+

Plus / add [ Sum / Total ]

[Product / Multiplication ]

Division , Divisible , Remainder

a(dividend-) b(Divisor-) = c(Quotient-)

gs
po

, /,

t.c
o

Times / Into/ dot /of /Multiply

Minus / Subtract /Deduct [ Difference ]

Plus or Minus

<

Equal / Is Approximately Equal

.b

lo

ox

Is not Equal

Is Less then {5 < 10}

rc

Is not less then { 10}

bi

Is less than or equal to { x X

>

Web:

ta
n

}
Is greater then {5> 2}
Is not greater then {5 20}
Is greater than or equal to ( / )

Percentage( 100

Infinity /

)
Varies as / is Proportional
Implies/or
If and only if

Email:

Pi

1,2,3...n [,\,]

x,y,z

Variable /

x+x

2x

, bx,c Term]

gs
po

Expression [a

t.c
o

a +bx+c

[x] Absolute Value ( )

|x|

Negative Positive

=2,

=3

lo

Square Root

=4

x 1/n

ox

X y

=3,

rc

n Root n

.b

Cube Root ,

bi

Summation ,X n

ta
n

Constant /

,*( )+-

Bracket

Logarithmsa x (

Web:

pr

[ + , ]
10

n! n

n=

Factorial n n (n-1) (n-2)1 [ 5!=54321]

Permutation [ n
n

pr ,

pr= n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3) ..(n-r+1) Ex:- p3=654 ]

Email:

Combination / / , cr =

cr

A=*, , , +

A , a,b,c,d
Intersection /cap [ /

]
AB={x:xA xB}
Union/cup [

]=> ( )

Element of / Belongs to / [Ex: bA]

t.c
o

AB={x:xA xB}

Is not an Element of/not Belongs to

gs
po

Subset of [A / B / ]
Superset
Empty Set

lo

/
/

[B A , A /

.b

A\B

A-B={x:xA xB}

ox

A ]

Complementary set [U\A=U-A={xU : xA }

rc

Power Set [A n P(A)

P(A)

N( / +n), Z( +n,0,+n)

ta
n

NZQR

bi

2n ]

Q( 0,+n, ),R ( ),
( ) Q=R-Q

Web:

Straight line ( )
Ray ( )
Line Segment ( )
Similar to
Almost Equal to
Is Equivalent to / Congruent

Email:

Right Angle
Measured Angle
Perpendicular To
Is Parallel to
Therefore / Hence
Since / Because /

Rectangle/Square
Circle

Triangle

t.c
o

Angle

gs
po

2 (Unit) ()
Ex:- 318 3+1+8=12 ,

lo

3 (Digits) / 3

.b

4 (Unit) (tens) 4

ox

Ex:- 544 , 4 44 4

rc

5 (Unit) () 5

bi

6 3 2

ta
n

8 (Unit) , (tens) (Hundredth)

8

Ex:- 77 264 , 264 8 , 77264 8

9 (Digits) / 9
Ex:- 288 2+8+8=18 , 9 , 288 9

(Unit) () 2, 5, 10
(oo ) , 4, 25, 100
(000) , 8, 125, 1000

Web:

Email:

Digit ()
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

1 100
11

2 9 (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) 20
21

t.c
o

87654321

gs
po

Number ()

8(Crores) 7(Nijut) 6(lacs) 5(Ajut) 4(Thousands) 3(Hundreds) 2(Tens) 1(Units)

rc

ox

.b

lo

4321=41000+3100+210+1

ta
n

bi

Integers ( n) { -n.-5,-4,-3,-2,-1, 0, +1,+2,+3,+4,+..+n}

Even Numbers ( ) 2 {0, 2, 4, 6, 8,.2n}
Odd Number ( )
2 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9.(2n+1)}

Even Even= Even , Odd Odd=Odd , Even Odd=Even
Even + Even=Even

Odd + Odd=Even , Even Odd=Odd

Even / Even= Even , Even /Odd=Odd , Odd/Even= Odd

Odd

Odd

=Odd , Odd

Even

=Odd ,

Even

Even

=Even , Even

Odd

=Even

(2,4,6.) (3,5,7..)

Web:

Email:

Consecutive Integers ( )

{ n,n+1,n+2,n+3,.}
Prime Numbers ( )


( even prime number)
(Odd Prime number)
1 100 25 1060

1 200 46

t.c
o

1 500 95
1 1000 168

( 2 ,3

gs
po

3 , )

1 100
4

11-20

11,13,17,19

21-30

23,29

31-40

31,37

41-50

41,43,47

51-60

53,59

61-70

61,67

81-90
91-100

rc
3
2

bi

ta
n

71-80

.b

2,3,5,7

ox

1-10

lo

71,73,79

83,87

97

(4422322321)
(1232232244)

Composite Number ( )
/

Web:

Email:

Fraction ()

( )

Fraction ()=
(

()

, x y )

t.c
o

gs
po

Rules of fractions

lo

rc

ox

ac=b

.b

Continued Proportion ( ):-

>

( Ex:-

, )

ta
n

bi

Proper fraction ( ):-

Improper fraction ( ):

<

Ex:- , )

Rational Number ( ): - , - (0,1,2,3.n ), ( )-16 , ( a/b

- a b ) , -

Web:

Email:

Irrational Number ( ):
a/b - a b ) ,
( ) , (

) , ,

, , e Ex:- ,
,

Roman Numeral ( ):I1, V5, X10, L50, C100, O500, M1000

t.c
o

Fators ( ):-

gs
po

,
20 =5221

lo

Multiples ():-

.b

ox

rc

Ex:- 35/5=7 , 35/7=5 5 7 35 35 7 5

bi

Common Factor ( ):-

ta
n

Co-prime Number ( ) : ,

Lowest Common Multiple L.C.M (

-

Web:

Email:

.. ):

Highest Common Factor H.C.F (

.. ):-

ta
n

bi

rc

ox

.b

lo

gs
po

t.c
o

..

Web:

Email:

2304

(Square Root )

gs
po

t.c
o

74 28

1)

lo

2) ,
3) 74 64 ,

=8:

.b

4) 8 74 64

rc

( )

ox

5) 74 64 10 28 1028

bi

6) 8 82 = 16 ( )

ta
n

7) 16
1028 1028
8) 6 16 6 6 =996 7 ( 16 7 7 = 1169) 1028

9) 1028 996 32 862 = 172
32
10) , 86
11) 74 28 32 7396
86

Web:

Email:

t.c
o

(Simplification) :-

Division() Multiplication () Addition (+) Subtraction(-)

lo

[{(Braket)}]of /

gs
po

BODMAS

ox

=> x=

ta
n

bi

Formula:-- =

x-a =b-x

rc

=x ,

.b

a b ?

1008 (Divisors) ?
1008 =

2222337=243271

= (4+1)(2+1)(1+1)=30
m

Formula:-- x =a

Web:

bncl

=(m+1)(n+1)(l+1)

Email:

2\1008
2\504
2\252
2\126
3\63
3\21
7

 , n
Let the Numbers =x and (x+1)
According to the Question, (x+1)2 x2 = n
x
Formula:--

, = +

n a , b , c d ?
Formula:--

= ( a , b , c d) ..

t.c
o

n a , b , c d ?
Formula:--

gs
po

= ( a , b , c d) .. +
( ) a , b , c d n /

lo

Formula:--

ox

.b

= ( a , b , c d) .. + /

rc

n .. L .. ?
Formula:--

..

ta
n

bi

= ..

a:b .. L .. ?
Formula:--

.. =

..

.. .. ?

Formula:--

.. =
.. =
Web:

Email:

 (a) 2 (b) 3
(n) 10 ?
Formula:--

(b)

1 =
10

=(610)

= ..

ox

.b

lo

gs
po

t.c
o

Formula:--

(a) 2

rc

M A N B , ?

bi

Formula:--

ta
n

M A , M = M A [ A =
N B , N = N B
= M + N

= AM +BN
=

Web:

Email:

Varies as / is Proportional


)

t.c
o

, =

( , , ,

gs
po

, =

a, b, c ,

lo

.b

a:b =b:c

ox

s a:b:c

rc

a+b+c

bi

= S ()

ta
n

a = S

a:b =x:y b:c =l:m a:b:c =?

a:b = x:y = (xl): (yl) = xl : yl
b:c =l:m = (ly): (my)= yl : my
a:b:c = xl : yl : my

n . a : b : c ?
Formula:-- = a + b + c
= n

Web:

Email:

 7 : 3 8
?
Formula:Required Amount: =
Water =

Required ratio

3 =6

30 7 : 3

3 : 7 (3 into 7) 7 : 5
= 7 + 3 = 10

30

30 =

30

( )
( )

= 21

gs
po

30 =

t.c
o

Formula:--

( )

( )

= 9

lo

, =

.b

3 : 7

ox

x 3 : 7

rc

21 : (9 + x) = 3 : 7
x = 40

bi

7 : 5

ta
n

10 = 30

0/ 0

= 7 : (3+2) = 7 :5
1 = 3

Web:

Email:

 100 (100)

x%=
N (90) P % (75% )

Find the number whose P % (75% ) is N (90) ?

Number N (90) is P % (75% ) of What number?

Formula:-- Let the Number be = x

t.c
o

X P% = N
X 75% = 90

gs
po

What Percentage % is R(90) of N(120)?

N X% =R

lo

120 x% =90

.b

ox

100

rc

100

bi

ta
n

, 100
,
, 100

X% (25%)
?
Formula:--

25% = (100 + 25 ) = 125

125 = 100

,,

100 ,,

,,

,,

= 80

= ( 00
Web:

80)% =20%
Email:

Formula:

[ % =

[ % =

]]

+ 25% 20%

+33.33% 25%

gs
po

t.c
o

(Decrease )

(Increase ) +

.b

lo

, % %

ox

25% , %

rc

25% % , 25%

bi

10(O) 20(N)
?
Formula:-

ta
n

, : 1(O) : 2(N) , ?
% Change =

100%

Result + Increase
Result Decrease
=

Web:

100% =100% [ ]

Email:

 5% 1000 () ,

5 ?

Formula:-- 5% , 100 + 5 =105

100 = 105
,,

1000

,,

,, =

,,

= 1050

5 = 1050 1000 = 50
= 50/5 = 10

,,

Formula:-

,,

t.c
o

1 ,,

= 10

gs
po

20% (x%) 10% (y%) ,

?

lo

Solution: = 100x = 100y

= = 10000 xy

.b

20% = (100+20)x =120x

ox

10% = (100-10) = 90y

rc

= 120x 90y = 10800xy

bi

= 10800xy 10000xy = 800xy

,,

,,

Formula:-

ta
n

10000xy = 800xy
100

,,

(C%)

,,

,, =

=8%

=x+y+

x First Value ( ) %
y Second Value ( ) %
,
/ (Increase) +
/ (Decrease)
(Answer) + ,
(Answer) ,

Web:

Email:

 5% (x%) ,
?
Formula:- +

C% = (+5) + (+5) +

10 % (x%) , ?
Formula:- ,

(

C% = (10) + (10) +

gs
po

t.c
o

F = S = 10

5% (x%) ?
Formula:-- ,

lo

F = S = 5

.b

, +
(

ox

C% = (+5) + (+5) +

rc

bi

25% , ( ) 5%

ta
n

F= + 25%
S = 5%

C% = (+25) + (5) +

20% , 20%
?

Web:

C% = (-20) + (+20) +

Email:

 100 20%
2002 ?

C% = (+20) + (+20) +

10% 20% %

C% = (+10) + (+20) +

x% (voter , worker & Student) y % , %

voter , worker & Student ?

Formula:- Mix % =

t.c
o

f% , s% t%
n ?

gs
po

Formula:- - Rest (n) = 100x (f% + s% + t% )x

lo

n x%

ox

Formula:- -pass = n x% (a/b)

.b

a/b ?

rc

bi

ta
n

70%

80%

10% ,

360

Formula:- = (100 70 10)% = 20%

= (100 80 10)% = 10%
= (20 + 10 + 10)% = 40%
= (100 40)% = 60%
60 , = 100

,,
Web:

,, 360 ,,

,,

,,

,,

,,

,,

Email:

 200 70% ,60% 40%

1:-

2:- ?
Formula:- = (60 40)% = 20%
= (70 40)% = 30%
= (40 + 30 + 20)% = 90%
= (100 90)% = 10%
[1

10% ]

,,

,,

,,

,,

,, =

t.c
o

200 ,,

gs
po

,,

100 = 10

lo

, , ,

.b

, ,

ox

rc

()

bi

ta
n

[ , ]





X

1
Z

= (X Y) [ , ]
(

[ , ]

Web:

Email:

 9(M1) 3 (D1) 9(D2) ?

, 9(M1) 12(D1) , 3(M1)
?
Formula:- M1 D1 = M2 D2
1) M2 =
2) D2 =

500 20 5 100
?

Solution :
100 =(500 100) = 400

t.c
o

5 ,
500 = (20 5) 15
,,

400

,,
,,

,,
,,

,,
,,

,,
,,

= (15 500)
,,

gs
po

[ 500 ,

.b

lo

, ]

ox

X m , Y n X Y
?

rc

Formula:-,,

,,

ta
n

bi

X m = 1

Y 1 =

X Y 1 = (

,,

1 ,,

)=

= 1
,,

,,

Formula:

Web:

T=

Email:

 X m , X Y C Y
?

T=

Formula:-

X , Y Z a , b c
?
Formula:-

T=

t.c
o

m n ( m
n ) ?
Formula:-

T=

gs
po

lo

, m n

.b

ox

Formula:-

T=

[ ]

rc

X , Y Z 20 (a) , 24 (b) 30(c)

ta
n

Solution

bi

) ?
X 20 = 1
X 1 =

Y 1 =
Z 1 =

X , Y Z 1 = (

,,

Web:

)=

1 ,, ,, ,,

= 8

Email:

Formula:- 1 = 1/8
,,

,,

,,

,,

= 6/8

= (1 ) =

X 1 = 20
,,

,,

,, = (20 ) =20/4 = 5

t.c
o

Formula:--

,, =

X 5

lo

5 ,,

gs
po

X 1 = 1/ 20

ox

.b

X , Y Z = (1 ) =

,,

,,

,,

= 8

,,

,,

,, =

= 6

ta
n

1 ,,

bi

,,

rc

X , Y Z 1/8 = 1

= X , Y Z + X 5
= 6 + 5 = 11

Web:

Email:

 3( M1) 5( W1) 20(T1) , 4( M2)

10( W2) ( T2) ?
Formula:-3 20 = 1

3 ,,

,,

,,

,,

1 ,,

,,

,,

,,

4 ,,

,,

,,

,,

[ ,

t.c
o

, ]
,

10 ,,

,,

,,

,,

,,

,,

,,

ox

rc

,, = 6

ta
n

,,

Web:

= 1

1 ,,
Formula :

) =

bi

.b

4 10 ,
1 = (

lo

1 ,,

gs
po

5 20 = 1

T2

) (

Email:

 10(L) 1(t) 50(U)

25(D) , ?
Formula:-

T =

U = Up , D = Down
(

) (

1= 77Min

gs
po

t.c
o

Formula:-- ( ) n = 1 (

T=

lo

.b

= +

bi

rc

ox

ta
n

, U V [ U > V ]
,
(Relative Speed) = U +V
,
(Relative Speed) = U V
/ / X T

T X
,,

1 ,,

,,

,, =

Web:

Email:

Lp ( , , )
Lt T
T =( Lp + Lt)
,,

1 ,,

,,

,,
=

45( ) 100(

) 60(T)

Formula:-- ,

60

,,

750

,, =

gs
po

t.c
o

1 (60 60) = 45 = (45 1000)

60 ,

=650

)
)

bi

[ T C nver S eed in km/hr to m/sec multiply speed by

ta
n

45

rc

Formula:-

ox

= 650

.b

750 = + 100

lo

= +

121 ( x ) 99 ( ) 40 ( ) 32 ( )
?
Formula: T =
, (Relative Speed) =
, (Relative Speed) =
T=

Web:

= 11 Second [1 km/hr =

meter/second ]

Email:

 150 (

) 68(

) / , 8 (

) /

?
Formula: T =

T=

= 0
= 9 Second [1 km/hr =

20 (

meter/second ]

) 30 (

, ?
T =

gs
po

0
0 0

rc

ox

.b

lo

T =

t.c
o

Formula:-

Invested]

ta
n

bi

P (Principal / Capital / Sum )[

I / / ( Interest / Extra money for Interest) [

N / [
R

Per-annum

(Rate of Interest)

, 100 1 ]

A / - / (Amount/ Interest-principal/Increased Principal)

= +
P t = p t 1

Web:

Email:

 (Simple Interest)

P r % n ?
r ,

P
P

I=

t n

I = npr [r = r% = r/100]

[ ]

.b

A = P + I

[ , , ]

ta
n

bi

ox

A = P + nPr = P (1 + nr)

rc

t.c
o

gs
po

100

lo

C = p (
)
=

( ) = (

Web:

Email:

 (r=?) 700 (P) 5(t) 105(I) ?

Solution-

700 5 = 105
100 ,, 1

,,

,, =

Formula:

I=

t.c
o

105 =
r=

gs
po

5 - ?
Formula:- , X

lo

5 - = 2X
= -

.b

2X X = X

ox

,,

,, =

ta
n

Formula:-

r =20%

Web:

= 20 = 20%

bi

100 ,,

rc

X 5 = X

) =

Email:

 8% (r1) [ ] 10% (r2) 5(t) 200 (I)

(p=?) ?
Formula:-100 1 = (10 8 ) = 2
100 ,,

,,,

,, 5 ,,

,,

,, = (5 2 ) = 10

10 = 100
,,

,,

Formula:-

I=

,, 200 ,,

t.c
o

p =2000

200 =

gs
po

5 (r) 10 (t) 5000 (A)

(p=?)?
Formula:--

lo

5% , 100 10 = ( 5 10) = 50

.b

100 10 = ( 100 + 50 ) = 150

,,

5000 ,,

,,

ta
n

P =

P=

Web:

bi

Formula:-

,, =

rc

ox

150 = 100

Email:

 300 ( ) 4 ( ) 500 (

) 5 ( )

148 (I) , (r=?) ?

Formula:-300 4 = 1200 1
500 5 = 2500 1
(1200 + 2500 ) = 3700 1
1 148

100 ,,

,,

1 ,,

,, =

3700

t.c
o

= x % = x/100
, I1 =

gs
po

, I2 =
, I1 + I2 =148
+

= 148

lo

.b

x = 4%
)

rc

r=

( 00

bi

r=

( 00

= 4%

ta
n

I=

ox

Formula:-

10%(r% ) 600 (p) / 2 (n )

?
Formula: C = p

C = 600 (

C = 726

Web:

Email:

 (Cost Price ) CP :-
(Selling Price )SP:- /
/ (Profit /Gain) P:/ (Loss)L:-

(Profit) = (SP)

(loss) = (CP)

(CP)

(SP)

t.c
o

gs
po

X % x %
x

.b

lo

C x % ,

ox

X % c = ( C +

X % C = ( C

bi

rc

ta
n

C P ,
=

6 (n) 5 (n-1) ?
Furmula: 1
(Profit %) =
Profit % =

Web:

( )

Email:

 9 (n) 10 (n + 1) ?
Furmula: 1
(Loss %) =

( )

loss % =

9 (n) 11 (n+2) , 10 (n+1)

?

(n) , (n+1) (n+2) ,

Furmula:

loss % =

( ,

-)

gs
po

(loss) =

t.c
o

, ?

lo

12(n) 25%(F%) 50%(S%)

.b

[ + , ]

ta
n

bi

= 12

rc

= n

ox

Formula:- =n , First Value=F%, Second Value=S%

5(m) 2(n) 35(s) 40%(P%)

?

Formula:- =
=

Web:

)
(

Email:

 150(S) 20(L/P) ?
Solution = (150 + 20 ) =170
170 = 20
,,

100 ,,

,, ,, =

Formula:- = + [ = ]
=

%=

Cost = 150 +20 =170

900 (S) 20% (p%) ?

t.c
o

900 (S) 20% (p%) ?

Formula:- =

gs
po

Cost =

900 (S) , 20% (L%) , ?

(
(

rc

ox

Cost =

lo

.b

Formula:- =

1200(n) 15%(p%) ,

bi

5%(L%) ?

ta
n

Solution: 100 , 100

P% ,

100 = (100 + P )
,,

n ,,

,,

,,

L% ,
100 = (100 - L )

,,

,,

,,

[ P% , L% p% 5%(L%)
]

Web:

Email:

 8% (T%) 15%(p%)
280(C) , (Marked Price) ?
Formula:-15% ,
100 = (100 +15 ) =115
,,

280 ,,

,,

,,

= 322

8% ,
(100 - 8 ) 92 = 100
322

,,

,,

,,

,,

,,

= 350

t.c
o

30(n) 55(C) 20%(n 20% )

gs
po

40(S) 12 ?
Formula : ( ) = 30 30 20% =24

0)

.b

Profit = (

lo

(Profit) =(

ox

25%(R% -reduction) 120(T)

bi

Formula:-

rc

30(n) ?

Cost=

Web:

ta
n

= R% (

Email:

 10%(L%) 40(C) ,
20%(p%) ?
Solution %
10% = (100 10) = 90
20% = (100 + 20 ) = 120
(120 90) = 30
30 100
,,

,,

40

,,

,, ,,

,,

t.c
o

Formula:

gs
po

40 10% 20% ,

lo

10% + 20% =40

.b

15% = 40

ox

1% =

Web:

ta
n

bi

Formula:-

rc

100% =

Email:

 10%(L%) 20%(C%)
50 , 40% (P%) ?
Solution: 3 %
20% = (100 20) = 80
40% = (100 + 40 ) = 140
40%
100 = 140

,, 80

,, ,,

= 112

,,

10% , = (100 10 ) =90

t.c
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= (112 -90) = 22
22 = 100
50

,,

,,

,, =

gs
po

,,

lo

Formula:

.b

10% , Sells1 = (100 10) = 90

ox

20% = (100 20 ) = 80 ,

rc

profit , 80 40% =32

bi

,Sells2 = + = 80 + 32 = 112

ta
n

[ Absolute Value Negative Positive

]
Cost =

Web:

Email:

 4 (X) 5 (n) , 5(Y) 4 (m) ?

Solution
5 = 4
1 ,,

,,

,
4 = 5
1 ,,

,,

= - =

[ ]

,,

,,

100 ,,

,,

t.c
o

,, =

ta
n

bi

rc

ox

.b

lo

gs
po

Formula

Web:

Email:

 X Y ?
5 , 4 ?
Splution:
X = 1
1

,,

,,

Y = 1
,,

= =

,,

Formula

,,

,,

,,

ox

.b

lo

100

gs
po

,,

,,

t.c
o

bi

1 Lac = 10

rc

International Counting System ( ): -

ta
n

1 Million = 10 = 10 lac

1 Crore =10 =10 million

9

12

1 Billion = 10 (USA) =10 (Eu)

12

18

1 Trillion = 10 (USA) = 10 (Eu)

Measurement And Unit ( )

S.I International Systems of Units 1960

CGS Centimeter . Gram .Second
M.K.S Meter . Kilogram . Second
F.P.S Foot .Pound .Second
Local system( )
Web:

Email:

12 Inch = 1 foot , 3 foot = 1 Yard , 1760 Yard = 1 mile

Relationship
Distance

Area

Volume

1 Inch = 2.54 Centimeter

1 Inchs2= 6.45 cm

1 Meter = 39.37 Inch

1 Hectare = 10000 meter2 1 Cubic meter = 1000 liters

1 mile = 1.61 kilometer

1 Katha = 720 feet2

1 liter = 1000 Cubic Centimeter

1 Cubic foot = 28.31 liters

1 Nautical Mile = 1.853km 1 Acre = 4047 meter

1 gallon = 3.78 liters(us) = 4.54 liters(uk)

1 km2 = 247 Acres

1 Cubic Centimeter= 1 gram

1 kilogram= 2.2 (lbs) pounds

1 Seer = .93 kg

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1 mound = 40 seer = 37.2 kg

1 quintal = 100 kg

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po

1 ton = 1000 kg

1 m_t_r = 100 C_ntim_t_r = 39.37 In]hs = 3.28 `__t = 1.0936 Y[r^s = 0.00062 mil_s
1 kilogram = 1000 grams = 2.2 pounds = 35.27 Ounces = 0.157 Stone(uk)
2

lo

1 meter = 10.76 feet =1550 Inchs = 10000 centimeter

.b

1 Square kilometer = .3861 mile2 = 100 hectares = 247 acres

ox

1 mile2 = 2.589 kilometers2 = 259 hectare = 640 acres

bi

rc

1 Celsius = 33.8 Fahrenheit = 274.15 kelvin

ta
n

30(T) 20(F) 15(S)

?
Formula :

Total Number = First Individual group + Second Individual group (Common Group)

FS

F + S ( F S)

F S =
F S =
30 = 20 + 15 (F S )
(F S )
Web:

Email:

 1 12
12 = 3600

,,

,,

,,

= 0

,,

N = n

( )

) (

gs
po

H M

[ () ]

0 /

lo

HM =

bi

Web:

) (

ta
n

2 50
0

.b

) (

rc

4 5

ox

Examples:

t.c
o

) (

=
=

= 0

Email:

>

0 ]

Web:

gs
po

lo

.b

ox

rc

bi

ta
n

Email:

t.c
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