Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government _The US system of government was built on Lockes ideas, including the ultimate sovereignty of the people, the necessity of restraints on the exercise of arbitrary power by the executive or legislature, and the revocability of the social contract. __ Federalist #10 _Written by James Madison. Discusses the question of how to guard against groups of citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of a whole community. Madison argued that a strong, big republic would be a better guard against those dangers than smaller republics like the individual states.__ Republican Government _A state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is excersised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them._ Land Ordinance of 1785 _Stated that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt._ Land Ordinance of 1787 _A uniform national land policy; created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government. The land would then be purchased by individuals._

Necessary and Proper Clause _Elastic Clause in Article 1 of the US Constitution. The Congress shall have power to make all laws in which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States or in any Department or officer thereof. Suggested that Congress had the power to make and enforce laws so long as they see fit._ Federalist Papers _A series of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay promoting the ratification of the Constitution. _ Shays Rebellion _In western Massachusetts in 1786, impoverished back-country farmers, who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies, attempted to enforce their demands of cheap paper money, lighter taxes and a suspension of property takeovers. Led by Captain Daniel Shays. _ Annapolis Convention _Meeting in 1786 at Annapolis, Maryland of 12 delegates from New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia that unanimously called for a constitutional convention. Drafted the Articles resolution with Hamiltons longtime desire to have a more powerful, more financially independent federal government. _ Philadelphia Convention _The convention in Philadelphia in 1787 of representatives from each of the former Colonies, except Rhode Island, at which the constitution of the United States was framed._ Delegated Powers __Delegated powers in the US Constitution would be those powers that are specifically expressed or authorized as being given by the people to that branch of the Federal Government.

English Traditions

Limited Govt
Magna Carta 1215 Bill of Rights 1689 Balance of power b/t King and Parliment

Colonial Governments Right to vote Natural rights philosophy Separation of powers

Checks and balances

Influences on The U.S Constitution

NY State Constitution
Included Bill of Rights First popularly elected executive Right to petition Right to vote
The Iroquois Confederacy Peace, justice, power of good minds

Indians can do it, so can we

Reserved Powers _A political power that a constitution reserves exclusively to the jurisdiction of a particular political authority._ Concurrent Powers _A political power exercised independently in the same field of legislation by both federal and state governments._ Supremacy Clause _Law that relates to the constitution as a permanent system of political and juridical government as distinguished from statutory and common law, which relate to matters subordinate to such constitution._ Anti-Federalists _One of party opposed to a federative government; applied particularly to the party which opposed the adoption of the constitution of the US. _

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution?

Low population density continued at a slightly higher rate, immobile rate of migration increased, wealth is widely distributed concentration of wealth (social polarization). Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? The constitution of an individual state outlines how the government of that state will work, including the division of powers between the executive (governor), the state legislature, and the state courts. It may address the rights of individual state citizens. Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? Positive: Gained independence, Great Britain lost its standing as an undefeated superpower, democracy was allowed to expand and develop. Negative: French Revolution, undefended, Britain sought revenge so they raided American trading ships. A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? New national government that emerged from the Revolution confronted a host of issues during the 1780s. The first major one to be addressed by Congress was what to do with all of the land acquired in the West. Starting in 1784 Congress Passed a series of land ordinances that provided for land surveys, sale of land and the foundation for the creation of new states. Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a democratically-elected representative government responsible to the will of the people. However, sharp political debates erupted over the appropriate level of democracy desirable in the new government with a number of Founders fearing mob rule.

The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? The Articles weakened Congress so they couldnt control the states or enforce taxes. Each state only had one vote. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance.

Land ordinances of 1784, 1785 and 1787 were enacted by Congress to establish orderly and equitable procedures for settlement and political incorporation of the Northwest territory. The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. Because America was such a new country, it was namely alone and alienated by the rest of the world. Britain was bitter and shut down trading in the US from the West Indies and allied with Natives. Spain stopped American commerce in the Mississippi River, and used their alliances with the Indians to further suppress Americas control of the land. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. The small states wanted equal representation with the large states in congress and the large states were afraid they would have to pay an excessive amount of money to support the federal government. In addition, the states disagreed over control of the western colonies. A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? Fairly honest men. Most were educated politicians from the Revolution.

Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers. He meant that while we always wish to think the best in people, when it comes to laws, government, and politics, men cannot be counted on to do what is best for the country because they are concerned with what is best for themselves. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. The Virginia plan called for a bicameral legislature with both houses controlled by population and the New Jersey plan called for a unicameral legislature in which everyone had the same amount of representatives. The Connecticut delegates came up with the Great Compromise: a bicameral legislature with one house based on population and the other with two representatives from each state. The 3/5 compromise counted the slaves as 3/5 of a person when counting towards population for the number of representatives that would be allotted for that state in Congress. Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? The chief points at issue during that time were how much power to allow the central government, how many representatives in Congress to allow each state, and how these representatives should be electeddirectly by people or by the legislators. Based on todays standards, it wouldnt be very democratic concerning the rights of minorities and women. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? They were people who wanted to give more power to the people and the individual states. They thought the constitution gave too much power to the government and not enough to the people. There was no secure promise of the rights to be presented to people (bill of rights). The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? Yes. They saw it as a document that best secured the beliefs of the early colonists

The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? Virginia, knowing that it could not be an independent state (the Constitution was about to be ratified by the 9th state, New Hampshire, anyway), finally ratified it by a vote of 89 to 79. New York was swayed by The Federalist Papers, written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, and finally yielded after realizing that it couldnt prosper apart from the union. North Carolina and Rhode Island finally ratified it after intense pressure from the government. A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."? The minority had triumphed again, and the transition had been peaceful. Only about 1/4 of the adult white males in the country (mainly those with land) had voted for the ratifying delegates. Conservationism was victorious, as the safeguards had been erected against mob-rule excesses. Revolutionaries against Britain had been upended by revolutionaries against the Articles. It was a type of counterrevolution. Federalists believed that every branch of government effectively represented the people, unlike Anti-federalists who believed that only the legislative branch did so. In the U.S., conservatives and radicals alike have championed the heritage of democratic revolution. Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet George Washington was the first president, and the first president to set the precedence of having a cabinet. Washingtons cabinet included Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of War Henry Knox.

Judiciary Act of 1789 This act created by the first Congress made effective federal courts. It organized a Supreme Court, along with a chief justice and 5 associates, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of attorney general. This helped centralize law throughout the nation. Federalists Also known as Hamiltonian Federalists, who wanted a loose construction of the constitution. This meant that the Congress could pass laws that were necessary and proper. They also supported taxes, a bank, and trade. Democratic-Republicans Also known as Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans. They advocated a strict construction of the constitution and believed that the Congress had no power to charter banks, only the states did. They advocated agriculture and the rule of the people. Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision Hamilton wanted a bank to stimulate business by remaining in circulation, creation assumption, excise tax, and suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion. He wanted the aristocrats to stay on top and wealthier than the lower classes. He favored a minority over the majority. Jefferson was the opposite. He wanted the constitution to be strictly applied so that all of an individuals rights were protected. He felt that Hamiltons plans were too invasive and demanding, like those of a tyrant. It also started an opposition to the government. Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit Alexander Hamilton submitted to Congress a specific report that provided for the payments of all debts gained during the war. He wished for a national bank and advocated manufacturing via financial government protection. Jays Treaty A negotiation with France and America by John Jay. It cleared British posts in the West, started the created of a US-French boundary, and established the pay back for damaged American ships. This angered the the Democratic Republicans . Pinckneys Treaty Thomas Pinckney negotiated with Spain. They allowed Americans to navigate and utilize the Mississippi and the New Orleans port. Spain also agreed to fix the northern boundary of Florida to prevent Indian attacks. Washingtons Farewell Address At the end of George Washingtons term, he made an address which advised America not to be involved in foreign affairs and to not create dividing political parties, as well as the avoidance of permanent alliances. Midnight appointments

Congress reduced the number of justices in the Supreme Court and increased federal judges. Federalists took these positions in the very last moment to secure their role in the government. Revolution of 1800 Jefferson believed that the presidential election of 1800 was a return of the spirit of the American Revolution. He wanted to reduce the governments power, restore republicanism, and stop Federalists from making extreme choices. Judiciary Act of 1801 Federalist Congress passed this law which created 16 new federal judgeships and other offices. Adams wanted the Federalists to dominate the governments judicial branch, his last attempt to keep the Federalists in power. XYZ Affair Three delegates sent by President Adams to France to negotiate with prime minister Talleyrand. Three go-betweens bribed the delegates to pay a quarter of a million dollars just to speak with Talleyrand. This greatly humiliated the Americans. Chisholm v Georgia Alexander Chisholm sued Georgia, and in the end it granted federal courts the affirmative power to hear disputes between private citizens and states.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain. Washing was an important president because he had an imposing presence that made people feel secure. The people loved Washington and his presidency helped unite the nations. His strength of character helped lead the seedling country. The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? The first congress created the Bill of Rights to guarantee the most sacred of American principles, including freedom of religion, speech, and press; the right to bear arms and to be tried by a jury, and so on. They also created effective federal courts. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? Hamiltons fiscal policies favored the wealthier groups, which in turn gained support monetarily and politically. Then the state debts were now assumed, as they were an obligation. Virginia did not want this, so in turn they were given the federal district on the Potomac.

Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America. Hamilton believed that the overwhelming debt would help unite the nations government while vitalizing the financial system. To pay off the interest, Hamilton imposed custom duties, which also depended on foreign trade. He also favored and supported the protection of manufacturing groups, as it was an upcoming booming business. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? Hamilton wanted a bank because the government would be a major stockholder and federal funds would stimulate business. Hamilton wanted to control the nations money because it was necessary and proper for its well-being, showing the elastic cause, or loose construction.. However, Jefferson felt that the proposed Bank of the United States would threaten the strict construction, and that the banks should be left to individual states. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. The Whiskey Rebellion was more a victory for order. The revolutionaries were lowly-regarded by the government, and troops were sent to crush them. Even though only three rebels were killed, Washington tightened his government and demanded a higher respect. The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? During George Washingtons presidency, many Americans were starting to oppose Hamiltons policies and taxes. The political parties separated the population and offered opposition to the government, which ruined the spirit of national unity. However these two parties offered two differing ideas and viewpoints which helped with the wishes of the people. The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists?

The Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were extremely excited and loved the ideas of liberty and freedom. However, Hamiltonian Federalists feared the Jeffersonians and what they might do, and they feared radical change and reform. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans believed that the alliance with France should be honored because they had helped the Americans during their war. They also wanted to go against Britain, their foe. However, Washington believed that entering a war in the nations situation was not a pragmatic idea. War had to be avoided because the military was weak, the economy was unstable, and the government was disjointed. Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? The British actions of befriending the Indians and harassing American merchant ships angered Americans because the Jeffersonians wanted to go against Britain once again, disregarding the Neutrality Proclamation. However according to Hamilton, the war would greatly hurt them financially and economically. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. Even though the Jeffersonians thought that Jay betrayed America because in their eyes he surrendered to Britain, John Jay did not betray interests. His treaty was meant to avoid war at all costs. It was certain that war would be extremely detrimental to the nation. John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? There were stark oppositions on each side. The Federalists preferred Jefferson. Adams did not appeal to the masses and most people were irritated by him. The people had high standards from Washington and Adams was hated by Hamilton. Finally, Adams had to face the impending quarrel with France. Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century?

French warships seized harmless American merchant vessels since they were angry with Jays Treaty. President Adams who were sent to Paris to avoid war and they were approached by X, Y, and Z who demanded intolerable concessions to just speak to Talleyrand, the foreign minister. Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career? Avoiding war with France made Adam extremely unpopular politically with the DemocraticRepublicans, who were infuriated. However, Adams did preserve the peace and broke the sacred alliance with France. The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. The government of Federalists did not support the foreigners and wanted to suppress the aliens or immigrants by increasing the residence requirements and imprisonment or deportation, and to repress freedom of speech and press. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain. The Sedition Act and Alien Act were more dangerous to the US Constitution because they oppressed the most fundamental rights of the Bill of Rights. Freedom and speech and press, along with the welcoming aspects of America are what attracted people to the US. Without these, the Constitution seemed meek and untrustworthy. Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? Federalists did not trust democracy, but instead a strong central government. They also favored the minority of the wealthy aristocrats. Government should support private enterprise but not interfere with it. However, Democratic Republicans wanted a weak central regime, and the power should come from the states. They advocated against special privileges for special classes (manufacturers). They promoted agriculture and the rule of the people. Hamilton did not support foreign policies but Jefferson did.