2510a Dec1996

Fire-Protection Considerations for
the Design and Operation of

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Storage Facilities
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
API PUBLICATION 2510A

SECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 1996
American
Petroleum
Institute
Strategies for Todays
Environmental Partnership
Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Provided by IHS under license with API
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Not for Resale
Strategies for Todays

Environmental Partnership

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API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING

ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES

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Not for Resale
Fire-Protection Considerations for

the Design and Operation of
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Storage Facilities
Health and Environment Department
Safety and Fire Protection Subcommittee
API PUBLICATION 2510A
SECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 1996
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Not for Resale
SPECIAL NOTES
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1996

Not for Resale
FOREWORD
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iii
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CONTENTS
2 ............................................................. 5
2.1 .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 .................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 ........................................................................................................ 5
2.4 .................................................................................... 6
2.5 .................................................................................................. 6
2.6 ................................................................................................................. 8
2.7 .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.8 ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.9 ............................................................................................................. 10
2.10 ............................................................................................................ 12
2.11 .................................................................................... 13
2.12 ................................................................................... 14
3 ...................................................................... 15
3.1 .................................................................................................................. 15
3.2 ............................................................................... 15
3.3 ........................................................................................................... 16
3.4 ............................................................................................................. 17
3.5 ....................................................................................................................... 17
3.6 ............................................................................................ 18
3.7 ................................................................................. 18
3.8 ................................................................................................. 18
4 ............................................................... 19
4.1 .................................................................................................................. 19
4.2 .......................................................................................................... 19
4.3 , ................................................................ 19
4.4 ...................................................................... 19
4.5 ................................................................................................................ 20
4.6 ........................................................................................... 20
4.7 .................................................................................................... 20
5 ................................. 20
5.1 .................................................................................................................. 20
5.2 .............................................................................................. 20
5.3 ..................................................................................... 22
5.4 ..................................................................... 23
5.5 ........................................................................................................ 24
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Not for Resale
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1....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 .................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 .................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 ................................................................................................................ 1
1.5 ............................................................................................................... 2
1.6 ............................................................................................................... 2
1.7 ........................................................................................................ 3
1.8 ................................................................................................. 4
CONTENTS
5.6 .......................................................................................... 25
5.7 ..................................................................................................... 25
5.8 .................................................................................................................. 25
6 ............................................ 27
6.1 ................................................................................................................... 27
6.2 ........................................................................................................................ 27
6.3 ........................................................................................................ 28
6.4 .............................................................................................. 28
6.5 .................................................................................................. 29
6.6 ......................................................................... 29
1 .......................................................................................... 7
2 ............................................................................... 11
3 ............................................................ 30
4 ........................................................................... 31
5 ............................................... 33
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1 ............................................................................... 3
2 ..................................................................... 3
3 ..................................................... 4
4 .................................... 21
5 ........................................................................................ 23
vi
Not for Resale
Fire-Protection Considerations for the Design and

Operation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage Facilities
SECTION 1GENERAL
1.1 Scope
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API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2510A
1.4.4 100
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1.5 Safety Analysis

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FIRE-PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) STORAGE FACILITIES
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Table 1Properties of Two Common LPGs
( = 1.0)
60,
60,
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(),
(),
/3 60
1.5
105
190
44
2.0
26
52
+31
36.4
2.0
9.5
2516
31.8
1.5
9.0
3262
: = .
= .
/3 = .
Table 2Tank Pressures for Two Common LPGs

( )

( )
31
50
60
90
11
100
175
37
130
250
65
140
290
80
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1.7 Definitions
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1.7.19.
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1.7.7 lower flammable limit (LFL):
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Not for Resale
Table 3Vapor Volumes Obtained for Two Common

LPGs
()

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270
36
1680
230
32
1630
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1.7.8 may: .
1.7.9 minimum pressurizing temperature:
40

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1.7.10 must: .
1.7.11 net positive suction head (NPSH):
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1.7.13 remote location: 4000
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1.7.14 root valve:
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1.7.15 sample container:

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1.7.16 shall:
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1.7.17 should:
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1.7.18 upper flammable limit (UFL):
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1.7.19 weep hole:
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1.8 Referenced Publications

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SECTION 2FACILITY DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

2.1 Introduction

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2.2 Site Selection

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2.3.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR
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2.3.3 SITING OF ABOVEGROUND PRESSURIZED
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2.4 Drainage and Spill Containment

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Figure 1Pool Fire Radiant Heat Flux

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2.6 Vessel Design

2.6.1 GENERAL

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2.6.2 DESIGN TEMPERATURE
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2.9 Instrumentation
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2.9.1 LEVEL MONITORING EQUIPMENT
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11
Figure 2Nonfreeze Drain for LPG Vessels

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2.9.3 TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
INDICATORS
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2.9.4 VAPOR SPACE OXYGEN CONCENTRATION

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2.9.5 TEST INSTRUMENTS AND ALARMS

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2.10.1 GENERAL
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2.10.2 ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF SYSTEMS
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2.12 Loading Trucks and Rail Cars

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15
SECTION 3OPERATING PROCEDURES

3.1 Introduction
3.1.1
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3.2 Placing Storage Vessels in Service

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3.3 Product Transfer

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3.3.5 LOADING TRUCKS AND RAIL CARS
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3.3.6 UNLOADING TRUCKS AND RAIL CARS
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17
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3.3.7 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR RAIL

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3.5 Sampling
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3.6 Venting Noncondensables

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3.7 Removal of Vessel from Service

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3.8 Emergency Procedures

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. .
? ?

? ?
,

?
?
. .
,
. 90
,

?
:
.
?
. .
?
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale

,
?
. .
?
?

19
?
?
. .
?
,
?

.
SECTION 4MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

4.1 Introduction

,
, ,
.
, ,
.
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.2 Vessel Inspection

4.2.1

.
, ,

.
510 .
4.2.2
.

,

.
,
; ,
.
.
4.3 Vessel Accessories, Including Relief

Valves
4.3.1
, ,
,

.

.
4.3.2 , ,
, ,


.

,
,
.
( 576).
4.3.3

.

.
, , , .
4.4 Vapor Freeing and Isolating

Equipment
4.4.1

, ,
.

,
, .

(
)
.
4.4.2 ,
,

.
,
,

.
Not for Resale
20
4.7 Fireproofed Surfaces

,
.

, ,
,
.
4.7.1

,
.

.
, ,

.
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.5 Work Permits
4.6 Repair of LPG Equipment

4.6.1 , ,

.
4.6.2
, 2015.
4.7.2
. ,

.
, .
SECTION 5FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

5.1 Introduction
5.1.1

,
.
.
5.1.2
.

.
,
.
5.1.3
4000 .
9
, ,
4000 .

.
5.2 Water-Application Rates

5.2.1

.

, ,
9 , ,
19, 1984, , , 6, 1985.


.
, ,

.
5.2.2 .
,
,
. ,
,

.

:
.
,
. (
520
.)
;

.
.

, .
5.2.3
, ,

.
Not for Resale

.
5.2.4 3.3 2510
.
5.2.5, 5.2.6.2,
5.2.6.3.
:
. 7000

( 1).
.

.
5.2.5 0.1

.
,
, ,
,
0.25
. 0.1

.

.
5.2.6
4.
.

5.2.6.1 5.2.6.3.
5.2.6.1 Radiation From Fires Without Direct Flame
Impingement
5.2.6.1.1 ,
,
Table 4Fire Emergency Situations Requiring Special
Consideration

00.1 /2
0.10.25 /2
250500

/2
= .
= .
.
, .
,
, .
5.2.6.1.2
,
()
; ()
.
1. 1

7000
. ,
1
,
.
,

, ,
.
5.2.6.1.3 1
.
20
.
, 7000

800.
, ,
.
21
.

, :
.
1.
. 7000 /2 1

.
.
7000 /2
.

.
. ,
20 ,
78 .
,

--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

21
Not for Resale
22

--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
,
.
5.2.6.1.4 1
:
. .
. ,
( , )
.
. ;
.
5.2.6.2 Pool Fires With Direct Flame Impingement
5.2.6.2.1
. ,

,

.
5.2.6.2.2 0.1
.
, ,

2.
,
0.25
.
5.2.6.3 High-Velocity Jet Flame Impingement
5.2.6.3.1 2

.

. ,

.
5.2.6.3.2
.
/ 250500
.
5.3 Methods of Water Application

5.3.1 GENERAL

: ,
, . ,

.

5.


. 8.3.2 2510
.
5.3.2 WATER DELUGE
5.3.2.1
.
,

.

.

, .

.
:
. ,
,
.
,
.
5.3.2.2 ,
,
, .

,
,
.

.
.

.
,

,
.
.
5.3.3 FIXED MONITORS

,
50 125
100
.

.
;
.
Not for Resale
23
Table 5Water-Application Methods

()

,

()
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

.

.

,

()
. ,
,

,
.
5.3.4 WATER SPRAYS

.
,
.
.

(
2030). /

.
5.3.5 PORTABLE HOSE STREAMS
,
,
,
.


5.4 Design Considerations for Water

Supply
8.3 2510
. 5.4.1
5.4.13.
5.4.1
1000

.
5.4.2

. ,

50
.
5.4.3
, ,
, (
Not for Resale
24
1.5 5.1).
.
5.4.4

, .
5.4.5
,

( 8.3.1.10
2510).
5.4.6

.

.
5.4.7
.
5.4.8
, ,
.

.
.
5.4.9 /

. ,
, ,
, .

.
5.4.10

. 25
.
5.4.11
.

.
5.4.12 ,
,
.

.

.
,
.
5.4.13 ()
.
5.5 Detection Systems

5.5.1 GENERAL

.

.

, 5.4.8. 8.4 2510
.
5.5.2 HYDROCARBON VAPOR DETECTORS

.
.
,
,

.

, 5.4.8.

.
.
5.5.3 HEAT DETECTORS

.
,
.
,
, () .
,
.
5.5.4 FLAME DETECTORS

.

.

,
, () .

--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale
5.6 Portable Fire Extinguishers

. 8.5
2510 .
5.7 Foam for LPG Fires

.
,

. .
,

( 8.6
2510).
5.8 Fireproofing
5.8.1 GENERAL
5.8.1.1 , ,
,

. 2218
.

.

,
.
5.8.1.2 ,

.
. ,

.
5.8.1.3
. ,

. ,

.

5.8.1.4

.

.
5.8.2 APPLICATIONS FOR FIREPROOFING
5.8.2.1 General
,
5.8.2.2 5.8.2.6.
( 8.7 8.8
2510).
5.8.2.2 Structural Support

.
,

.
,

12 .
,
.

. 8.8 2510
.
5.8.2.3 Vessel Shell
5.8.2.3.1 ,
,
,
. ,
,

.

.
,
8.7 2510.
5.8.2.3.2

.
,

. ,
. ,
,

Not for Resale
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

.
;

.
.
,
, , ,
.
25
. ,
.
5.8.3 FIREPROOFING TYPES
5.8.2.4 Instrument and Control Systems
,

. , ,

.
,
.

.
.
.
5.8.2.4.1 ,
,
, ,
. ,

15 ,
15 . ,
.
8.11 2510 .
5.8.2.4.2

.
,
, .
15
.
5.8.2.4.3

, , .
5.8.2.5 Pipe Supports

.

,
, . 8.8.5
2510.
5.8.2.6 Supports for Fire Protection

.
112
1709 1049 .

5.8.3.1 General
5.8.3.2 Concrete

.
2
. ,
.
5.8.3.3 Proprietary Fireproofing Compositions

.
.
.

.
.
5.8.3.4 Fibrous Insulation

, , .
.

.

.
Not for Resale
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
26
27
SECTION 6FIRE CONTROL AND EXTINGUISHMENT
6.1.1
.
,
.
,
.
6.1.2
,

.
:
. .
. .
. .
. (
).
. .
. / .
6.1.3

.
6.1.3.1 6.1.3.4.
6.1.3.1
:
. ;

.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
6.1.3.2
:
. (
).
. , /
, .
.
.
.
.

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.

.
6.1.3.3
:
.
.
.
.
.

.
6.1.3.4
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ()
. 6.3.1.
6.2 Training
6.2.1

.
10
: , 5201 , ,
77040; 7134604460.
Not for Resale
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.1 Prefire Plan
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
28
6.2.2

.
.10
6.2.2.1 6.2.2.2.
600 .
6.2.2.1
:
.
.
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.
6.3.3
,
:
.

.
. .
.
. 6.3.1.
.
?
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6.2.2.2
:
6.4 Applying Cooling Water
.
.
. ,
.
( 1).
.
.

.
.
.
6.3 Assessing the Fire

6.3.1
.
:
.
( ) .
.
.
. .
. 10
.

. ,
,
.
, ,
.
6.3.2 :
. ,
.

6.4.1

.
.
,
.
6.4.2
10
, ,
5.3.

.
6.4.3

. .

,

.
, .
5.2.6.1 .
6.4.4
:
.
.
. ,
.
. ,

.
Not for Resale
6.5 Isolating Fuel Sources

6.5.1 GENERAL
6.5.1.1 ,
,
,
. ,
, .

.
6.5.1.2
( 2.7.1).
,
.
6.5.2 EXCESS FLOW VALVES

. ,

.
.
,
.

.

;
.
6.5.3 AUTOMATIC AND REMOTELY OPERATED
VALVES
6.5.3.1 ,
,
.
. ,

. ,
,
.

.

( 8.11 2510).
6.5.3.2

. ,

.
;
, .

.
.
.
6.5.4 MANUALLY OPERATED VALVES

.
,

.
.
.
.
6.6 Firefighting Tactics and Leak Control

6.6.1 GENERAL

,

.
,
.
.
.
6.6.2 SMALL FIRE UNDER A VESSEL
6.6.2.1
.
6
.
:

, , .
:
6.6.2.2
.
,
, ,
.
6.6.2.3 ,
, , , ,
.
,
.

,
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

29
Not for Resale
30

.
( 6.6.3).
6.6.2.4 ,

.
( 2.11).
6.6.3 LARGE FIRE UNDER A VESSEL
6.6.3.1 General Considerations
6.6.3.1.1

.
3.
6.6.3.2.1 6.6.3.2.5.
:

. 10 30
, .

.
10 ,

10 , .
6.6.3.1.2
900
1000,

. ,
, , .
,

.

.
,
, .
.
4,
29,000
1000 300 .

.
6.6.3.1.3

,
.
.
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 3Vessel Shell Overheated Above Liquid Level

Not for Resale
31
: (), ,
.
11 .
Figure 4Rupture of a Horizontal LPG Vessel

6.6.3.1.4

.
6.6.3.1.5

2510,

.
,
.
.
6.6.3.2 Fire Control and Firefighting Tactics
6.6.3.2.1
.
(
10 ).
6.6.3.2.2 ,
, :
. ?
.
?
.
? ,
?
. ?
,

. , , ,
, , ,
.
6.6.3.2.3 ,
, :
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, 6.6.3.2.2
, .
6.6.3.2.4
, :
. ?
.

?
.
?
.
?
.

?
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale
32
6.6.3.2.5
, :
.
.

.
. ?
?

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,
.
.
.

?
.
, , ,

.
. ,

,

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. ,
,
,
,
?
.
.

?
6.6.4 UNINSULATED PIPELINE FAILURES
CAUSING VESSEL RUPTURES
6.6.4.1
. ,

.
6.6.4.2

. , , :
.
.
.
.
.
, , .
.

.
.

.
.

.
6.6.5 USING WATER PRUDENTLY TO PROTECT
EXPOSURES
6.6.5.1

, 5.
6.6.5.2
.

. 5.2.6.1
.
.
6.6.5.3
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
6.6.5.4
, , ,
, .
,
.
,
( 2.10.2.2).
6.6.6 VESSELS WITHOUT COOLING WATER
PROTECTION
6.6.6.1

, .
6.6.6.2 ?
.
.

.
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale
33
Figure 5Directing Cooling Water to Flame-Exposed Metal
6.6.7 LEAK CONTROL

6.6.7.1 Water Injection
,
. ,
,
, .

.
,
. ,
;

.
,

.

,
.
6.6.7.2 High-Velocity Water Streams

,
. ,

.
,
.
6.6.7.3 Vessel Depressurizing

.

.
,
,
,
. ,

.
2.11.
Not for Resale
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.6.6.3

.
6.6.3.2.5.
.

, .
34
6.6.7.4 Vessel Pump-Out

.
, .
, 30,000
300 100 . ,

.
,

.

, ,
.
, ,
.

,
.
6.6.7.5 Manual Methods

, ,
.

. ,

.
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale
PR-0830012/966C ( )
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale
--`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Additional copies available from API Publications and Distribution:

(202) 682-8375
Information about API Publications, Programs and Services is
available on the World Wide Web at: http://www.api.org
American
Petroleum
Institute
1220 L Street, Northwest

Washington, D.C. 20005-4070
Order No. K2510A
202-682-8000
Not for Resale

2510a Dec1996

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Fire-Protection Considerations for

the Design and Operation of

API PUBLICATION 2510A

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

Strategies for Todays

API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

Fire-Protection Considerations for

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

Not for Resale

Not for Resale

Fire-Protection Considerations for the Design and

1.4 Failure History

Not for Resale

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2510A

1.5 Safety Analysis

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

1.6 LPG Properties

Not for Resale

Table 1Properties of Two Common LPGs

Table 2Tank Pressures for Two Common LPGs

1.7.3 boiling liquid-expanding vapor explosion

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

1.7.4 excess flow valve:

Not for Resale

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2510A

Table 3Vapor Volumes Obtained for Two Common

1.8 Referenced Publications

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

SECTION 2FACILITY DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

2.2 Site Selection

2.3 Layout and Spacing

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2510A

2.4 Drainage and Spill Containment

2.5 Ignition Source Control

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

Figure 1Pool Fire Radiant Heat Flux

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2510A

2.6 Vessel Design

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

2.7.1 PIPING DESIGN

Not for Resale

2.6.2 DESIGN TEMPERATURE

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2510A

Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Not for Resale