal atom releases electrons):

Half equation Explanation
Penerangan
4OH
2H2O + O2 + 4e
Four hydroxide ions molecule .

Empat ion hidroksida
release
melepaskan
four electrons to form two water molecules and one oxygen

empat elektron membentuk dua molekul air dan satu molekul oksigen.
2Cl
Cl2 + 2e Br2 + 2e
Two chloride ions

Dua ion klorida
release
melepaskan
two electrons to form one chlorine

molekul
molecule
dua elektron membentuk satu
klorin.
2Br
Two bromide ions

Dua ion bromida
release
melepaskan
two electrons to form one bromine

molekul
molecule
bromin.
Cu
Cu2+ + 2e
Copper atom
Atom kuprum
releases
melepaskan
two electrons to form

dua elektron membentuk
copper(II) ion
ion kuprum(II) .
Ag
Ag+ + e
Silver atom
Atom argentum
releases
melepaskan
one electron to form

satu elektron membentuk
silver ion
ion argentum .
Persamaan setengah yang biasa di katod (kation menerima elektron): Half equation
Common half equation at the cathode (cation receives electrons):

Explanation
Penerangan
Persamaan setengah
2H+ + 2e
H2
Two hydrogen ions

Dua ion hidrogen
receive
menerima
two electrons to form one hydrogen

molekul
molecule
hidrogen.
Ag+ + e
Ag
Silver ion
Ion argentum
receive
menerima
one electron to form one silver

satu elektron membentuk satu
atom
atom
. atom
argentum.
Cu2+ + 2e
Cu
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
receives
menerima
two electrons to form one copper

dua elektron membentuk satu atom
kuprum.
Write the equation of discharge of ion

Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk nyahcas ion yang berikut:
(i) Lead(II) ion to lead atom
Ion plumbum(II) kepada atom plumbum Ion argentum kepada atom argentum Ion iodida kepada molekul iodin
: : :
Pb2+ + 2e Ag++ e 2I
Pb Ag
(ii) Silver ion to silver atom /
(iii) Iodide ion to iodine molecule
I2 + 2e
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Using lead(II) bromide as an example, explain the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide. In your explanation, draw a labeled diagram for the set up of apparatus and show the movement of particles by using arrows that occur in lead(II) bromide and the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
Dengan menggunakan plumbum(II) bromida sebagai contoh, jelaskan elektrolisis leburan plumbum(II) bromida. Dalam penerangan anda, lukiskan satu rajah susunan radas berlabel dan tunjukkan dengan anak panah pergerakan zarah yang berlaku dalam plumbum(II) bromida serta arah aliran elektron dalam litar luar.
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Set-up of apparatus / Rajah susunan radas:
Carbon electrodes
Lead(II) bromide
Heat
The ions present are lead(II) ions/ Pb2+ and bromide ions/ Br . Bromide ion/ Br move to the anode. Bromide ion/ Br releases one electron to form bromine atom at the anode. Two bromine atoms combine to form bromine molecule. 2Br Br2 + 2e
Lead(II) ions/Pb2+ move to the cathode. Lead(II) ions/Pb2+ receive two electrons to form lead atom at the cathode. Pb2+ + 2e Pb
FACTOR THAT AFFECT THE ELECTROLYSIS OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI ELEKTROLISIS LARUTAN AKUEUS 1
When more than one type of ion are attracted towards the electrodes during electrolysis, only one type of ion is selected to be discharged at each electrode. Selective discharge only occurs in aqueous solution because it usually has more than one type of ion attracted to the anode or cathode.
Apabila lebih dari satu jenis ion bergerak ke elektrod semasa elektrolisis, hanya satu jenis ion sahaja yang akan dipilih untuk dinyahcas pada setiap elektrod. Pemilihan nyahcas ion hanya berlaku di dalam larutan akueus sahaja kerana ia biasanya mempunyai lebih dari satu jenis ion yang tertarik ke anod atau katod.
The selection of ion for discharge depends on three factors / Pemilihan ion untuk nyahcas bergantung pada tiga faktor: (a) The position of ions in the electrochemical series (normally in dilute solution and inert electrode).

(b) The concentration of electrolyte (normally in concentrated solution and inert electrode). (c) The types of electrode (when reactive metal electrode is used).
Jenis elektrod (apabila elektrod logam reaktif digunakan). 3 The position of ions in the Electrochemical Series / Kedudukan ion dalam Siri Elektrokimia: Kepekatan elektrolit (biasanya dalam larutan pekat dan elektrod lengai).
Kedudukan ion dalam siri elektrokimia (biasanya dalam larutan cair dan elektrod lengai).
(a) When electrolysis is conducted on dilute solution and inert electrodes, the lower position of cation in the Electrochemical Series, or anions in the lower position of the anion discharge series will be selected to be discharged.

Apabila elektrolisis dijalankan ke atas larutan cair dan elektrod lengai, kation yang lebih rendah kedudukan dalam Siri Elektrokimia atau anion yang lebih rendah kedudukan dalam siri discas anion akan dinyahcas. Kation: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+, Ag+, dan Au+
Cation: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+, Ag+, and Au+ Increasing ease of discharge of ion from left to right
Ion semakin mudah dinyahcas dari kiri ke kanan 2 Anion: F , SO4 , NO3 , Cl, Br , I, and OH Anion: F, SO42, NO3, Cl, Br , I, dan OH
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(b) Choose the ion to be discharged from the following pairs of ions. State the electrode where it occurs and write the half equation for the discharge of ion:

Pilih ion yang akan dinyahcas dari pasangan ion berikut, nyatakan di elektrod mana ia berlaku dan tulis persamaan setengah untuk nyahcas ion:
(i)
Hydroxide & sulphate ions : Half equation:

Ion hidroksida & ion sulfat
4OH
2H2O + O2 + 4e
at the
anode
.
. .
: Persamaan setengah:
4OH
2H2O + O2 + 4e
di
anod
(ii) Hydroxide & nitrate ions

Ion hidroksida & ion nitrat
: Half equation:
4OH
4OH
2H2O + O2 + 4e
2H2O + O2 + 4e
2+
at the
di
anode
anod .
(iii) Hydrogen & copper(II) ions : Half equation:

Ion hidrogen & ion kuprum(II) : Persamaan setengah:
Cu
+ 2e
Cu
Cu
at the
di
cathode
katod .
. . .
Cu2+ + 2e
(iv) Hydrogen & potassium ions : Half equation:

Ion hidrogen & ion kalium : Persamaan setengah:
2H + 2e
+
H2
H2
at the
di
cathode
katod .
2H+ + 2e
(v) Hydrogen & silver ions

Ion hidrogen & ion argentum
: Half equation:
Ag + e
+
Ag
Ag
at the
di
cathode
katod .
Ag + e
+
(c) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm3 sodium nitrate solution using carbon electrode.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis larutan natrium nitrat 0.1 mol dm3 menggunakan elektrod karbon. Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Sodium nitrate
Persamaan pengionan elektrolit
Equation of electrolyte ionisation
NaNO3 H2O Anode / Anod NO3, OH 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e
Na+ + NO3 H+ + OH Cathode / Katod Na+, H+
Electrode / Elektrod Ions that are attracted to the anode and cathode
Ion yang ditarik ke anod dan katod
Half equation
Persamaan setengah
2H+ + 2e
H2
Name of the products

Nama hasil
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Pemerhatian
Observations
Gas bubbles are released.
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan pemerhatian)
Confirmatory test (method and observations)
Insert a glowing wooden splinter into When a lighted wooden splinter is test tube. placed near the mouth of the test tube. Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up. A pop sound is produced.
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(d) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid using carbon electrodes.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm3 menggunakan elektrod karbon. Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Sulphuric acid

H2SO4 H2O Anode / Anod SO42, OH 4OH Oxygen Gas bubbles are released. 2H2O + O2 + 4e
2H+ + SO42 H+ + OH Cathode / Katod H+ 2H+ + 2e Hydrogen Gas bubbles are released. H2
Half equation
Persamaan setengah

Nama hasil
Observations
Pemerhatian
Insert a glowing wooden splinter into When a lighted wooden splinter is test tube. placed near the mouth of the test tube. Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up. A pop sound is produced.
(e) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution using carbon electrodes.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.1 mol dm3 menggunakan elektrod karbon. Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Copper(II) sulphate

H2SO4 H2O Anode / Anod SO42, OH 4OH Oxygen Gas bubbles are released. 2H2O + O2 + 4e
2H+ + SO42 H+ + OH Cathode / Katod Cu2+, H+ Cu2+ + 2e Copper Brown solid deposited Cu
Half equation
Persamaan setengah Nama hasil
Pemerhatian
Observations Confirmatory test (method and observations)
Insert a glowing wooden splinter into test tube. Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up.
Concentration of electrolyte / Kepekatan elektrolit: (a) When electrolysis is carried out using inert electrodes and concentrated solutions, ions that are more concentrated will be discharged but this is only true for halide ions, which are Cl, Br and I.
(b) State the selected ions to be discharged at the anode and cathode for the following concentrated solutions.
Nyatakan ion yang terpilih untuk dinyahcaskan di anod dan di katod bagi larutan pekat di bawah.
Apabila elektrolisis dijalankan menggunakan elektrod lengai dan larutan pekat, ion yang lebih pekat akan dinyahcas tetapi ia benar untuk ion-ion halida sahaja iaitu Cl, Br dan I.
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(i)
Cl Anode / Anod: Cathode / Katod: (ii) Concentrated potassium iodide solution, using carbon electrodes l Anode / Anod: Cathode / Katod: (iii) Concentrated sodium chloride solution, using carbon electrodes
Larutan natrium klorida pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon Larutan kalium iodida pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon
Larutan asid hidroklorik pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon
Concentrated hydrochloric acid solution, using carbon electrodes H+
K+
Anode / Anod:
Cl
Cathode / Katod:
H+
(c) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid and 2.0 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid, using carbon electrodes.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis asid hidroklorik 0.001 mol dm3 dan asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm3 menggunakan elektrod karbon. Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Hydrochloric acid

HCl H2O 0.001 mol dm-3 of HCl

HCl 0.001 mol dm3
H+ + Cl H+ + OH 2.0 mol dm-3 of HCl

HCl 2.0 mol dm3
Electrolyte
Elektrolit
Ions that are attracted to the cathode

Ion bergerak ke katod
H+ 2H+ + 2e H2
H+ 2H+ + 2e H2
Half equation at the cathode

Persamaan setengah di katod
Observation at cathode
Pemerhatian di katod
Confirmatory test at cathode (method and observations) Name the products at the cathode
Nama hasil di katod
Insert a burning wooden splinter into Insert a burning wooden splinter into the test tube. the test tube. A Pop sound is produced. A pop sound is produced. Hydrogen gas Cl , OH 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e Hydrogen gas Cl , OH 2Cl Cl2 + 2e
Ions that are attracted to the anode

Ion bergerak ke anod
Half equation at the anode

Persamaan setengah di anod
Observations at anode / Pemerhatian Confirmatory test at anode (method and observations)
Greenish yellow gas is released.
Insert a glowing wooden splinter into A damp blue litmus paper placed near the test tube. the mouth of the test tube. Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up. The gas changed the damp blue litmus paper to red and then bleached it. Oxygen gas Concentration of hydrochloric acid increases . Hydrogen gas is released at Chlorine gas Concentration of hydrochloric acid decreases . Hydrogen gas released at
Name the product at the anode

Nama hasil di anod
The concentration of hydrochloric acid after a while and explanation

Kepekatan elektrolit selepas beberapa ketika dan terangkan
bertambah . Kepekatan asid hidroklorik Gas hidrogen dibebaskan di katod dan gas oksigen dibebaskan di anod. Air terurai kepada gas oksigen dan gas hidrogen .
Nil a
the cathode and oxygen gas is released the cathode and chlorine gas released at at the anode. Water decomposed to the anode. Concentration of chloride oxygen gas and hydrogen gas. ions decreases.
berkurang Kepekatan asid hidroklorik Gas hidrogen dibebaskan di katod dan gas klorin dibebaskan di anod. Kepekatan ion klorida berkurang. .
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(d) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 2.0 mol dm3 sodium iodide solution using carbon electrodes.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis larutan natrium iodida 2.0 mol dm3 menggunakan elektrod karbon. Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Sodium iodide

NaI H2O Anode / Anod I, OH 2I Iodine Brown solution is formed. A few drops of starch solution added. Starch solution turns to dark blue. I2 + 2e
Na+ + I H+ + OH Cathode / Katod Na+, H+ 2H+ + 2e Hydrogen Gas bubbles are released. When a lighted wooden splinter is placed near the mouth of the test tube. A pop sound is produced. H2
Half equation
Persamaan setengah

Nama hasil
Observations
Pemerhatian
Types of electrode Jenis elektrod: (a) There are two types of electrode Terdapat dua jenis elektrod: (i) Inert electrode An electrode that acts as a conductor only and does not undergo any chemical changes. Elektrod lengai Elektrod yang bertindak sebagai pengalir arus sahaja dan tidak mengalami perubahan kimia. Biasanya diperbuat daripada karbon atau platinum. (ii) Reactive electrode An electrode that not only acts as a conductor but also undergoes chemical changes. During the electrolysis, the metal atom at the anode releases electron to form metal ion, metal anode becomes thinner while the less electropositive cation will be selected at the cathode which consist of metal Elektrod reaktif Elektrod yang bertindak bukan sahaja sebagai pengalir arus tetapi juga mengalami perubahan kimia. Semasa proses elektrolisis berlaku, atom logam pada anod melepaskan elektron menjadi ion logam, anod logam menjadi nipis manakala ion yang kurang elektropositif akan menyahcas di katod yang terdiri daripada logam seperti kuprum, argentum dan nikel.
Normally they are made of carbon or platinum.
electrodes such as copper, silver and nickel.
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(b) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 1 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution with carbon electrode and copper electrode.
Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1 mol dm3 menggunakan elektrod karbon dan elektrod kuprum.
Copper(II) sulphate Carbon electrodes
Copper electrodes Copper(II) sulphate

CuSO4 (aq / ak ) Cu2+ + SO42 H2O H+ + OH Carbon electrode

Elektrod karbon
Type of electrode
Jenis elektrod
Copper electrode
Elektrod kuprum
The ions that move to the cathode

Ion bergerak ke katod
Cu2+, H+
Cu2+, H+
Half equation at the cathode

Persamaan setengah di katod
Cu2+ + 2e
Cu
Cu2+ + 2e
Cu
Name the product at the cathode

Nama hasil di katod
Copper
Copper
Pemerhatian di katod
Observation at cathode
Brown solid deposited
Brown solid deposited
Ion bergerak ke anod
The ions that move to the anode
SO42, OH 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e
SO42, OH Cu Cu2+ + 2e
Half equation at the anode

Persamaan setengah di anod
Nama hasil di anod
Name the product at anode
Oxygen gas Gas bubbles are released. Intensity of blue colour decreases.
Copper(II) ion Copper electrode becomes thinner. Intensity of blue colour remains unchanged.
Pemerhatian di anod
Observations at the anode
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan pemerhatian )
Insert a glowing wooden splinter into the test tube. Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up.
Kepekatan elektrolit selepas beberapa ketika dan terangkan
The concentration of copper(II) solution after a while and explanation
Concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution decreases. Copper(II) ions discharge as copper atoms and deposited the cathode.
Concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution remains unchanged. The number of copper atoms form copper(II) ions at the anode is equal to the number of copper(II) ions form copper atoms at the cathode.
Nil a
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Complete the table below / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

Electrolyte
Elektrolit
Electrode Factor that affects Elektrod electrolysis

Faktor yang mempengaruhi elektrolisis
Ions present
Ion yang hadir
Persamaan setengah di anod dan pemerhatian
Half equation at the anode and observation
Half equation at the cathode and observation

Persamaan setengah di katod dan pemerhatian
Dilute sulphuric acid Concentrated hydrochloric acid
Carbon
Karbon
Asid sulfurik cair
Position of ion in the electrochemical series Concentration of electrolyte
H+, SO42, OH
4OH
2H2O + O2 + 4e
2H+ + 2e
H2
Gas bubbles are released. H+, Cl, OH 2Cl Cl2 + 2e
Gas bubbles are released. 2H+ + 2e H2
Carbon
Karbon
Asid hidroklorik pekat
Greenish yellow gas is released. Ag+, NO3, H+, OH 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e
Larutan argentum nitrat
Silver nitrate solution
Carbon
Karbon
Position of ion in the electrochemical series Type of electrode
Gas bubbles are released. Ag Ag+ + e Anode becomes thinner.
Ag+ + e Ag Grey shiny solid deposited.
Silver
Argentum
Ag+, NO3, H+, OH
Ag+ + e Ag Grey shiny solid deposited.
Larutan kalium iodida cair
Carbon Dilute Karbon potassium iodide solution
Position of ion in the electrochemical series
K+, I, H+, OH
4OH
2H2O + O2 + 4e
2H+ + 2e
H2
Larutan kalium iodida pekat
Carbon Concentrated Karbon potassium iodide solution
Concentration of electrolyte
K+, I, H+, OH
2I
I2 + 2e
2H+ + 2e
H2
Brown solution formed.
Larutan kalium sulfat cair
Dilute potassium sulphate solution
Carbon
Karbon
Position of ion in the electrochemical series
K+, SO42, H+, OH
4OH
2H2O + O2 +4e
2H+ + 2e
H2
Proses elektrolisis dijalankan ke atas larutan kalium klorida cair menggunakan elektrod karbon. Jelaskan bagaimana proses elektrolisis ini berlaku. Gunakan gambar rajah berlabel untuk menerangkan jawapan anda. Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
Electrolysis is carried out on a dilute potassium chloride solution using carbon electrodes. Explain how this electrolysis occurs. Use a labelled diagram to explain your answer.
Carbon electrode
Dilute potassium chloride solution Carbon electrode

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Potassium chloride solution consist of

Larutan kalium klorida mengandungi ion
+
K+, H+, Cl
K , H , Cl
+
and
dan OH
OH
ions that move freely.

yang bergerak bebas.
Ion
Cl
Cl
ion and
dan ion
OH
OH
ions move to the anode.

bergerak ke anod.
Ion
OH
OH
ion is lower than

terletak di bawah ion
Cl
Cl
ion in the electrochemical series.

dalam siri elektrokimia.
OH ion
Ion OH
is selectively discharged by releasing electrons to form 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e

Ion K +
oxygen .
dan ion H +
and
oksigen
water
dan
molecule.
air .
dipilih untuk dinyahcaskan dengan melepaskan elektron membentuk molekul
Half equation / Persamaan setengah: K+ ion H+ ion and move to the cathode / H+ ion
Ion H +
bergerak ke katod.
is lower than
terletak di bawah
K+ ion
ion K +
in the electrochemical series.

dalam siri elektrokimia
H+ ion
Ion H
+
is selectively discharged by receiving electrons to form 2H + + 2e H2 .
hydrogen
molecules.
hidrogen .
dipilih untuk dinyahcaskan dengan menerima elektron membentuk molekul
Half equation / Persamaan setengah:

3
Describe an experiment to determine the product of electrolysis copper(II) sulphate solution with carbon electrode.
Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan hasil elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat menggunakan elektrod karbon. Dalam jawapan anda perlu disertakan pemerhatian, ujian pengesahan untuk hasil yang terbentuk di anod dan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di elektrod. Answer / Jawapan: Apparatus / Radas : Battery / power supply, carbon electrodes, wire, electrolytic cell, test tube, Ammeter [from a
Your answer should include the observation, confirmatory test for the product at the anode and half equation at the electrode.

Material / Bahan
labelled diagram]
3 : 1 mol dm copper(II) sulphate solution
Carbon electrodes
Copper(II) sulphate solution
Procedure / Langkah:
3 (a) Pour 1 mol dm copper(II) sulphate
solution
1 mol dm3
in the electrolytic cell until it is

ke dalam sel elektrolitik sehingga
half full
.
.
Masukkan
larutan
kuprum(II) sulfat
separuh penuh
(b) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram. Fill the anode invert the test tube on the .
Radas disusunkan seperti dalam gambar rajah. Isi anod . uji itu pada tabung uji
test tube
dengan
with copper(II) sulphate
solution
and
larutan
kuprum(II) sulfat dan terbalikkan tabung
(c) Turn on the switch / Hidupkan suis. (d) Collect the gas produced at the anode (e) Gas produced at the

Nil a
anod / Kumpulkan gas yang terhasil di glowing wooden splinter is tested with a .
anode
Gas yang terhasil di
anod
diuji dengan
kayu uji berbara
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Observation and half equation / Pemerhatian dan persamaan setengah: Electrodes

Elektrod
Observation
Pemerhatian
Confirmatory test
Ujian pengesahan
Persamaan setengah
Half equation Cu
Cathode Anode
Brown solid deposited Gas bubbles are released
Cu2+ + 2e 4OH
Insert the glowing wooden splinter into the test tube. The glowing wooden splinter is lighted up.
2H2O + O2 + 4e
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dielektrolisis dengan menggunakan elektrod kuprum.
Copper(II) sulphate solution is electrolysed using copper electrodes.
(a) Write the formula of all the anions present in the solution / Tuliskan formula semua anion yang terdapat dalam larutan itu. SO42, OH (b) Write the half equation for the reaction at the / Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di Cu2+ + 2e (i) anode / anod : Cu
2+ Cu (ii) cathode / katod : Cu + 2e (c) (i) From your observations, what happen to the intensity of the blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution during electrolysis?
Daripada pemerhatian anda, nyatakan apakah yang berlaku ke atas keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat semasa proses elektrolisis?
The intensity of the blue colour of copper(II) sulphate remains unchanged. (ii) Explain your answer / Jelaskan jawapan anda. The number of copper(II) ions become copper atoms at the cathode is equal to the number of copper atoms become copper(II) ions at the anode. (d) If the experiment is repeated with the copper electrodes being replaced by carbon electrodes, state the name of the products formed at the
Jika eksperimen diulangi dengan menggantikan elektrod kuprum dengan elektrod karbon, namakan hasil yang terbentuk di
(i)
anode / anod:
Oxygen
(ii) cathode / katod:
Copper
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi sel elektrolisis.
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of an electrolytic cell.
Carbon electrode P
Elektrod karbon P
Carbon electrode Q
Elektrod karbon Q
Larutan kuprum(II) nitrat
Copper(II) nitrate solution
(a) Write the formula of all ions present in copper(II) nitrate solution.
Tuliskan formula semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan kuprum(II) nitrat.
Cu2+, NO3, H+ and OH . (b) Write half equation for the reaction at / Tuliskan persamaan setengah di: 2+ Cu electrode P / elektrod P : Cu + 2e
2H2O + O2 + 4e electrode Q / elektrod Q : 4OH (c) (i) What is the colour of copper(II) nitrate / Apakah warna larutan kuprum(II) nitrat?
Blue

(ii) What happens to the intensity of the colour of copper(II) nitrate solution? Explain your answer.
Apakah yang berlaku kepada keamatan warna larutan kuprum(II) nitrat? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The intensity of the blue colour of copper(II) nitrate decreases. The concentration of Cu2+ decreases because copper(II) ions receive electrons to form copper atom at the cathode.
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ELECTROLYSIS IN INDUSTRY / ELEKTROLISIS DALAM INDUSTRI 1
Three uses of electrolysis in industries are / Tiga kegunaan elektrolisis dalam industri ialah:
Application
Aplikasi
Example
Contoh
Electrolyte
Elektrolit
Anode / Half equation

Anod / Persamaan setengah
Cathode / Half equation

Katod / Persamaan setengah
(a) Electroplating

Penyaduran logam
Silver electroplating
Penyaduran perak
Anode / Anod: Silver metal Half equation / Persamaan setengah: Ag Ag+ + e
Cathode / Katod: Metal to be electroplated Half equation / Persamaan setengah: Ag+ + e Ag Cathode / Katod: Pure copper Half equation / Persamaan setengah: Cu2+ + 2e Cu Cathode / Katod: Carbon Half equation / Persamaan setengah: Al3+ + 3e Al
(b) Purification of metal
Penulenan logam
Purification of copper
Penulenan kuprum
Copper(II) Anode / Anod: sulphate solution Impure copper Half equation / Persamaan setengah: Cu Cu2+ + 2e Molten aluminium oxide Anode / Anod: Carbon Half equation / Persamaan setengah: 2O2 O2 + 4e
(c) Metal extraction

Pengekstrakan logam
Extraction of aluminium
Pengekstrakan aluminium
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan proses pengekstrakan aluminium.
The following diagram shows the aluminium extraction process.

Substance Z / Bahan Z
Substance Y
Bahan Y
Substance X + cryolite Substance W

Bahan W Bahan X + kriolit
(a) State the name of the following substances / Nyatakan nama bahan-bahan berikut: W : Liquid aluminium X : Molten aluminium oxide Y : Carbon Z : Carbon (b) Which substance acts as anode and cathode / Bahan yang manakah bertindak sebagai anod dan katod? Anode / Anod : Z Cathode / Katod : Y (c) State the name of the product at anode and cathode / Namakan hasil yang diperoleh di anod dan katod. Anode / Anod : Oxygen Cathode / Katod : Aluminium (d) Write the ionic equation for the reactions at / Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di 2 3+ O2 + 4e Al anode / anod : 2O cathode / katod : Al + 3e (e) Why is cryolite added to X / Mengapakan kriolit ditambah ke dalam X ? To lower down the melting point of aluminium oxide (from 2 045C to 900C ).
3
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk proses penulenan kuprum.
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus used in the purification of copper.
Electrode X
Elektrod X
Electrode Y
Elektrod Y
Electrode Z
Elektrod Z
m
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(a) State the name of the substance used as / Nyatakan nama bahan yang dijadikan sebagai: electrode X / elektrod X : Impure copper : Pure copper electrolyte Z / elektrolit Z : Copper(II) sulphate solution electrode Y / elektrod Y Cu2+ + 2e Cu
(b) Write the half equation that occur at the / Tuliskan persamaan setengah yang berlaku di Cu Cu2+ + 2e electrode X / elektrod X : electrode Y / elektrod Y : (c) What are the observations at the / Apakah pemerhatian di electrode X / elektrod X : Electrode becomes thinner
4
electrode Y / elektrod Y : Brown solid deposited

dijadikan sebagai anod.
To purify metal an impure metal / Untuk menulenkan logam tak tulen: Logam tak tulen impure metal (a) The is used as the anode / (b) The pure metal
Logam tulen
dijadikan sebagai katod. is used as the cathode / salt solution (c) The electrolyte used is an containing the ions of the purifying metal. 5 Elektrolit adalah larutan garam yang mengandungi ion logam yang hendak ditulenkan.
Seorang pelajar bercadang untuk menyadurkan sebatang sudu besi dengan kuprum. Huraikan satu eksperimen di dalam makmal untuk menyadur sebatang sudu besi. Jawapan anda perlu mengandungi: A labelled diagram showing the set-up of apparatus / Rajah berlabel menunjukkan susunan radas. Procedure / Kaedah. Half equation for the reactions at both electrodes / Persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di kedua-dua elektrod. Observation at both electrodes / Pemerhatian di kedua-dua elektrod. Answer / Jawapan:
A student intends to electroplate an iron spoon with copper. Describe a laboratory experiment to electroplate the iron ring. Your answer should involve the following:
Copper Iron spoon Procedure / Kaedah: Copper(II) nitrate solution
(a) Copper plate and iron spoon are cleaned with

Kepingan kuprum dan sudu besi dibersihkan dengan
sand paper
kertas pasir
.
.
(b)

Copper(II) nitrate solution

Larutan kuprum(II) nitrat
is poured into a
beaker
until
half full
dituangkan ke dalam bikar sehingga
separuh penuh .
(c)

is then connected to the negative terminal of battery while the copper plate is connected to the positive terminal of the battery// Iron spoon is made as cathode while copper plate is made as anode.
Sudu besi bateri// disambungkan kepada terminal negatif bateri dan Sudu besi dijadikan katod dan kepingan kuprum dicelup ke dalam / Litar dilengkapkan . kepingan kuprum dijadikan anod. disambungkan kepada terminal positif
Iron spoon
(d) The iron spoon and the copper plate are dipped in the
Sudu besi dan plat kuprum
copper(II) nitrate solution
as shown in the diagram.
larutan kuprum(II) nitrat
seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
(e) The circuit is
completed
Cu2+ + 2e Cu . (f) Half equation at the cathode / Persamaan setengah di katod : (g) Observation of the cathode: Brown solid is deposited / Pemerhatian di katod: pepejal perang (h) Half equation at the anode / Persamaan setengah di anod : . Copper plate becomes thinner (i) Observation of the anode / Pemerhatian di anod : Cu Cu2+ + 2e .
terenap.
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To electroplate an object with metal / Untuk menyadur sesuatu objek dengan logam: (a) The metal object to be electroplated is made to be cathode / Objek yang hendak disadur dijadikan anod anode .. (b) The electroplating metal is made to be / Logam penyadur dijadikan (c) The electrolyte used is an aqueous salt solution containing the ions of the electroplating metal.
Elektrolit yang digunakan adalah larutan akueus garam yang mengandungi ion logam penyadur.
katod
..
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES / SIRI ELEKTROKIMIA 1 2
Electrochemical Series is an arrangement of positive ion.

Siri Elektrokimia ialah susunan logam
metals
according to their tendency to release electrons to form a

positif .
mengikut kecenderungan melepaskan elektron membentuk ion bercas
The position of metal atoms in Electrochemical Series / Kedudukan atom logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia: K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn , Fe, Sn ,Pb, Cu, Ag
Kecenderungan untuk atom logam melepaskan/menderma elektron bertambah (keelektropositifan bertambah)
Tendency of metal atom to release/donate electrons increases (electropositivity increases)
The position of metal ions (cation) in the Electrochemical Series / Kedudukan ion logam (kation) dalam Siri Elektrokimia: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, *H+, Cu2+
Kecenderungan untuk ion logam (kation) untuk menerima elektron bertambah
Tendency of metal ion (cation) to receive/gain electrons increases
*H+ is also in the series of ion because it is present in aqueous solution of any electrolyte (salt solution/acid/alkali) * H+ juga terdapat dalam siri ion kerana kehadiran ion H+ dalam elektrolit larutan akueus (larutan garam/asid/alkali)
METAL DISPLACEMENT REACTION / TINDAK BALAS PENYESARAN LOGAM 1 2
Logam yang berada di kedudukan atas (kecenderungan melepaskan elektron yang tinggi) dalam Siri Elektrokimia dapat menyesarkan logam yang di bawahnya daripada larutan garam logam tersebut.
The metal which is situated at a higher position (higher tendency to release electron) in the Electrochemical Series is metals able to displace below it from its salt solution .
Example / Contoh:
Experiment / Eksperimen Silver nitrate solution
Observation / Pemerhatian Copper strip becomes thinner .

Kepingan kuprum menipis .
Remark / Catatan Inference / Inferens: grey solid is The

Pepejal kelabu adalah
silver
argentum
.
.
grey A deposited.
solid
The blue solution is

Larutan biru adalah
copper(II) nitrate
kuprum(II) nitrat .
Pepejal kelabu terenap.
The colourless solution turns blue.

Kuprum
Explanation / Penerangan: Silver ion receives electrons to form

Ion argentum
silver
menerima elektron membentuk atom
argentum .
atom. .
.
Copper
Larutan tidak berwarna bertukar menjadi biru.
Copper atom releases electrons to form

Atom kuprum melepaskan elektron membentuk
copper(II) ion
ion kuprum(II)
Copper has displaced

Kuprum telah menyesarkan
silver
argentum
from silver nitrate solution.

dari larutan argentum nitrat.
Cu + 2AgNO3 Copper is above more
Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag . electropositive than silver// Copper is
lebih elektropositif daripada argentum //Kuprum Kuprum adalah di atas terletak argentum dalam Siri Elektrokimia logam.
Nil a
silver in the Electrochemical Series of metal.
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Larutan kuprum (II) sulfat
Magnesium strip becomes thinner .

Kepingan magnesium menipis .
Inference / Inferens: The brown solid is

Pepejal perang adalah
copper .
kuprum .
The brown deposited.
solid
The colourless solution is

Larutan tidak berwarna adalah
magnesium sulphate
magnesium sulfat
.
.
The blue solution turn colourless.

Larutan biru bertukar menjadi tidak berwarna.
Pepejal perang terenap.
Explanation / Penerangan: Copper(II) ion receives electrons to form copper atom.

Ion kuprum(II) menerima elektron membentuk atom kuprum.
Magnesium atom releases electrons to form

Atom magnesium melepaskan elektron membentuk
magnesium ion
ion magnesium .
Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium has displaced solution.

Magnesium telah menyesarkan
copper
kuprum
from copper(II) sulphate

dari larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
Mg + Cu SO4 more
MgSO4 + Cu
electropositive than copper// Magnesium Magnesium is above copper in the Electrochemical Series of metal. is
Magnesium adalah di atas terletak elektropositif daripada kuprum// magnesium kuprum dalam Siri Elektrokimia logam. lebih
Zinc nitrate solution

Larutan zink sulfat
No observable changes.
Tiada perubahan yang dapat diperhatikan.
Inference / Inferens: No reaction occur.
Tiada tindak balas berlaku.
Explanation / Penerangan: Copper cannot displace

Kuprum tidak boleh
zinc
from zinc sulphate solution.

zink daripada larutan zink sulfat.
menyesarkan
more electropositive than zinc// Copper is Copper is zinc in the Electrochemical Series of metal. Copper / Kuprum
below
Kuprum adalah kurang elektropositif daripada zink // kuprum terletak di bawah zink dalam Siri Elektrokimia logam.
VOLTAIC CELL (CHEMICAL CELL) / SEL RINGKAS (SEL KIMIA) 1 2 3 4
Sel yang menghasilkan tenaga elektrik apabila berlaku tindak balas kimia di dalamnya.
A cell that produces electrical energy when chemical reactions occur in it. Energy change in voltaic cell is chemical energy to Produced when two different electrical energy
.
.
Perubahan tenaga dalam sel ringkas ialah dari tenaga kimia kepada berlainan elektrolit
tenaga elektrik
metals are dipped in an electrolyte and are connected by an

dicelup dalam dan disambung dengan litar luar .
external circuit
Terhasil apabila dua logam
The voltage of chemical cell depends on the the further the distance between them, the
Voltan sel kimia bergantung pada tinggi Elektrokimia, semakin jarak voltannya.
distance higher
between the two metals in the Electrochemical Series, where is the voltage.
antara dua logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia di mana semakin jauh dua logam dalam Siri
A more electropositive metal becomes the positive terminal:
negative
terminal of the cell. A less electropositive metal becomes the

sel. Logam yang kurang elektropositif akan menjadi terminal
Logam yang lebih elektropositif akan menjadi terminal positif sel:
negatif
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Electrical current produced is detected by the galvanometer Electrical energy) (Chemical energy
Arus elektrik terhasil dikesan oleh galvanometer (Tenaga kimia Tenaga elektrik)
Negative terminal / Terminal negatif More electropositive metal.

Logam lebih elektropositif.
:
_ _
_ _
+ +
+ +
Positive terminal / Terminal positif Less electropositive metal.

Logam kurang elektropositif.
Metal atom will release electrons that will flow through the external circuit. Metal atom becomes metal ion (becomes thinner).
Atom logam akan melepaskan elektron yang akan mengalir di litar luar. Atom logam menjadi ion logam (semakin nipis).
The electrons that flow from the external circuit are received by the positive ion in the electrolyte through this terminal.
Elektron yang akan mengalir dari litar luar diterima oleh ion positif dalam elektrolit melalui terminal ini.
Example of simple voltaic cell / Contoh voltan sel ringkas:

V
Copper
Magnesium
Magnesium
Kuprum

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
(a) Magnesium electrode is a

negative
terminal because magnesium is more

kerana magnesium lebih elektropositif
electropositive
daripada
than
copper
Elektrod magnesium adalah terminal
negatif
kuprum :
Magnesium atom
Atom magnesium
releases
electrons to form magnesium ion, Mg2+.

elektron untuk membentuk ion magnesium, Mg2+.
melepaskan
Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Magnesium electrode becomes
Mg
Mg2+ + 2e
.
nipis
thinner
/ Elektrod magnesium menjadi copper

.
Electron flows through external circuit to the

Elektron mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod
electrode. electropositive
elektropositif
kuprum
(b) Copper electrode is a

positive
terminal because copper is less

positif kerana kuprum kurang
than
magnesium
magnesium
:
:
Elektrod kuprum adalah terminal
daripada
Electrons from magnesium flow through external circuit to copper electrode.

Elektron dari magnesium mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum.
Copper(II)
Ion
ion in the electrolyte

dalam elektrolit
receives
+
electron to form copper atom.
kuprum(II)
menerima
elektron untuk membentuk atom kuprum.
Cu + 2e Cu Half equation / Persamaan setengah : . Brown solid is deposited on the surface of copper electrode.
Pepejal perang terenap di permukaan elektrod kuprum.
(c) The concentration of copper(II) sulphate decreases because copper(II) ions discharged to copper atom at the positive terminal. The intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate decreases.
Kepekatan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang. kerana ion kuprum(II) dinyahcaskan kepada atom kuprum. Keamatan
(d) If the magnesium metal is replaced with a zinc metal, the voltage reading copper in the electrochemical series.
Jika logam magnesium digantikan dengan logam zink, bacaan voltan akan dalam siri elektrokimia.
decreases
because zinc is nearer to
berkurang
kerana zink lebih dekat dengan kuprum
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Daniell cell / Sel Daniell (a) It is an example of voltaic cell which consists of zinc electrode dipped in zinc sulphate solution, copper electrode dipped in copper(II) sulphate solution and connected by a salt bridge or porous pot. Merupakan satu contoh sel kimia yang terdiri daripada elektrod zink yang dicelup ke dalam larutan zink sulfat, elektrod kuprum
dicelupkan ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan dihubungkan dengan titian garam atau pasu berliang. Zn / ZnSO4 // CuSO4 / Cu
(b) The function of porous pot or salt bridge is to allow the flow of ions through it so that the electric circuit is completed.
Fungsi pasu berliang atau titian garam adalah untuk membenarkan ion-ion mengalir melaluinya dan melengkapkan litar. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi sel Daniell.
(c) The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of Daniell cell.
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
Copper
Copper Zinc Zinc sulphate

Zink sulfat Zink
Kuprum
Kuprum
Zinc / Zink Zinc sulphate

Zink sulfat
Porous pot
Pasu berliang
(d) Zinc electrode is a

negative
terminal because zinc is more

negatif kerana zink adalah lebih
2+
electropositive
elektropositif
than
daripada
copper
kuprum
:
:
Elektrod zink adalah terminal
Zinc atom
Atom zink
releases
melepaskan
electron to form zinc ion, Zn .

elektron untuk membentuk ion zink, Zn2+.
Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Zinc electrode becomes thinner
Zn
Zn2+ + 2e
.
nipis ..
/ Elektrod zink menjadi copper

. kuprum
Electrons flow through external circuit to the

Elektron mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod
electrode. electropositive
elektropositif
(e) Copper electrode is a

positive
terminal because copper is less

positif kerana kuprum kurang
than
zinc
zink
:
:
Elektrod kuprum adalah terminal
daripada
Electrons from zinc electrode flow through external circuit to copper electrode.
Elektron dari zink mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum.
Copper(II)
Ion
ion in the electrolyte

dalam elektrolit
receives Cu
2+
electron to form copper atom. Cu .
kuprum(II)
menerima
elektron untuk membentuk atom kuprum.
Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Brown solid

Pepejal perang
+ 2e
is deposited on the surface of copper electrode.

terenap di permukaan elektrod kuprum.
(f) The concentration of copper(II) sulphate decreases because copper(II) ions are discharged to copper atoms. The intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate decreases.
Kepekatan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang. kerana ion kuprum(II) telah dinyahcaskan kepada atom kuprum. Keamatan
(g) If zinc metal is replaced with a magnesium metal, the voltage reading further from copper in the Electrochemical Series.

increases
because magnesium is
Jika logam zink digantikan dengan logam magnesium, bacaan voltan bertambah kerana jarak antara magnesium dengan kuprum jauh daripada jarak antara zink dengan kuprum dalam Siri Elektrokimia. lebih
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Four main uses of the Electrochemical Series / Kegunaan utama Siri Elektrokimia: (a) To predict the terminal of chemical cell / Untuk meramalkan terminal sel kimia The more electropositive metal is the negative terminal of the cell. The less electropositive metal is the positive terminal of the cell. (b) To predict the voltage of chemical cell / Untuk meramalkan voltan sel kimia The further the distance between two metals in the Electrochemical Series, the higher is the voltage of the chemical cell. (c) To predict the metal displacement reactions / Untuk meramalkan tindak balas penyesaran logam The more electropositive metal can displace a less electropositive metal from its salt solution. (d) To predict the selected ion to be discharged at the electrode in an electrolysis
Untuk meramalkan pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas di elektrod dalam proses elektrolisis Semakin jauh jarak antara dua logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia, semakin tinggi bacaan voltan sel kimia. Logam yang kurang elektropositif ialah terminal positif sel. Logam yang lebih elektropositif ialah terminal negatif sel.
Logam yang lebih elektropositif dapat menyesarkan logam yang kurang elektropositif daripada larutan garamnya.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk membina Siri Elektrokimia berdasarkan keupayaan suatu logam untuk menyesarkan logam lain dari larutan garamnya. Experiment I / Eksperimen I Experiment II / Eksperimen II
The table below shows the results of an experiment to construct the Electrochemical Series through the ability of metals to displace other metals from their salt solution.
P nitrate solution
Larutan P nitrat
R nitrate solution
Larutan R nitrat
Zinc / Zink
Zinc / Zink
Metal P is displaced, blue colour solution turn colourless.

Logam P disesarkan, larutan biru bertukar menjadi tanpa warna.
No reaction.
Tiada tindak balas.
(a) Based on the results in the table, arrange metal P , zinc and R in descending order of electropositivity.
Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual, susunkan logam P, zink dan R dalam tertib menurun keelektropositifan.
R, Zn, P (b) Based on the observation in Experiment I / Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam Eksperimen I, (i) state the name the suitable metal P / namakan logam yang sesuai bagi P. Copper .

(ii) zinc can displace metal P from P nitrate solution. Explain.
zink boleh menyesarkan logam P daripada larutan P nitrat. Terangkan.
Zinc is more electropositive than P . . (iii) write the chemical equation for the reaction / tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas. Zn + Cu(NO3 )2 Zn(NO3 )2 + Cu
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Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk menentukan kedudukan logam W, X, Y dan Z berdasarkan beza upaya logam.
The diagram below shows the set-up of the apparatus to arrange metals W, X, Y and Z based on the potential difference of the metals.
V
Metal electrode Metal electrode
Elektrod logam
Elektrod logam
Electrolyte / Elektrolit
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen. Pair of metals

Pasangan logam
The table below shows the results of the experiment.

Potential difference (V)
Beza keupayaan (V)
Negative terminal
Terminal negatif
W and X
W dan X X dan Y
0.50 0.30 1.10
X Y Z
X and Y W and Z
W dan Z
(a) Arrange metals W, X, Y and Z in descending order of the electropositivity of metal.

Susunkan logam W, X, Y dan Z dalam tertib menurun keelektropositifan logam.
Z, Y, X, W .

(b) (i)
Logam X dan Z digunakan sebagai terminal dalam rajah. Nyatakan logam yang manakah akan bertindak sebagai terminal positif.
Metals X and Z are used as electrodes in the diagram. State which metal acts as positive terminal.
Metal X (ii) Give reason for your answer in (b)(i) / Berikan sebab untuk jawapan anda di (b)(i). Metal X is less electropositive than metal Z. . (c) Predict the voltage of the cell in (b)(i) / Ramalkan nilai voltan dalam sel di (b)(i). 0.6 V
3
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk dua jenis sel.
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus for two types of cell.
Copper
Kuprum
Kuprum
Copper
Zinc
Zink
Copper(II) sulphate solution Cell X / Sel X

Cell Y / Sel Y
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Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk membandingkan sel X dan sel Y : Description

Perkara
Complete the following table to compare cell X and cell Y :
Cell X
Sel X
Cell Y
Sel Y
Type of cell
Jenis sel
Electrolytic cell Electrical energy Chemical energy
Chemical cell Chemical energy Electrical energy
The energy change

Perubahan tenaga
Ion hadir dalam elektrolit
Ion presence in the electrolyte
Cu2+, H+, SO42, OH Anode / Anod: Copper Cathode / Katod: Copper Anode / Anod: Cu Cu2+ + 2e Cu
2+ Cathode / Katod: Cu + 2e
Cu2+, H+, SO42, OH Negative terminal / Terminal negatif : Zinc Positive terminal / Terminal positif : Copper Negative terminal / Terminal negatif : Zn Zn2+ + 2e Cu
2+ Positive terminal / Terminal positif : Cu + 2e
Electrode
Elektrod
Persamaan setengah
Half equation
Observation
Pemerhatian
Anode / Anod: Copper electrode becomes thinner Cathode / Katod: Brown solid deposited Electrolyte / Elektrolit: Intensity blue colour of copper(II) sulphate remains unchanged
Negative terminal / Terminal negatif : Zinc electrode becomes thinner Positive terminal / Terminal positif : Brown solid deposited Electrolyte / Elektrolit: Intensity blue colour of copper(II) sulphate decreases
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi suatu eksperimen.
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment.
Zinc / Zink
+
Copper
Kuprum
Anode
Cathode Copper
Kuprum
Zinc sulphate solution

Larutan zink sulfat
Copper(II) sulphate solution Porous pot Cell A / Set A

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Pasu berliang

Cell B / Set B
(a)

In the above diagram, label

Dalam gambar rajah di atas, label
(i) (ii)
the positive terminal and negative terminal Cell A, anode and cathode in Cell B. anod dan katod bagi Sel B.
terminal positif dan terminal negatif bagi Sel A,
(b) What is the energy change in Cell A and Cell B?

Apakah perubahan tenaga dalam Sel A dan Sel B?

Nil a
Cell A / Sel A : Chemical energy to electrical energy Cell B / Sel B : Electrical energy to chemical energy
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(c) What is the function of the porous pot in cell A?

Apakah fungsi pasu berliang dalam Sel A?
To allow the movement of ions through it. (d) Referring to Cell A.

Merujuk kepada Sel A.
Apakah pemerhatian di elektrod zink?
(i)
What is the observation at zinc electrode? Zinc electrode becomes thinner.
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at zinc electrode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di elektrod zink.
Zn
Zn2+ + 2e
(iii) What is the observation at copper electrode / Apakah pemerhatian di elektrod kuprum? Brown solid deposited.
(iv) Write the half equation for the reaction at copper electrode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di elektrod kuprum.
Cu2+ + 2e

Cu .
(v) After 30 minutes, what is the colour change of the copper(II) sulphate solution? Explain why.
Selepas 30 minit, apakah perubahan warna larutan kuprum(II) sulfat? Jelaskan mengapa.
The intensity of blue colour decreases. Copper(II) ions are discharged to form copper atoms. Concentration of copper(II) ions in copper(II) sulphate decreases. (e) Referring to Cell B.
Merujuk kepada Sel B.
(i)
Apakah pemerhatian di anod?
What is the observation at the anode? Copper electrode becomes thinner.
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at the anode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di anod.
Cu

Cu2+ + 2e
(iii) What is the observation at the cathode?

Apakah pemerhatian di katod?
Brown solid deposited.

(iv) Write the half equation for the reaction at copper electrode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di katod.
Cu2+ + 2e
Cu
(f) The intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution in the Cell B remains unchanged during the experiment. Explain why.
Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dalam Sel B tidak berubah semasa eksperimen. Jelaskan mengapa.
The concentration of copper(II) sulphate remain unchanged. The rate of copper(II) ions discharged to copper atom at the cathode equals to the rate of copper atoms form copper(II) ions at the anode.
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Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif 1

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah elektrolit?
Which of the following is an electrolyte? A Glacial ethanoic acid

Asid etanoik glasial Naftalena lebur
Copper electrode becomes thicker Gas bubbles are released

Gelembung gas dibebaskan
Elektrod kuprum semakin tebal
Copper electrode becomes thinner Copper electrode becomes thicker
Elektrod kuprum semakin nipis
B Molten naphthalene C Aqueous solution of zinc chloride D Hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene

Hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena Larutan akueus zink klorida 4

The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of an electrolysis process.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sususnan radas untuk proses elektrolisis.
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus used to electrolyse substance X.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk elektrolisis bahan X. Carbon electrode
Elektrod karbon
Electrolyte
Elektrolit
Carbon electrode
Elektrod karbon
Elektrod karbon
Carbon electrodes
Substance X
Bahan X Panaskan
Which of the following electrolytes produce oxygen gas at electrode Q? I

Antara elektrolit berikut, yang manakah membebaskan gas oksigen pada elektrod Q? Asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm3 Asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm3
Heat
1.0 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid
II
1.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid

Larutan kalium iodida 1.0 mol dm3
Which of the following compounds can light up the bulb when used as substance X?
Antara berikut, yang manakah boleh menyalakan mentol apabila digunakan sebagai bahan X? A Copper(II) nitrate / Kuprum(II) nitrat B Lead(II) iodide / Plumbum(II) iodida C Zinc carbonate / Zink karbonat D Sodium carbonate / Natrium karbonat
III 1.0 mol dm3 potassium iodide solution

Asid nitrik 1.0 mol dm3 A I and II only / I dan II sahaja B II and III only / II dan III sahaja C II and IV only / II dan IV sahaja D II, III and IV only / II, III dan IV sahaja
IV 1.0 mol dm3 nitric acid
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus for electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
The table below shows the observation of electrolysis of a substance Q using carbon electrode.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi elektrolisis bahan Q menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Electrode
Elektrod
Observation
Pemerhatian
Copper electrode X
Elektrod kuprum X
Copper electrode Y
Elektrod kuprum Y
Anode
Anod
A greenish-yellow gas released

Gas kuning kehijauan terbebas

Cathode
Katod
A colorless gas which burns with a pop sound is released

Gas tanpa warna terbakar dengan bunyi pop dibebaskan
What can be observed at the electrodes X and Y after 30 minutes?

Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada elektrod X dan Y selepas 30 minit?
What is substance Q?
Apakah bahan Q?
A 1.0 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid. B 1.0 mol dm3 of potassium nitrate solution. C 1.0 mol dm3 of copper(II) chloride solution. D 1.0 mol dm3 of magnesium bromide solution.
Larutan magnesium bromida 1.0 mol dm3. Larutan kuprum(II) klorida 1.0 mol dm3. Larutan natrium nitrat 1.0 mol dm3. Asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm3.
X A Copper electrode becomes thinner Copper electrode becomes thinner
Y Copper electrode becomes thicker Gas bubbles are released

Gelembung gas dibebaskan
B
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The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of a

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas sel kimia yang menunjukkan arah pengaliran elektron ke logam Q.
chemical cell that shows the direction of electron flow from zinc to metal Q.
The table below shows the information about three voltaic cells.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan maklumat tentang tiga sel kimia.
Pair of metals
Pasangan logam
Terminal positif
Positive terminal Z Y X
Potential difference (V)

Beza upaya (V)
W, Z Q Zinc

3.1 0.3 1.8
X, Y W, X
Zink
Dilute sodium chloride solution

Larutan natrium klorida cair
What is the potential difference of the voltaic cell when metal Y is paired with metal Z? A 1.0 V B 1.3 V C 2.1 V D 2.8 V
Apakah beza upaya sel kimia apabila logam Y dipasangkan dengan logam Z?
What is metal Q?
Apakah logam Q?
A Copper

B Iron
Kuprum Besi
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus in a chemical cell and electrolytic cell.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi sel kimia dan sel elekrolisis.
C Aluminium D Magnesium Magnesium 7

Aluminium
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus used to purify impure copper by using electrolysis method.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk menulenkan kuprum tak tulen dengan menggunakan kaedah elektrolisis.
Zinc
Zink
Kuprum
Copper
Copper
Zinc sulphate solution
Kuprum
Larutan zink sulfat

Y Electrolyte Z
Which of the following is the observation at electrode R? A Electrode R becomes thinner

Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan pemerhatian pada elektrod R?
Elektrolit Z
B Electrode R becomes thicker C A colourless gas is released D A brown solid is deposited 10 The table below shows the results of an experiment to study the displacement of metal from its solution using other metals.
Pepejal perang terenap Gas tanpa warna terbebas Elektrod R semakin tebal
Elektrod R semakin nipis
Which of the following shows the correct position of pure copper and impure copper?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kedudukan yang betul untuk kuprum tulen dan kuprum tak tulen?
Electrode X
Elektrod X
Electrode Y
Elektrod Y
Electrolyte Z
Elektrolit Z
Impure copper
Kuprum tak tulen
Pure copper
Kuprum tulen

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk mengkaji penyesaran logam daripada larutan garamnya menggunakan logam lain.
Pure copper
Kuprum tulen
Impure copper
Kuprum tak tulen

Metal
Logam
Nitrate of Q
Nitrat bagi Q
Nitrate of S
Nitrat bagi S
P Q

C D
Impure copper Pure copper

Kuprum tulen
Kuprum tak tulen
Pure copper
Kuprum tulen
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik Asid sulfurik
Impure copper
Kuprum tak tulen
Sulphuric acid
reaction occur / tindak balas berlaku no reaction / tiada tindak balas Which of the following is the arrangement of metals P , Q and R in ascending order of the tendency of the metals to form ions? A P , S, Q B Q, S, P
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah susunan logam P, Q dan R dalam susunan menaik kecenderungan logam membentuk ion?
C S, P ,Q D S, Q, P
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ACID AND BASES

ASID DAN BES
ACID AND BASES / ACID DAN BES ACID / ASID To state the meaning of acid, give examples and write chemical equations and observations for the reaction of acids: Menyatakan maksud asid, memberi contoh dan menulis persamaan tindak balas kimia dan pemerhatian bagi tindak balas asid: (i) with carbonates / dengan karbonat (ii) with metals / dengan logam (iii) with bases / dengan bes BASICITY OF AN ACID / KEBESAN ASID To state the meaning of basicity of an acid and to write equations for the ionisation of monoprotic and diprotic acids. Menyatakan maksud kebesan asid dan menulis persamaan pengionan asid monoprotik dan diprotik. To relate the basicity of acid/alkali with pH values / Mengaitkan kebesan asid /alkali dengan nilai pH. BASE / ALKALI / BES / ALKALI To state the meaning of base and to correlate base with alkali / Menyatakan maksud bes dan mengaitkan bes dengan alkali. To write chemical equations involving alkalis with acids and ammonium salts. Menulis persamaan tindak balas kimia alkali dengan asid dan dengan garam ammonium.
ROLE OF WATER IN ACIDS AND ALKALI / PERANAN AIR DALAM ASID DAN ALKALI To explain why the acid and alkali properties are shown in the presence of water. To explain why the acid and alkali properties do not show in the absence of water or in non-water solvent.
Menerangkan mengapa sifat asid dan alkali tidak ditunjukkan tanpa kehadiran air atau dalam pelarut bukan air. Menerangkan mengapa sifat asid dan alkali ditunjukkan dengan kehadiran air.
pH SCALE / SKALA pH To state the meaning of pH / Menyatakan maksud pH. To relate the pH value with the concentration of H+ ion for the acids and OH ions for alkalis.
Mengaitkan nilai pH dengan kepekatan ion H+ bagi asid dan ion OH bagi alkali.
STRONG / WEAK ACID AND STRONG / WEAK ALKALI / ASID KUAT / LEMAH DAN ALKALI KUAT / LEMAH To list examples and equations for the ionisation of strong / weak acid and strong / weak alkali. Menyenaraikan contoh dan menulis persamaan pengionan bagi asid kuat / lemah dan alkali kuat / lemah. To relate the pH value with the strength of acid / alkali / Mengaitkan nilai pH dengan kekuatan asid / alkali.
ACID AND ALKALI CONCENTRATION / KEPEKATAN ASID DAN ALKALI To state the meaning of concentration in g dm3 and mol dm3 / Menyatakan maksud kepekatan dalam unit g dm3 dan mol dm3. To state the meaning of standard solution and to describe the preparation of standard solution. Menyatakan maksud larutan piawai dan menghuraikan eksperimen penyediaan larutan piawai. MV . To solve various problems with calculations related to the preparation of standard solution using n = 1 000 Menyelesaikan pelbagai masalah pengiraan berkaitan penyediaan larutan piawai menggunakan formula n = MV .
1 000
NEUTRALISATION OF ACID AND ALKALI / TINDAK BALAS PENEUTRALAN ASID DAN ALKALI To describe the titration of acid with alkali and to calculate acid / alkali concentrations if a standard solution are given. Menghuraikan titratan asid dengan alkali dan menghitung kepekatan asid / alkali jika satu larutan piawai diberikan. To describe the type of indicators used and the colour changes at the end-point. Menyatakan jenis penunjuk yang digunakan dan perubahan warna penunjuk pada takat akhir. To solve numerical problems involving neutralisation / Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan berkaitan peneutralan.
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ACID / ASID 1 2 3 Acid is a chemical substance which ionises in water to produce hydrogen ion. Asid ialah bahan kimia yang mengion dalam air menghasilkan ion hidrogen. Asid mempunyai rasa yang masam dan menukar kertas litmus biru lembap menjadi merah.
Acid tastes sour and turns moist blue litmus to red.
Example of acid is hydrochloric acid / Contoh asid ialah asid hidroklorik : (a) Hydrogen chloride gas is a *covalent compound exist in the form of molecule. (b) As hydrogen chloride dissolves in water, hydrogen chloride molecule ionises to hydrogen ion and chloride ion in aqueous solution. This aqueous solution is called hydrochloric acid.
Gas hidrogen klorida ialah *sebatian kovalen wujud dalam bentuk molekul.
Apabila hidrogen klorida melarut dalam air, molekul hidrogen klorida mengion kepada ion hidrogen dan ion klorida dalam larutan akueus. Larutan akueus itu dipanggil asid hidroklorik.
HCl (aq / ak ) Hydrochloric acid / Asid hidroklorik
H+ (aq / ak ) Hydrogen ion / Ion hidrogen
Cl (aq / ak ) Chloride ion / Ion klorida
(c) An aqueous hydrogen ion, H+(aq) is actually the hydrogen ion combined with water molecule to form hydroxonium ion, H3O+. However this ion can be written as H+.

Ion hidrogen akueus, H+(ak) ialah ion hidrogen yang bergabung dengan molekul air membentuk ion hidroksonium, H3O+. Walau bagaimanapun, ion ini boleh ditulis sebagai H+. HCl (g) + H2O(l/ce) H3O+ (aq/ak ) + Cl (aq/ak ) Hidrogen klorida
Hydrogen chloride
Ion hidroksonium
Ion hydroxonium Ion klorida

Ion klorida
The ionisation of hydrochloric acid is represented as:
H3O+ Ion hydroxonium

4
Ion hidroksonium
H+(aq/ak ) Ion hidrogen

Ion hidrogen
+ H2O
Pengionan asid hidroklorik diwakili oleh: HCl (aq/ak) H+ (aq/ak) + Cl (aq/ak)
Basicity of an acid is the number of ionisable of hydrogen atom per molecule of an acid molecule in an aqueous solution / Kebesan asid ialah bilangan atom hidrogen yang boleh mengion bagi setiap molekul asid dalam larutan akueus.
Monoprotic: One acid molecule ionises to

Monoprotik: Satu molekul asid mengion kepada
one
satu
hydrogen ion.
ion hidrogen.
Diprotic: One acid molecule ionises to

Diprotik: Satu molekul asid mengion kepada
two
dua
hydrogen ion.
ion hidrogen.
Triprotic: One acid molecule ionises to

Triprotik: Satu molekul asid mengion kepada 5
three
tiga
hydrogen ion.
ion hidrogen.
Hydrochloric is monoprotic acid because one molecule of hydrochloric acid ionises to

Asid hidroklorik ialah sejenis asid monoprotik kerana satu molekul asid hidroklorik mengion kepada
one
satu
hydrogen ion.
ion hidrogen.
Examples of acid and their basicity / Contoh-contoh asid dan kebesannya:

Ionisation of acid
Pengionan asid
Bilangan ion hidrogen dihasilkan bagi setiap molekul asid
Number of hydrogens ion produce per molecule of acid
Basicity of acid
Kebesan asid
HNO3 (aq/ak ) Nitric acid
Asid nitrik
Ion hidrogen
+ NO3 (aq) Hydrogen ion Nitrate ion
H+(aq)
One
Monoprotic
Ion nitrat
Asid sulfurik
H2SO4 (aq/ak ) Sulphuric acid
Ion hidrogen
2 + SO4 (aq) Hydrogen ion Sulphate ion
2H+(aq)
Two
Diprotic
Ion sulfat
H3PO4 (aq/ak ) Phosphoric acid

Asid fosforik
3H+(aq) Hydrogen ion
Ion hidrogen
3 + PO4 (aq) Phosphate ion
Three
Triprotic
Ion fosfat
*CH3COOH (aq/ak ) Ethanoic acid

Asid etanoik
Ion etanoat
CH3COO(aq) + H+(aq) Ethanoate ion Hydrogen ion

Ion hidrogen
One
Monoprotic
*Not all hydrogen atoms in ethanoic acid are ionisable / *Bukan semua ion hidrogen dalam asid etanoik boleh mengion
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BASES / BES 1 Bases is a chemical substance that reacts with acid to produce salt and water only. For example, Bes ialah sejenis bahan kimia yang bertindak balas dengan asid menghasilkan garam dan air sahaja. Contohnya,
(a) Copper(II) oxide (a base) reacts with sulphuric acid to produce copper(II) sulphate (a salt) and water.
Kuprum(II) oksida (bes) bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik menghasilkan kuprum(II) sulfat (garam) dan air.

2 3 4 5
CuO + H2SO4
CuSO4
H2O
(b) Zinc hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride (a salt) and water.
Zink hidroksida (bes) bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik menghasilkan zink klorida (garam) dan air.
Kebanyakan bes ialah oksida logam atau hidroksida logam yang merupakan sebatian ion. Contoh-contoh bes ialah magnesium oksida, zink oksida, natrium hidroksida dan kalium hidroksida. Bes yang boleh melarut dalam air (bes larut) dikenali sebagai alkali.
ZnCl2 H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl + Most bases are metal oxide or metal hydroxide which are ionic compound. Example of bases are magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The bases that can dissolve in water (soluble bases) are known as alkali. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are soluble in water and they are called alkali whereas magnesium oxide and zinc oxide are called bases as they are insoluble in water.
Natrium hidroksida dan kalium hidroksida larut dalam air dan dipanggil sebagai alkali manakala magnesium oksida dan zink oksida dipanggil sebagai bes kerana tidak terlarut dalam air. Alkali is a base that is soluble in water and ionises to hydroxide ion. For example, Alkali ialah bes yang larut dalam air dan mengion kepada ion hidroksida. Contohnya,
(a) Sodium hydroxide dissolves in water and ionises to hydroxide ion.

Natrium hidroksida terlarut dalam air dan mengion kepada ion hidroksida.
NaOH (aq/ak ) Na+ (aq/ak ) + OH (aq/ak ) (b) Ammonia solution is obtained by dissolving ammonia molecule in water, ionisation occur to produce a hydroxide ion, OH.

(c) Other examples of alkalis are barium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
6 Contoh alkali lain adalah barium hidroksida dan kalsium hidroksida.
Larutan ammonia diperoleh dengan melarutkan molekul ammonia dalam air, pengionan berlaku menghasilkan ion hidroksida, OH. NH3 (g) + H2O (l/ce ) NH+ 4 (aq/ak ) + OH (aq/ak )
Alkali mempunyai rasa yang pahit, licin dan menukarkan kertas litmus merah lembap kepada biru.
Alkali tastes bitter, slippery and turns moist red litmus to blue.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual berikut :

Soluble base (alkali) / Bes terlarut (alkali) Name / Nama Sodium oxide
Natrium oksida Kalium oksida
Insoluble base / Bes tak terlarut Name / Nama

Kuprum(II) oksida
Formula / Formula Na2O K2O NH3 NaOH KOH Ba(OH)2
Ionisation equation / Persamaan pengionan Na2O(s) + H2O 2NaOH(aq) NaOH(aq) Na+ (aq) + OH (aq) K2O(s) + H2O 2KOH(aq) KOH(aq) K+ (aq) + OH (aq) NH3(g)+ H2O NaOH(aq) KOH(aq) Ba(OH)2(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH(aq) Na+ (aq) + OH (aq) K+ (aq) + OH (aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2OH (aq)
Formula / Formula CuO Cu(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 Al2O3 Pb(OH)2 Mg(OH)2
Copper(II) oxide
Potassium oxide
Copper(II) hydroxide
Kuprum(II) hidroksida Zink hidroksida
Ammonia
Ammonia
Zinc hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida Kalium hidroksida
Aluminium oksida
Aluminium oxide
Potassium hydroxide Barium hydroxide

Barium hidroksida
Lead(II) hydroxide
Plumbum(II) hidroksida Magnesium hidroksida
Magnesium hydroxide
Bases that can dissolve in water (soluble bases) are known as alkali / Bes yang larut dalam air (bes larut) dipanggil alkali
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACID / SIFAT-SIFAT KIMIA ASID 1
Acid react with metal, base / alkali and metal carbonate / Asid bertindak balas dengan logam, bes/alkali dan karbonat logam:
Chemical properties
Sifat-sifat kimia
Example of experiment
Contoh eksperimen
Observation
Pemerhatian
Remark
Catatan
1 Acid + Metal
Asid + Logam
Garam + Hidrogen
Salt + Hydrogen
Zinc + Hydrochloric acid

Zink + Asid hidroklorik
The grey solid dissolves. Gas bubbles are released. When a burning wooden splinter is placed at the mouth of the test tube, pop sound is produced.
Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Apabila kayu uji menyala didekatkan pada mulut tabung uji, bunyi pop dihasilkan. Pepejal kelabu terlarut.
Chemical equation:
Persamaan kimia:
* Acid react with the metals that are Lighted wooden more electropositive than hydrogen splinter in electrochemical series, acids do not Kayu uji menyala react with copper and silver (type of Hydrochloric acid reaction is displacement, the metals Asid hidroklorik that are placed above hydrogen in Electrochemical Series can displace Magnesium powder hydrogen from acid)
* Asid bertindak balas dengan logam-logam yang lebih elektropositif daripada hidrogen dalam Siri Elektrokimia, asid tidak bertindak balas dengan kuprum dan argentum (jenis tindak balas ialah penyesaran, logam-logam di atas hidrogen dalam Siri Elektrokimia boleh menyesarkan hidrogen daripada asid) Serbuk magnesium
Mg + 2HCl
MgCl2 + H2
Inference / Inferens : Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid.

Magnesium bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik.
(a) About 5 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is poured into a test tube.

Hydrogen gas is released.

Gas hidrogen terbebas.
* Application of the reaction:

* Aplikasi tindak balas:
Penyediaan garam terlarut (Tajuk Garam)
Preparation of soluble salt (Topic Salt) Preparation of hydrogen gas in determination of the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide (Topic Chemical Formula and Equation)
(b) One spatula of magnesium powder is added to the acid.

Satu spatula serbuk magnesium ditambah kepada asid.
Sebanyak 5 cm3 asid hidroklorik cair dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji.
(c) A burning wooden splinter is placed at the mouth of the test tube.

Penyediaan gas hidrogen dalam menentukan formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida (Tajuk Formula dan Persamaan Kimia)
(d) The observations are recorded.

Semua pemerhatian direkodkan.
Kayu uji menyala diletakkan pada mulut tabung uji.
2 Acid + Metal carbonate Water + Carbon dioxide

Asid + Karbonat logam Karbon dioksida *Aplikasi tindak balas:
Salt +
Calcium carbonate + Nitric acid

Kalsium karbonat + Asid nitrik Hydrochloric acid
Asid hidroklorik
Garam + Air +
Lime water
Air kapur
The white solid dissolves.
Chemical equation:
Persamaan kimia:
*Application of the reaction: Preparation of soluble salt (Topic Salt) Penyediaan garam terlarut (Tajuk Confirmatory test for anion carbonate ion in qualitative analysis of salt (Topic Salt) Ujian pengesahan bagi ion karbonat
Garam)
Calcium carbonate / Kalsium karbonat
(a) About 5 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is poured into a test tube.

dalam analisis kualitatif garam (Tajuk Garam)
(b) One spatula of calcium carbonate powder is added into the test tube.

Sebanyak 5 cm3 asid hidroklorik cair dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji.
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 Gas bubbles are released. Inference / Inferens : When the Calcium carbonate gas passed reacts with nitric acid. through lime Kalsium karbonat water, the lime bertindak balas dengan water turns asid hidroklorik. chalky. Gelembung gas Carbon dioxide gas terbebas. Apabila is released.
gas tersebut dilalukan melalui air kapur, air kapur menjadi keruh. Gas karbon dioksida terbebas.
Pepejal putih terlarut.
CaCO3 + 2HCl
(c) The gas released is passed through lime water as shown in the diagram.
Gas yang dibebaskan dilalukan melalui air kapur seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
Satu spatula serbuk kalsium karbonat dimasukkan ke dalam asid.
(d) The observations are recorded.

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3 Acid + Base / Alkali

Asid + Bes / Alkali
Garam + Air
Salt + Water
Copper(II) oxide + Sulphuric acid

Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid sulfurik Sulphuric acid / Asid sulfurik
*Acid neutralises base/alkali

* Asid meneutralkan bes/alkali *Aplikasi tindak balas:
The black solid dissolves.
Chemical equation:
Persamaan kimia:
*Application of the reaction: Preparation of soluble salt (Topic Salt) Penyediaan garam terlarut (Tajuk
Garam)
The colourless solution turns blue.

Copper(II) oxide / Kuprum(II) oksida
Pepejal hitam terlarut.
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O Inference / Inferens : Copper(II) oxide reacts with sulphuric acid.
Kuprum(II) oksida bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik.
(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid is poured into a beaker until half full.

Larutan tanpa warna bertukar menjadi biru.
(b) The acid is warmed gently.

Asid dihangatkan.
Asid hidroklorik cair dimasukkan dalam bikar hingga separuh penuh.
The blue solution is copper(II) sulphate .

Larutan biru tersebut ialah kuprum(II) sulfat .
(c) One spatula of copper(II) oxide powders added to the acid.

Satu spatula serbuk kuprum(II) oksida ditambahkan kepda asid tersebut.
(d) The mixture is stirred with a glass rod.

(e) The observations are recorded.
Campuran dikacau dengan rod kaca.
Write the chemical formulae for the following compounds / Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian berikut:
Compound / Sebatian Hydrochloric acid
Asid hidroklorik Asid nitrik
Chemical formulae / Formula kimia HCl HNO3 H2 SO4 CH3COOH NaOH KOH Ca(OH)2 Na2CO3 Mg(OH)2 (NH4 )2SO4 OH Na2 SO4 CO2 CuCO3 H2O
Compound / Sebatian Magnesium oxide

Magnesium oksida
Chemical formulae / Formula kimia MgO CaO CuO PbO NaNO3 K2 SO4 Ba(OH)2 NaCl Mg Zn Na CaCO3 H2 Na2O Mg(NO3 )2
Nitric acid Sulphuric acid
Calcium oxide
Kalsium oksida
Asid sulfurik Asid etanoik
Copper(II) oxide Lead(II) oxide
Kuprum(II) oksida Plumbum(II) oksida Natrium nitrat Kalium sulfat
Ethanoic acid Sodium hydroxide

Natrium hidroksida Kalium hidroksida
Sodium nitrate Potassium sulphate
Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide

Kalsium hidroksida Natrium karbonat
Barium hydroxide
Barium hidroksida Natrium klorida
Sodium carbonate Magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium hidroksida Ammonium sulfat Ion hidroksida Natrium sulfat
Sodium chloride Magnesium

Magnesium
Ammonium sulphate Hydroxide ion Sodium sulphate
Zinc
Zink
Sodium
Natrium
Calcium carbonate
Kalsium karbonat
Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida
Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen
Copper(II) carbonate
Kuprum(II) karbonat Air
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Sodium oxide
Natrium oksida
Water
Magnesium nitrate
Magnesium nitrat
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Ionic equation / Persamaan ion : Persamaan ion menunjukkan zarah yang berubah semasa tindak balas kimia.
Ionic equation shows particles that change during chemical reaction. Example / Contoh : (i) Reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution:
Tindak balas antara asid sulfurik dengan larutan natrium hidroksida: Write balanced equation / Tulis persamaan seimbang :
H2SO4 + 2NaOH
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Write the formula of all the particles in the reactants and products: Tulis formula bagi semua zarah dalam bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas:
2H+ + SO42 + 2Na+ + 2OH
2Na+ + SO42 + 2H2O
Remove all the particles in the reactants and products which remain unchanged: Keluarkan semua zarah dalam bahan dan hasil tindak balas yang tidak berubah:
2H+ + SO42 + 2Na+ + 2OH

Ionic equation / Persamaan ion :
2Na+ + SO42 + 2H2O H2O
2H+ + 2OH
2H2O H+ + OH
(ii) Reaction between zinc oxide and hydrochloric acid / Tindak balas antara zink dengan asid hidroklorik : Write balanced equation / Tulis persamaan seimbang : 2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2
Write the formula of all the particles in the reactants and products: Tulis formula bagi semua zarah dalam bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas:
2H+ + 2Cl + Zn
Zn2+ + 2Cl + H2
Remove all the particles in the reactants and products which remain unchanged: Keluarkan semua zarah dalam bahan dan hasil tindak balas yang tidak berubah:
2H+ + 2Cl + Zn 2H+ + Zn
Zn2+ + 2Cl + H2
Ionic equation / Persamaan ion :
Zn2+ + H2
Tulis persamaan kimia dan persamaan ion untuk tindak balas berikut: Reactant / Bahan tindak balas Hydrochloric acid and #magnesium oxide
Asid hidroklorik dan #magnesium oksida Asid hidroklorik dan natrium hidroksida Asid hidroklorik dan magnesium
Write the chemical equations and ionic equation for the following reactions:
Chemical equations / Persamaan kimia MgO + 2HCl HCl + NaOH 2HCl + Mg 2HCl + CaCO3 H2SO4 + Zn H2SO4 + ZnO H2SO4 +ZnCO3 2HNO3 + CuO HNO3 + NaOH MgCl2 + H2O NaCl + H2O MgCl2 + H2 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O ZnSO4 + H2 ZnSO4 +H2O ZnSO4 + CO2 + H2O Cu(NO3)2 + H2O NaNO3 + H2O Ionic equation / Persamaan ion 2H+ + MgO H+ + OH 2H+ + Mg 2H+ + CaCO3 2H+ + Zn 2H+ + ZnO 2H+ + ZnCO3 2H+ + CuO H+ + OH Mg2+ + H2O H2O Mg2+ + H2 Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O Zn2+ + H2 Zn2+ + H2O Zn2+ + CO2 + H2O Cu2+ + H2O H2O
Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid and magnesium
Hydrochloric acid and #calcium carbonate

Asid hidroklorik dan #kalsium karbonat Asid sulfurik dan zink
Sulphuric acid and zinc
Sulphuric acid and #zinc oxide

Asid sulfurik dan #zink oksida
Asid sulfurik dan #zink karbonat
Sulphuric acid and #zinc carbonate
Asid nitrik dan #kuprum(II) oksida
Nitric acid and #copper(II) oxide Nitric acid and sodium hydroxide
Asid nitrik dan natrium hidroksida
# Ions in magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, zinc carbonate and copper(II) oxide cannot be separated because the compounds are insoluble in water and the ions do not ionise. # Ion dalam magnesium oksida, kasium karbonat, zink oksida, zink karbonat dan kuprum(II) oksida tidak boleh diasingkan kerana sebatian tersebut tidak larut dalam air dan ion-ionnya tidak mengion.
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS / SIFAT kimia alkali
Chemical properties
Sifat-sifat kimia
Write the balance chemical equation for the reaction

Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas
1 Alkali + Acid
Alkali + Asid
*Alkali neutralises acid / Alkali meneutralkan asid. *Application of the reaction / Aplikasi tindak balas : Preparation of soluble salt (Topic Salt) Penyediaan garam terlarut (Tajuk Garam) Salt + Water + Ammonia gas
Garam + Air
Salt + Water
(a) Potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid

Kalium hidroksida dan asid sulfurik :
H2SO4 + 2KOH
Barium hidroksida dan asid hidroklorik:
K2SO4 + 2H2O
(b) Barium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid:

2HCl + Ba(OH)2
BaCl2 + H2O
2 Alkali + Ammonium salt

Alkali + Garam Ammonium
*Ammonia gas is released when alkali is heated with ammonium salt. Ammonia gas has pungent smell and turn moist red litmus paper to blue.
*Gas ammonia dibebaskan apabila alkali dipanaskan dengan garam ammonium. Gas ammonia mempunyai bau yang sengit dan menukar kertas litmus merah lembap kepada biru. *Application of the reaction / Aplikasi tindak balas :
Garam + Air + Gas ammonia
(c) Ammonium chloride and potassium hydroxide:

Ammonium klorida dan kalium hidroksida:
KOH + NH4Cl
KCl + H2O + NH3
(d) Ammonium sulphate and sodium hydroxide:

Ammonium sulfat dan natrium hidroksida:
2NaOH + (NH4)2SO4
Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3
Ujian pengesahan kation ammonium dalam analisis kualitatif garam (Tajuk Garam)
Confirmatory test for cations ammonium in qualitative analysis of salt (Topic Salt)
3 Alkali + Metal ion

Alkali + Ion logam
Logam hidroksida tak larut
Insoluble metal hydroxide
*Most of the metal hydroxides are insoluble. *Hydroxides of transition element metals are coloured. Confirmatory test for cations in qualitative analysis of salt (Topic Salt) Ujian pengesahan bagi kation dalam analisis kualitatif garam (Tajuk
Garam) *Hidroksida bagi logam peralihan adalah berwarna. *Application of the reaction / Aplikasi tindak balas : *Kebanyakan logam hidroksida tak terlarut.
(e) 2OH(aq/ak) + Mg2+(aq/ak)

Mg(OH)2(p) Magnesium hydroxide (white precipitate) Cu(OH)2(p) Copper(II) hydroxide (blue precipitate)
Magnesium hidroksida (mendakan putih)
(f) 2OH(aq/ak) + Cu2+(aq/ak)

Kuprum(II) hidroksida (mendakan biru)
ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ACID / PERANAN AIR DAN SIFAT ASID 1 2 3
Asid menunjukkan sifat keasidannya apabila terlarut dalam air.
An acid shows its acidic properties when it is dissolved in water. Acid molecules ionise in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions. The presence of hydrogen ions is needed for the acid to show its acidic properties. Acid will remain in the form of molecules in two conditions / Asid akan kekal dalam bentuk molekul dengan dua keadaan: (a) Without the presence of water for example dry hydrogen chloride gas and *glacial ethanoic acid.

Molekul asid mengion dalam larutan akueus membentuk ion hidrogen. Kehadiran ion hidrogen diperlukan oleh asid untuk menunjukkan sifat keasidannya.
(b) Acid is dissolved in *organic solvent for example solution of hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene and ethanoic acid in propanone.
Asid dilarutkan dalam *pelarut organik seperti larutan hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena dan asid etanoik dalam propanon. * Glacial ethanoic acid is pure ethanoic acid / Asid etanoik glasial ialah asid etanoik tulen. * Organic solvent is covalent compound that exist as liquid at room temperature such as propanone, methylbenzene and trichloromethane. * Pelarut organik ialah sebatian kovalen yang wujud dalam bentuk cecair pada suhu bilik seperti propanon, metilbenzena dan triklorometana.
Tanpa kehadiran air seperti gas hidrogen klorida kering dan *asid etanoik glasial
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CH3COOH CH3COOH CH3COOH Chemistry Form 4 MODULE CH3COOH
Example / Contoh :
CH3COOH CH3COOH CH COOH CH3COOH
CH3COOH
CH3COOH CH3COOH
Glacial ethanoic acid

3 Asid etanoik glasial
CH3COOH CH3COOH
CH3COOH Larutan hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena
Solution of hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene
Solution of hydrogen chloride in water (hydrochloric acid)

Larutan hidrogen klorida dalam air (asid hidroklorik)
HC
CH3COOH CH3COOH CH3COOH H+ ClCH3COOH ClClCOOH CH 3
HCl CH3COOH HCl
HCl HCl HCl
HCl HCl HCl
HCl
H+
ClH+
ClH+ Cl-
Cl-
HCl
CH COOH + H+ 3 H H+ ClClHCl
HCl
H+
Cl-
H+
H+
Methylbenzene / HCl Metilbenzena HCl HCl
Water / Air
H+
Glacial ethanoic acid molecules do not ionise .

Cl-
Glacial H+ ethanoic H+ exist as only, no hydrogen ions present.

H+
ClClklorida dalam metilbenzena Molekul asid etanoik glasial tidak mengion . HCl Molekul hidrogen HCl HCl mengion HCl . tidak molecule
Hydrogen chloride molecules in HCl HCl methylbenzene do not ionise
Hydrogen chloride molecule in water ionises :

Molekul hidrogen klorida dalam air mengion :
Etanoik glasial hanya terdiri daripada ClCl- molekul H+ CH3COOH sahaja, tiada ion hidrogen hadir.
Hydrogen chloride exist as molecule only, there are no hydrogen ions present.
Hidrogen klorida wujud sebagai sahaja, tiada ion hidrogen hadir. molekul
HCl (aq/ak)
H+ (aq/ak) + Cl (aq/ak)
Hydrogen ions and chloride ions present.

Ion hidrogen dan ion klorida hadir.
Hydrogen chloride in water Glacial ethanoic acid and hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene does not show acidic (hydrochloric acid) shows acidic properties: properties: Asid etanoik glasial dan hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena tidak menunjukkan sifat asid: (i) They

do not do not
react with metal, base or metal carbonate.

tidak bertindak balas dengan logam, bes dan karbonat logam.
Hidrogen klorida dalam air (asid hidroklorik) menunjukkan sifat asid:
Sebatian tersebut Sebatian tersebut
(ii) They
turn
blue
tidak
litmus paper to
red
biru
.
kepada
menukarkan warna kertas litmus
merah .
react with (i) Hydrochloric acid metal, base or metal carbonate.

Asid hidroklorik bertindak balas dengan logam, bes dan karbonat logam.
There are no free moving ions, hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene and glacial ethanoic acid cannot conduct electricity (non-electrolyte).
(ii) Hydrogen ions turn

blue red .
Tidak wujud ion bebas bergerak , asid etanoik glasial dan hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena tidak dapat mengkonduksikan elektrik (bukan elektrolit).
litmus paper to
Ion hidrogen menukarkan warna kertas biru kepada merah . litmus
There are free moving ions, can conduct hydrochloric acid

Terdapat ion yang bebas bergerak , asid dapat hidroklorik mengkonduksikan elektrik (elektrolit).
electricity (electrolyte).
ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ALKALI / PERANAN AIR DAN SIFAT ALKALI 1
Dengan kehadiran air, alkali melarut dan mengion menghasilkan ion hidroksida. Contohnya larutan kalium hidroksida dan larutan ammonia:
In the presence of water, an alkali dissolves and ionises to produce hydroxide ions. For example potassium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution. KOH(aq/ak ) K+(aq/ak ) + OH(aq/ak ) NH3(g) + H2O(l/ce) NH4+(aq/ak ) + OH(aq/ak )
Tanpa air atau dalam pelarut organik, tiada ion hidroksida yang dihasilkan, maka sifat-sifat alkali tidak ditunjukkan.
Without water or in organic solvents, no hydroxide ions are produced, so the alkaline properties are not shown.
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Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji peranan air atau pelarut lain dalam menunjukkan sifat asid serta pemerhatian yang dibuat. Experiment / Eksperimen Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
The diagram below shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the role of water and other solvent in showing the properties of acid and the observations made from the investigation.
II
Hydrochloric acid in water

Asid hidroklorik dalam air Pita magnesium
Hydrochloric acid in tetrachloromethane

Magnesium ribbon
Pita magnesium
Magnesium ribbon
Asid hidroklorik dalam tetraklorometana
Observation
Pemerhatian
Bubbles of gas are released Magnesium ribbon dissolves

Pita magnesium larut Gelembung gas dibebaskan
No bubble of gas
Tiada gelembung gas
(a) What is meant by acid / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan asid ? Acid is a chemical substance which ionises in water to produce hydrogen ion. (b) (i) Name the bubble of gas released in Experiment I / Namakan gas yang terbebas dalam Eksperimen I. Hydrogen gas

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the formation of the bubbles in Experiment I.
Tulis persamaan kimia untuk pembentukan gelembung gas dalam Eksperimen I.
Mg + 2HCl

MgCl2 + H2
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the chemical equation in (b)(ii).
Tulis persamaan ion untuk persamaan kimia dalam (b)(ii).
Mg + 2H+

Mg2+ + H2
(c) Compare observation in Experiment I and Experiment II. Explain your answer. Hydrochloric acid in water in Experiment I
Asid hidroklorik dalam air dalam Eksperimen I
Bandingkan pemerhatian dalam Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II. Terangkan jawapan anda.
reacts
bertindak balas
with magnesium.
dengan magnesium. tidak bertindak balas dengan magnesium. mengion kepada ion H+:
Hydrochloric acid in tetrachloromethane in Experiment I do not react with magnesium.

Asid hidroklorik dalam tetraklorometana dalam Eksperimen II
Hydrochloric acid in water H+ ions react with
ionises
to H+ / Asid hidroklorik dalam air HCl H+ + Cl to produce hydrogen molecule: Mg2+ + H2

molekul
magnesium atom
Ion H+ bertindak balas dengan atom magnesium untuk menghasilkan molekul hidrogen:
Mg + 2H+
Hydrochloric acid in tetrachloromethane remains in the form of

Asid hidroklorik dalam tetraklorometana kekal dalam bentuk
molecule . No
. Tiada ion
hydrogen
hadir.
ion present.
hidrogen
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Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menyediakan dua larutan ammonia dalam pelarut X dan pelarut Y. Sekeping kertas litmus merah dimasukkan ke dalam setiap bikar.
Ammonia
Ammonia
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to prepare two solutions of ammonia in solvent X and solvent Y. A piece of red litmus paper is dropped into each beaker.
Ammonia
Ammonia
Solvent X
Pelarut X
Solvent Y
Pelarut Y
Beaker A / Bikar A
Beaker B / Bikar B
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian ke atas kertas litmus merah dalam pelarut X dan pelarut Y. Solution / Larutan Ammonia in solvent X in beaker A Ammonia in solvent Y in beaker B
Ammonia dalam pelarut X dalam bikar A Ammonia dalam pelarut Y dalam bikar B
The table below shows the observation on the red litmus paper in solvent X and solvent Y.
Observation / Pemerhatian The red litmus paper turns blue.
Kertas litmus merah bertukar menjadi biru.
No visible change in the colour of red litmus paper.
Tiada perubahan yang nyata pada warna kertas litmus merah.
(a) Name possible substances that can be solvent X and solvent Y.

Namakan bahan-bahan yang mungkin bagi pelarut X dan pelarut Y.
(b) Explain the difference in the observation on the beakers A and B.

Terangkan perbezaan antara pemerhatian dalam bikar A dengan bikar B.
Solvent X / Pelarut X : Water Solvent Y / Pelarut Y : Propanone / methylbenzene / trichloromethane
Ammonia gas in beaker A is hydroxide ions:

Gas ammonia dalam bikar A ion hidroksida :
dissolved
larut
in water, ammonia molecules

mengion
ionise
to ammonium ion and

ammonium dan
dalam air, molekul ammonia
kepada ion
NH3 (g) + H2O (l/ce)
NH 4+ (ak) + OH (ak)
The presence of
Kehadiran ion-ion
hydroxide
hidroksida
ions change the red litmus paper to blue.

menukar kertas litmus merah kepada biru.
Ammonia gas in beaker B is molecules do not ionise .

Gas ammonia dalam bikar B mengion .
dissolved
larut
in
propanone / methylbenzene / trichloromethane

propanon / metilbenzena / triklorometana
, ammonia
dalam
, molekul ammonia tidak
No (c) (i)
hydroxide
ions present, the red litmus paper remains unchanged.

, warna merah kertas litmus tidak berubah.
Tiada ion
hidroksida
Antara larutan dalam bikar A dangan bikar B, yang manakah elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Between solution in beakers A and B, which one is an electrolyte and non-electrolyte? Explain your answer. an electrolyte Solution in beaker A is , it contains ionisation of ammonia molecules in water.

free moving ions
from the
daripada
elektrolit , ia mengandungi ion-ion yang Larutan dalam bikar A ialah pengionan molekul ammonia dalam air.
bebas bergerak
a non-electrolyte , ammonia molecules Solution in beaker B is propanone / methylbenzene / trichloromethane .

bukan elektrolit Larutan dalam bikar B propanon / metilbenzena / triklorometana , molekul ammonia .
do not ionise
dalam
in
tidak mengion
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(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the set-up of apparatus used to show the electrical conductivity of an electrolyte.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel yang menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kekonduksian arus elektrik bagi sesuatu elektrolit.
Carbon electrode Elektrod karbon
Carbon Elektrodelectrode karbon Elektrolit Electrolyte
THE pH SCALE / SKALA pH 1 2
Skala pH ialah skala bernombor untuk mengukur darjah keasidan dan kealkalian suatu larutan akueus berdasarkan kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ atau ion hidroksida, OH.
The pH is a scale of numbers to measure the degree of acidity and alkalinity of an aqueous solution based on the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ or hydroxide ions, OH. The pH scale has the range of number from 0 to 14 / Skala pH bernombor dari 0 hingga 14 : pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH < 7: Acidic solution / Larutan berasid. The lower the pH value, the higher is the concentration of hydrogen ion, H+. 3
Semakin rendah nilai pH, semakin tinggi kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+.
pH = 7 Neutral
Neutral
pH > 7: Alkaline solution / Larutan beralkali. The higher the pH value, the higher is the concentration of hydroxide ion, OH.
Semakin tinggi nilai pH, semakin tinggi kepekatan ion hidroksida, OH.
The pH of an aqueous solution can be measured by / Nilai pH bagi sesuatu larutan akueus boleh diukur dengan menggunakan: (a) pH meter / Meter pH (b) Acid-base indicator / Penunjuk asid-bes Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual berikut :
Indicator
Penunjuk
Colour / Warna Acid / Asid Red Red Colourless Red Neutral / Neutral Purple Orange Colourless Green Alkali / Alkali Blue Yellow Pink Purple
Litmus solution / Larutan litmus Methyl orange / Metil jingga Phenolphthalein / Fenolftalein Universal indicator / Penunjuk universal
THE STRENGTH OF ACID AND ALKALI / KEKUATAN ASID DAN ALKALI 1
Kekuatan asid dan alkali bergantung pada darjah pengionan asid dan alkali dalam air. (a) A strong acid is an acid that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ion, H+. Asid kuat ialah asid yang mengion sepenuhnya dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ yang tinggi. (b) A weak acid is an acid that partially ionises in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ion, H+. Asid lemah ialah asid yang mengion separa dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ yang rendah. (c) A strong alkali is an alkali that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydroxide ion, OH. Alkali kuat ialah alkali yang mengion sepenuhnya dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidroksida, OH yang tinggi. (d) A weak alkali is an alkali that partially ionises completely in water to produce low concentration of hydroxide ion, OH. Alkali lemah ialah alkali yang mengion separa dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidroksida, OH yang rendah.
tio
The strength of acid and alkali depend on the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the acid and alkali in water.
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Example of different strength of acid and alkali / Contoh asid dan alkali dengan kekuatan yang berbeza.
Acid / Alkali
Asid / Alkali
Example
Contoh
Ionisation equation
Persamaan ion
Explanation
Penerangan
Zarah-zarah yang hadir
Particles present
Strong acid
Asid kuat
Hydrochloric HCl (aq/ak ) acid, HCl H+ (aq/ak ) + Cl (aq/ak ) Asid

hidroklorik, HCl
All hydrogen chloride molecules that H+ and Cl + dissolve in water ionises completely into H dan Cl hydrogen
Semua molekul hidrogen klorida melarut dalam air dan mengion sepenuhnya kepada ion hidrogen dan ion klorida .
ions and
chloride
ions.
Nitric acid, HNO3

Asid nitrik, HNO3
HNO3(aq/ak ) H+ (aq/ak ) + NO3 (aq/ak )
All nitric acid ionises completely in water into hydrogen ions and nitrate
Semua asid nitrik mengion sepenuhnya dalam air kepada ion hidrogen dan ion nitrat .
H+ and NO3
H+ dan NO3
ions.
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

Asid sulfurik, H2SO4
H2SO4 (aq/ak ) 2H+ (aq/ak ) + SO42 (aq/ak )
Semua asid sulfurik mengion sepenuhnya dalam air kepada ion hidrogen dan ion sulfat .
All sulphuric acid ionises completely into hydrogen ions and sulphate ions.
H+ and SO42
H+ dan SO42
Weak acid
Asid lemah
Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
CH3COOH (aq/ak )
Asid etanoik, CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid partially ionises in water CH3COO (aq/ak ) + H (aq/ak ) into etahnoate ions and hydrogen ions. Some remain in the form of CH3COOH molecules .
+
separa kepada ion Asid etanoik mengion etanoat dan ion hidrogen . Sebahagian lagi kekal dalam bentuk molekul CH3COOH.
CH3COOH, CH3COO dan H+
CH3COOH, CH3COO and H+
Carbonic acid, H2CO3
H2CO3 (aq/ak ) 2H+ (aq/ak ) + CO32 (aq/ak )
Asid karbonik, H2CO3
Sebahagian asid karbonik mengion dalam air kepada ion karbonat dan ion hidrogen. Sebahagian lagi kekal dalam bentuk molekul H2CO3.
Carbonic acid partially ionises in water into carbonate ions and hydrogen ion. Some molecules . remain in the form of H CO
2 3
H2CO3, H+ dan CO32
H2CO3, H+ and CO32
Strong alkali
Alkali kuat
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH

Natrium hidroksida, NaOH
NaOH (aq/ak ) Na (aq) + OH (aq)

+
Natrium hidroksida mengion sepenuhnya dalam air kepada ion natrium dan ion hidroksida .
Sodium hydroxide ionises completely in water into sodium ions and hydroxide ions.
Na+ and OH
Na+ dan OH
Potassium hydroxide, KOH

Kalium hidroksida, KOH
KOH (aq/ak ) K+ (aq) + OH (aq)
Kalium hidroksida mengion sepenuhnya dalam air kalium dan ion hidroksida . kepada ion
Potassium hydroxide ionises completely potassium ions and in water into hydroxide ions.
K+ and OH
K+ dan OH
Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2

Barium hidroksida, Ba(OH)2
Ba(OH)2 (aq/ak ) Ba (aq) + 2OH (aq)

2+
Barium hydroxide ionises completely in water into barium ions and hydroxide
Barium hidroksida mengion sepenuhnya dalam air kepada ion barium dan ion hidroksida .
Ba2+ and OH
Ba2+ dan OH
ions.
Weak alkali
Alkali lemah
Ammonia solution, NH3(aq)

Larutan ammonia, NH3(ak)
NH3 (g)+ H2 O(l/ce)

+ NH4 (aq/ak )
+ OH(aq/ak )
Ammonia partially ionises in water into ammonium ions and hydroxide ions,
separa dalam air kepada Ammonia mengion ion ammonium dan ion hidroksida , sebahagian lagi kekal dalam bentuk molekul NH .
3
some remain in the form of NH3 molecules .
NH3, NH4+ dan OH
NH3, NH4+ and OH
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CONCENTRATION OF ACID AND ALKALI / KEPEKATAN ASID DAN ALKALI 1 2 3
Larutan adalah campuran homogen yang terbentuk apabila bahan larut dilarutkan dalam pelarut. Contohnya larutan kuprum(II) sulfat disediakan dengan melarutkan serbuk kuprum(II) sulfat (bahan larut) di dalam air (pelarut).
A solution is a homogeneous mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent. For example copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared by dissolving copper(II) sulphate powder (solute) in water (solvent).
Concentration of a solution the quantity of solute in a given volume of solution which is usually 1 dm3 of solution. Kepekatan sesuatu larutan ialah kuantiti bahan terlarut dalam isi padu larutan yang tertentu, biasanya isi padu 1 dm3 larutan.
Concentration can be expressed in two ways / Kepekatan boleh diwakili dengan dua cara : (a) Mass of solute in gram per 1 dm3 solution, g dm3/ Jisim bahan larut dalam gram bagi setiap 1 dm3 larutan, g dm3. Volume of solution (dm3) / Isi padu larutan (dm3) Kepekatan larutan (g dm3) (b) Number of moles of solute in 1 dm3 solution, mol dm3 / Bilangan mol bahan larut dalam 1 dm3 larutan, mol dm3. Volume of solution (dm3) / Isi padu larutan (dm3) Kepekatan larutan (mol dm3) The concentration in mol dm3 is called molarity or molar concentration. The unit mol dm3 can be represented by M. Number of mole of solute (mol) / Bilangan mol bahan larut (mol) Volume of solution (dm3) / Isi padu larutan (dm3)
Kemolaran Isi padu (dm3)
Concentration of solution (g dm3) =
Mass of solute in gram (g) / Jisim bahan larut dalam gram (g)
Concentration of solution (mol dm3) =
Number of mole of solute (mol) / Bilangan mol bahan larut (mol)
Kepekatan dalam mol dm3 dipanggil sebagai kemolaran atau kepekatan molar. Unit mol dm3 boleh diwakili denganM.
n = Number of moles of solute M = Concentration in mol dm3 (molarity) V = Volume of solution in dm3
Isi padu larutan dalam dm3 Isi padu larutan dalam cm3 Kepekatan dalam mol dm3 (kemolaran) Bilangan mol bahan terlarut
Molarity =
Kemolaran
Number of mole of solute (mol) = Molarity Volume (dm3)

Bilangan mol bahan larut (mol)
n = MV Mv n = 1 000
3 3
v = Volume of solution in cm3
Kepekatan larutan boleh ditukar daripada mol dm3 kepada g dm3 dan sebaliknya.
The concentration of a solution can be converted from mol dm to g dm and vice versa.
molar mass of the solute / jisim molar bahan terlarut
mol dm3
molar mass of the solute / jisim molar bahan terlarut 6 7 Nilai pH bagi asid atau alkali bergantung pada kepekatan ion hidrogen atau ion hidroksida:
g dm3
The pH value of an acid or an alkali depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions: The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions in acidic solution, the lower the pH value. The higher the concentration of hydroxide ions in alkaline solution, the higher the pH value.
Semakin tinggi kepekatan ion hidroksida dalam larutan beralkali, semakin tinggi nilai pH. Semakin tinggi kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam larutan berasid, semakin rendah nilai pH.
The pH value of an acid or an alkali is depends on / Nilai pH bagi asid atau alkali bergantung pada: (a) The strength of acid or alkali / Kekuatan asid atau alkali the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the acid and alkali in water / darjah pengionan asid atau alkali dalam air. (b) Molarity of acid or alkali / Kemolaran asid atau alkali the concentration of acid or alkali in mol dm3 / kepekatan bahan terlarut dalam mol dm3. (c) Basicity of an acid / Kebesan asid the number ionisable of hydrogen atom per molecule of an acid molecule in an aqueous solution.
bilangan atom hidrogen per molekul asid yang terion dalam larutan akueus.
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Example / Contoh:
The diagram below shows the reading of pH meter for different types and concentration of acids. The aim of the experiment is to investigate the relationship between concentration of hydrogen ions with the pH value. Compare the concentration of hydrogen ions and the pH value of the following acids. Explain your answer.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan bacaan pH meter untuk pelbagai jenis dan kepekatan asid. Tujuan eksperimen adalah untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kepekatan ion hidrogen dengan nilai pH. Bandingkan kepekatan ion hidrogen dan nilai pH untuk asid-asid yang berikut. Terangkan jawapan anda. I 2.98 1.21 1.15 2.25 3.45 II III
Experiment
Eksperimen
pH meter reading
1.21
Bacaan pH meter
0.1 mol dm3 HCl Sulphuric acid is a strong

Asid sulfurik adalah asid kuat diprotik .
0.01 mol dm3 HCl diprotic acid.
0.05 mol dm3 H2SO4
0.05 mol dm3 HCl
0.1 mol dm3 HCl
0.1 mol dm3 CH3COOH
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid ionises completely in water to hydrogen ion. 0.05 mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid ionises 3 completely in water to form 0.1 mol dm hydrogen ion:
Asid sulfurik 0.05 mol dm3 mengion lengkap kepada 0.1 mol dm3 ion hidrogen:
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid ionises completely in water to hydrogen ion.

Asid hidroklorik adalah asid air kepada ion hidrogen. kuat yang mengion lengkap dalam
Compare concentration of H+ and pH value
kuat yang Asid hidroklorik adalah asid mengion lengkap dalam air kepada ion hidrogen.
Bandingkan kepekatan ion hidrogen dan nilai pH
0.1 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid ionises to 3 form 0.1 mol dm hydrogen ion: H2SO4 2H+ + SO42 3 0.05 mol dm3 0.1 mol dm Hydrochloric acid is a strong monoprotic acid. 0.05 mol dm3 of ionises completely in water 3 to form 0.05 mol dm hydrogen ion:
Asid hidroklorik adalah asid kuat monoprotik .
0.1 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid ionises to form 0.1 mol dm3 hydrogen ion:
Asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 mengion kepada 0.1 mol dm3 ion hidrogen:
3 Asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 mengion lengkap kepada 0.1 mol dm ion hidrogen:
HCl H+ + Cl 3 0.1 mol dm3 0.1 mol dm
HCl H+ + Cl 3 0.1 mol dm3 0.1 mol dm weak acid ionises partially in Ethanoic acid is a water to produce lower concentration hydrogen ion.
0.01 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid ionises to 3 form 0.01 mol dm hydrogen ion:
Asid hidroklorik 0.01 mol dm3 mengion kepada 0.01 mol dm3 ion hidrogen:
HCl H+ + Cl 3 0.01 mol dm3 0.01 mol dm

3
Asid hidroklorik 0.05 mol dm3 mengion lengkap dalam 3 air menghasilkan 0.05 mol dm ion hidrogen:
0.1 mol dm3 of ethanoic acid ionises to less than 0.1 mol dm3 hydrogen ion:
Asid etanoik adalah asid lemah mengion separa dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen yang lebih rendah .
Concentration hydrogen ion in 0.1 mol dm of hydrochloric acid is higher than
HCl
H+ + Cl 3 0.05 mol dm3 0.05 mol dm
Asid etanoik 0.1 mol dm3 mengion kurang daripada ion hidrogen:
0.1 mol dm3
0.01 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid.
Kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam asid hidroklorik tinggi daripada asid 0.1 mol dm3 lebih hidroklorik 0.01 mol dm3.
The pH value of 0.1 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid is lower than 0.01 mol dm3 of
CH3COOH(aq/ak ) H+ + CH3COO(aq/ak ) kurang dari less than/ Concentration hydrogen ion in 0.05 mol dm3 0.1 mol dm3 0.1 mol dm3 double of (higher than) of sulphuric acid is Concentration hydrogen ion in 0.1 mol dm3 of 0.05 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid. Kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam asid sulfurik hydrochloric acid is higher than of 0.1 mol dm3 of 0.05 mol dm3 adalah dua kali ganda (lebih tinggi) ethanoic acid.
daripada asid hidroklorik 0.05 mol dm3.
3
hydrochloric acid.
Kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 lebih tinggi daripada asid etanoik 0.1 mol dm3.
Nilai pH bagi asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 lebih rendah daripada asid hidroklorik 0.01 mol dm3.
The pH value of 0.05 mol dm of sulphuric acid is lower than 0.05 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid.
The pH value of 0.1 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid than of 0.1 mol dm3 of ethanoic acid.
Nilai pH bagi asid sulfurik 0.05 mol dm3 lebih rendah daripada asid hidroklorik 0.05 mol dm3.
lower
Publicat
Nilai pH bagi asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 lebih rendah daripada asid etanoik 0.1 mol dm3.
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PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION / PENYEDIAAN LARUTAN PIAWAI 1 2
Larutan piawai ialah larutan yang kepekatannya diketahui dengan tepat.
Standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is accurately known. The steps taken in preparing a standard solution are:

Langkah-langkah yang diambil dalam menyediakan larutan piawai adalah:
(a) Calculate the mass of solute needed to give the required volume and molarity.
(b) The solute is weighed / Bahan larut ditimbang. (c) The solute is completely dissolved in distilled water and then transferred to a volumetric flask partially filled with distilled water.

Hitung jisim bahan larut yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan isi padu dan kemolaran yang dikehendaki.
(d) Distilled water is added to the calibration mark of the volumetric flask and the flask is inverted to make sure thorough mixing.

Bahan larut dilarutkan sepenuhnya dalam air suling dan dipindahkan kepada kelalang volumetrik yang sebahagiannya sudah diisi dengan air suling.
Air suling ditambah ke dalam kelalang volumetrik hingga tanda senggatan dan kelalang volumetrik ditelangkupkan beberapa kali untuk memastikan campuran sekata.
PREPARATION OF A SOLUTION BY DILUTION / PENYEDIAAN LARUTAN SECARA PENCAIRAN
Adding water to the standard solution lowered the concentration of the solution. Since no solute is added, the amount of solute in the solution before and after dilution remains unchanged:
Penambahan air kepada larutan piawai merendahkan kepekatan larutan tersebut. Oleh kerana tiada bahan terlarut yang ditambah, kandungan bahan terlarut dalam larutan sebelum dan selepas pencairan tidak berubah:
Number of mol of solute before dilution = Number of mole of solute after dilution M1V1 1 000 = M2V2 1 000
Bilangan mol bahan terlarut sebelum pencairan Bilangan mol bahan terlarut selepas pencairan
Therefore / Oleh itu,
M1V1 = M2V2 M1 = Initial concentration of the solute / Kemolaran larutan awal V1 = Initial volume of the solution in cm3 / Isipadu larutan awal dalam cm3 M2 = Final concentration of the solute / Kemolaran larutan akhir V2 = Final volume of the solution in cm3 / Isipadu larutan akhir dalam cm3
Example / Contoh : 1
(a) What is meant by a standard solution / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan larutan piawai ? Standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is accurately known. (b) (i) You are given solid sodium hydroxide. Describe the procedure to prepare 500 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; O = 16; Na = 23]
Anda diberi pepejal natrium hidroksida. Huraikan kaedah untuk menyediakan 500 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm3. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23] Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide / Hitung jisim natrium hidroksida :
Molar mass of NaOH / Jisim molar NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g mol Mol NaOH / Bilangan mol NaOH = 500 1.0/1 000 = 0.5 mol
Mass of NaOH / Jisim NaOH = mol / Bilangan mol molar mass / Jisim molar 1 = 0.5 mol 40 g mol = 20.0 g

Preparation of 500 cm3 1.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide: Penyediaan 500 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm3:
Weigh exactly
Nil a
20.0 g
of NaOH accurately using a
weighing bottle .
.
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20.0 g
NaOH dengan tepat menggunakan
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Dissolve
Larutkan
20.0 g
20.0 g
of NaOH in
NaOH dalam
3
distilled water
air suling
in a beaker.
di dalam bikar.
Transfer the content into a 500 cm

volumetric flask .
Pindahkan kandungan ke dalam kelalang volumetrik 500 cm3.
Rinse
Bilas
the beaker with distilled water and transfer all the contents into the volumetric flask .
bikar dengan air suling dan pindahkan semua kandungan ke dalam kelalang volumetrik .
Distilled water
is added to the
volumetric flask stopper

dan
until the and
calibration mark .
.
Air suling ditambah kepada kelalang volumetrik hingga
tanda senggatan
The volumetric flask is closed tightly with homogeneous solution.

yang homogen. Kelalang volumetrik ditutup dengan penutup
inverted
a few times to get
ditelangkupkan
beberapa kali untuk mendapatkan larutan
(ii) Describe how you would prepare 250 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide from the above solution.
Huraikan bagaimana anda menyediakan 250 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 0.1 mol dm3 daripada larutan di atas.
Calculate the volume of 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide used: Hitung isi padu natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 yang digunakan:
M1 V1 = M2 V2 V1 = M2 V2 = 0.1 250 = 25 cm3 M1 1
Preparation of 250 cm3 1.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution: Penyediaan 250 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm3:
A pipette is filled with

Sebuah pipet diisi dengan
25 cm3
25 cm3
of 1.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution.

larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm3.
25 cm3
25 cm3
of 1.0 mol dm3 NaOH is transferred into 250 cm3

3
volumetric flask . calibration mark .

.
NaOH 1.0 mol dm dipindahkan kepada kelalang volumetrik 250 cm3.
Distilled water
is added to the
volumetric flask stopper

dan
until the and
Air suling ditambah kepada kelalang volumetrik hingga
tanda senggatan
The volumetric flask is closed tightly with homogeneous solution.

yang homogen. Kelalang volumetrik ditutup dengan penutup
inverted
a few times to get
ditelangkupkan
beberapa kali untuk mendapatkan larutan
The table below shows the pH value of a few substances / Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai pH bagi beberapa bahan.
Substance / Bahan Ethanoic acid 0.1 mol dm / Asid etanoik 0.1 mol dm
3
3
pH value / Nilai pH 3 1 7
Hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm3 / Asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 Glacial ethanoic acid / Asid etanoik glasial
(a) (i)
What is meant by weak acid and strong acid / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan asid lemah dan asid kuat ? Weak acid / Asid lemah : An acid that partially ionises in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ion, + H . Strong acid / Asid kuat : An acid that completely ionises in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen + ion, H .
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(ii) Between ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid, which acid has the higher concentration of H+ ion? Explain your answer.
Antara asid etanoik dengan asid hidroklorik, asid manakah mempunyai kepekatan ion H+ yang lebih tinggi? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Hydrochloric acid has

higher
concentration of H+ than ethanoic acid.

tinggi berbanding dengan asid etanoik.
Asid hidroklorik mempunyai kepekatan ion H+ yang lebih
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid which ionises completely in water to produce concentration of H+:
Asid hidroklorik ialah tinggi yang lebih asid kuat : yang mengion sepenuhnya
higher
dalam air untuk menghasilkan kepekatan ion H+
HCl (aq/ak )
H+(aq/ak ) + Cl(aq/ak ) partially

separa
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid which ionises H+:

Asid etanoik ialah asid rendah yang lebih lemah yang mengion :
in water to produce lower concentration of

dalam air untuk menghasilkan kepekatan ion H+
CH3COOH (aq/ak )
CH3COO (aq/ak ) + H+ (aq/ak )
(iii) Why do ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid have different pH value? The concentration H+ in hydrochloric acid is
Kepekatan H dalam asid hidroklorik
+
Mengapakah asid etanoik dan asid hidroklorik mempunyai nilai pH yang berbeza?
higher
, the pH value is
rendah tinggi .
lower .
tinggi rendah
, nilai pH lebih
The concentration H in ehanoic acid is

+
lower
, the pH value is
.
higher
(b) Glacial ethanoic acid has a pH value of 7 but a solution of ethanoic acid has a pH value less than 7. Explain the observation.

Kepekatan H dalam asid etanoik

+
, nilai pH lebih
Asid etanoik glasial mempunyai nilai pH 7 tetapi asid etanoik mempunyai nilai pH yang kurang daripada 7. Terangkan pemerhatian tersebut.
Glacial ethanoic acid molecules do not ionise . Glacial ethanoic acid consists of only CH3COOH molecules . The CH COOH molecules are neutral . No hydrogen ions present. The pH value of 3 glacial ethanoic acid is 7.
mengion . Asid etanoik glasial hanya terdiri daripada molekul CH3COOH Molekul asid etanoik glasial tidak Molekul hidrogen CH COOH adalah neutral. Tiada ion hadir. Nilai pH asid etanoik glasial adalah 7. sahaja.
3
Ethanoic acid ionises partially in water to produce ethanoate ions and solution to have acidic property. The pH value of the solution is less than 7.
hydrogen
ions causes the

yang menyebabkan
etanoat hidrogen dan ion Asid etanoik mengion separa dalam air untuk menghasilkan ion asid . Nilai pH bagi larutan tersebut adalah kurang daripada 7. larutan mempunyai sifat
The table shows the pH value of a few solution / Jadual berikut menunjukkan nilai pH bagi beberapa jenis larutan berbeza.
Solution / Larutan pH P 1 Q 3 R 5 S 7 T 11 U 14
(a) (i)
Larutan manakah yang mempunyai kepekatan ion hidrogen yang paling tinggi?
Which solution has the highest concentration of hydrogen ion? Solution P
(ii) Which solution has the highest concentration of hydroxide ion? Solution U
Larutan yang manakah mempunyai kepekatan ion hidroksida yang paling tinggi?
(b) Which is the following solution could be / Larutan manakah yang mungkin
Nil a
(i)
0.01 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid / 0.01 mol dm3 asid hidroklorik ?
Q R T
(ii) 0.01 mol dm3 of ethanoic acid / 0.01 mol dm3 asid etanoik ? (iii) 0.1 mol dm3 ammonia aqueous / 0.1 mol dm3 larutan ammonia ?
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(iv) 1 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid / 1 mol dm3 asid hidroklorik ? (v) 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution / 1 mol dm3 larutan natrium hidroksida ? (vi) 1 mol dm3 potassium sulphate solution / 1 mol dm3 larutan kalium sulfat ?
Nyatakan dua larutan yang bertindak balas untuk membentuk larutan neutral.
P U S
(c) (i)
State two solutions which react to form neutral solution.
P/Q/R and T/U // Hydrochloric acid/ethanoic acid with ammonia aqueous/sodium hydroxide solution.

(ii) Which solutions will produce carbon dioxide gas when calcium carbonate powder is added?
Larutan manakah menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida apabila ditambah serbuk kalsium karbonat?
P/Q // Hydrochloric acid/ethanoic acid

3
Kemolaran larutan natrium hidroksida ialah 2 mol dm3. Apakah kepekatan larutan tersebut dalam g dm3? [JAR: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1]
The molarity of sodium hydroxide solution is 2 mol dm3. What is the concentration of the solution in g dm3? [RAM: Na = 23, 0 = 16, H = 1]
Answer / Jawapan :
4
80 g dm3
Hitung kemolaran larutan yang diperoleh apabila 14 g kalium hidroksida dilarutkan dalam air suling untuk menyediakan larutan yang berisi padu 500 cm3. [JAR: K = 39, H = 1, O = 16]
Calculate the molarity of the solution obtained when 14 g potassium hydroxide is dissolved in distilled water to make up 500 cm3 solution. [RAM: K = 39, H = 1, O = 16]
Answer / Jawapan :
5
0.5 mol dm3
Hitung kemolaran larutan yang disediakan dengan melarutkan 0.5 mol hidrogen klorida, HCl dalam air suling untuk menyediakan larutan yang berisi padu 250 cm3.
Calculate the molarity of a solution which is prepared by dissolving 0.5 mol of hydrogen chloride, HCl in distilled water to make up 250 cm3 solution.
Answer / Jawapan :
6
2 mol dm3
Berapakah jisim natrium hidroksida dalam gram yang patut dilarutkan dalam air untuk menyediakan 500 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 0.5 mol dm3? [JAR: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1]
How much of sodium hydroxide in gram should be dissolved in water to prepare 500 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution? [RAM: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1]
Answer / Jawapan :
7 Jika 300 cm3 air ditambah kepada 200 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3, apakah kemolaran bagi larutan yang dihasilkan?
10 g
300 cm3 water is added to 200 cm3 hydrochloric acid, 1 mol dm3. What is the resulting molarity of the solution?
Answer / Jawapan :
0.4 mol dm3
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Calculate the volume of nitric acid, 1 mol dm3 needed to be diluted by distilled water to obtain 500 cm3 of nitric acid, 0.1 mol dm3.
Hitung isi padu asid nitrik 1 mol dm3 yang diperlukan untuk dilarutkan oleh air suling bagi menghasilkan 500 cm3 asid nitrik 0.1 mol dm3.
Answer / Jawapan :
9
50 cm3
(a) Compare the number of mol of H+ ions which are present in 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of sulphuric acid and 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan mol ion H+ yang hadir dalam 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm3 dengan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3. Terangkan jawapan anda. Acid
Asid
50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of sulphuric acid

50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm3
50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid

50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3
Calculate number of hydrogen ion, H+

Hitung bilangan mol ion hidrogen, H+
Number of mol of sulphuric acid = H2SO4 2H + SO4

+ 2
50 1 1 000 = 0.05 mol
Number of mol of hydrochloric acid = HCl H+ + Cl From the equation,
50 1 1 000 = 0.05 mol
From the equation, 1 mol of H2SO4 : 2 mol of H

+
1 mol of HCl : 1 mol of H+ 0.05 mol of HCl : 0.05 mol of H+
0.05 mol of H2SO4 : 0.1 mol of H+
Compare the number The number of H+ in 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of sulphuric acid is twice of the number of H+ in of hydrogen ions 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid.
Bandingkan bilangan ion hidrogen Penerangan
Explanation
Sulphuric acid is diprotic acid whereas hydrochloric acid is monoprotic acid. 1 mol of sulphuric ionises to 2 mol of H+ whereas 1 mol of hydrochloric acid ionises to 1 mol of H+. The number of H+ in the same volume and concentration of both acids is doubled in sulphuric acid compared to hydrochloric acid.
(b) Suggest the volume of 1 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid that has the same number of H+ with 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of sulphuric acid.

Cadangkan isi padu asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3 yang mempunyai bilangan ion H+ yang sama dengan 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm3.
100 cm3
NEUTRALISATION / PENEUTRALAN 1 Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form only salt and water: Peneutralan ialah tindak balas antara asid dan bes untuk membentuk garam dan air sahaja:
Acid / Asid + Base / Bes Example / Contoh : HCl (aq/ak ) + NaOH (aq/ak ) 2HNO3 (aq/ak ) + MgO (s/p)
Salt / Garam + Water / Air NaCl (aq/ak ) + H2O (l/ce) Mg(NO3)2 (aq/ak ) + H2O (l/ce)
Dalam peneutralan, keasidan asid dineutralkan oleh alkali. Pada masa yang sama, kealkalian alkali dineutralkan oleh asid. Ion hidrogen dalam asid bertindak balas dengan ion hidroksida dalam alkali:
In neutralisation, the acidity of an acid is neutralised by an alkali. At the same time the alkalinity of an alkali is neutralised by an acid. The hydrogen ions in the acid react with hydroxide ions in the alkali to produce water:
H+ (aq/ak ) + OH (aq/ak )
H2O (l/ce)
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Application of neutralisation in daily life / Aplikasi peneutralan dalam kehidupan seharian :

Application
Aplikasi
Example
Contoh
Agriculture
Agrikultur
1 Acidic soil is treated with powdered CaCO3)or ashes of burnt wood.

soda lime
(calcium oxide, CaO),
limestone
(calcium carbonate,
Tanah berasid dirawat dengan serbuk kapur tohor (kalsium oksida, CaO), batu kapur (kalsium karbonat, CaCO3) atau abu daripada kayu api.
2 Basic soil is treated with compost. The alkalis in basic soil.

Tanah berbes dirawat dengan kompos. Gas dalam tanah berbes.
acidic
berasid
gas from the decomposition of compost

yang terbebas daripada penguraian kompos
neutralises
the
meneutralkan
alkali
3 The acidity of water farming is controlled by adding

soda lime
Keasidan air dalam pertanian dikawal dengan menambah kapur tohor (kalsium oksida, CaO).
, (calcium oxide, CaO).
Industries
Industri
1 Acidic gases emitted by industries are neutralised with are released into air.

soda lime
, (calcium oxide, CaO) before the gases
Gas-gas berasid yang dibebaskan oleh kilang dineutralkan dengan kapur tohor (kalsium oksida, CaO), sebelum gas-gas tersebut dibebaskan ke udara.
2 Organic acid produced by bacteria in latex neutralises by

ammonia
Ammonia meneutralkan asid organik yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria dalam lateks dan mencegah penggumpalan.
and prevents coagulation.
Health
Kesihatan
1 Excess acid in the stomach is neutralised with its anti-acids that contain bases such as aluminium hydroxide , calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide .
Anti-asid mengandungi bes seperti aluminium hidroksida , meneutralkan asid berlebihan dalam perut. kalsium karbonat dan magnesium hidroksida untuk
2 Toothpastes contain mouth.

Ubat gigi mengandungi mulut.
bases
bes
(such as magnesium hydroxide) to neutralise the acid produced by bacteria in

(seperti magnesium hidroksida) untuk meneutralkan asid yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria dalam
Baking powder
Serbuk penaik
(sodium hydrogen carbonate) is used to cure alkaline bee stings.

(natrium hidrogen karbonat) digunakan untuk merawat sengatan lebah yang beralkali.
Vinegar
Cuka
(Ethanoic acid) is used to cure acidic wasp sting.

(asid etanoik) digunakan untuk merawat sengatan tebuan yang berasid.
An acid-base titration / Pentitratan asid-bes : (a) It is a technique used to determine the volume of an acid required to neutralise a fixed volume of an alkali with the help of acid-base indicator.
Ianya adalah teknik yang digunakan untuk menentukan isi padu asid yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan isi padu tertentu alkali dengan bantuan penunjuk asid-bes. Penunjuk yang biasa digunakan adalah fenolftalein dan metil jingga. (b) Steps taken are / Langkah-langkah yang diambil adalah :
Buret diisi dengan asid. Asid ditambah setitik demi setitik kepada alkali dalam kelalang kon sehingga warna penunjuk bertukar, menunjukkan pH larutan neutral telah dihasilkan. (c) When the acid has completely neutralised the given volume of an alkali, the titration has reached the end point. Apabila asid sudah lengkap meneutralkan isi padu alkali yang diberi, pentitratan telah mencapai takat akhir. (d) The end point is the point in the titration at which the indicator changes colour. Takat akhir ialah takat dalam pentitratan di mana penunjuk bertukar warna. (e) The commonly used indicators are phenolphthalein and methyl orange. Penunjuk yang biasa digunakan adalah fenolftalein dan metil jingga.
(iii) A burette is filled with an acid. An acid is added drop by drop into the alkali in the conical flask until the indicator changes colour, indicating the pH of neutral solution produced.
Isi padu alkali yang tepat diukur dengan pipet dan dituang ke dalam kelalang kon. (ii) A few drops of indicator are added to the alkali / Beberapa titik penunjuk ditambah kepada alkali.
(i)
An exact volume of alkali is measured with a pipette and poured into a conical flask.
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Langkah umum dalam penghitungan yang melibatkan peneutralan:
The general steps used in any calculation involving neutralisation: Step / Langkah 1 : Write the balanced equation / Tulis persamaan yang seimbang. Step / Langkah 2 : Write the information from the question above the equation. involved).
Tulis maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan. Step / Langkah 3 : Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (number of moles of substance Step / Langkah 4 : Step / Langkah 5 : Step / Langkah 6 : Tulis maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan (bilangan mol bahan yang terlibat).
Change the information to mole / Tukar maklumat kepada mol. Use the relationship between the number of moles of the substances in Step 3. Convert the number of mol to the required unit with the formula: Mv 1 000
Guna hubungan di antara bilangan mol bahan-bahan dalam Langkah 3. Tukar bilangan mol kepada unit yang diperlukan dengan menggunakan formula:
n=
atau n = MV
n = Number of moles of solute / Bilangan mol bahan terlarut M = Concentration in mol dm3 (molarity) / Kepekatan dalam mol dm3 (kemolaran) V = Volume of solution in dm3 / Isi padu larutan dalam dm3 v = Volume of solution in cm3 / Isi padu larutan dalam cm3
50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 dineutralkan oleh 25 cm3 asid sulfurik. Hitung kepekatan asid sulfurik dalam mol dm3 dan g dm3. [JAR: H = 1, S = 32, O = 16]
50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is neutralised by 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid. Calculate the concentration of sulphuric acid in mol dm3 and g dm3. [RAM: H = 1, S = 32, O = 16]
M = 1 mol dm3 V = 50 cm3 2NaOH + H2SO4

M=? V = 25 cm3 Na2SO4 + 2H2O 50 = 0.05 mol 1 000
Concentration of H2SO4 =
Number of mol of NaOH = 1
n mol V dm3 0.025 mol = = 1 mol dm3 25 dm3 1 000
From the equation, 2 mol of NaOH : 1 mol of H2SO4 0.05 mol of NaOH : 0.025 mol of H2SO4
2
Concentration of H2SO4 = 1 mol dm3 (2 1 + 32 + 16 4) g mol1 = 98 g dm3
Hitung isi padu larutan natrium hidroksida 2 mol dm3 yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3.
Calculate the volume of 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid. M = 1 mol dm3 V = 100 cm3 HCl NaCl + H2O 100 = 0.1 mol 1 000
M = 2 mol dm3 V = ? cm3 NaOH +
Number of mol of HCl = 1 From the equation,
1 mol of HCl : 1 mol of mol NaOH 0.1 mol of HCl : 0.1 mol of mol NaOH n mol Volume of NaOH = M mol dm3 0.1 mol = 2 mol dm3 = 0.05 dm3 = 50 cm3
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Experiment I / Eksperimen I 1 mol dm3 of nitric acid is used to neutralise 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution.
Asid nitrik 1 mol dm3 digunakan untuk meneutralkan 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3.
Experiment II / Eksperimen II 1 mol dm3 of sulphuric acid is used to neutralise 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution.
Asid sulfurik 1 mol dm3 digunakan untuk meneutralkan 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3.
Bandingkan isi padu asid yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 dalam Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II. Terangkan jawapan anda. Answer / Jawapan: Experiment
Eksperimen
Compare the volume of acids needed to neutralise 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution in Experiment I and Experiment II. Explain your answer.
Experiment I
Eksperimen I
Experiment II
Eksperimen II
Balanced equation
Persamaan kimia
NaOH + HNO3
NaNO3 + H2O
2NaOH + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Calculation
Pengiraan
100 1 000 = 0.1 mol From the equation / Daripada persamaan : 1 mol NaOH : 1 mol HNO Mol of KOH / Bilangan mol NaOH = 1 mol HNO3 Mv Mol of HCl / Bilangan mol HNO3 = 1 000 M = Concentration of HNO3 / Kepekatan HNO3 v = Volume of HNO3 in cm3 / Isi padu HNO3 dalam cm3 1 mol dm3 v = 0.1 mol 1 000 3 v = 100 cm 0.1 mol NaOH : 0.1
3
100 1 000 = 0.1 mol From the equation / Daripada persamaan : 2 mol NaOH / NaOH : 1 mol H SO Mol of KOH / Bilangan mol NaOH = 1 0.1
2
mol NaOH / NaOH : 0.05 mol H2SO4 Mv Mol of H2SO4 / Bilangan mol H2SO4 = 1 000 M = Concentration of H2SO4 / Kepekatan H2SO4 v = Volume of H2SO4 in cm3 / Isi padu H2SO4 dalam cm3 1 mol dm3 v = 0.1 mol 1 000 3 v = 50 cm
Comparison and explanation

Perbandingan dan penerangan
The volume of acid needed in Experiment II is doubled of Experiment I. Sulphuric acid is diprotic
diprotik
Isi padu asid nitrik yang diperlukan adalah dua kali ganda dalam Eksperimen I dibandingkan dengan Eksperimen II.
acid while nitric acid is two

dua
+
monoprotic .
Asid sulfurik adalah asid
manakala asid nitrik adalah asid

+
monoprotik
One mol of sulphuric ionises
mol of H , one mol nitric acid ionises to
one
mol of H+.
satu mol
Satu mol asid sulfurik mengion kepada ion H+.
mol ion H manakala satu mol asid nitrik mengion kepada
The number of H+ in the same volume and concentration of both acids is doubled in sulphuric acid compared to hydrochloric acid.
Bilangan ion H+ dalam isi padu dan kepekatan yang sama bagi kedua-dua asid adalah dua kali ganda dalam asid sulfurik dibandingkan dengan asid nitrik.
Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi pentitratan larutan kalium hidroksida dengan asid sulfurik.
Diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for the titration of potassium hydroxide solution with sulphuric acid.
0.5 mol dm3 sulphuric acid

Asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm3
50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution + methyl orange

50 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 + metil jingga
Asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm3 ditambahkan kepada 50 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 dan metil jingga digunakan sebagai penunjuk.
0.5 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is titrated to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution and methyl orange is used as indicator.
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(a) (i)
Namakan tindak balas antara asid sulfurik dengan kalium hidroksida.
Name the reaction between sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide. Neutralisation
(ii) Name the salt formed in the reaction / Namakan garam yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas tersebut. Potassium sulphate
(b) Suggest an apparatus that can be used to measure 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution accurately.
Cadangkan radas yang boleh digunakan untuk mengukur 25.0 cm3 larutan kalum hidroksida dengan tepat.
Pipette (c) What is the colour of methyl orange / Apakah warna metil jingga dalam (i) in potassium hydroxide solution / larutan kalium hidroksida? Red (ii) in sulphuric acid / asid sulfurik? Yellow (iii) at the end point of the titration / pada titik akhir pentitratan? Orange (d) (i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs / Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku. 2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O (ii) Calculate the volume of the 0.1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid needed to completely react with 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide.
Hitung isi padu asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm3 yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan lengkap dengan 50 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm3.
Number of mol KOH = 1 From the equation, Volume of H2SO4 = (e) (i)

50 = 0.05 mol 1 000
2 mol of KOH : 1 mol of H2SO4 0.05 mol of KOH : 0.025 mol of H2SO4
Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 untuk menggantikan asid sulfurik. Ramalkan isipadu asid hidroklorik yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan 50.0 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida.
The experiment is repeated with 0.1 mol dm hydrochloric acid to replace sulphuric acid. Predict the volume of hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise 50.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution.
3
n mol M mol dm3 0.025 mol = 1 mol dm3 = 0.025 dm3 = 25 cm3
50 cm3 // double the volume of sulphuric acid (ii) Explain your answer in (e)(i) / Terangkan jawapan anda di (e)(i). Hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid whereas sulphuric acid is a
Asid hidroklorik ialah asid monoprotik manakala asid sulfurik ialah asid
diprotic
diprotik .
acid. the number

bilangan
The same volume and concentration of both acids, hydrochloric acid contains of mole of H+ ions as in sulphuric acid.
Pada isi padu dan kepekatan yang sama untuk kedua-dua asid, asid hidroklorik mengandungi mol ion H+ daripada asid sulfurik.
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Objective Questions / Soalan objektif 1 Which of the following substances changes blue litmus paper to red when dissolved in water? A Sulphur dioxide Sulfur dioksida B Carbon dioxide
C D
Karbon dioksida
Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah menukarkan warna kertas litmus merah kepada biru apabila dilarutkan dalam air?
The table below shows the concentration of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan kepekatan asid hidroklorik dan asid etanoik. Acid
Asid
Concentration / mol dm3

Kepekatan / mol dm3
Lithium oxide
Litium oksida
Hydrochloric acid
Asid hidroklorik
0.1 0.1
Sodium carbonate
Natrium karbonat
Ethanoic acid
Asid etanoik
The table below shows the pH value of four acids which have the same concentration.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai pH empat larutan yang mempunyai kepekatan yang sama. Solution / Larutan P Q R S pH value / Nilai pH 2 7 12 13
Which of the following statements is true about both acids? A Both are strong acids

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang kedua-dua asid?
B Both acids are strong electrolyte
Kedua-duanya adalah asid kuat
C The pH value of both acid are equal

Nilai pH kedua-dua asid adalah sama
Kedua-duanya adalah elektrolit yang kuat
D 50 cm3 of each acid need 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 of sodium hydroxide to be neutralised
50 cm3 setiap asid memerlukan 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 0.1 mol dm3 untuk dineutralkan
Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of hydroxide ion? A P B Q
Antara larutan berikut, yang manakah mempunyai kepekatan ion hidroksida paling tinggi?
C R D S
Which of the following pairs of reactants would result in a reaction?

Antara pasangan bahan tindak balas berikut, yang manakah akan menghasilkan tindak balas?
Kemolaran larutan natrium hidroksida adalah 0.5 mol dm3. Apakah kepekatan larutan itu dalam g dm3? [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O =16, Na = 23]
The molarity of sodium hydroxide solution 0.5 mol dm3. What is the concentration of the solution in g dm3? [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O =16, Na = 23]
A 20 B 40
C 80 D 120
A Sulphuric acid and copper(II) sulphate solution

B Nitric acid and magnesium oxide

Asid nitrik dan magnesium oksida
Asid sulfurik dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
C Hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrate solution D Ethanoic acid and sodium sulphate solution
Asid etanoik dan larutan natrium sulfat Asid hidroklorik dan larutan natrium nitrat
Berapakah isi padu larutan kalium hidroksida 2.0 mol dm3 diperlukan untuk menyediakan 500 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm3?
What is the volume of 2.0 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution needed to prepare 500 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution?
A 100 cm3 B 150 cm3
C 200 cm3 D 250 cm3
Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah tidak akan membebaskan sebarang gas?
Which of the following reactions will not produce any gas?
Which of the following solutions have the same concentration of hydrogen ions, H+, as in 0.1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4?
Antara asid berikut, yang manakah mempunyai kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ yang sama dengan asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm3?
A Copper metal with sulphuric acid

Logam kuprum dengan asid sulfurik Logam zink dengan asid hidroklorik
A 0.1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid B 0.1 mol dm3 carbonic acid Asid karbonik 0.1 mol dm3 C 0.2 mol dm3 ethanoic acid
Asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3
B Zinc metal with hydrochloride acid C Ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide D Sodium carbonate hydrochloric acid
Ammonium klorida dengan kalsium hidroksida Natrium karbonat dengan asid hidroklorik
D 0.2 mol dm3 nitric acid

Asid nitrik 0.2 mol dm3
Asid etanoik 0.2 mol dm3
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Which of the following sodium hydroxide solutions have concentration of 1.0 mol dm3? [Relative atomic mass: H=1, O=16, Na =23]
Antara larutan natrium hidroksida berikut, yang manakah mempunyai kepekatan 1.0 mol dm3? [JAR: H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23]
10 The diagram below shows 25.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 of sulphuric acid and 50.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 of sodium are added hydroxide solution to form solution A.
5 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in distilled water to make 250 cm3 of solution.

5 g natrium hidroksida dilarutkan dalam air suling menjadikan 250 cm3 larutan.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan 25.0 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm3 dan 50.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm3 ditambah bersama untuk menghasilkan larutan A.
50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of hydroxide solution
50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3
II 20 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in distilled water to make 500 cm3 of solution.

III 250 cm of 2 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution is added to distilled water to make 1 dm3 of solution.
3 3
20 g natrium hidroksida dilarutkan dalam air suling menjadikan 500 cm3 larutan.
25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid
IV 500 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to distilled water to make 1 dm3 of solution.

250 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 2 mol dm ditambah air suling menjadikan 1 dm3 larutan.
3
25 cm3 asid sulfrik 2.0 mol dm3
Solution A / Larutan A
Which of the following is true about the solution A? A The solution has a pH value of 7

Larutan itu menpunyai nilai pH 7
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar tentang larutan A?
A I and III only

500 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 2 mol dm3 ditambah air suling menjadikan 1 dm3 larutan. I dan III sahaja
B The solution will react with any acid
C The solution turns a red litmus paper blue
Larutan itu boleh bertindak balas dengan sebarang asid Larutan itu menukarkan warna kertas litmus merah kepada biru
B II and III only C II and IV only

I, II, III dan IV
II dan III sahaja II dan IV sahaja
D The solution will react with zinc to produce hydrogen gas

Larutan itu bertindak balas dengan zink untuk menghasilkan gas hidrogen
D I, II, III and IV
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GARAM
PREPARATION OF SALTS / PENYEDIAAN GARAM
SALT
THE MEANING OF SALTS / MAKSUD GARAM To write the meaning of salts and the formulae for all types of salt that are commonly found in this topic. THE SOLUBILITY OF SALTS / KETERLARUTAN GARAM To determine the solubility of nitrate, sulphate, carbonate and chloride salts.
Menentukan keterlarutan semua garam nitrat, sulfat, karbonat dan klorida. EKSPERIMEN PENYEDIAAN GARAM BERDASARKAN KETERLARUTAN Menyatakan maksud garam dan menulis formula semua jenis garam yang biasa ditemui dalam tajuk ini.
EXPERIMENTS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SALTS BASED ON SOLUBILITY To determine the suitable methods for the preparation of salts based on solubility:
Menentukan kaedah yang sesuai bagi penyediaan garam berdasarkan keterlarutan:
i. Acid + metal / Asid + logam ii. Acid + metal oxides / Asid + oksida logam iii. Acid + alkali / Asid + alkali iv. Acid + metal carbonate / Asid + karbonat logam v. Double decomposition reaction / Tindak balas penguraian ganda dua To describe the experiments for each method of preparation and explain the rationale for each step.
Menghuraikan eksperimen bagi setiap jenis kaedah penyediaan serta menerangkan rasional setiap langkah.
CALCULATION ON QUANTITY OF REACTANTS/PRODUCTS [ QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ]

PENGHITUNGAN KUANTITI BAHAN/HASIL [ ANALISIS KUANTITATIF]
CONTINUOUS VARIATIONS METHODS / KAEDAH PERUBAHAN BERTERUSAN To describe the methods of experiment to determine the formulae of insoluble salts.
Menghuraikan eksperimen bagi kaedah penentuan formula garam tak larut.
SOLVING VARIOUS PROBLEMS RELATING TO QUANTITY OF REACTANTS/PRODUCTS IN SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS FORMS
MENYELESAIKAN PELBAGAI MASALAH BERKAITAN KUANTITI BAHAN DALAM BENTUK PEPEJAL, LARUTAN DAN GAS Using the formula / Menggunakan formula:
i. n =
MV 1 000
ii. Mole / Mol =
Mass / Jisim RAM/RMM/RFM / JAR/JMR/JFR
iii. The molar volume of gas at room temperature and s.t.p / Isi padu molar gas pada suhu bilik dan s.t.p
IDENTIFICATION OF IONS [ QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ] / MENGENAL ION [ ANALISIS KUALITATIF ] ACTION OF HEAT ON SALTS / KESAN HABA KE ATAS GARAM To state the colour of the residue of lead(II) oxide, zinc oxide and copper(II) oxide.

To state the confirmatory tests for carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Menyatakan ujian pengesahan bagi gas karbon dioksida dan nitrogen dioksida. Menulis persamaan penguraian semua garam karbonat dan nitrat.
Menyatakan warna baki bagi plumbum(II) oksida, zink oksida dan kuprum(II) oksida.
To write the equations of the decomposition of carbonate and nitrate salts. CONFIRMATORY TEST CATIONS AND ANIONS / UJIAN PENGESAHAN KATION DAN ANION To state the confirmatory tests for all cations using sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution.

To state the confirmatory tests to differentiate Al3+ and Pb2+.

Menghuraikan ujian untuk membezakan Al3+ dan Pb2+.
Menghuraikan ujian pengesahan semua kation menggunakan natrium hidroksida dan larutan ammonia.
To state the confirmatory tests for anions of sulphate, nitrate, carbonate and chloride.
Menghuraikan ujian pengesahan anion sulfat, nitrat, karbonat dan klorida.
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PREPARATION OF SALT / Penyediaan Garam

1 2
A salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion in an acid is replaced with metal ion or ammonium ion. Example: Sodium chloride, copper(II) sulphate, potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate.
Garam ialah sebatian ion yang terhasil apabila ion hidrogen daripada asid diganti oleh ion logam termasuk ion ammonium. Contoh: natrium klorida, kuprum(II) sulfat, kalium nitrat dan ammonium sulfat.
Tuliskan formula kimia garam berikut dengan menggantikan ion hidrogen dalam asid sulfurik, asid hidroklorik, asid nitrik dan asid karbonik dengan ion logam atau ion ammonium:
Metal ion Ion logam Sulphate salt (from H2SO4) Garam sulfat (dari H2SO4 ) Chloride salt (from HCl) Garam klorida (dari HCl) Nitrate salt (from HNO3) Garam nitrat (dari HNO3 ) Carbonate salt (from H2CO3) Garam karbonat (dari H2CO3 )
Write the formulae of the salts in the table below by replacing hydrogen ion in sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and carbonic acid with metal ions or ammonium ion.
Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Pb2+ Cu2+ Ag+ NH4+ Ba2+ 3
Na2SO4 K2SO4 MgSO4 CaSO4 Al2(SO4 )3 ZnSO4 FeSO4 PbSO4 CuSO4 Ag2SO4 (NH4 )2SO4 BaSO4
NaCl KCl MgCl2 CaCl2 AlCl3 ZnCl2 FeCl2 PbCl2 CuCl2 AgCl NH4Cl BaCl2
NaNO3 KNO3 Mg(NO3 )2 Ca(NO3 )2 Al(NO3 )3 Zn(NO3 )2 Fe(NO3 )2 Pb(NO3 )2 Cu(NO3 )2 AgNO3 NH4NO3 Ba(NO3 )2
Na2CO3 K2CO3 MgCO3 CaCO3 Al2(CO3 )3 ZnCO3 FeCO3 PbCO3 CuCO3 Ag2CO3 (NH4 )2CO3 BaCO3
Solubility of salts in water: / Keterlarutan garam dalam air: (a) All K+, Na+ and NH4+ salts are soluble. / Semua garam K+, Na+ dan NH4+ larut. (b) All nitrate salts are soluble. / Semua garam nitrat larut. (c) All carbonate salts are insoluble except K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3. Semua garam karbonat tak larut kecuali K2CO3, Na2CO3 dan (NH4 )2CO3. (d) All sulphate salts are soluble except CaSO4, PbSO4 and BaSO4. (e) All chloride salts are soluble except PbCl2 and AgCl. / Semua garam klorida larut kecuali PbCl2 dan AgCl. * Based on the solubility of the salts in water, shade the insoluble salts in the above table.
* Berdasarkan keterlarutan garam dalam air, lorekkan garam yang tak larut dalam jadual di atas. Semua garam sulfat larut kecuali CaSO4, PbSO4 dan BaSO4.
Kaedah penyediaan garam bergantung pada keterlarutan garam tersebut. Soluble salts are prepared from the reactions between an acid with a metal/ base/ metal carbonate: Garam terlarut disediakan melalui tindak balas antara asid dengan logam/bes/karbonat logam: i. Acid + metal / Asid + logam salt + hydrogen / garam + hidrogen Acid + *base salt + water ii. Acid + metal oxide / Asid + oksida logam salt + water / garam + air Asid + *bes garam + air iii. Acid + alkali / Asid + alkali salt + water / garam + air iv. Acid + metal carbonate / Asid + karbonat logam salt + water + carbon dioxide / garam + air + karbon dioksida
Method used to prepare salt depends on the solubility of the salt.
* Most bases are metal oxide or metal hydroxide. / Kebanyakan bes adalah oksida logam atau hidroksida logam. * All metal oxides and hydroxides are insoluble in water except Na2O, K2O, NaOH and KOH. * Alkali is a base that soluble in water and ionises to hydroxide ion.
Alkali ialah bes yang larut dalam air dan mengion menjadi ion hidroksida.
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Semua oksida logam dan hidroksida logam tidak larut dalam air kecuali Na2O, K2O, NaOH dan KOH.
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PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE SALT / Penyediaan Garam Larut dan Garam Tak Larut
1 Preparation of salt / Penyediaan garam Soluble salt Garam larut Method III / Kaedah III Other than / Garam selain K+, Na+, NH4+ Method II / Kaedah II The salt is prepared by reacting acid with insoluble metal/metal oxide/ metal carbonate:
Garam ini disediakan melalui tindak balas antara asid dengan logam/oksida logam/ karbonat logam yang tak larut:
Garam disediakan berdasarkan keterlarutannya sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan pada carta aliran di bawah:
Salts are prepared based on their solubility as shown in the flow chart below:
Insoluble salt Garam tak larut
Salts / Garam K+, Na+, NH4+
Method I / Kaedah I
The salt is prepared by precipitation method. (Double decomposition reaction)
The salt is prepared by titration method of acid and alkali using an indicator.
Garam ini disediakan melalui kaedah pemendakan. (Tindak balas penguraian ganda dua).
Garam ini disediakan melalui kaedah pentitratan di antara asid dan alkali dengan menggunakan penunjuk.
Mix two solutions containing cations and anions of insoluble salts.
Acid + Alkali Salt + Water (Neutralisation Reaction) Acid + Metal

Asid + Alkali Garam + Air (Tindak balas Peneutralan)
Acid + Metal oxide

Asid + Logam
Garam + Hidrogen (Tindak balas penyesaran)
Salt + Hydrogen (Displacement reaction)
Stir with glass rod.

Campur dua larutan yang mengandungi kation dan anion garam tak larut. Kacau dengan rod kaca.
Acid + Metal carbonate

Asid + Karbonat logam
Asid + Oksida bes
Garam + Air (Tindak balas Peneutralan)
Salt + Water (Neutralisation Reaction)
Filter using filter funnel. Rinse the residue with distilled water.
Turas dengan corong turas. Bilas baki dengan air suling.
Garam + Air + Karbon dioksida
Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Dry the residue by pressing it between filter papers.

A titration is conducted to determine the volume of acid needed to neutralise a fixed volume of an alkali with the aid of an indicator.

Add metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate powder until excess into a fixed

Tambah serbuk logam/oksida logam/karbonat logam ke dalam isi padu tetap asid yang dihangatkan sehingga berlebihan. Turas campuran tersebut untuk mengeluarkan pepejal logam/oksida logam/karbonat logam yang berlebihan.
Keringkan baki dengan menekankan antara kertas turas.
Pentitratan dijalankan dengan menentukan isi padu asid yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan alkali yang isi padunya sudah ditetapkan dengan menggunakan penunjuk.
volume of the heated acid
The same volume of acid is then added to the same volume of alkali without any indicator to obtain pure and neutral salt solution.
Filter the mixture to remove excess metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate
Isi padu asid yang sama juga ditambah kepada isi padu alkali yang sama tanpa penunjuk untuk mendapatkan garam yang tulen dan neutral.
Evaporate the filtrate until it becomes a saturated solution/ Sejatkan hasil turasan hingga larutan tepu. Dip in a glass rod, if crystals are formed, the solution is saturated.

Cooled at room temperature / Biarkan sejuk pada suhu bilik. Filter and dry the salt crystals by pressing them between filter papers.

Celupkan dengan rod kaca, jika hablur terbentuk dengan serta merta, larutan adalah tepu.
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Turas dan keringkan hablur garam dengan menekan antara kertas turas.
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Method II:/Kaedah II: Soluble salt except K+, Na+ and NH4+ / Garam larut selain K+, Na+ dan NH4+ Garam larut K+, Na+ dan NH4+
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2 Steps to Prepare Soluble Salt/Langkah Penyediaan Garam Larut
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Soluble salt of K+, Na+ and NH4+
Method I:/Kaedah I:
Stir the mixture with a glass rod . The

Larutan garam dituangkan dalam mangkuk penyejat .
campuran dengan Kacau rod kaca menggunakan .
Filter the mixture to separate metal /metal oxide excess /metal carbonate with the salt solution . Evaporate the salt solution until saturated solution is formed.
Sejatkan larutan sehingga terbentuk. larutan tepu
salt solution is poured into evaporating dish .
Add metal/metal oxide / metal powder carbonate to the acid excess until .
Turas campuran tersebut untuk mengasingkan bahan berlebihan iaitu logam/oksida logam/karbonat logam larutan garam dengan .
Measure and pour 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 any alkali into a conical flask. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein.
Sukat dan tuangkan 50 cm3 sebarang alkali berkepekatan 1 mol dm3 ke dalam kelalang. Tambah beberapa titis fenolftalein.
Tambah serbuk logam / oksida logam / karbonat logam kepada asid sehingga berlebihan .
Saturated salt solutions

Larutan garam
The residue is metal /metal oxide /metal carbonate .

logam/ Baki adalah logam oksida/ logam karbonat
Excess of metal/ metal oxide/ metal carbonate tepu

.
Logam/oksida logam/ karbonat logam
Panaskan .
Heat
Hasil turasan ialah larutan garam
yang berlebihan.
The filtrate is salt solution .

Panaskan
Heat
mol dm3 of any acid is titrated to the alkali until neutral by using an indicator. The volume of acid used is recorded.

1 mol dm3 sebarang asid dititratkan kepada alkali sehingga neutral menggunakan penunjuk. Isi padu asid yang digunakan dicatat.
crystals salts
hablur garam
are
terbentuk.
50 100

0.5 2
Cool it at room temperature until formed.

Sejukkan pada suhu bilik sehingga
Repeat the titration without the indicator to get pure and neutral salt solution.

Salt
crystals
Hablur garam
cm of mol dm of any acid Measure and pour and pour into a beaker. 50 100 Sukat dan tuangkan cm3 sebarang asid berkepekatan 3 0.5 2 mol dm dan tuangkan ke dalam bikar. Add metal/metal oxide/ metal carbonate powder into the acid and heat gently .
Ulang titratan tanpa penunjuk untuk mendapatkan larutan garam yang tulen dan neutral .
serbuk logam/ oksida logam/ karbonat logam pada isi padu asid yang Tambahkan tetap sambil dihangatkan perlahan-lahan .
Filter the mixture to separate the salt crystals . by filter

Turaskan campuran tersebut untuk mengasingkan hablur garam .
salt crystals Dry the between pressing them papers.

Acid Asid Residue is salt crystals

Baki adalah hablur garam
Acid Asid
hablur garam dengan Keringkan menekan antara kertas turas.
Alkali Alkali
Panaskan
Heat
Salt crystals
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Steps to Prepare Insoluble Salt / Penyediaan Garam Tak Larut Insoluble salts are prepared by the precipitation method through double decomposition reactions. Garam tak larut disediakan dengan cara pemendakan melalui tindak balas penguraian ganda dua. (i) In this reaction, the precipitate of insoluble salt is formed when two different solutions that contain the cation and anion of the insoluble salt are mixed.

Dalam tindak balas ini, mendakan garam tak larut terbentuk apabila dua larutan berbeza yang mengandungi kation dan anion garam tak terlarut dicampurkan. Garam tak terlarut tersebut diperoleh daripada baki penurasan.
(ii) The insoluble salt is obtained as a residue of a filtration.

Method III: Preparation of Insoluble XnYm Salt by Double Decomposition Reaction Kaedah III: Penyediaan Garam Tak Larut XnYm Melalui Tindak balas Penguraian Ganda Dua 1) Measure and pour 50 100 cm3 0.5 2 of mol dm3 of aqueous solution contains X m+ cation.
Sukat dan tuangkan 50 100 cm3 0.5 2 mol dm3 larutan berkepekatan mengandungi kation Xm+ ke dalam bikar.
2) Measure and pour 50 100 cm3 0.5 2 mol dm3 of of aqueous solution contains Yn anion into another beaker.
Sukat dan tuangkan 50 100 cm3 0.5 2 larutan berkepekatan mol dm3 mengandungi anion Yn ke dalam bikar yang lain.
Precipitate of salt is formed.
XnYm
XnYm
3) Mix both solutions and stir the glass rod .

mixture
with
Mendakan garam terbentuk.
Campur dan kacaukan rod kaca .
campuran
menggunakan
The residue is salt.
XnYm
4) Filter the mixture distilled water
Mendakan adalah garam XnYm .
and
rinse
the precipitate
XnYm
Turas campuran dan bilas mendakan itu menggunakan air suling. Baki ialah garam XnYm.
with salt.
. The residue is
Salt
Garam
XnYm
XnYm
5) Press the precipitate
between
filter papers to dry it.
Tekankan mendakan antara kertas turas untuk mengeringkannya.
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Lengkapkan jadual berikut: X m+ Yn XnYm Ion equation/Persamaan ion
Pb2+ [Pb(NO3)2] Ba2+[ BaCl2 ] Ag+ [AgNO3] Ca2+ [Ca(NO3)2]

4
I [KI] SO4 [ Na2SO4 ] Cl [NaCl] CO32 [Na2CO3]

2
PbI2 BaSO4 AgCl CaCO3
Pb2+ + I Ba2+ + SO42 Ag+ + Cl Ca2+ + CO32
PbI2 BaSO4 AgCl CaCO3
Lengkapkan jadual berikut dengan menulis L bagi garam larut dan TL bagi garam tak larut. Tuliskan semua persamaan kimia dalam penyediaan garam larut dan dua persamaan kimia bagi garam tak larut.
Garam
Complete the following table by writing S for soluble salts and IS for insoluble salts. Write all the possible chemical equations to prepare soluble salts and two chemical equations for insoluble salts.
Salt
S / IS
L / TL
Chemical equations
Persamaan kimia
Zinc chloride
Zink klorida
Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2 ZnCl2 + CO2 + H2O ZnCl2 + H2O NaNO3 + H2O AgCl + HNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 CuSO4 + H2O CuSO4 + CO2 + H2O PbSO4 + 2HNO3 PbSO4 + 2NaNO3
ZnCO3 + 2HCl ZnO + 2HCl
Natrium nitrat
Sodium nitrate
S IS
NaOH + HNO3 AgNO3 + HCl AgNO3 + NaCl CuO + H2SO4 CuCO3 + H2SO4 Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 2Al + 6HNO3
Argentum klorida
Silver chloride
Copper(II) sulphate
Kuprum(II) sulfat
Lead(II) sulphate
Plumbum(II) sulfat
IS
Aluminium nitrate
Aluminium nitrat
2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O 2Al(NO3)3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O PbCl2 + 2HNO3 PbCl2 + 2NaNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O Mg(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
Al2O3 + 6HNO3 Al2(CO3)3 + 6HNO3
Plumbum(II) klorida
Lead(II) chloride
IS
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl Mg + 2HNO3
Magnesium nitrate
Magnesium nitrat
MgO + 2HNO3 MgCO3 + 2HNO3
Potassium chloride
Kalium klorida
S S
KOH + HCl PbO + 2HNO3 PbCO3 + 2HNO3 BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaCl2 + Na2SO4
KCl + H2O Pb(NO3)2 + H2O Pb(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O BaSO4 + 2HCl BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Plumbum(II) nitrat
Lead(II) nitrate
Barium sulfat
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IS
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Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menyediakan garam larut Y.
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to prepare soluble salt Y.
Nitric acid
Asid nitrik
25 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution + phenolphthalein

25 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm-3 + fenolftalein
Fenolftalein digunakan sebagai penunjuk dalam pentitratan antara asid nitrik dengan larutan kalium hidroksida. 25 cm3 asid nitrik meneutralkan 25 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm3. Eksperimen ini diulang dengan menindakbalaskan 25 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 dengan 25 cm3 asid nitrik tanpa fenolftalein. Garam Y terbentuk daripada tindak balas ini.
Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator in a titration between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. 25 cm3 of nitric acid completely neutralises 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution. The experiment is repeated by reacting 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution with 25 cm3 nitric acid without phenolphthalein. Salt Y is formed from the reaction.
(a) Name salt Y.

Nyatakan nama garam Y.
Potassium nitrate (b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.
Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
HNO3 + KOH

KNO3 + H2O
(c) Calculate the concentration of nitric acid.

Hitungkan kepekatan asid nitrik tersebut.
1 = 0.025 mol 1 000 From the equation, 1 mol of KOH : 1 mol of HNO3 0.025 mol of KOH : 0.025 mol of HNO3 Concentration of HNO3, M 25 0.025 = M 1 000 M = 1 mol dm3
Mol of NaOH = 1
(d) Why is the experiment is repeated without phenolphthalein?

Mengapakah eksperimen ini diulang tanpa menggunakan fenolftalein?
To get pure and neutral salt solution Y. (e) Describe briefly how a crystal of salt Y is obtained from the salt solution.
Huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana hablur garam Y diperoleh daripada larutan garamnya.
The salt solution is poured into an evaporating dish. The solution is heated to evaporate the solution until one third its original volume// a saturated solution formed. The saturated solution is allowed to cool until salt crystals Y are formed. The crystals are filtered and dried by pressing them between filter papers. (f) Name two other salts that can be prepared with the same method.
Namakan dua garam lain yang boleh disediakan dengan kaedah yang sama.
Potassium/sodium/ammonium salt. Example: potassium nitrate, sodium sulphate. (g) State the type of reaction in the preparation of the salts.
Nyatakan jenis tindak balas dalam penyediaan garam ini.
Neutralisation
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Berikut adalah langkah-langkah dalam penyediaan hablur garam kuprum(II) sulfat kering.
The following is the steps in the preparation of dry copper(II) sulphate crystals. Step I: Copper(II) oxide powder is added a little at a time with constant stirring to the heated 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid until some of it no longer dissolve.
Langkah I: Serbuk kuprum(II) oksida ditambahkan, sedikit demi sedikit sambil dikacau ke dalam 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm-3 yang dipanaskan sehingga serbuk itu tidak boleh larut lagi.
Step II:
Langkah II: Campuran dituras.
The mixture is filtered.
Step III: The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish and heated to evaporate the solution until one third of its original.
Langkah III: Hasil turasan dipanaskan di dalam mangkuk penyejat sehingga isi padunya menjadi satu pertiga daripada isi padu asal.
Step IV:
Langkah IV: Hasil turasan itu dibiarkan sejuk ke suhu bilik sehingga penghabluran berlaku.
The salt solution is allowed to cool at room temperature for the crystallisation to take place.
Step V: The crystals formed are filtered and dried by pressing them between filter papers.
Langkah V: Hablur yang terbentuk dituraskan dan dikeringkan dengan menekan antara kertas turas.
(a) (i)

State two observations during Step I. Black solid dissolve Colourless solution turns black
Nyatakan dua pemerhatian pada Langkah I.
(ii) Write a balance chemical equation for the reaction that occur in Step I. CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 +H2O
Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam Langkah I.
(iii) State the type of reaction in the preparation of the salts. Neutralisation
Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam penyediaan garam.
(b) Why is copper(II) oxide powder added until some of it no longer dissolve in Step I?

Mengapakah serbuk kuprum(II) oksida ditambah pada larutan tersebut sehingga ia tidak boleh melarut lagi dalam Langkah I?
To make sure that all sulphuric acid has reacted. (c) What is the purpose of heating in Step III?
Apakah tujuan pemanasan dalam Langkah III?
To evaporate the water and copper(II) sulphate solution becomes saturated (d) What is the colour of copper(II) sulphate?
Apakah warna kuprum(II) sulfat?
Blue (e) What is the purpose of filtration in

Apakah tujuan penurasan dalam (i) Step II? / Langkah II?
To remove the excess copper(II) oxide. To obtain copper(II) sulphate solution as a filtrate
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(ii) Step V? / Langkah V? To obtain copper(II) sulphate crystals as a residue.
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(f) Draw the a labelled diagram to show the set-up of apparatus used Step II and Step III. Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan susunan alat radas yang digunakan dalam Langkah II dan Langkah III. Excess of copper(II) oxide Filter paper
Heat Copper(II) sulphate solution (g) Can copper powder replace copper(II) oxide in the experiment? Explain your answer. Bolehkah serbuk kuprum digunakan untuk menggantikan kuprum(II) oksida dalam eksperimen ini? Terangkan jawapan anda. Cannot. Copper is less electropositive than hydrogen in the electrochemical series, copper cannot displace hydrogen from the acid. (h) Name other substance that can replace copper(II) oxide to prepare the same salt. Write a balance chemical equation for the reaction that occur.
Namakan sebatian lain yang dapat menggantikan kuprum(II) oksida dalam penyediaan garam yang sama. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
Substance / Garam larut : Balance equation / Persamaan seimbang :
Copper(II) carbonate CuCO3 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O + CO2
The diagram below shows the flow chart for the preparation of lead(II) nitrate and lead(II) sulphate through reaction I and II.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi penyediaan plumbum(II) nitrat dan plumbum(II) sulfat melalui tindak balas I dan II. Reaction I Tindak balas I Reaction II Tindak balas II
Plumbum(II) karbonat
Lead(II) carbonate
Lead(II) nitrate
Plumbum(II) nitrat
Lead(II) sulphate
Plumbum(II) sulfat
(a) (i)

What is meant by salt?

Apakah maksud garam?
Salts are ionic compounds produced when hydrogen ion from acid is replaced with metal ion including ammonium ion.

(ii) Based on the flow chart above, classify the above salt to soluble salt and insoluble salt. Soluble salt / Garam larut : Lead(II) nitrate Insoluble salt / Garam tak larut : Lead(II) carbonate, Lead(II) sulphate Describe how lead(II) nitrate solution is obtained in reaction I.
Terangkan bagaimana larutan plumbum(II) nitrat diperoleh daripada tindak balas I.
Berdasarkan carta aliran di atas, kelaskan garam-garam tersebut kepada garam larut dan garam tak larut.
(b) (i)

Measure
Sukat Serbuk Campuran
and pour
sebanyak
50
50
3
cm3 of 1 mol dm3

cm asid nitrik
nitric
-3
acid in a beaker. excess .

.
1 mol dm dan tuangkan ke dalam bikar. berlebihan
Lead(II) carbonate Stir the The

powder
is added to the acid in the beaker until
plumbum(II) karbonat ditambahkan kepada asid di dalam bikar sehingga
mixture mixture
with a glass rod. in the beaker is filtered.
tersebut dikacau dengan rod kaca. dituraskan.
Campuran
The filtrate is lead(II) nitrate

Hasil turasan ialah
solution
larutan
.
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(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occur. PbCO3 + HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
(c) (i)

Describe how to prepare pure and dry lead(II) sulphate in reaction II.

Huraikan bagaimana cara menyediakan plumbum(II) sulfat yang tulen dan kering dalam tindak balas II.
1 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to of sodium sulphate solution in a beaker.
50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 1 mol dm3 ke dalam bikar. 1 mol dm3 ditambahkan kepada
50 cm3
50 cm3
50 cm3
of
mol dm3
larutan natrium sulfat
The

mixture
Campuran
is stirred with glass rod.

tersebut dikacau dengan rod kaca.
The

mixture
Campuran
is filtered. The white precipitate of lead(II) sulphate is collected as the residue.

dituraskan. Mendakan putih plumbum(II) sulfat dikumpulkan sebagai baki.
The precipitate is rinsed with

Mendakan tersebut dibilas dengan
distilled water
air suling antara .
. filter papers
.
The precipitate is
Mendakan tersebut
pressed
ditekan
between sheets of
kertas turas
to dry it.
(ii) Write an ionic equation the reaction that occur.

2+ 2 Pb + SO4
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
PbSO4
(iii) Name the type of reaction that occur in reaction II. Double decomposition reaction
Namakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tindak balas II.
Apakah langkah yang diambil untuk memastikan plumbum(II) sulfat dalam tindak balas II tulen?
(iv) What is the step taken to make sure that pure lead(II) sulphate in reaction II is pure? The precipitate is rinsed with distilled water. Can lead(II) sulphate be prepared by adding excess of lead(II) nitrate to calcium(II) sulphate followed by filtration. Explain your answer.
Bolehkah plumbum(II) sulfat disediakan dengan menambahkan plumbum(II) nitrat berlebihan kepada kalsium(II) sulfat dan diikuti dengan penurasan? Terangkan jawapan anda.
(d) (i)

Cannot. Calcium sulphate is insoluble salt, it cannot form a solution and there are no free moving ions. Double decomposition reaction cannot occur.

(ii) Can lead(II) sulphate be prepared by adding excess of lead(II) oxide to sulphuric acid. Explain your answer.
Bolehkah plumbum(II) sulfat disediakan dengan menambahkan plumbum(II) oksida berlebihan kepada asid sulfurik? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Cannot. Lead(II) sulphate and lead(II) oxide are insoluble, both cannot be separated by filtration. The insoluble lead(II) sulphate will prevent lead(II) oxide to undergo further reaction with sulphuric acid.
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Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi penyediaan garam zink karbonat dan zink sulfat melalui tindak balas I dan tindak balas II.
The diagram below shows the flow chart for the preparation of zinc carbonate and zinc sulphate through reactions I and II.
Reaction I Tindak balas I Reaction II Tindak balas II
Zinc nitrate
Zink nitrat
Zinc carbonate
Zink karbonat
Zinc sulphate
Zink sulfat
(a) Based on the flow chart above, classify the above salt to soluble salt and insoluble salt.
Berdasarkan carta aliran di atas, kelaskan garam di atas kepada garam larut dan garam tak larut.
Soluble salt / Garam larut : Zinc nitrate, zinc sulphate Insoluble salt / Garam tak larut : Zinc carbonate State the reactant for the preparation of zinc carbonate from zinc nitrate in reaction I.
Nyatakan bahan tindak balas untuk penyediaan zink karbonat dalam tindak balas I.
(b) (i)

Sodium carbonate solution / potassium carbonate solution / ammonium carbonate solution

(ii) State the type of reaction the occurs in reaction I. Double decomposition
Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tindak balas I.
(iii) Describe the preparation zinc carbonate from zinc nitrate in the laboratory through reaction I.
Huraikan penyediaan zink karbonat dari zink nitrat melalui tindak balas I.
50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 zinc nitrate solution is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium carbonate solution in a beaker. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod and a white solid, ZnCO3 is formed. The mixture is filtered and the residue is rinsed with distilled water. The white precipitate is dried by pressing it between filter papers. (iv) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (b)(iii).
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas yang berlaku dalam (b)(iii).
Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3

ZnCO3 + 2NaNO3
(c) (i)
Nyatakan bahan tindak balas bagi penyediaan zink sulfat dari zink karbonat dalam tindak balas II.
State the reactant for the preparation of zinc sulphate from zinc carbonate in reaction II.
Sulphuric acid (ii) Describe laboratory experiment to prepare zinc sulphate from zinc carbonate through reaction II. Huraikan eksperimen dalam makmal untuk menyediakan zink sulfat dari zink karbonat melalui tindak balas II. 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of sulphuric is measured and poured into acid in a beaker. The white precipitate from reaction I/ zinc carbonate powder is added to the acid until in excess. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod. The excess white precipitate is filter out. The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish.
The salt solution is gently heated until saturated.
The hot saturated salt solution is allowed to cool for crystals to form.
The crystals formed are filtered and dried by pressing it between sheets of filter papers. (iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (c)(ii).
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas yang berlaku dalam (c)(ii).
ZnCO3 + H2SO4
ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2

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Constructing Ionic Equation for the Formation of Insoluble Salt Membina Persamaan Ion bagi Pembentukan Garam Tak Larut 1 2
The ionic equation for the formation of insoluble salt can be constructed if the number of moles of anion and cation to form 1 mol of insoluble salt are known.
Persamaan kimia untuk pembentukan garam tak terlarut dapat ditulis jika bilangan mol anion dan kation untuk membentuk 1 mol garam tak larut diketahui.
The number mol of cation and anion which combined to form 1 mol of insoluble salt is determined experimentally by a continuous method: (a) A fixed volume of a solution A contains cations, Xm+ of the insoluble salt reacts with increasing volume of another solution B contains the anions, Yn of the insoluble salt.

Bilangan mol kation dan anion yang bergabung untuk membentuk 1 mol garam tak terlarut dapat ditentukan secara eksperimen menggunakan kaedah perubahan berterusan:
(b) The volume of solution B needed to completely react with fixed volume of solution A is determined. (c) The number of mol of Xm+ react with Yn is calculated based on the result of the experiment. (d) The simplest ration of mol of Xm+: mol of Yn is calculated. (e) Use the ratio to construct ionic equation.
3 Nisbah di antara bilangan mol X m+: bilangan mol Y n dihitung. Gunakan nisbah tersebut untuk membina persamaan ion. Bilangan mol X m+ yang bertindak balas dengan Y n dihitung berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen. Isi padu larutan B yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan isi padu larutan A yang ditetapkan ditentukan.
Isi padu tetap larutan A mengandungi kation, X m+ daripada garam tak terlarut bertindak balas dengan isi padu yang meningkat larutan B yang mengandungi anion, Y n daripada garam tak terlarut.
5.0 cm larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm3 dituang ke dalam setiap 8 tabung uji yang mempunyai saiz yang sama. Larutan kalium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm3 yang berlainan isi padu ditambah kepada setiap tabung uji. Tabung uji tersebut digoncangkan dan dibiarkan selama 30 minit. Tinggi mendakan yang terbentuk dalam setiap tabung uji diukur. Graf di bawah diperoleh apabila ketinggian mendakan diplot melawan isi padu larutan kalium hidroksida. Height of precipitate (cm) / Tinggi mendakan (cm)
Example: / Contoh: 5.0 cm of 0.5 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution is poured to 8 test tubes with the same size. Different volume of 1.0 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution are added to each test tube. The test tubes are stoppered and shaken well. The test tubes are left for 30 minutes. The height of precipitate formed in each test tube is measured. The graph below is obtained when the height of precipitate is plotted against the volume of potassium hydroxide solution.
0 (a) (i)

Volume of potassium hydroxide /cm3

Isi padu kalium hidroksida /cm3
Name the precipitate formed. Copper(II) hydroxide
Nyatakan nama mendakan yang terbentuk.
(ii) What is the colour of the precipitate?

Apakah warna mendakan?
Blue (b) Based on the above graph, what is the volume of potassium hydroxide solution needed to completely react with copper(II) sulphate solution?
Berdasarkan graf di atas, apakah isi padu larutan kalium hidroksida yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat secara lengkap?
5 cm3
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(c) (i)
Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) ions in 5.0 cm of 0.5 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution.
Hitung bilangan mol ion kuprum(II) dalam 5.0 cm larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm3.
Cu2+ + SO42 5 0.5 = 0.0025 mol Mol of CuSO4 = 1 000 From the equation, 1 mol CuSO4 : 1 mol Cu2+ 0.0025 mol CuSO4 : 0.0025 mol Cu2+ (ii) Calculate the number of mol of hydroxide ions needed to react with 5.0 cm of 0.5 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution.
Hitung bilangan mol ion hidroksida yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan 5.0 cm larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm3.
CuSO4
KOH
K+ + OH Mol of KOH = 5 1.0 = 0.005 mol 1 000 From the equation, 1 mol KOH : 1 mol OH 0.005 mol KOH : 0.005 mol OH (iii) How many moles of hydroxide ions react with one mole of copper(II) ions to form a precipitate?
Berapakah bilangan mol ion hidroksida yang bertindak balas dengan satu mol ion kuprum(II) untuk membentuk mendakan?
0.0025 mol Cu2+ : 0.005 mol OH 1 mol Cu2+ : 2 mol of OH (d) Calculate the number of mol of hydroxide ions needed to react with 5.0 cm of 0.5 mol dm3 copper (II) sulphate solution.
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan.
Cu2+ + 2OH
Cu(OH)2
Solving Numerical Problems Involving the Salt Preparation Penghitungan Pelbagai Masalah Melibatkan Penyediaan Garam
Jisim dalam gram
Mass in gram
(RAM/RMM/RFM) g mol1
(JAR/JMR/JFR) g mol1 MV n = 1000
(RAM/RMM/RFM) g mol1
(JAR/JMR/JFR) g mol1
Solution concentration in mol dm3 (M) and volume in cm3 (V)

Kepekatan larutan dalam mol dm3 (M) dan isi padu dalam cm3 (V)
24 dm3 mol1/22.4 dm3 mol1
Number of mol (n)

Bilangan mol (n) 24 dm mol /22.4 dm mol
3 1 3 1
Volume of gas in dm3

Gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p (standard temperature and pressure).
1 mol sebarang gas menempati isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada s.t.p (suhu dan tekanan piawai). Calculation steps: / Langkah-langkah pengiraan:
S1 Write a balanced equation.

L1 Tuliskan persamaan seimbang.
S2 Write the information from the question above the equation.

L3 Tuliskan maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan tersebut.
S3 Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (the number of moles of reactants/products).
L3 Tuliskan maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan tersebut (bilangan mol bagi bahan/hasil tindak balas).
S4 Change the information in S2 into moles by using the method shown in the chart below.
L5 Gunakan perhubungan bilangan mol bahan terlibat dalam L3 untuk mendapatkan jawapan.
L4 Tukar maklumat dalam L2 menjadi mol dengan menggunakan kaedah yang ditunjukkan dalam carta di atas.
S5 Use the relationship between number of moles of substance involved in S3 to find the answer. S6 Change the information to the unit required using the chart below.
L6 Tukar maklumat tersebut kepada unit yang dikehendaki mengikut carta di atas.
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50 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is added to an excess of copper(II) oxide powder. Calculate the mass of copper(II) sulphate formed in the reaction. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32]
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 2 mol dm3 ditambah kepada serbuk kuprum(II) oksida berlebihan. Hitungkan jisim kuprum(II) sulfat yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas itu. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32]
?g CuSO4(ak) + 2H2O(l) 2 50 Number of moles of sulpuric acid = = 0.1 mol 1 000 From the equation, 1 mol CuO : 1 mol CuSO4 0.1 mol CuO : 0.1 mol CuSO4 Mass of CuSO4 = 0.1 mol [64 + 32 + (16 4)] g mol1 = 16 g 27.66 g of lead(II) iodide is precipitated when 2.0 mol dm3 of aqueous lead(II) nitrate solution is added to an excess of aqueous potassium iodide solution. Calculate the volume of aqueous lead(II) nitrate solution used. [Relative atomic mass: I = 127, Pb = 207]
M = 2 mol dm3 V = 50 cm3 CuO(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
27.66 g plumbum(II) iodida termendak apabila 2.0 mol dm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat akueus ditambahkan kepada larutan kalium iodida akueus berlebihan. Hitungkan isi padu plumbum(II) nitrat yang digunakan. [Jisim atom relatif: I = 127, Pb = 207]
M = 2 mol dm3 V = ? cm3 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) Mol of PbI2 =
25 g PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
27.66 = 0.06 mol (207 + 2 127) 1 mol PbI2 : 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 0.06 mol PbI2 : 0.06 mol Pb(NO3)2
From the equation,
n mol 0.06 mol = = 0.03 dm3 = 30 cm3 Volume of Pb(NO3)2 = M mol dm3 2 mol dm3
Serbuk zink oksida ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 asid nitrik 2 mol dm3 untuk membentuk zink nitrat. Hitungkan
Zinc oxide powder is added to 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 nitric acid to form zinc nitrate. Calculate (i) the mass of zinc oxide that has reacted.
jisim zink oksida yang bertindak balas.
(ii) the mass of zinc nitrate produced. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65]
jisim zink nitrat yang terhasil. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65]
(i) 2HNO3(aq) + ZnO(s)
Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
100 2 = 0.2 mol 1 000 From the equation, 2 mol of HNO3 : 1 mol of ZnO 0.2 mol of HNO3 : 0.1 mol of ZnO Mass of ZnO = 0.1 [65 + 16] = 8.1 g Number of moles of HNO3 =
(ii) From the equation, 2 mol of HNO3 : 1 mol of Zn(NO3)2 0.2 mol of HNO3 : 0.1 mol of Zn(NO3)2 Mass of Zn(NO3)2 = 0.1 mol [65 +[14 + (16 3)] 2] g mol1 = 0.1 189 = 18.9 g
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200 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 barium chloride solution reacts 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 silver nitrate solution. Calculate the mass of precipitate produced. [Relative atomic mass Ag = 108, Cl = 35.5]
200 cm3 larutan barium klorida 1 mol dm3 bertindak balas dengan 100 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 1 mol dm3. Hitungkan jisim mendakan yang terbentuk. [Jisim atom relatif: Ag = 108, Cl = 35.5]
M = 0.1 mol dm3 V = 100 cm3 BaCl2 +
M = 0.2 mol dm3 V = 100 cm3, ? g
2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2 1 200 Mol of barium chloride = = 0.2 mol (excess) 1 000 1 100 = 0.1 mol Mol of silver nitrate = 1 000 From the equation, 1 mol of BaCl2 : 2 mol of AgNO3 : 2 mol of AgCl 0.2 mol of BaCl2 (lebih) : 0.1 mol of AgNO3 : 0.1 mol of AgCl Mass of AgCl = 0.1 mol [108 + 35.5] g mol1 = 14.35 g
Qualitative Analysis of Salts / Analisis Kualitatif Garam
1 2
Analisis kualitatif garam ialah suatu teknik dalam kimia yang digunakan untu mengenal pasti ion-ion yang hadir dalam garam. Analisis kualitatif terdiri daripada langkah-langkah berikut: (a) Observe the physical properties on salt. Perhatikan sifat-sifat fizik garam. (b) The action of heat on salts. Kesan haba ke atas garam. (c) Prepare aqueous solution of salts and conduct confirmatory test for cation and anion present. Sediakan larutan akueus garam dan menjalankan ujian pengesahan untuk kation dan anion yang hadir.
Qualitative analysis of a salt is a chemical technique to identify the ions present in a salt. The qualitative analysis consists of the following steps:
Physical Properties of Salt Sifat-Sifat Fizik Garam 1
Physical properties such as colour and solubility indicate the possibility of the presence of certain cations, anions or metal oxide.
Sifat-sifat fizikal seperti warna dan keterlarutan menunjukkan kemungkinan kehadiran kation, anion atau oksida logam tertentu. Pepejal White Putih Green Hijau Light green Hijau muda Blue Biru Brown Perang Black Hitam Yellow when hot, white when cold Kuning apabila panas, putih apabila sejuk Brown when hot, yellow when cold Perang apabila panas, kuning apabila sejuk
Solid
Larutan akueus Colourless Tanpa warna Insoluble Tak larut Light Green Hijau muda Blue Biru Brown Perang Insoluble Tak larut Insoluble Tak larut Insoluble Tak larut
Aqueous
Salts/ Cation/Metal oxide

Garam/Kation/Oksida logam K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, NH4+ CuCO3 Fe2+, contoh: FeSO4, FeCl2, Fe(NO3)2 CuSO4, Cu(NO3 )2 dan CuCl2 Fe3+ CuO ZnO PbO
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Action of Heat on Salt / Kesan Haba ke atas Garam 1
Beberapa jenis garam terurai apabila dipanaskan: Garam
Some salts decompose when they are heated: Salt metal oxide
oksida logam
gas
gas

Inference Inferens Nitrogen dioxide gas is produced by heating nitrate salt. Nitrogen dioksida terhasil apabila garam nitrat dipanaskan. Nitrate ion, NO3 present. Ion nitrat, NO3 hadir. Oxygen gas is produced by heating nitrate or chlorate(V) salt. Gas oksigen terhasil apabila garam nitrat atau klorat(V) dipanaskan. Nitrate ion, NO3 present or ClO3 ion present. Ion nitrat, NO3 atau ion ClO3 hadir. Produced by heating carbonate salt. Terhasil apabila garam karbonat dipanaskan. Carbonate ion, CO3 present. Ion karbonat, CO3 hadir.
Common Gas Identification: / Pengesahan Gas yang biasa: Gas Gas Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 Nitrogen dioksida, NO2 Observation/ Test Pemerhatian/Ujian Brown gas. Wasap perang. Place a moist blue litmus paper at the mouth of the boiling tube, blue litmus paper turns red. Letakkan kertas litmus biru lembap pada mulut tabung didih, kertas litmus biru bertukar menjadi merah. Colourless gas. Gas tanpa warna. Put a glowing wooden splinter near to the mouth of a boiling tube, the glowing wooden splinter is relighted. Dekatkan kayu uji berbara ke mulut tabung didih, kayu uji berbara menyala. Colourless gas. Gas tanpa warna. Pass the gas through lime water, lime water turns chalky. Lalukan gas pada air kapur, air kapur menjadi keruh. Draw the set-up of apparatus to conduct the test: Lukiskan susunan radas untuk menjalankan ujian: Calcium carbonate Heat Lime water Colourless gas with pungent smell. Gas tanpa warna dengan bau yang sengit. Place a moist red litmus paper at the mouth of the boiling. tube, red litmus paper turns blue. Letakkan kertas litmus merah lembap pada mulut tabung didih, kertas litmus merah bertukar menjadi biru. Produced by heating ammonium salt with alkali. Terhasil apabila garam ammonium dipanaskan dengan alkali. Ammonium ion NH4+ present. Ion ammonium NH4+ hadir.
Oxygen,O2 Oksigen,O2
Carbon dioxide, CO2 Karbon dioksida, CO2
Ammonia, NH3 Ammonia, NH3
Kesan haba ke atas garam nitrat dan garam karbonat. Cation Kation
Action of heat on nitrate and carbonate salts.

Nitrate (NO3) / Nitrat ( NO3) Decompose to oxygen gas and metal nitrite when heated Terurai kepada gas oksigen dan logam nitrit apabila dipanaskan K+ 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2 White solid White solid Pepejal putih Pepejal putih 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2 White solid White solid Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Carbonate (CO32) / Karbonat (CO32) Does not decompose when heated Tidak diuraikan apabila dipanaskan
Na+
m
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Decompose to oxygen gas, nitrogen dioxide gas and metal oxide when heated Terurai kepada gas oksigen, gas nitrogen dioksida dan oksida logam apabila dipanaskan Ca2+ 2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2 White solid White pepejal Brown fume Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Wasap perang 2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2 White solid White pepejal Brown fume Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Wasap perang 4Al(NO3 )3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + O2 White solid White pepejal Brown fume Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Wasap perang 2Zn(NO3)2 Zn2+ 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2 White solid Yellow when hot Brown gas Pepejal white when cold Gas perang putih Kuning apabila panas,
putih apabila sejuk
Decompose to carbon dioxide gas and metal oxide when heated Terurai kepada gas karbon dioksida dan oksida logam apabila dipanaskan CaCO3 CaO + CO2 White solid White solid Turn lime water chalky Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Air kapur menjadi keruh MgCO3 MgO + CO2 White solid White solid Turn lime water chalky Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Air kapur menjadi keruh 2Al2 (CO3)3 2Al2O3 + 6CO2 White solid White solid Turn lime water chalky Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Air kapur menjadi keruh ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 White solid Yellow when hot Turn lime water chalky Pepejal white when cold Air kapur menjadi keruh Putih Kuning apabila panas,
putih apabila sejuk
Mg2+
Al3+
2Pb(NO3)2 Pb2+
2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
White solid Brown when hot Brown fume Pepejal yellow when cold Wasap perang Perang bila panas, Putih
kuning apabila sejuk
PbCO3 PbO + CO2 White solid Brown when hot Turn lime water chalky Pepejal Yellow when cold Air kapur menjadi keruh Putih Perang apabila panas,
kuning apabila sejuk
Cu2+
2Cu(NO3)2
2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Blue solid Black solid Brown fume Pepejal biru Pepejal hitam Wasap perang
CuO + CO2 CuCO3 Green solid Black solid Turn lime water chalky Pepejal hitam Air kapur menjadi keruh Pepejal hijau
4 5 6
Garam sulfat lebih stabil kerana ia tidak terurai dengan mudah apabila dipanaskan. Garam klorida tidak terurai kecuali NH4Cl: NH4Cl(p) Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Sulphate salts are more stable, they are not easily decompose when heated. Chloride salts do not decompose except NH4Cl: NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
NH3(g) + HCl(g)

Observation Pemerhatian Inference/conclusion Inferens/kesimpulan
Gas Baki ialah Garam putih ialah
A white salt is heated.
Nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen dioksida
gas released. Nitrate ion present.

dibebaskan. Ion nitrat hadir. hadir.
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan.
Brown gas is released, the gas turns moist blue litmus paper red.

The residue is The white salt is
zinc
zink
oxide.
oksida. Ion
Zinc .
ion present.
zink
Residue is yellow when hot and white when cold.
Gas perang dibebaskan, menukar kertas litmus biru lembap kepada merah. Baki berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk
zinc nitrate
zink nitrat .
A green salt is heated.
Carbon dioxide
Gas Baki ialah
gas released. oxide.

oksida. Ion
Carbonate Copper(II) .
ion present
karbonat hadir.
Garam berwarna hijau dipanaskan.
karbon dioksida
Colourless gas released, the gas turns lime water chalky.

dibebaskan. Ion
The residue is The green salt is

Garam hijau ialah
copper(II)
kuprum(II)
ion present.
hadir.
Residue is black
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi keruh. Baki berwarna hitam.
kuprum(II) .
copper(II) carbonate
kuprum(II) karbonat
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Carbon dioxide
Gas Baki ialah
gas released. lead(II) oxide.

oksida. Ion
Carbonate Lead(II)
ion present
karbonat hadir.

karbon dioksida plumbum(II)
dibebaskan. Ion
Residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold.
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi keruh.
The residue is The white salt is

Garam putih ialah
ion present.
hadir.
plumbum(II)
lead(II) carbonate
plumbum(II) karbonat .
Baki berwarna perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk.

The residue is
Baki ialah Garam putih ialah zink
zinc
oxide.
oksida. Ion
zinc
zink
ion present.
hadir.
Residue is yellow when hot and white when cold. A blue salt is heated.
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi keruh. Baki berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk.
The white salt is
zinc carbonate
zink karbonat .
Garam berwarna biru dipanaskan.
Nitrogen dioxide gas released. Nitrate ion present.

Gas nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan. Ion nitrat hadir.

The residue is copper(II) oxide. Copper(II) ion present.

Baki ialah kuprum(II) oksida. Ion kuprum(II) hadir.
Residue is black.
Gas perang terbebas menukar warna kertas limus biru menjadi merah. Baki berwarna hitam.
The blue salt is

Garam biru ialah
copper(II) nitrate
kuprum(II) nitrat
.
.
Nitrogen dioxide gas released. Nitrate ion present.

Gas nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan. Ion nitrat hadir.

The residue is lead(II) oxide. Lead(II) ion present.

Baki ialah plumbum(II) oksida. Ion plumbum(II) hadir.
Residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold. A white salt is heated.
Gas perang terbebas menukar warna kertas limus biru menjadi merah. Baki berwarna perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk.
The blue salt is

Garam putih ialah
lead(II) nitrate
plumbum(II) nitrat
.
.
Carbon dioxide gas released.

Gas karbon dioksida
Carbonate
dibebaskan. Ion
ion present.
karbonat hadir.
Colourles gas released, the gas turns lime water chalky.

Residue is white
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi keruh. Baki berwarna putih.
The possible residue are ZnO/PbO/MgO/Al2O3

Baki yang mungkin adalah CaOl/MgO/Al2O3.
lead(II) nitrate , From the above table, action of heat on heat on salt can be used to identify zinc nitrate zinc carbonate copper(II) nitrate copper(II) carbonate . , , and
Daripada jadual di atas, kesan haba ke atas garam boleh digunakan untuk mengenal garam
zink nitrat plumbum(II) nitrat
lead(II) carbonate ,
, plumbum(II) karbonat ,
zink karbonat
kuprum(II) nitrat
dan
kuprum(II) karbonat
Confirmatory test for other cations and anions is carried out by Confirmatory Tests for Anions and Cations
Ujian pengesahan untuk kation dan anion lain boleh dijalankan dengan menggunakan Ujian Pengesahan Anion dan Kation.
Confirmatory Tests for Cations Ujian Pengesahan bagi Kation 1 2 Ujian-ujian kimia dijalankan bagi pengesahan kation dalam bentuk akueus.
Chemical tests is conducted for confirmation of cations in aqueous form. Confirmatory test is carried out by adding a small amount of sodium hydroxide solution / ammonia solution followed by excess sodium hydroxide / ammonia solution to the solution contains the cation.
Ujian pengesahan dijalankan dengan menambah sedikit larutan natrium hidroksida / larutan ammonia diikuti dengan larutan natrium hidroksida / larutan ammonia berlebihan kepada larutan yang mengandungi kation.
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Chemistry Form 4 MODULE Sodium hydroxide solution Larutan natrium hidroksida small amount sedikit Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan excess berlebihan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tak larut dalam berlebihan Tak larut dalam berlebihan Larut dalam berlebihan Larut dalam berlebihan Larut dalam berlebihan Tak larut dalam berlebihan Tak larut dalam berlebihan Tak larut dalam berlebihan Tiada perubahan small amount sedikit Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Ammonia solution Larutan ammonia excess berlebihan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tak larut dalam berlebihan Larut dalam berlebihan Larut dalam berlebihan Larut dalam berlebihan Larut dalam berlebihan Larut dalam berlebihan Larut dalam berlebihan Tiada perubahan
Cations Kation
K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Al3+ Pb2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ NH4+
No change No change
No change No change
No change No change No change
No change No change No change
White precipitate
Mendakan putih Mendakan putih Mendakan putih
Insoluble in excess
White precipitate White precipitate White precipitate

Mendakan putih Mendakan putih Mendakan hijau
Insoluble in excess Soluble in excess Soluble in excess Soluble in excess
White precipitate
Mendakan putih Mendakan putih
Insoluble in excess Soluble in excess Soluble in excess Soluble in excess Soluble in excess Soluble in excess Soluble in excess No change
White precipitate White precipitate

Mendakan putih Mendakan putih Mendakan hijau
White precipitate Green precipitate Brown precipitate

Mendakan perang Mendakan biru
White precipitate Green precipitate Brown precipitate

Mendakan perang Mendakan biru
Insoluble in excess Insoluble in excess Insoluble in excess No change
Blue precipitate
Tiada perubahan
Blue precipitate
Tiada perubahan
No change
No change
(a) Reaction with small amount until excess of sodium hydroxide solution: (refer to the above table)
Tindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berlebihan: (rujuk jadual di atas)
Pungent smell, moist red litmus paper turn to blue

Bau sengit, menukarkan kertas litmus merah lembap kepada biru
NH4+
Solution contains: Larutan mengandungi: K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al , Zn , Pb ,

3+ 2+ 2+
Add a little sodium hydroxide solution

Tambahkan sedikit larutan natrium hidroksida
K , NH4
+
Panaskan
Heat
Tiada mendakan
No precipitate
Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, NH4+
Tiada perubahan
No changes
K+
Precipitate formed
Mendakan terbentuk
Cu2+ (blue), Fe2+ (green), Fe3+ (brown)
Coloured precipitate Mendakan berwarna Add excess sodium hydroxide solution White precipitate Soluble
Larut
Mendakan putih
Pb2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Tambahkan larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan
Zn2+, Al3+, Pb2+
Insoluble
Tak larut
Ca2+, Mg2+
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(b) Reaction with small amount until excess of ammonia solution:

Tindak balas dengan larutan ammonia sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berlebihan: Add a little solution of ammonia
Ca2+, K+, Na+

No precipitate
Solution contains: Larutan mengandungi: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+
Add excess aqueous ammonia
Tambah sedikit larutan ammonia
Tiada mendakan
Cu2+ (blue), Fe2+ (green), Fe3+ (brown)

Coloured precipitate
Mendakan berwarna
Tambahkan larutan ammonia berlebihan
Soluble
Larut
Cu2+ Fe2+, Fe3+
Precipitate formed
Mendakan terbentuk
Insoluble Add excess aqueous ammonia

3+
Tak larut
Soluble
Larut
White precipitate
Mendakan putih
Pb , Al , Zn2+, Mg2+
2+
Tambahkan larutan ammonia berlebihan
Zn2+ Mg2+, Al3+, Pb3+
Insoluble
Tak larut
(c) Conclusion of the confirmatory test for colourless/white cations:

Kesimpulan ujian pengesahan bagi kation tanpa warna/putih:
(i) Zn2+: White precipitqte, soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution (ii) Mg2+: White precipitate, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution (iii) Al3+: White precipitate, soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and insoluble in excess ammonia solution (iv) Ca2+: White precipitate insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and no precipitate with ammonia solution (v) NH4+: No precipitate with sodium hydroxide solution and pungent smell released when heated (d) Conclusion of the confirmatory test for coloured cations.
Kesimpulan untuk ujian pengesahan bagi kation berwarna.
(i) Cu2+: Blue precipitate insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution and soluble in excess ammonia solution (ii) Fe2+: Green precipitate, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution (iii) Fe3+: Brown precipitate, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution (e) All cations can be identified with confirmatory test using sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution except Al3+ and Pb2+.
Semua kation boleh dikenal pasti dengan ujian pengesahan menggunakan larutan natrium hidroksida dan larutan ammonia kecuali Al3+ dan Pb2+. Untuk membezakan Al3+ dengan Pb2+:
(f) To differentiate between Al3+ and Pb2+:

Al3+ and Pb2+ are differentiated by double decomposition reaction. An aqueous solution containing SO42/ Cl/ I anion is used to detect the presence of Al3+ and Pb2+.

Al3+ dan Pb2+ boleh dibezakan dengan menggunakan tindak balas pernguraian ganda dua. Larutan akueus yang mengandungi anion SO42/ Cl / I digunakan untuk mengesan kehadiran Al3+ dan Pb2+.
Precipitate is formed when solution containing SO42/ Cl/ I added to Pb2+. No precipitate when solution containing SO42/ Cl / I added to Al3+.

Mendakan terbentuk apabila larutan mengandungi SO42/ Cl/ I ditambah kepada Pb2+. Tiada mendakan terbentuk apabila larutan mengandungi SO42/ Cl/ I ditambah keepada Al3+.
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(g) Write the ionic equations for the formation of precipitates:

Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan:
Al3+ and Pb2+

Al3+ dan Pb2+
Add sodium sulphate solution

Tambahkan larutan natrium sulfat
Add potassium iodide solution Add sodium chloride solution

Tambahkan larutan natrium klorida
Tambahkan larutan kalium iodida
No changes
Tiada perubahan
White precipitate
Mendakan putih
No changes
Tiada perubahan
Yellow precipitate
Mendakan kuning
Al3+
Pb2+ Pb2+ + SO42 PbSO4
Al3+ Pb2+ + 2I
White precipitate
Mendakan putih
Pb2+ PbI2
No changes
Tiada perubahan
Al3+
Pb2+ Pb2+ + 2Cl PbCl2
Confirmatory tests for Anions Ujian Pengesahan untuk Anion Anion/Anion Procedure/Prosedur 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid / nitric acid /sulphuric acid is added to 2 cm3 of carbonate salt.

Remark/Catatan Observation: / Pemerhatian: Effervescence occurs and lime water turns chalky. Inference: / Inferens: The gas is carbon dioxide.
The gas given off is passed through lime water: Carbonate ion, CO32 Draw a labelled diagram to conduct the test:
Gas yang terbebas dilalukan air kapur.
2 cm3 asid nitrik/asid sulfurik cair ditambah kepada 2 cm3 garam karbonat.
Pembuakan berlaku dan air kapur menjadi keruh.
Ion karbonat, CO32
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel untuk menjalankan ujian:
Gas tersebut ialah karbon dioksida.
Acid Carbonate salt Lime water
Ionic equation: / Persamaan ion: H2O + CO2 CO32 + 2H+
2 cm3 of dilute nitric acid is added to 2 cm3 solution of chloride ions followed by 2 cm3 of silver nitrate solution.

Chloride ion, Cl
Ion klorida, Cl
2 cm3 asid nitrik cair ditambah kepada 2 cm3 larutan ion klorida diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat.
Observation: / Pemerhatian: A white precipitate is formed.

Mendakan putih terbentuk.
Inference: / Inferens: The precipitate is silver chloride

Mendakan ialah argentum klorida.
Ionic equation: / Persamaan ion: AgCl Ag+ + Cl 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric / nitric acid is added to 2 cm3 of sulphate solution followed by 2 cm3 of barium chloride solution / barium nitrate solution. Sulphate ion, SO4
Ion sulfat SO4
2
Observation: / Pemerhatian: A white precipitate is formed.

Mendakan putih terbentuk.
2 cm3 asid sulfurik asid/asid nitrik cair ditambah kepada 2 cm3 larutan sulfat diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan barium klorida/larutan barium nitrat.
Inference: / Inferens: The precipitate is barium sulphate

Mendakan tersebut ialah barium sulfat.
Ionic equation: / Persamaan ion: BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO42

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2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is added to 2 cm3 solution of nitrate ions followed by 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution.

Nitrate ion, NO3

Ion nitrat, NO3
The mixture is shaken.

Campuran digoncang.
2 cm3 larutan ion nitrat ditambah kepada 2 cm3 asid sulfurik cair diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat.
Observation: / Pemerhatian: A brown ring is formed between two layers.

Cincin perang terbentuk di antara dua lapisan.
Inference: / Inferens: Nitrate ion present.

Ion nitrat hadir.
The test tube is slanted and held with a test tube holder. A few drops of concentrated H2SO4 acid is dropped along the wall of the test tube and is held upright.
Tabung uji dicondongkan dan diapit dengan pemegang tabung uji.
Beberapa titis H2SO4 pekat dititiskan melalui dinding tabung uji dan ditegakkan.
(a) Substance A is white in colour. When A is strongly heated, a brown gas, B and gas C are released. These gases lighted a glowing wooden splinter. Residue D which is yellow in colour when hot and white when cold is formed. (i) Name substances A, B, C and D.
Namakan bahan A, B, C dan D.
Bahan A berwarna putih. Apabila A dipanaskan dengan kuat, gas berwarna perang B dan gas C dibebaskan. Gas C menyalakan kayu uji berbara. Baki D yang berwarna kuning apabila sejuk dan putih apabila sejuk terbentuk.
A:
Zinc nitrate
B:
Nitrogen dioxide
C:
Oxygen
D:
Zinc oxide
(ii) Write the chemical equation when substance A is heated. Tuliskan persamaan kimia apabila bahan A dipanaskan. 2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
(b) Write the chemical equation when substance E is heated. Larutan tanpa warna E memberi keputusan berikut apabila dijalankan beberapa siri ujian:
S1 Add sodium hydroxide solution, a white precipitate is formed. The precipitate is soluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
L1 Apabila ditambah dengan larutan natrium hidroksida, mendakan putih terbentuk. Mendakan ini larut apabila ditambah natrium hidroksida berlebihan.
S2 Add ammonia solution, a white precipitate is formed. The precipitate is insoluble in excess ammonia solution. S3 Add potassium iodide solution, a yellow precipitate F, is formed. (i)
L2 Apabila ditambah larutan ammonia, mendakan putih terbentuk dan mendakan ini tidak larut dalam larutan ammonia berlebihan. L3 Apabila ditambah dengan larutan kalium iodida, mendakan kuning F terbentuk.
What are the possible cations present in substance E as a result of S1 test?

Apakah kation-kation yang mungkin hadir dalam bahan E hasil ujian L1?
Pb2+, Al3+ and Zn2+ (ii) What are the possible cations present in solution E as a result from S1 and S2 tests? Apakah kation yang mungkin hadir dalam larutan E hasil ujian L1 dan L2? Pb2+ and Al3+ (iii) What is the ion present in E after S3 test has been done? Write an ionic equation for the formation of substance F. Apakah ion yang disahkan hadir dalam E setelah dilakukan ujian L3? Tulis persamaan ion bagi pembentukan bahan F.
2+ Ion present /Ion hadir : Pb
Ionic equation/Persamaan ion : Pb2+ + 2I
PbI2
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The diagram below shows the flow chart for Test I and Test II on colourless solution P. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi ujian I dan ujian II ke atas larutan tanpa warna P.
Gas Q with a pungent smell is released and turns moist red litmus paper blue.
Gas Q berbau sengit terbebas dan menukarkan warna kertas litmus merah lembap kepada biru.
Ujian I
Test I
Larutan tanpa warna P
Colourless solution P
Ujian II
Test II
Effervescence occurs and gas S is released

Pembuakan berlaku dan membebaskan gas S.
Add dilute hydrochloric acid

Tambah asid hidroklorik cair
(a) Identify gas Q and state its chemical properties.

Kenal pasti gas Q dan nyatakan sifat kimia yang ditunjukkan oleh gas Q.
Ammonia, alkaline gas (b) State the reagent used in test I and state how the test is carried out.
Nyatakan bahan uji yang digunakan dalam ujian I serta huraikan bagaimana ujian dilakukan.
Add sodium hydroxide solution, heat it. (c) (i)

Name gas S and write the ionic equation that occurred in Test II: Gas S/Gas S : Carbon dioxide
+ 2 Ionic equation/Persamaan ion: CO3 + 2H
Namakan gas S dan tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam ujian II:
H2O + CO2
(ii) Explain how you confirmed gas S.

Terangkan bagaimana anda mengesahkan gas S.
Pass the gas through lime water, lime water turns chalky.

(iii) Name salt P based on the results of tests I and II.

Namakan garam P berdasarkan keputusan ujian I dan II.
Ammonium carbonate
3
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan warna lima larutan berlabel A, B, C, D dan E yang ditambah dengan larutan natrium hidroksida dan larutan ammonia sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berlebihan. Solution
Larutan
The table below shows the colour of five solutions labelled A, B, C, D and E added with small amount until excess of ammonia solution and sodium hydroxide solution.
Colour
Warna
With sodium hydroxide solution

Dengan larutan natrium hidroksida
With ammonia solution

Dengan larutan ammonia
A B C D E
Blue
Biru
Blue precipitate insoluble in excess
Mendakan biru tidak larut dalam berlebihan
Blue precipitate soluble in excess
Mendakan biru larut dalam berlebihan
Tanpa warna
Colourless
White precipitate soluble in excess

Mendakan putih larut dalam berlebihan

Light green
Hijau muda
Green precipitate
Mendakan hijau kotor
Dirty green precipitate

Mendakan hijau kotor
Tanpa warna
Colourless

White precipitate insoluble in excess
Mendakan putih tidak larut dalam berlebihan
Tanpa warna
Colourless
(a) What are the cations present in

Apakah kation yang terdapat dalam
2+ A: Cu
2+ B: Zn
2+ C: Fe
2+ E: Mg
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(b) State another test to identify C.

Nyatakan satu lagi ujian bagi mengenali C.
Add potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution, light blue precipitate formed (c) What are the possible cations present in solution D?
Apakah kation-kation yang mungkin terdapat dalam larutan D?
Al3+, Pb2+ (d) Describe briefly a test that can differentiate the cations present in solution D.
Terangkan secara ringkas satu ujian yang boleh digunakan untuk membezakan kation-kation yang hadir dalam larutan D.
Add a few drops of potassium iodide / sodium chloride / sodium sulpahte solution into 1 cm3 of solution D. Yellow/white precipitate formed, lead(II) ion / Pb2+ present No precipitate, aluminium ion / Al3+ present.
4
Anda diberi plumbum(II) karbonat, zink(II) karbonat dan kuprum(II) karbonat. Tanpa menggunakan sebarang bahan uji, terangkan bagaimana anda membezakan ketiga-tiga bahan tersebut di dalam makmal.
You are given lead(II) carbonate, zinc(II) carbonate and copper(II) carbonate. Without using any reagents, describe how you can differentiate the three substances in the laboratory.

Heat
strongly
one spatula of each salt in a

kuat
boiling tube
and observe the residue:

tabung didih dan perhatikan baki-
Panaskan dengan bakinya:
satu spatula setiap jenis garam dalam
If the residue is yellow when hot and white when cold, then zinc oxide is formed. The salt is zinc carbonate .
Jika baki berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk, maka zink karbonat . adalah zink oksida terbentuk. Garam tersebut
If the residue is black, then

Jika baki berwarna hitam, maka
copper(II) oxide
kuprum(II) oksida
is formed. The salt is
copper(II) carbonate .
terbentuk. Garam tersebut adalah
kuprum(II) karbonat
If the residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold, then lead(II) carbonate .
Jika baki berwarna perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk, maka plumbum(II) karbonat . tersebut adalah
lead(II) oxide
plumbum(II) oksida
formed. The salt is

terbentuk. Garam
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi perubahan yang berlaku bermula daripada pepejal M. Pepejal M adalah suatu garam bagi zink. Apabila pepejal M dipanaskan dengan kuat, ia terurai kepada suatu pepejal Q yang berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk. Reaction I
The diagram below shows the flow chart of changes that took place beginning from solid M. Solid M is a zinc salt. When solid M is heated strongly, it decomposes into solid Q which is yellow when hot and white when cold.
Tindak balas I
Pepejal M
Solid M
Tindak balas II
Reaction II
Panaskan
Heat
Add dilute nitric acid/Tambah asid nitrik cair
Solid Q + carbon dioxide gas

Pepejal Q + gas karbon dioksida
Solution S
Larutan S
Carbon dioxide gas

Gas karbon dioksida
Water
Air
Reaction III + Magnesium

Tindak balas III + Magnesium
Zinc metal + Magnesium nitrate solution / Logam zink + Larutan magnesium nitrat
(a) (i)
Berikan satu ujian kimia bagi gas karbon dioksida. Passed the gas through lime water, lime water turns chalky
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(ii) Draw a diagram of the apparatus set-up to carry out reaction I. Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan radas untuk menjalankan tindak balas I.
Solid M Heat
Lime water
(b) Name solids M and Q.

Nyatakan nama pepejal M dan Q.
M : Zinc carbonate
Q: Zinc oxide
(c) State the observations made when excess ammonia solution is added to solution S. White precipitate, soluble in excess of ammonia solution (d) (i)
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas II.
Nyatakan pemerhatian yang dibuat apabila larutan ammonia berlebihan ditambahkan kepada larutan S.
Write the chemical equation for reaction II. ZnCO3 + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
(ii) For reaction II, calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas released at room condition if 12.5 g solid M decomposes completely. [Relative atomic mass: C =12, O =16, Zn = 65, 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition] 12.5 = 0.1 mol 125 From the equation, 1 mol M : 1 mol CO2 0.1 mol M : 0.1 mol CO2 Volume of CO2 = 0.1 mol 24 dm3 mol1 = 2.4 dm3 Mol of solid M = (e) Name reaction III.
Namakan tindak balas III.
Bagi tindak balas II, hitungkan isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan pada keadaan bilik, jika 12.5 g pepejal M terurai dengan lengkap. [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, Zn = 65, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
Displacement reaction (f) Describe a chemical test to determine the presence of anion in the magnesium nitrate solution.
Huraikan ujian kimia untuk menentukan kehadiran anion dalam larutan magnesium nitrat.
About
Masukkan 2 cm
2
2
cm3 of magnesium nitrate solution is poured into a test tube.

cm3 larutan magnesium nitrat ke dalam tabung uji.
2 cm3 of dilute
3
sulphuric acid shaken

digoncang .
is added to the solution followed by 2 cm3 of . and held with a test tube holder.
iron(II) sulphate
.
solution.
asid sulfurik
cair ditambah kepada larutan diikuti dengan larutan
ferum(II) sulfat
The mixture is
Campuran Tabung uji
The test tube is A few drops of A
slanted
dicondongkan
dan dipegang dengan pemegang tabung uji. pekat dititiskan melalui dinding tabung uji dan ditegakkan.
concentrated sulphuric acid is dropped along the wall of the test tube and is held upright. is formed between two layers.
terbentuk antara dua lapisan.
Beberapa titis asid sulfurik
brown ring
Gelang perang
Anion present is
nitrate
Anion yang hadir adalah ion
nitrat
ion.
.
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Rajah di bawah menunjukkan senarai bahan-bahan kimia. Hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol dm3
Larutan asid hidroklorik, 1.0 mol dm
3
The diagram below shows list of chemical substances.

Barium chloride solution, 1.0 mol dm3
Larutan barium klorida, 1.0 mol dm3
Iron(II) sulphate solution, 1.0 mol dm3

Larutan ferum(II) sulfat, 1.0 mol dm3
Solid copper(II) oxide

Pepejal kuprum(II) oksida
Solid calcium carbonate

Pepejal kalsium karbonat
(a) (i)
Pilih dua larutan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan garam tak terlarutkan.
Choose two solutions that can be used to prepare insoluble salts. Barium chloride and iron(II) sulpahate
(ii) What is the type of reaction for the preparation of the salt in (a)(i)?
Apakah jenis tindak balas bagi penyediaan garam di (a)(i)?
Double decomposition reaction (iii) Write the ionic equation for the production of the salt in (a)(i).
Tulis persamaan ion bagi penghasilan garam di (a)(i).
Ba2+ + SO42
BaSO4
Huraikan bagaimana anda mendapatkan pepejal garam tulen yang terhasil.
(iv) Describe how to collect the pure salt produced.
Filter the mixture and rinse with distilled water (b) State the observations when sodium hydroxide solution is added in small amount until in excess into iron(II) sulphate solution./ Nyatakan pemerhatian anda apabila larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah sedikit sehingga berlebihan kepada
larutan ferum(II) sulfat.
Green precipitate formed, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution (c) (i)
Pilih dua bahan yang boleh bertindak balas untuk menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida.
Choose two chemical substances that can react to produce carbon dioxide gas. Calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in (c)(i).

Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas di (c)(i).
CaCO3 + 2HCl
7
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
You are given zinc chloride crystals. Describe how you would conduct a chemical test in the laboratory to identify the ions presence ions in zinc chloride crystals./ Anda diberi hablur zink klorida. Huraikan bagaimana anda boleh menjalankan ujian kimia di
dalam makmal untuk mengenal pasti ion-ion yang hadir dalam hablur zink klorida.
Dissolve
Larutkan
The
1 spatula hablur zink klorida di dalam 10 cm3 air suling . 2 Larutan solution is poured in three test tubes./ tersebut dituang ke dalam tiga tabung uji.
1 spatula zinc chloride crystals in 10 cm3 of 2
distilled
water.
sodium hydroxide solution are added to zinc chloride Add a few drops sodium hydroxide precipitate soluble in excess of solution.
natrium hidroksida Tambahkan beberapa titik larutan ke dalam Mendakan putih natrium hidroksida larut dalam larutan larutan berlebihan.
solution
until excess. A white

berlebihan .
zink klorida sehingga
ammonia solution solution are added to another zinc chloride until excess. A white Add a few drops excess ammonia zinc ions precipitate soluble in of solution. Ions present are .
ammonia Tambahkan beberapa titik larutan Mendakan putih larut dalam larutan
nitric acid is added to 2 cm3 solution of chloride ions followed by 2 cm3 of About 2 cm3 of dilute solution. White precipitate formed. Ions present are chloride ions.
asid nitrik 2 cm3 cair ditambahkan kepada 2 cm3 larutan ion klorida diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan Mendakan putih terbentuk. Ion yang hadir adalah ion klorida.
Nil a
ke dalam ammonia
zink klorida yang lain sehingga ion zink berlebihan. Ion yang hadir adalah
larutan
berlebihan
silver nitrate
.
argentum nitrat
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Rajah berikut menunjukkan pembentukan zink nitrat dan perubahannya kepada sebatian lain. + Substance X Zinc oxide
Zink oksida + Bahan X
The diagram below shows the formation of zinc nitrate and the changes to other compounds.
Heat
Zinc nitrate
Zink nitrat
Panaskan
Brown gas
Gas perang
+ Potassium carbonate solution/ + Larutan kalium karbonat Precipitate Z + Potassium nitrate

Mendakan Z Kalium nitrat
(a) (i)
Zink oksida bertindak balas dengan bahan X untuk membentuk zink nitrat. Namakan sebatian X.
Zinc oxide reacts with substance X to form zinc nitrate. State the name of substance X. Nitric acid
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (a)(i).

Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas dalam (a)(i).
ZnO + HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2O State the name of the brown gas formed.
(b) (i)
Namakan gas perang yang terbentuk.
Nitrogen dioxide
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (b)(i).

Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas dalam (b)(i).
2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 2NO2 + O2 (c) When potassium carbonate solution added to zinc nitrate solution, precipitate Z and potassium nitrate formed.
Apabila larutan kalium karbonat ditambah kepada larutan zink nitrat, mendakan Z dan kalium nitrat terbentuk.
(i)
Namakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku.
State the type of reaction occurs. Precipitation
(ii) Write the ionic equation for the formation of compound Z.

Tulis persamaan ion untuk pembentukan sebatian Z.
Zn2+ + CO32 ZnCO3
(iii) State how the precipitate Z separated from potassium nitrate. Filtration
Nyatakan bagaimana mendakan Z diasingkan daripada kalium nitrat.
(d) Excess of zinc nitrate solution is added to 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 potassium carbonate. Calculate the mass of zinc carbonate formed. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, C = 12, O = 16]

Larutan zink nitrat berlebihan ditambah kepada 100 cm3 larutan kalium karbonat 1 mol dm3. Hitungkan jisim zink karbonat yang terbentuk. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, C = 12, O = 16]
Zn(NO3)2 + K2CO3 ZnCO3 + 2KNO3 100 Mol of K2CO3 = 1 = 0.1 mol 1 000 From the equation, 1 mol K2CO3 : 1 mol ZnCO3 0.1 mol K2CO3 : 0.1 mol ZnCO3 Mass of ZnCO3 = 0.1 mol 125 g mol1 = 12.5 g
Larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah sedikit demi sedikit hingga berlebihan kepada larutan zink nitrat. Nyatakan pemerhatian yang dapat dibuat.
(e) Sodium hydroxide solution is added until excess to zinc nitrate solution. State the observation that can be made.

White precipitate soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution.

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Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif 1 Which of the following is a salt? 5

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah garam? A Lead(II) oxide Plumbum(II) oksida B Calcium hydroxide Kalsium hidroksida C Barium sulphate Barium sulfat D Tetrachloromethane Tetraklorometana Antara garam berikut, yang manakah larut dalam air? A Iron(II) sulphate Ferum(II) sulfat B Silver chloride Argentum klorida C Calcium carbonate Kalsium karbonat D Lead(II) bromide Plumbum(II) bromida
Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah akan menghasilkan kuprum(II) klorida?
Which of the following reactions will produce copper(II) chloride? I

Copper and hydrochloric acid

Kuprum dan asid hidroklorik
II Copper(II) oxide and hydrochloric acid

Kuprum(II) oksida dan asid hidroklorik
III Copper(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid

Kuprum(II) karbonat dan asid hidroklorik Kuprum(II) sulfat dan natrium klorida I dan II sahaja
Which of the following salts is soluble in water?
IV Copper(II) sulphate and sodium chloride

A B C D
I and II only
II and III only
III and IV only I, II, III and IV

I, II, III dan IV
II dan III sahaja III dan IV sahaja
Antara garam berikut, yang manakah boleh disediakan dengan kaedah pemendakan? A Copper(II) chloride Kuprum(II) klorida B Lead(II) nitrate Plumbum(II) nitrat C Barium sulphate Barium sulfat D Zinc sulphate Zink sulfat
Which of the following salts can be prepared by double decomposition reaction?
If 0.2 mole of calcium carbonate is heated until no further change, what is the mass of calcium oxide produced? [Relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40]
Jika 0.2 mol kalsium karbonat dipanaskan sehingga tiada perubahan, berapakah jisim kalsium oksida, CaO yang terhasil? [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40] A 5.6 g B 11.2 g C 16.8 g D 22.4 g
The diagram below shows observations when white solid X heated strongly.
Antara pasangan bahan tindak balas berikut, yang manakah dapat bertindak balas menghasilkan garam?
Which pair of substances represented by the following formulae react to produce salt? HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) HCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) H2SO4(aq) + MgSO4(aq) H2CO3(aq) + KOH(aq) A I and II only
B C D
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian apabila pepejal X dipanaskan dengan kuat.

White solid X / Pepejal putih X Heat strongly/Panaskan dengan kuat Brown gas is released/ Gas perang terbebas Residue is a solid which is yellow when hot and white when cold/ Baki perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk.
I II III IV
I and IV only
I dan II sahaja
I, II and IV only
I, II dan IV sahaja
I dan IV sahaja
I, II, III and IV

I, II, III dan IV
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah bahan X? A Zinc nitrate Zink nitrat B Zinc carbonate Zink karbonat C Lead(II) nitrate Plumbum(II) nitrat D Lead(II) carbonate Plumbum(II) karbonat
Which of the following substance is X?
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The diagram below shows a series of tests carried out on solution Y.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu siri ujian kimia ke atas larutan Y. Solution
Larutan
10 The diagram below shows the reaction between 20 cm3 of 0.5 moldm3 of sodium chloride solution is and to 20 cm3 of 1.0 moldm3 silver to produce silver chloride precipitate and solution X.

Sodium hydroxide solution

Larutan natrium hidroksida
Green precipitate
Mendakan hijau
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara 20 cm3 larutan natrium klorida 0.5 mol dm3 dengan 20 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 1.0 mol dm3 untuk menghasilkan mendakan argentum klorida dan larutan X. 20 cm3 of 1.0 moldm3 silver nitrate solution
20 cm3 argentum nitrat 1.0 mol dm3
Dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution

Asid nitrik cair diikuti dengan larutan argentum nitrat
White precipitate/Mendakan putih
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah bahan Y? A Iron(II) chloride C Copper(II) chloride Ferum(II) klorida Kuprum(II) klorida B Iron(II) sulphate D Copper(II) carbonate Ferum(II) sulfat Kuprum(II) karbonat
Which of the following is solution Y?
20 cm3 larutan natrium klorida 0.5 mol dm3
20 cm3 of 0.5 moldm3 of sodium chloride solution
Solution X
Larutan X
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua botol mengandungi larutan garam aluminium nitrat dan larutan plumbum(II) nitrat. Aluminium nitrate solution Lead(II) nitrate solution
The diagram below shows two bottles of aqueous solutions.

Silver chloride precipitate

Mendakan argentum klorida
Larutan aluminium nitrat
Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat
I II III IV
B C D
Antara ion berikut, yang manakah yang hadir dalam larutan X?
Which of the following ions are present in the solution X? Na+ Ag+ NO3 Cl A I and III only
Which of the following substances can be used to differentiate between and aluminium nitrate solution and lead(II) nitrate solution?
A B C D
II and III only
I dan III sahaja II dan III sahaja
I, II and III only I, II, and IV only

I, II dan IV sahaja I, II dan III sahaja
Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah dapat digunakan untuk membezakan larutan aluminium nitrat dan larutan plumbum(II) nitrat?
Sodium hydroxide solution Ammonia solution

Larutan ammonia Larutan natrium hidroksida
Potassium chloride solution Barium nitrate solution

Larutan barium nitrat Larutan kalium klorida
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MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY BAHAN KIMIA DALAM INDUSTRI
SULPHURIC ACID/ASID SULFURIK Write an equation for Contact process and Haber process, stating the temperature, pressure and catalyst required. AMMONIA/AMMONIA List the uses of sulphuric acid and ammonia.
Menulis persamaan untuk Proses Sentuh dan Proses Haber, menyatakan suhu, tekanan dan mangkin yang diperlukan.
Explain how sulphur dioxide causes environmental pollution.
Menyenaraikan kegunaan asid sulfurik dan ammonia.
Menerangkan bagaimana sulfur dioksida menyebabkan pencemaran alam.
ALLOY/ALOI State the meaning of an alloy. / Menyatakan maksud aloi. Draw the arrangement of atoms in metals and alloys. / Melukis susunan atom di dalam aloi dan logam. Explain why an alloy is stronger than its pure metal. / Menerangkan mengapa aloi lebih kuat daripada logam tulennya. Design an experiment to investigate the hardness of a material and its alloy.
Mereka bentuk eksperimen untuk mengkaji kekerasan aloi dan logam tulennya.
List the examples of alloys, compositions and properties of alloys. / Menyenaraikan contoh aloi, komposisi dan sifat aloi. Relate properties of alloys to their uses. / Mengaitkan sifat aloi dengan kegunaannya.
POLYMERS/POLIMER Sate the meaning of polymers. / Menyatakan maksud polimer. List naturally occurring polymers and synthetic polymers. / Menyenaraikan polimer semula jadi dan polimer sintetik. State the uses of synthetic polymers. / Menyatakan kegunaan polimer sintetik. Explain the effect of environmental pollution caused by the disposal of synthetic polymers.
Menghuraikan kesan pembuangan polimer sintetik ke atas pencemaran alam sekitar.
Ways to reduce pollution caused by synthetic polymers. / Cara-cara mengurangkan pencemaran yang disebabkan polimer sintetik.
GLASS AND CERAMICS/KACA DAN SERAMIK List uses of glass and ceramics. / Menyenaraikan kegunaan kaca dan seramik. List types of glass and their properties. / Menyenaraikan jenis-jenis kaca dan kegunaannya. State properties of ceramics. / Menyenaraikan sifat-sifat seramik.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS/BAHAN KOMPOSIT State the meaning of composite materials. / Menyatakan maksud bahan komposit. List examples of composite materials and their components and uses. Compare and contrast properties of composite materials with those of their original component Design an experiment to produce composite materials.
Membanding dan membezakan sifat bahan komposit dengan bahan asalnya. Mereka bentuk eksperimen untuk menghasilkan bahan komposit. Menyenaraikan contoh-contoh bahan komposit dan komponen dan kegunaannya.
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Sulphuric Acid / Asid Sulfurik 1
Asid sulfurik dihasilkan melalui Proses Sentuh. Proses ini terdiri daripada tiga peringkat. Sulphur
Sulfur
Sulfuric acid is manufactured through the Contact Process. This process consists of three stages.
Oxygen
Oksigen
Sulfur dioksida SO2
Sulphur dioxide SO2
Sulfur trioksida SO3
Sulphur trioxide SO3
Oleum H 2 S2 O7
Oleum H2 S2 O7
Sulphuric acid H2SO4

Asid sulfurik H2SO4
Stage I/Peringkat I
Stage II/Peringkat II
Stage III/Peringkat III Concentrated sulphuric acid

Asid sulfurik pekat
Waste gas Molten sulphur

Sulfur lebur
Gas terbuang
Udara kering Pembakar
Dry air
SO3 Burner SO2 + O2 Catalytic converter

Bekas mangkin H2S2O7 (Oleum)
H2S2O7 (Oleum)
Water/Air H2SO4 Stage III/Peringkat III
Stage I/Peringkat I 2
Stage II/Peringkat II
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, terangkan setiap peringkat serta keadaan yang diperlukan. Sertakan semua persamaan kimia yang seimbang yang terlibat dalam setiap peringkat.
Peringkat
Based on the above diagram, explain each stage and state the conditions required. Include all the balanced chemical equations involve in each stage.
Stage
Penerangan/Persamaan kimia
Explanation/Equation
Stage I: / Peringkat I: sulphur dioxide Production of

Penghasilan sulfur dioksida
Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide.
Sulfur lebur dibakar dalam udara kering untuk menghasilkan sulfur dioksida. Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:
S + O2
SO2
Stage II: / Peringkat II: sulphur trioxide Production of

Penghasilan sulfur trioksida
In a converter, sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen are passed through vanadium(V) oxide .
Di dalam bekas mangkin, sulfur dioksida dan oksigen dialirkan melalui Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang: vanadium(V) oksida .
2SO2 + O2
2SO3
Optimum conditions for maximum amount of product are:
Keadaan optimum untuk penghasilan sulfur trioksida yang maksimum adalah:
Temperature / Suhu: Pressure / Tekanan: Catalyst / Mangkin:
450 500 C 2 3 atm vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5
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Stage III: / Peringkat III: sulphuric acid Production of

Penghasilan asid sulfurik
Sulphur trioxide
Sulfur trioksida
is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum.

oleum .
dilarutkan dalam asid sulfurik pekat untuk menghasilkan
Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang: Oleum

Oleum
SO3 + H2SO4
H2S2O7
asid sulfurik pekat
is diluted in water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid.

.
dilarutkan dalam air untuk menghasilkan
Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:
H2O + H2S2O7
2H2SO4
Note that directly dissolving SO3 in water is impractical due to the highly exothermic nature of the reaction. Acidic vapour or mists are formed instead of a liquid.
Melarutkan sulfur dioksida dalam air secara terus tidak dapat dilakukan kerana pembebasan haba yang sangat banyak. Ini kerana tindak balas tersebut adalah eksotermik. Asid yang terhasil adalah dalam bentuk wap air dan bukannya cecair.
Nyatakan lima kegunaan utama asid sulfurik.
State five main uses of sulphuric acid. (i) To manufacture detergents
(iv) As electrolyte in car batteries (v) To manufacture synthtetic fibers
(ii) To manufacture fertilizers (iii) To manufacture paints

4 Sulfur dioksida dan pencemaran alam:
Sulphur dioxide and environmental pollution: (a) Major sources of sulphur dioxide in the air is combustion of fuel in power station or factories.
Punca utama kehadiran sulfur dioksida di udara adalah pembakaran bahan bakar di stesen janakuasa dan kilang. Sulfur dioksida larut dalam air hujan untuk membentuk asid sulfurus yang menghasilkan hujan asid, persamaan seimbang:
(b) Sulphur dioxide dissolve in rainwater to form sulphurous acid which will cause acid rain, balanced equation: SO2 + H2O

H2SO3
Pengoksidaan asid sulfurus di udara akan menghasilkan asid sulfurik yang juga merupakan penyebab kepada hujan asid. Kesan hujan asid:
Oxidation of sulphurous acid in the air will produce sulphuric acid which will also cause acid rain.
(c) Effect of acid rain: corrodes building, monuments and statues made from marble (calcium carbonate) because Acid rain calcium carbonate react with acid to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide, balanced equation:
mengkakis Hujan asid bangunan, monumen dan tugu yang diperbuat daripada marmar (kalsium karbonat) kerana kalsium karbonat bertindak balas dengan asid menghasilkan garam, air dan karbon dioksida, persamaan seimbang:
CaCO3 + H2SO4
CaSO4 + H2O + CO2 metal . The
corrodes structures of the buildings or bridges which are made from Acid rain iron rusts faster with the presence of sulphuric acid.

mengkakis Hujan asid struktur bangunan-bangunan dan jambatan-jambatan yang diperbuat daripada logam. Besi berkarat lebih cepat dengan kehadiran asid sulfurik.
Acid rain
Hujan asid Hujan asid
increases
meningkatkan
the acidity of lakes and river that causes aquatic organism to die.
keasidan tasik-tasik dan sungai-sungai yang menyebabkan kematian hidupan akuatik.
Acid rain
increases
meningkatkan
the acidity of soil. Acidic soil is not suitable for the growth of plants.
keasidan tanah. Tanah yang berasid tidak sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanam-tanaman.
(d) Ways to reduce production of sulphur dioxide and effect of acid rain:
Cara-cara mengurangkan penghasilan sulfur dioksida dan kesan-kesan hujan asid:
Gas released from power station and factories are sprayed with powdered limestone ( calcium carbonate ).

Publica
Gas yang dilepaskan dari stesen janakuasa dan kilang boleh disembur dengan serbuk batu kapur (
kalsium karbonat
).
Add lime (
calcium oxide
) and limestone ( calcium carbonate ) to the lake or river.

) dan batu kapur ( kalsium karbonat ) ke tasik atau sungai.
Menambahkan kapur (
kalsium oksida
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Ammonia / Ammonia
1 Dalam industri, ammonia dihasilkan melalui Proses Haber. Catalyst / Mangkin : 2
In industry, ammonia is manufactured through the Haber Process: Balanced equation of reaction / Persamaan seimbang tindak balas: Ferum 400 500C 200 atm Temperature / Suhu : Pressure / Tekanan : N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Ammonia digunakan dalam pembuatan:
Ammonia is used in the manufacture of: (a) Synthetic fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate and urea (b) Nitric acid in Ostwald Process. (c) Synthetic fiber and nylon.
Asid nitrik dalam Proses Ostwald. Gentian kaca sintetik dan nilon. Baja sintetik seperti ammonium sulfat, ammonium nitrat, ammonium fosfat dan urea.
(d) Liquid form of ammonia is used as cooling agent in refrigerators. (e) Prevent coagulation of latex.
Mencegah penggumpalan lateks. 3 4 Cecair ammonia digunakan sebagai penyejuk dalam peti sejuk.
Ammonia adalah gas yang tidak berwarna dengan bau yang sengit dan sangat larut di dalam air. Sifat-sifat kimia ammonia:
Property Sifat
Ammonia is a colourless gas with pungent smell and very soluble in water. Chemical properties of ammonia:
Chemical equation / Observation Persamaan kimia / Pemerhatian
Dissolve in water to form weak alkali

Larut di dalam air membentuk alkali lemah
NH3(g) + H2O(ce)
NH4+(ak) + OH (ak)
The presence of hydroxide ions causes aqueous solution of ammonia to become alkaline.
Kehadiran ion hidroksida menyebabkan larutan ammonia akueus menjadi alkali.
Effect on moist red litmus paper

Kesan ke atas kertas litmus merah
Turn moist red litmus paper to blue Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate salt.
Neutralise any acid to form ammonium salt
Meneutralkan asid untuk membentuk garam ammonium
Ammonia bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik untuk membentuk garam ammonium sulfat. Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:
2NH3 + H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4
Alloy / Aloi
1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
Questions Soalan

Facts / Elaboration / Drawing Fakta / Penerangan / Lukisan
1 What is the meaning of alloy?

Apakah maksud aloi?
campuran unsur dua atau lebih dengan komposisi yang Aloi ialah logam Komponen utama dalam campuran tersebut ialah .
mixture elements of two or more with a certain Alloy is a fixed/specific composition. The major component in the mixture is a metal.
tetap
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2 Relate the arrangement of atoms in pure metals to their ductile and malleable properties.

Force/Daya
Nyatakan hubungan antara susunan atom dalam logam tulen dengan sifat mulur dan mudah ditempa.
Pure metal is made up of one type of

Logam tulen terbentuk daripada satu jenis
Pure metals/Logam tulen atoms

atom
.
.
Atoms in pure metals are all the same

Atom-atom dalam logam tulen mempunyai
layers
saiz
.
yang sama. lapisan .
The same
size
atoms are orderly arranged in layers.

saiz yang sama ini tersusun dalam
Atom-atom yang mempunyai
daya Apabila sama lain.
force is applied to the pure metal, layers of atoms When easily over one another.
dikenakan ke atas logam tulen, lapisan atom
slide
di antara satu
menggelongsor
3 Draw the arrangement of atoms in

(a) (b)

Lukiskan susunan atom dalam
(a) Bronze / Gangsa
(b) Steel / Keluli
Bronze (90% copper and 10% tin) Steel (99% iron and 1% of carbon) [Relative atomic mass: Cu = 64, Sn = 119, Fe = 56; C = 12] Carbon
Gangsa (90% kuprum dan 10% timah) Keluli (99% besi dan 1% karbon)
[Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64, Sn = 119, Fe = 56, C = 12]
Tin
Copper
Iron different
4 Explain why an alloy is stronger than its pure metal in terms of the arrangement of atoms in metals and alloys.

Atoms of other element added to the pure metal to make an alloy are
in size.
Atom-atom unsur lain yang ditambah dalam logam tulen membentuk aloi yang terdiri daripada atom-atom berlainan saiz. yang
Terangkan mengapa aloi lebih kuat daripada logam tulen dari segi susunan atom dalam logam dan aloi.
These atoms
Atom-atom ini
disrupts
the orderly arrangement of atoms in pure metal.

susunan atom yang teratur dalam logam tulen.
mengganggu
force is applied to an alloy, the presence of added other atoms When prevent sliding layers of atoms from .
daya dikenakan ke atas aloi, kehadiran atom-atom asing ini Apabila menggelongsor atom-atom ini daripada . menghalang lapisan
5 State three reason why pure metals are alloyed before used.
Nyatakan tiga sebab mengapa logam tulen dialoikan sebelum digunakan.
(a) To increase the

Meningkatkan Mencegah Membaiki
strength
kekuatan
and
dan
hardness
kekerasan
of pure metals.
logam tulen.
(b) To increase the resistance to

kakisan rupa
corrosion
of a pure metals.
logam tulen.
(c) To improve the
appearance
of a pure metal.
logam tulen.
Eksperimen untuk membandingkan kekerasan loyang dengan kuprum tulen.
Experiment to compare the hardness of brass and pure copper. (a) Hypothesis: / Hipotesis: Brass is harder than copper (b) Manipulated variable: / Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Copper and brass block (c) Responding variable: / Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Hardness of the copper and brass block (d) Fixed variable: / Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: 1 kg weight
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(e) Apparatus: / Alat radas: Retort stand and clamp, 1 kg weight, string, metre ruler. Materials: / Bahan-bahan: Steel ball, copper block, brass block (f) Procedure: / Prosedur: 1. A steel ball bearing is tapped onto a copper block.

2. A 1 kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm above the copper block as shown in the diagram.

Satu bola keluli dilekatkan di atas sebuah bongkah kuprum.
Set-up of the apparatus: / Susunan alat radas:
3. Drop the 1 kg weight on the steel ball.

Sebiji pemberat 1 kg digantung setinggi 50 cm di atas bongkah kuprum seperti yang ditunjukkan. Pemberat 1 kg dijatuhkan ke atas bebola keluli.
Retort stand
4. Measure the diameter of the dent formed on the copper block with a ruler.

String 1 kg weight
5. Repeat the experiment three times on the other part of the copper block.
Eksperimen diulang tiga kali, pada ruang berbeza pada bongkah kuprum yang sama.
Diameter lekuk yang terbentuk di atas bongkah kuprum diukur dengan pembaris.
Steel ball Cellophane tape
6. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using a brass block to replace the copper block.
Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang dengan menggunakan bongkah loyang, menggantikan bongkah kuprum.
Copper block
(g) Results: / Keputusan:

Experiment
Eksperimen
Average diameter/cm
Diameter purata / cm
Diameter of dent on copper block/cm
a+b+c =x 3
Diameter of dent on brass block/cm
d+e+f =y 3
(h) Discussion: / Perbincangan: The average diameter of dent on copper, x is larger than the average diameter of dent on brass, y. (i) Conclusion: / Kesimpulan: Brass is harder than copper// alloy is harder than pure metal.
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Flow chart shows the composition, properties and uses of some alloys.
Carta aliran di bawah menunjukkan komposisi, sifat-sifat dan kegunaan aloi-aloi. ALLOY / ALOI Major component / Komponen utama
COPPER / KUPRUM Type of alloy/Jenis aloi
IRON / FERUM Type of alloy/Jenis aloi
BRONZE/GANGSA (90% Cu, 10% Sn) Hard and strong,

Building statue or monuments, medal, swords and artistic materials

Keras dan kuat. Tidak berkarat (permukaan bersinar) Uses: / Kegunaan:
does not corrode, (shiny surface)
BRASS/LOYANG (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Hard and strong.

Musical instrument and Kitchenware

Keras dan kuat. Uses: / Kegunaan:
STEEL/KELULI (99% Fe, 1% C) Hard and strong.

STAINLESS STEEL
KELULI TAHAN KARAT
Alat muzik dan perkakas dapur
Construction of building and bridge and railway tracks

Pembinaan bangunan dan jambatan serta landasan keretapi.
Keras dan kuat. Uses: / Kegunaan:
(74% Fe, 8% C, 18% Cr) Shiny, strong and does

Bersinar, kuat dan tidak berkarat. Uses: / Kegunaan:
not rust
Making cutlery and surgical instrument

Membuat sudu, garpu dan alat-alat pembedahan.
Pembuatan tugu atau monumen pingat, pedang dan bahan hiasan
ALUMINIUM / ALUMINIUM Type of alloy Jenis aloi
TIN / TIMAH Type of alloy Jenis aloi
CUPRONICKEL
KUPRONIKEL
(75% Cu, 25% Ni) Shiny, hard and does

Bersinar, keras dan tidak berkarat. Uses: / Kegunaan: Membuat duit syiling
DURALUMIN
DURALUMIN
not corrode
(93% Al, 3% Cu & 1% Mn) Light and strong

Making coins

Uses: / Kegunaan: Building body of aeroplane and bullet train.

Ringan dan kuat.
PEWTER / PEWTER (96% Sn, 3% Cu, 1% Sb) Luster, shiny and

Membuat rangka kapal terbang dan keretapi laju.
Making souvenirs.

Berkilau, bersinar dan kuat. Uses: / Kegunaan: Membuat cenderamata.
strong
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS / POLIMER SINTETIK

1 2 3
Polimer ialah molekul berantai panjang yang terbentuk daripada gabungan monomer.
Polymer is a long chain molecules made up of a monomer. Monomer is small identical repeating
berulang
large
number of small repeating

banyak unit kecil yang
identical
sama
unit of
dipanggil
units in the polymer.

dalam polimer.
Monomer adalah unit kecil yang
Polimer boleh didapati secara semula jadi atau sintetik.
Polymers can be naturally occurring or synthetic.
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Contoh polimer semula jadi dan monomernya:
Example of naturally occurring polymers and their monomers are:

Synthetic Polymer / Polimer Monomer / Monomer
Protein / Protein Starch / Kanji Rubber / Getah

5 6
Amino Acid / Asid amino Glucose / Glukosa Isoprene / Isoprena
Polimer sintetik adalah polimer buatan. Monomer biasanya adalah daripada petroleum yang telah mengalami penyulingan dan peretakan. Contoh polimer sintetik, monomernya dan kegunaannya: Synthetic polymer
Polimer sintetik
Synthetic polymers are made polymers. The monomers are usually obtained from petroleum after refining and cracking process. Example of synthetic polymers, their monomers and uses:
Monomer
Monomer
Example of uses
Contoh kegunaan
Polythene
Politena
Ethene, C2H4
Etena, C2H4
Plastic bags, shopping bags, plastic containers and plastic toys

Beg plastik, beg membeli belah, bekas plastik dan permainan plastik Botol plastik, meja dan kerusi plastik, bekas bateri kereta dan tali Bahan kalis air seperti baju hujan, beg, kasut dan kulit tiruan.
Polypropene
Polipropena
Propene, C3H6
Propena, C3H6
Plastic bottles, plastic tables and chairs, car batteries casing and ropes Waterproof materials such as rain clothes, bags, shoes, artificial leather.
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
Polivinil klorida (PVC)
Kloroetena, C2H3Cl
Chloroethene, C2H3Cl
Insulation for electric wiring.

Paip air sebab ia tidak berkarat.
Bahan penebat pendawaian wayar elektrik.
Making water pipes because it does not rust. Packaging materials, disposable cups and plates
Bahan pembungkus, cawan dan pinggan pakai buang.
Polystyrene
Polistirena
Styrene, C2H3C6H5
Stirena, C2H3C6H5 Metil metakrilat
Perspex
Perspeks
Methylmetacrylate Hexane-1, 6-diol
Safety glass, car lamps and lens
Kaca keselamatan, lampu kereta dan kanta
Terylene (polyester)
Terilena (poliester)
Heksana-1, 6-diol
Benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid
Clothing, sails, sleeping bags, ropes and fishing net

Pakaian, kain layar, tali dan jala
Benzena-1, 4-dikarboksilik asid
Polymerisation is the process of

Pempolimeran ialah proses
joining
together the large number of monomers to form a polymer.

monomer-monomer untuk membentuk polimer.
penggabungan
Example: / Contoh: (a) Polymerisation of ethene:

Pempolimeran etena:
H C H
H = C H
H C H
H C H n, n is large number up to a few thousands
Ethene / Etena
Polythene
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(b) Polymerisation of propene:

Pempolimeran propena:
(c) Polymerisation of chloroethene:

Pempolimeran kloroetena:
H C H
CH3 = C H
H C H
CH3 C H n
H C H
H = C Cl
H C H
H C Cl n
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah berkaitan isu penggunaan polimer sintetik dalam kehidupan seharian. Advantages of synthetic polymers Environmental pollution from synthetic polymers
Pencemaran alam sekitar dari penggunaan polimer sintetik
Complete the following table related to issues of the use of polymers in everyday life.
Propene / Propena
Polypropene
Chloroethene / Kloroetena
Polyvinylchloride
Kebaikan polimer sintetik
Pengurangan pencemaran dari polimer sintetik
Reducing pollution of synthetic polymers recycle
(a) Very stable and do not corrode .

Sangat stabil dan tidak berkarat .
(a) Disposal of synthetic polymers such as plastic bottles and blockage containers cause of drainage systems and river thus causing flash floods .
Pembuangan polimer sintetik seperti botol plastik dan bekas tersekat yang menyebabkan sistem saliran dan sungai banjir kilat mengakibatkan .
(a) Reduce, reuse polymers.

and the synthetic
chemical (b) Inert to reaction.

Mengurangkan, mengitar semula dan mengguna semula polimer sintetik.
biodegradable Lengai terhadap tindak balas (b) Open burning of polymers will release acidic and poisonous (b) Using polimer. kimia gas that will cause air pollution: . Menggunakan polimer Pembakaran polimer sintetik secara terbuka membebaskan gas strong . (c) Light and berasid dan beracun yang menyebabkan pencemaran udara: terbiodegradasi . kuat . Ringan dan Burning most of the synthetic polymers will produce: Pembakaran kebanyakan polimer sintetik menghasilkan: (c) On-going research to produce (d) Cheap.
shaped (e) Easily and coloured.

dibentuk Mudah dan diwarnakan.
Murah.
cheap biodegradable polymers. (i) carbon dioxide gas which cause green house effect . Penyelidikan berterusan kesan rumah hijau . karbon dioksida yang menyebabkan untuk menghasilkan polimer (ii) carbon monoxide which is poisonous . terbiodegradasi yang murah. beracun . karbon monoksida yang (d) Disintegrate plastics by Burning of PVC will release hydrogen chloride gas which pyrolysis : Plastic can acid rain . will cause be disintegrated by heating at Burning of synthetic polymers contains carbon and nitrogen such as nylon will produce highly poisonous hydrogen cynide . gas such as
Pembakaran PVC membebaskan gas hidrogen klorida yang hujan asid . menyebabkan Penguraian plastik secara pirolisis : Plastik boleh diuraikan dengan pemanasan pada suhu antara 400 800 C tanpa oksigen.
temperature between 400 800C without oxygen.
Pembakaran polimer sintetik mengandungi karbon dan nitrogen seperti nilon membebaskan gas sangat beracun seperti hidrogen sianida .
(c) Plastic containers that are left in open area collect rain water will become breeding ground for mosquito which will cause diseases such as dengue fever.

Bekas plastik yang ditinggalkan di tempat terbuka menakung air nyamuk yang menyebabkan hujan menjadi tempat pembiakan penyebaran penyakit seperti demam denggi.
Glass / Kaca
1 Name the element which forms the major component of glass. Namakan unsur yang membentuk
komponen utama kaca.
Silicon dioxide
Silikon dioksida
, SiO2 which exist naturally in
sand
.
pasir .
, SiO2 yang boleh didapati secara semula jadi di dalam
2 List the property of glass.

Senaraikan sifat-sifat kaca.
Properties: / Sifat-sifat: Transparent, hard but brittle, non-porous, heat insulator, electric insulator, resistant to chemical, easy to clean, can withstand compression
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Complete the table below.

Types of glass Jenis kaca
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Composition Komposisi Silicon dioxide, sodium carbonate or calcium calcium carbonate
Silikon dioksida, natrium karbonat, kalsium karbonat
Special properties Sifat istimewa Good

Uses Kegunaan
chemical
durability
kimia .
Soda-lime glass
Kaca soda kapur
Tahan kakisan bahan
High withstand
termal expansion but does not heat .

tinggi .
Making flat glass, electrical bulbs, mirrors, glass containers
Pekali pengembangan haba haba Tidak tahan .
Kaca borosilikat
Borosilicate glass
Silicion dioxide, boron dioxide, sodium oxide, aluminum oxide
Good

chemical Low
durability
kimia . .
Tahan kakisan bahan Pekali pengembangan haba
thermal expansion.
rendah
Making cookware and laboratory glassware such as boiling tube and beakers.
Silikon dioksida, boron dioksida, natrium oksida, aluminium oksida
Resistant to high temperature.

Tahan tinggi. haba
heat
when heated to
apabila dipanaskan pada suhu
Optically transparent.
Lut sinar.
Good
Kaca silika terlakur
chemical
durability
kimia . .
Fused glass
Tahan kakisan bahan Pekali pengembangan haba
Silicon dioxide
Silikon dioksida
Low thermal expansion

Laboratory glassware, lenses, telescope mirrors, optical fibres.
rendah
high temperature Can be heated to and resistance to thermal shock.

tinggi Boleh dipanaskan pada suhu yang tahan terhadap pertukaran suhu yang cepat. ,
Kaca plumbum
Lead glass
Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide, lead(II) oxide
High
Indeks
refractive
biasan berkilat
index and
dan .
density
ketumpatan
yang tinggi
Tableware, crystal glass ware and decorative glassware.
Silikon dioksida, natrium oksida, plumbum(II) oksida
Glittering
Kelihatan
appearance.
Ceramics / Seramik
1 2
Namakan unsur-unsur yang terkandung dalam seramik.
Name the elements found in ceramic.
Aluminium, silicon, oxygen and hydrogen

Seramik dibuat daripada tanah liat. Namakan komponen utama tanah liat.
Ceramics are made from clay. Name the main component of clay. Kaolin
Kaolin
which is rich in
yang mengandungi
hydrated aluminium silicate

aluminium silikat terhidrat
, Al2O32SiO2.2H2O.
, Al2O32SiO2.2H2O.
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Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk menunjukkan sifat-sifat dan kegunaan seramik. Property/Sifat Hard and strong.
Keras dan kuat.
Complete the following table for the properties and uses of ceramic.
Uses/Kegunaan Building materials such as

Bahan binaan seperti Perkakas dapur seperti simen periuk
cement
,
,
jubin dan
tiles
, bricks, roof and toilet bowl.
, batu-bata, atap dan tandas. pinggan .
Chemically inert and non-corrosive.
Kitchenware such as cooking pots and plates. Decorative items such as vases and pottery.
Barang hiasan seperti pasu dan lain-lain.
Tidak reaktif secara kimia dan tidak mudah menghakis.
Have high melting point and good insulator of heat, remain stable under high temperature.
Mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi dan penebat haba yang baik serta stabil dalam suhu yang tinggi.
Insulation such as parts.

Penebat haba seperti enjin bahagian
lining
melapik .
of furnace, wall of
dinding relau,
nuclear reactor
and
engine
dinding
bagi reaktor nuklear dan
Good insulator electric.

Penebat elektrik yang baik.
Electric insulator in electrical items such as electric cables .

Penebat elektrik bagi alat-alat elektrik seperti kabel elektrik .
electric plugs
plug elektrik ,
oven
ketuhar
and
dan
Non compressible.
Tidak boleh dimampatkan.
perubatan Alat-alat palsu dan pemindahan tulang.
Medical dental and apparatus such as orthopedic joint replacement, dental restoration and bone implants.
dan pergigian seperti penukaran sendi ortopedik, gigi
Composite Materials / Bahan Komposit

1
(a) Composite materials are structural materials that are formed by combining two or more different substances such as metal alloys ceramic glass polymer , , , and .
Bahan-bahan komposit adalah bahan yang diperbuat daripada gabungan dua atau lebih bahan berbeza seperti aloi seramik kaca polimer , , dan . logam ,
(b) Composite materials have properties that are

2 Bahan-bahan komposit mempunyai sifat-sifat yang
superior
lebih baik
than those of the original components.

berbanding dengan komponen-komponen asal.
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah: Types of composite materials
Complete the table below:
Components
Komponen
Special properties
Sifat istimewa
Example of uses
Contoh kegunaan
Jenis bahan komposit
Superconductors
Super konduktor
Copper(II) oxide, barium carbonate and Yttrium oxide heated to form a type of ceramic known as perovoskyte
Kuprum(II) oksida, barium karbonat dan natrium oksida dipanaskan membentuk sejenis seramik dipanggil perovoskit
Conduct electricity with no resistance when it is cooled at low temperature.
Used in medical magnetic-imaging devices(MRI), generators, transformers, computer parts and bullet train
Boleh mengalirkan arus elektrik tanpa rintangan pada suhu yang
amat rendah.
Konkrit yang diperkukuhkan
Reinforced concrete
Concrete ( cement , sand and pebbles) reinforced with steel and polymer fibers
Konkrit ( simen , pasir dan batu kerikil) diperkukuhkan dengan keluli dan polimer gentian.
Very
strong
and can be
Construction of building, bridges and oil platforms
moulded
into any shape.
kuat dan boleh Sangat dibentuk menjadi pelbagai bentuk.
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Fibre glass
Plastik yang diperkukuhkan dengan kaca
Plastic reinforced with glass fiber .

Plastik yang diperkukuhkan dengan gentian kaca .
High tensile strength, low density, easily moulded in thin layers.

regangan tinggi, ketumpatan Daya rendah , mudah dibentuk menjadi lapisan nipis .
Making water storage tanks, boats, helmets
Photochromic glass
Kaca fotokromik
Photochromic substance like silver chloride embedded in glass/transparent polymers

dengan kaca atau polimer lut sinar. Bahan fotokromik seperti argentum klorida digabungkan
when exposed to bright clear when light and becomes exposed to dim light.
gelap apabila dikenakan Menjadi cerah cahaya cerah dan menjadi dalam cahaya malap.
Darken
Making optical lens, car wind shield light intensity meters
Rajah berikut menunjukkan tindak balas yang terlibat dalam pembuatan baja Z dalam industri.
The diagram below shows the reaction involve in the production of fertilizer Z in industry. Process X
Proses X
Ammonia
Ammonia
Tindak balas P
Reaction P
Compound Z
Sebatian Z
Process Y
Proses Y
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
(a) (i)

Name Process X and Process Y.

Namakan Proses X dan Proses Y.
Process X / Proses X:
Haber process
Process Y / Proses Y:
Contact process
(ii) Complete the following table related to process X and Y.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut yang berkaitan dengan proses X dan Y. Process

Proses
Catalyst
Mangkin
Temperature/C
Suhu/C
Tekanan / atm
Pressure/ atm
Persamaan kimia tindak balas yang melibatkan mangkin
Balanced equation for the reaction that Involve a catalyst
Process X
Proses X Proses Y
Iron
Besi
400 500 450 500
200 23
N2 + 3H2 2SO2 + O2
2NH3 2SO3
Process Y
Vandaium(V) oxide
Vanadium(V) oksida
(b) Ammonia react with sulphuric acid through reaction P to produce compound Z.

Ammonia bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik melalui tindak balas P menghasilkan sebatian Z.
(i)
Write a balance equation for reaction P. NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4 )2SO4
Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas P.
(ii) What is the type of reaction that takes place?

Apakah jenis tindak balas yang berlaku?
Neutralisation

(iii) State one important use of compound Z.

Nyatakan satu kegunaan penting sebatian Z.
Fertiliser
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(iv) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in compound Z. [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1]
Hitungkan peratusan jisim nitrogen dalam sebatian Z. [Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1]
%N =
2 14 100% = 21.2% 2(14 + 4 1) + 32 + 4 16
Jadual berikut menunjukkan contoh-contoh dan komponen bagi empat jenis bahan buatan dalam industri. Type of manufactured substances
Jenis bahan buatan
The table shows the examples and component of four types of manufactured substances in industry.
Example
Contoh
Component
Komponen
P Q Polymer / Polimer Glass / Kaca
Konkrit yang diperkukuhkan
Reinforced concrete Bronze / Gangsa R S
Cement, sand, small pebbles and steel

Simen, pasir, batu kecil dan keluli
Copper and tin / Kuprum dan stanum Chloroethene / Kloroetena

Silikon dioksida, natrium karbonat, kalsium karbonat
Silicon dioxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate
(a) State the name of P, Q, R and S.

Namakan P, Q, R dan S.
P: Composite materials R: Polyvinyl chloride State two uses of reinforced concrete.

Nyatakan dua kegunaan konkrit yang diperkukuhkan.
Q: Alloy S: Soda-lime glass
(b) (i)

To make framework of buildings and bridges.

(ii) What is the advantage of using reinforced concrete compared to concrete?

Apakah kelebihan konkrit yang diperkukuhkan berbanding dengan konkrit?
Reinforced concrete can withstand higher pressure/support heavier loads/ stronger/ higher tensile strength than concrete. (c) (i) Draw the arrangement of particles in
Lukis susunan atom dalam
Pure copper / Kuprum tulen
Bronze / Gangsa Copper
Copper
Tin
(ii) Bronze is harder than pure copper. Explain. Gangsa lebih keras daripada kuprum. Terangkan. Atoms of pure copper metal are the of same size, they arranged orderly in layers. Layers of atoms are easily slide over each other when external force is applied on them. The size of tin atoms which are bigger than copper in bronze disrupt the orderly arrangement of copper atoms. Layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding each other when external force is applied.
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(d) The diagram shows the structure of R. / Rajah berikut merupakan struktur bagi R. H C H H C C1
(i)
Draw the structural formula for monomer R. / Lukiskan formula struktur bagi monomer R. H H C = C H C1
(ii) State one use of polymer R.
Nyatakan satu kegunaan polimer R.
Pipe / wire cables / bags / footwear

(iii) State two ways how R causes environmental pollution.

Nyatakan dua cara R menyebabkan pencemaran alam.
R is non biodegradable, it can cause blockage of drainage system and flash flood. Burning of R produces hydrogen chloride gas which is poisonous and acidic. (e) (i)

Explain why glass containers are more suitable for storing acid in the laboratory. Glass is chemically inert/ glass is non-reactive
Terangkan mengapa bekas kaca lebih sesuai digunakan untuk menyimpan asid di dalam makmal.
(ii) Soda-lime glass cannot withstand high temperature. State the name of another type of glass that is more heat resistant.
Kaca soda kapur tidak tahan suhu yang tinggi. Namakan jenis kaca lain yang lebih tahan haba.
Borosilicate glass
Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif

1

Which of the following are the uses of sulphuric acid?

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kegunaan asid sulfurik?
I Detergent

Detergen Baja I dan II sahaja
III Paint
Cat
Persamaan tindak balas berikut menunjukkan persamaan kimia untuk menghasilkan ammonia dalam Proses Haber.
The equation below shows chemical equation to produce ammonia in Haber Process.
II

Fertiliser
IV Synthetic fiber C I, II and IV only

Gentian sintetik
A I and II only
N2 + 3H2

Fe
2NH3
B III and IV only 2

III dan IV sahaja
D I, II, III and IV

I, II, III dan IV
I, II dan IV sahaja
Which of the following is the function of iron, Fe in the process? A To lower the pressure required for the process.
Merendahkan suhu yang diperlukan untuk proses itu. Untuk meningkatkan kadar pengeluaran ammonia. Merendahkan tekanan yang diperlukan untuk proses itu.
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah fungsi besi, Fe dalam proses itu?
The diagram below shows the stages I, II, III and IV in the Contact Process.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan peringkat I, II, III dan IV dalam Proses Sentuh.
B To lower the temperature required for the process. C To increase the rate of production of ammonia. D To increase the percentage of production of ammonia.
Untuk meningkatkan peratus penghasilan ammonia.
SO2
II
SO3
III
H2S2O7
IV
H2SO4
Which of the following stages requires the use of a catalyst?

Antara peringkat berikut, yang manakah memerlukan mangkin?
A I B II
C III D IV
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The diagram below shows the arrangement of atoms in alloy X.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan atom dalam aloi X. Copper/Kuprum Zinc/Zink
Which of the following are the characteristics of synthetic polymers that causes environmental pollution? I

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah ciri-ciri polimer sintetik yang menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar? Polimer adalah tidak terbiodegradasi Polimer larut dalam air dan meningkatkan pH air Pembakaran polimer membebaskan gas beracun Pembuangan polimer meningkatkan pertumbuhan alga berlebihan I dan III sahaja
Polymers are non biodegradable
II
Polymers dissolve in water and increase pH of water
III Burning of polymers release toxic gas

What is alloy X?
Apakah aloi X?
IV Disposal of polymers promote excessive growth of algae C Cupronickel

A Brass

B Bronze
Gangsa
Loyang
D Duralumin
Duralumin
Kupronikel
A I and III only

B II and III only
An alloy Y is used to make a body of an aeroplane. Which of the following is alloy Y and its major component?
C I, III and IV only D II, III and IV only

II, III dan IV sahaja I, III dan IV sahaja
II dan III sahaja
Aloi Y digunakan untuk membuat badan kapal terbang. Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah aloi Y dan komponen utamanya?
Alloy Y
Aloi Y
Major component
Komponen utama
Ceramic is used to make wall of reactor nuclear. Which of the following is the characteristic of ceramic for the usage? A Hard and strong
Keras dan kuat
A B C D 6

Duralumin
Duralumin Duralumin
Magnesium
Magnesium Aluminium Kuprum Kuprum
Seramik digunakan untuk membuat dinding reaktor nuklear. Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah ciri seramik untuk penggunaan itu?
Duralumin Bronze
Gangsa
Aluminium Copper Copper
B Good insulator electric
C Remain stable under high temperature D Chemically inert and non corrosive
Kekal stabil pada suhu tinggi Lengai terhadap bahan kimia dan tidak terkakis
Penebat elektrik yang baik
Cupronickel
Kupronikel
Which type of glass is suitable for making beakers and test tubes that can be used for heating? A Lead glass

10 The following information is about substance Z which is used in bullet train.

Kaca yang manakah adalah sesuai untuk membuat bikar dan tabung uji yang boleh digunakan untuk pemanasan?
Maklumat berikut adalah berkaitan dengan bahan Z yang digunakan dalam keretapi laju.
B Soda-lime glass
Kaca soda kapur
Kaca plumbum
C Borosilicate glass
Kaca borosilikat Kaca fotokromik
D Photochromic glass

Conducts electricity with no resistance at low temperature. What is substance Z?

Apakah bahan Z? Duralumin
Mengkonduksi elektrik tanpa rintangan pada suhu rendah.
The information below shows the property of a glass X.

Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan sifat kaca X.
A Fiber glass B Superconductors C Polyvinylchloride D Fibre glass

Polivinil klorida Plastik yang diperkukuhkan dengan kaca Super konduktor
When the glass X is heated to a high temperature and plunged into cold water, the glass does not crack.
Apabila kaca X dipanaskan dengan kuat dan seterusnya dimasukkan ke dalam air sejuk, kaca itu tidak pecah.
What is glass X?
Apakah kaca X?
A Lead crystal glass B Soda-lime glass

Kaca soda kapur Kaca plumbum
C Fused glass

D Borosilicate glass
Kaca borosilikat
Kaca silika terlakur
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Chemistry FORM 4

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Chemistry FORM 4

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Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS STRUKTUR ATOM

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

PERIODIC TABLE JADUAL BERKALA

CHEMICAL BOND IKATAN KIMIA

ACID AND BASES ASID DAN BES

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY BAHAN KIMIA DALAM INDUSTRI

Chemistry Form 4 MODULE

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI ZARAH JIRIM

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM

HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES / ZARAH-ZARAH SUBATOM

To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes

Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT / SUSUNAN ELEKTRON

MODULE Chemistry Form 4

Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

Types of particles / Jenis zarah

Types of particles / Jenis zarah

Example: Oxygen gas, O2

Example: Carbon dioxide gas, CO2

Example: Sodium metal, Na

Gas karbon dioksida, CO2

Example: Sodium chloride, NaCl

Natrium klorida, NaCl

Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+

Calcium oxide, CaO

Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+

Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table.

Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond).

Chemistry Form 4 MODULE

Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut: Substances

Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Hydrogen gas (H2)

Tetrachloromethane (CCl4) Tetraklorometana (CCl4)

A few drops of bromine liquid

After few minutes

After a few hours

MODULE Chemistry Form 4

space in between the particles of apart. The particles in the liquid

space in between the particles together.

berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang

berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun sangat

antara satu sama lain.

Matter exists in three different states which are

Matter that made up of

particles which are always in constantly

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah

As the temperature increases, the

energy of particles increases and the particles move

zarah-zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak dengan

Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

The particles are arranged closely packed in orderly manner.

The particles are very widely separated each other.

terpisah jauh Zarah-zarah antara satu sama lain.

Particles can only vibrate rotate about their and

Particles can vibrate , rotate move and throughout the liquid.

Particles can vibrate , rotate move and freely.

Chemistry Form 4 MODULE

Attractive forces between the particles