ABSTRACT This experiment is carried out to investigate the characteristic of the flow of the liquid in the pipe which

is also used to determine the Reynolds number for each flow state. The apparatus was solely designed for the study of the characteristic of the flow of fluid in pipe, the manners of flow and to calculate the range for laminar and turbulent flow where Reynolds number formula is used to prove the calculation between the fluids velocity, diameter of pipe and kinematic viscosity where Reynolds number is dimensionless. Calculation was made from the data collected to estimate the range of laminar and turbulent flow. The calculation was by using the appropriate units and formula to prove that Reynolds number is dimensionless.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Objectives. 4 Theory 5 Description of Apparatus 8 Experimental Procedures 9 Results. 11 Sample calculation...13 Discussion. 14 Conclusion 15 Recommendation 16 References16

INTRODUCTION

The criterion of laminar, transitional and turbulent flow can be known through SOLTEQ Osborne Reynolds Demonstration (Model: FM 11). In fluids mechanics, internal flow is defined as a flow for which the fluid is confined by a surface.

The Osborne Reynolds device consists of water resource for the system supply, fixhead water input to big and small transparent pipes, dye input by injection units, and water output units to determine water flow rate. The laminar, transition and turbulent flows can be obtained by varying the water flow rate using the water outlet control valve. Water flow rate and hence the flow velocity is measured by volumetric measuring tank. Flow pattern are visualized using dye injection through a needle valve. The dye injection rate can be controlled and adjusted to improve the quality of flow patterns.

OBJECTIVES

To monitor the different types of flow of laminar, transitional and turbulent through different value of flow rate

For experiment A: To compute Reynolds number (R) To observe the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow.

For experiment B: To determine Reynolds number (R)

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To determine the upper and lower critical velocities at transitional flow

THEORY

The Reynolds number is a widely used dimensionless parameters in fluids mechanics.

Reynolds number formula: R = R = Reynolds number U = Fluid velocity (m/s) L = Characteristic length or diameter (m) V = Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

Reynolds number R is independent of pressure

The dimensionless parameter R is called Reynolds number. It is a ratio of the inertial force to the viscous damping force. As R increase, the inertial force grow relatively larger and the flow gets destabilized into full-blown turbulence.

The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number at which laminar flow becomes transitional and transitional flow becomes turbulent. The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of a critical velocity, is that the result of the experiment are applicable to all Newtonian fluids flow in round pipes of all diameters.

Pipe flow conditions

For water flowing in pipe or circular conduits, L is the diameter of the pipe. For Reynolds number less than 2100, the pipe flow will be laminar. For Reynolds number from 2100 to 4000 the pipe flow will be considered a transitional flow. Turbulent occur when Reynolds number is above 4000. The viscosity of the fluid is also determines the characteristic of the following becoming laminar or turbulent. Fluids with higher viscosity are easier to achieve a turbulent flow condition. The viscosity of the fluid also depends on the temperature.

Laminar flow

Laminar flow denoted a steady flow condition where all streamlines follow parallel paths, there being no interaction (mixing) between shear planes. Under this conditions the dye observed will remains as a solid, straight and easily identifiable component of flow.

Transitional flow

Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow with turbulence in the centre of the pipe and laminar flow over the edges. Each of these flow behaves in different manners in term of their frictional energy loss while flowing and have different equations that predict their behaviour.

Turbulent flow

Turbulent flow denoted an unsteady flow condition where streamlines interact causing shear plane collapse and mixing of the fluids. In this condition the dye observed will become disperse in the water and mix with water. The observed dye will not be identifiable at this point.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS

1. Dye reservoir 2. Dye control valve 3. Dye injection 4. Head tank 5. Observation tube

6. Overflow tube 7. Water inlet valve 8. Bell mouth 9. Water outlet valve

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

EXPERIMENT A

1. The dye injector is lowered until it is seen in the glass tube. 2. Inlet valve, V1 is opened and water is allowed to enter the stilling tank. 3. A small overflow spillage is ensured through the over flow tube to maintain a constant level. 4. Water is allowed to settle for a few minutes. 5. Water is then flowed through the visualizing tube. 6. The dye control valve, V4 is slowly adjusted until a slow flow with dye injection is achieved. 7. Water inlet valve, V1 and outlet valve, V2 is regulated until a straight identifiable dye line is seen. Laminar flow is visible and a picture is captured as a result. 8. The flow rate at the outlet valve, V2 is measured using volumetric method. 9. The experiment is repeated by regulating water inlet valve, V1 and outlet valve, V2 to produce transitional and turbulent flow.

EXPERIMENT B

1. The dye injector is lowered until it is seen in the glass tube. 2. Inlet valve, V1 is opened and water is allowed to enter stilling tank. 3. A small overflow of spillage is ensured through the over flow tube to maintain a constant level. 4. Water is allowed to settle for a few minutes. 5. Water is flown through the visualizing tube. 6. The dye control valve, V4 is adjusted slowly until a slow flow with dye injection is achieved. 7. The procedure is repeated to create a laminar flow; the flow rate is slowly increased until the laminar flow produces a small disturbance or eddies. 8. The flow rate at the outlet valve, V2 is measured using volumetric result. 9. The experiment is repeated after introducing a turbulent flow and slowly decrease flow rate till the flow become transitional. This is the upper critical velocity

RESULTS

EXPERIMENT A Flow type: Laminar Volume (L) Time (s) Volume flow rate, Q (m /s) 1 1 1 336 330 332 2.9762x10-6 3.0303x10-6 3.0120x10-6 243.36 248.04 246.48
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Reynolds number

Flow type: Transitional Volume (L) Time (s) Volume flow rate (m3/s) 2 2 2 208 205 200 9.6154x10-6 9.7561x10-6 1.000x10-5 784.68 795.60 815.88 Reynolds number

Flow type: Turbulent Volume (L) Time (s) Volume flow rate (m3/s) 3 3 3 82 80 84 3.6585x10-5 3.7500x10-5 3.5714x10-5 2985.84 3060.72 2915.64 Reynolds number

EXPERIMENT B Laminar -> Transitional Volume (L) Time (s) Volume flow rate (m3/s) 1 1 1 123 125 121 8.1301x10-6 8.000x10-6 8.2645x10-6 663.00 653.64 673.92 Reynolds number

Transitional -> Turbulent Volume (L) Time (s) Volume flow rate (m3/s) 2 2 2 82 80 84 2.4390x10-5 2.5000x10-5 2.3810x10-5 1990.56 2040.48 1943.76 Reynolds number

Glass tube diameter (d) = 0.0156m

SAMPLE CALCULATION

Experiment A: Laminar 1L = 0.001m3 Q = m3/s = 0.001 / 336 = 2.9762x10-6 A = d2/4 = (0.0156)2/4 = 1.9113x10-4

Q = VA 2.9762x10-6 = V(1.9113x10-4) V = 0.0156 m/s

0.001 kg/ms D = 1000 kg Re = Re = Re = 243.36

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DISCUSSION

From experiment A, the average Reynolds number for the flow type of laminar, transitional and turbulent is 245.96, 798.72 and 2987.4 respectively. It can be seen that the Reynolds number obtained for transitional and turbulent flow is not within the correct range.

Laminar flow

Transitional flow

Turbulent flow

For laminar flow, the dye injection shows a neat straight line in motion. In laminar flow, there is less disruption therefore the particles are in tight and orderly manner. For turbulent flow, the dye injection shows a scattered motion. When the flow rate increase, it is more vigorous thus, it disrupts the blue dye and then indicates the motion of turbulent flow. For transitional flow, the blue dye injection shows a combination of laminar flow and turbulent flow. It would start with a straight orderly manner and would be more scattered towards the end.

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There is a transition period between laminar and turbulent flow which is lower critical velocity and upper critical velocity. For lower critical velocity, it is the velocity at which laminar flow stops and for upper critical velocity is where a turbulent flow starts. The Reynolds number for upper critical velocity is in the range of 2700 and 4000, just about before entering turbulent flow which is 4000.

CONCLUSION

From the results obtained, it can be seen that the Reynolds number obtained from experiment A and B does not obey Reynolds number for turbulent. In fluid mechanics, Reynolds number for laminar is stated as less than 2000 while Reynolds number for turbulent is more than 4000 and transitional takes place in between 2000 and 4000.

For experiment A, in laminar, Reynolds number is achieved by getting an average of 245.96. For transitional, the average Reynolds number obtained is 798.72, which is not in transitional region. While for turbulent, the average Reynolds number achieved is 2987.4, also outside of the claimed turbulent region.

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RECOMMENDATION Before injecting the dye into the fluids, we should make sure the dye is not too much and not too insufficient. It will be hard to stable the fluids to get a laminar flow For a better result, make sure the water is clear because using clear water is easier to observe the results and less discrepancy in the water. The person collecting the water should synchronize well the time keeper. The experiment should be done repeatedly to get a more stable result and is then averaged.

REFERENCES Fluids mechanics by Dr. Andrew Sleigh (J. Franzini/ E. Finnemore), McGraw Hill.

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