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The Shield of Achilles

Iliad 18.478-608
Nicholas Swift
Aoidoi.org

October 2005
The construction of the shield of Achilles is one of the most fascinating sec-
tions of the Iliad. Here, while Achilles and everyone else awaits the unfolding of
his fate, the poet suspends the narrative to describe the decoration of the shield
by Hephaestus. The adornment consists not of the frightening images seen on
other Homeric shields, but rather the everyday scenes which comprise his vision
of earthly life. It is a long departure from the usually rapid movement of Homer,
and as such makes up our oldest example of extended ekphrasis, the verbal de-
scription of an object or work of art. In ancient times, this lengthy digression
led Zenodotus to eliminate the passage from his edition altogether. Other readers,
however, have perceived the powerful narrative effect of an extended pause just at
the crucial turning point of the story, as though it were as Oliver Taplin called
it the calm before the storm.
At the beginning of the eighteenth book, Achilles receives the news that Patro-
colus has died, and the great armor which Achilles had lent him has been stripped
by Hector. Achilles is devastated, and his anger at Agamemnon suddenly seems
insignicant, as grief for his friend swells into an intense rage directed at himself
and at Hector. While he is waiting for his mother, Thetis, to deliver new armor
from the smith-god Hephaestus, he goes out before the ships, with ames encir-
cling his head, and frightens the Trojans with three terrible screams. Throughout
the poem we see re as a symbol of anger, heroic passion, war, and even death
(for more, see Whitman, Chapter 7); so, when the bellows of Hephaestus kindle
the res of his forge, it leads us naturally to think of the rekindling of Achilles

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anger and heroic passion for war, and also of his inevitable death. Hephaestus
laments that he cannot protect Achilles from his fate, and then begins work on the
shield, knowing that it will not save his life, but only serve him long enough to
take revenge. The shield, then, is the instrument necessary for returning to battle
and winning glory, but it is also Hephaestus reection on the life that Achilles
has exchanged for the immortality of his legend.
It is widely thought that the poet conceived the shield to be round (for a con-
trary suggestion, see Leaf, Appendix I). There is some uncertainty about the rela-
tionship between two epic words for shield: the epithets of oo clearly indicate
that it was circular, while ooxo is the word used of the tower-like body shield of
Ajax. And yet ooxo is also used of several shields which nevertheless seem to be
round shields. In the case of the shield of Achilles (which is always called ooxo
except once at 18.458) it is often noted that at 19.374 it is compared to the moon,
and at 20.261 Achilles holds the shield out in front of himself in his hand, a ma-
neuver, according to Lorimer, only possible with the central handle of the round
shield. On the surface of the typical round shield, layers of hide were placed in
concentric circles, progressively smaller toward the front, so that it was thinnest
around the rim; then a layer of metal was hammered out overtop (Edwards). The
decoration of concentric bands has parallels in Cretan shields, and Phoenician
bowls, some of which show scenes similar to those on Achilles shield. For more
about Homeric shields, see especially Edwards, Lorimer, and Wace.
Following this introduction is the text for the shield section, along with the
notes I took in order to enjoy it myself. Included is a list of the abbreviations
used, and a bibliography alphabetized by authors last name, which can be used to
reference names cited in the notes, and as a further reading list for the curious. I
owe a great deal to William Annis, not only for publishing this document, but for
his helpful notes on prosody, and for answering questions on matters which were
over my head. Thanks also to Chad Bochan for reading through the document and
making helpful suggestions.
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Abbreviations
acc. accusative
act. active voice
adv. adverb
aor. aorist tense
dat. dative
encl. enclitic
f. or fem. feminine
gen. genitive
impf. imperfect tense
ind. indicative mood
indecl. indeclinable
inn. innitive mood
irr. irregular
LHD A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect
m. or masc. masculine
mid. middle voice
n. or neut. neuter
nom. nominative
opt. optative mood
pple. participle
pass. passive voice
perf. perfect tense
plupf. pluperfect
pl. plural
prep. preposition
pres. present tense
sg. singular
subj. subjunctive mood
unaug. unaugmented
Vocabulary and Prosody. In the vocabulary notes we have marked doubtful
vowels long when that seems necessary. If the long vowel bears a breathing mark
or an accent, we note the long vowel in parentheses after the word, - -
(), but where possible the long mark goes over the vowel in the headword, .
If a word began with digamma, and it matters for the meter of the line, we mark it
so: - (j-). Synizesis is marked with a tie,

.
About the text. The main source for the text is Allen, but we have also fol-
lowed West in some matters. The nominative forms of demonstrative which be-
came the denite article in later Greek are accented: , , , l, l, .
When a word with an acute accent on the penult is followed by an enclitic
there are certain cases where the nal syllable also gets an accent: . This
happens when the consonant following the penultimate vowel is a resonant (, ,
, , but sometimes ). It appears that the resonant consonant was pronounced
barytone, allowing then another acute to follow. This is the practice of many
manuscripts, which West follows in his edition, and which we follow here.
See the last two pages for the works referred to in the notes and vocabulary.
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ori or p:io:o ooxo yo :r o:ipopov :r
ov:oor ooioov, rp o ov:tyo por orivgv
:poxo opopgv, x o opytprov :rovo. 480
v:r o op ot:o\ oov ooxro :tr ot:op v ot:(
ori ooooo oo otoi poorooiv.
v rv yoov :rt, v o otpovov, v or 0ooooov,
483. Line 483 begins the description of the shields decoration with a sum-
mary division into three parts by the triple repetition of the adverb v: the
earth, with the heavens at the middle of the shield, and the ocean around
the rim. The use of the adverb v with verbs of creation becomes a theme,
thereby dividing the shield into scenes; cf. lines 485, 490, 541, 550, 561,
573, 587, 590, and 607.
giov : oxoov:o orgvgv :r g0otoov,
478
impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he (Hephaestus) created, he made.
acc.pl. adv. rstly, rst of all. - acc.sg. shield. acc.sg.n.
great, large, Pharr 733. ... both...and. - - acc.sg.n. dense, thick, sturdy.
479
adv. all over, in all directions, Pharr 788.5, Smyth 342. pres.act.pple.
nom.sg.m. decorating elaborately, ornamenting cunningly. adv. around (the shield).
- { acc.sg. rim. impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he placed, he set, LHD.I.8.
- - acc.sg.f. shining.
480
- o { acc.sg.f. triple. - - acc.sg.f. glittering, gleaming. c adv.
therefrom, LHD.I.4. - - acc.sg.m. silver; studded with silver. - o
acc.sg. strap.
481
indecl. ve. marks a connection or succession; used in recapitulations and
transitions, Smyth 2789. o gen.sg., Intensive Pronoun with : the shield itself,
ie. the body. | impf.act.ind 3rd pl. there were, Pharr 964. - gen.sg. shield.
{ nom.pl. layers of hide or metal for a shields surface; here, probably metal, as
appropriate to Hephaestus craft. o moreover, indicates contrasts and rapid transitions,
Smyth 2801. c on + dat.. o - - dat.sg.n., ie. the surface.
482
acc.pl. decorations, ornaments. - - acc.pl.n. many. l
perf.act.pple. dat.pl.f. having known, Pharr 744. | dat.pl. mind, wits, understanding,
Instrumental Dative. | with knowing mind, with genius (used in Homer only
of Hephaestus).
483
c adv. in something, therein. i { acc.sg. earth. aor.act.ind. 3rd sg. formed,
represented. o o acc.sg. sky, heavens. { acc.sg. sea.
484
o acc.sg. sun. - acc.sg.m. constant; of the sun, regular in his course,
LHD. { acc.sg. moon. pres.act.pple. acc.sg.f. waxing full.
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v or :o :rpro ov:o, :o : otpovo o:rov:oi, 485
Hgooo 0 Yooo :r :o :r o0vo Opvo
486. Hgoor: seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione who were placed
in the heavens as a constellation by Zeus, for different reasons in various
myths. They were used to mark different periods of the farming and sailing
seasons. || Yoor: ve daughters of Atlas and Pleione (Atlas and Aethra
in some versions), placed as a constellation near Orion, along with their
sisters, the Hgoor.
Apx:ov 0, gv xo Aoov xgoiv xootoiv,
g : ot:o\ o:pr:oi xo : Opvo ooxrtri,
og o oopo o:i or:pv Oxrovoo.
v or ot ogor oi rpov ov0pv 490
xoo. v : v po yooi : oov rovoi :r,
vto o x 0oov ooiov \o oorvov
485
c adv. therein, with :rtr from line 483. i - acc.pl. (epic for ; found only
here in Homer) signs, portents; here, stars. acc.pl.n. all. ie. with which;
internal acc., Smyth 1573-4. o o nom.sg. sky, heavens. perf.pass.ind. 3rd
sg. has been crowned.
486
| acc.pl., the constellation Pleiades. | acc.pl., the constellation Hyades.
- acc.sg. force, strength; here, used as a periphrasis for a person, LHD, ie. Orion him-
self. ` - o gen.sg. one of the giants, and a mighty hunter from Boeotia, transformed
into a constellation.
487
" { acc.sg. the Bear: the constellation Ursa Major). adv. also. " {
acc.sg. wagon (as opposed to the war chariot, ). c - { acc.sg. adv., with a
verb of naming, as a second name, LHD. pres.act.ind. 3rd pl. call, name, i.e., which they
(people) call...
488
= and, here marking general statement, Monro 332. o adv. in the same place, at
that very place. pres.mid.ind. 3rd sg. revolves. ` - o () acc.sg.
pres.act.ind. 3rd sg. watches.
489
/ - - nom.sg.f. alone. - nom.sg.f. having no share in, not entering + gen.
| pres.act.ind. 3rd sg. it is, Pharr 964. gen.pl. baths. ` o gen.sg. of
Ocean.
490
indecl. two. aor.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he made, he created. -
{ acc.pl. towns, cities, Pharr 704. - o gen.pl. dividing the voice, ie. articulate,
endowed with speech; only in pl. as epithet of men, LSJ. o gen.pl. of men.
491
- - acc.pl.f. pleasant to dwell in, LHD.3. ie. one city, the rst city.
o nom.pl. weddings. | impf.act.ind. 3rd. pl. there were, Pharr 964. | { nom.pl.
feasts, banquets.
492
{ acc.pl. brides. o gen.pl. womens chambers. - { gen.pl.
torches. o under; by the guidance of, Monro, + gen.; accent recessive when it follows its
noun. pres.mid.pple. gen.pl.f. shining, ashing.
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491-492. The enjambment of xoo creates an emphatic afterthought. ||
The fem. pronoun : refers to the rst city, indicating that we have shifted
from the neut. shield surface further into the depictions.
gyvro

v ovo oo:t, o o 6voio oppri


xo\poi o opgo:gpr ovrov, v o opo :ooiv
oto opiyy :r pogv ov o or ytvoxr 495
o:orvoi 0otoov po0tpoioiv xoo:g.
oo o rv oyop oov o0pooi v0o or vrxo
ppri, oto o ovopr vrxrov rvrxo oivg
498. Recall that oppri (unaugmented) was used in line 493 of a wedding
song; here it is used of a dispute, balancing the two scenes of the city in
peacetime. || oivg is the compensation paid to the relatives of a slain
man. There is disagreement concerning the nature of the quarrel: the scho-
liasts, among others, maintain that the dispute is about whether or not the
oivg has been paid; more recently, Raymond Westbrook has suggested that
the defendant is claiming the right to pay a oivg, presumably because of
mitigating circumstances, while the relative of the slain man is claiming the
right to revenge, and refusing to accept the money.
493
impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were leading, they were conducting. through + acc.
- (j-) acc.sg. town, city. - nom.sg.m. (irr. for ) loud, Pharr 733.
o nom.sg. wedding song. plupf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., had arisen, had stirred
up.
494
o nom.pl. young men. c - o nom.pl. dancers; in apposition to .
impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were spinning around. c among + dat.
495
o o nom.pl. wind instruments. - { nom.pl. string instruments. {
acc.sg. a loud cry; here, the sound of music. c impf.act.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., (epic for /)
of inanimate objects, were infested with, LHD.29; were keeping up, Monro. {
nom.pl. women.
496
l pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.f. standing. impf.act.ind. 3rd. pl. they were marvel-
ling. c at, beside; in, LHD.II.1.b,c. + dat. dat.pl. doorways. - -
nom.sg.f. each (in sg. in apposition with pl. substantive, LHD.3.b).
497
o nom.pl. people. | = c. { dat.sg. assembly; place of assembly. |
impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were. - - nom.pl.m. gathered, together. c indecl.
there. i nom.sg. quarrel, dispute.
498
plupf.act.ind. 3rd sg. had arisen, had stirred up. o nom.pl. men.
impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. were quarreling. l = because of; about, regarding + gen.
{ gen.sg. blood-price.
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ovopo oo0ivot o rv r\r:o ov: oooo\voi
og iotoxv, o o ovovr:o gorv o0oi 500
499-500. Chantraine 490 says that r\r:o seems to mean he was asserting
rather than he was promising, where we would expect it with the future in-
nitive instead. || The use of gorv instead of otov implies that the will
is involved (Smyth 2688): in other words, it is not a matter of the fact of
payment, but of the desire to refuse, which is also the sense of ovovr:o. Af-
ter a verb of negative sense, the negative idea is sometimes expressed again
with the innitive in a phrase that would seem redundant to us (Chantraine
490).
o o o0gv o:opi rpop o0oi.
501. It might be that the o:p is the judge who eventually wins the two
gold pieces (see lines 507-8); the term has also been supposed to refer to
the ypov:r as a body, or perhaps the person who decides between their
various judgements. || Westbrook understands rpop as the decision as
to the limit of action: whether the relative of the slain man is limited to oivg
or revenge, and, if revenge, then to what extent. This brings the term slightly
closer to its usual meaning (Edwards).
oo o oo:poioiv gtov o opyo
xgptxr o opo oov pg:tov o or ypov:r
503. Notice the balance between gtov and pg:tov, in sound, line
placement, and meaning.
499
o gen.sg. man. - aor.mid.pple. gen.sg.m. having died. o ie. one man,
the killer, opposed to o in line 500. impf.mid.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., was asserting, was
claiming. acc.pl.n. everything. - aor.act.inn. to pay, to have paid.
500
o dat.sg. to the people, among the people (locative dat., Smyth 1531, Pharr 657,
1009). pres.act.pple. nom.sg.m. declaring, stating his case. o ie. the other man,
a relative of the man killed. - impf.mid.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., was refusing to + inn.
neut. absolute, nothing, Smyth 1869, 1991, 1998, 2719, 2739-40. |
aor.mid.inn. to accept, LHD.II.8.c.
501
o nom.dual both. l (-) impf.mid.ind. 3rd dual were desiring to + inn. c at
the hands of, LHD.II.1.f., + dat. l o (j-) dat.sg. one who knows. i acc.sg. limit,
decision. | aor.mid.inn. to get, to obtain, LHD.II.6.
502
o nom.pl. people. - - dat.pl.m on both sides. c- impf.act.ind.
3rd pl., unaug., were supporting, were assenting. adv. separately, dividedly. o
nom.pl. partisans, supporters; in apposition to .
503
- o nom.pl. ofcials regulating an assembly. o acc.sg. people, crowd.
c impf.act.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., were restraining. o nom.pl. elders; here, as judges.
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ro: ro:ooi 0oi rp( v xtx,
oxg:po or xgptxv v po ov grpovv 505
505. The plural oxg:po may indicate that the ypov:r took one staff in
turn when speaking (Edwards).
:ooiv ri: gooov, ooipgo or oxoov.
xr:o o op v oooioi ot ptooo :oov:o,
:( oorv o r:o :ooi oxgv 0tv:o:o roi.
:gv o :pgv oiv o ot o:po:o go:o ov
509. The ot o:po:o ov are probably two divisions of the same be-
sieging army; perhaps the division is one of opinion.
:rtroi oorvoi oo o oioiv gvoovr potg, 510
gr oiopo0riv g ovoio ov:o ooooo0oi
x:goiv ogv :or0pov gpo:ov v:o rpyrv
504
impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. were sitting. - - dat.pl.m. smooth, polished. o
dat.pl. stones. | - - dat.sg.m. sacred, divine. c = c. o dat.sg. circle; here,
a semi-circular seat for the judges.
505
acc.pl. sceptres. - o gen.pl. of ofcials. ( { dat.pl.
hands, Smyth 285.28. c impf.act.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., they were holding. - -
gen.pl.m. loud-voiced.
506
i to them, ie. the elders. c indecl. then, at that time. impf.act.ind. 3rd
pl. (the litigants) were rushing to speak. adv. in turns. impf.act.ind. 3rd
pl., unaug., (the elders) were judging.
507
i impf.mid.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., were laying, Smyth 958, Pharr 968. ( -
- dat.pl.n. in the middle. o gen.sg. of gold. nom.pl. talents.
508
ie. one of the . aor.act.inn. to give; innitive of purpose Smyth 2009-
2010, to give () to him () who ().... among + dat. { acc.sg. judgement.
| -i acc.pl.n. adv. superlative, most justly, most fairly. l (j-) aor.act.opt. 3rd sg. may
speak.
509
{ acc.sg. second. - { acc.sg. city. adv., on both sides, Smyth 1639-
40. o nom.pl. armies, hosts. impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. were camped, were camping.
o gen.pl. of men, of warriors.
510
dat.pl. in armour. pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. shining, ashing.
adv., dividedly, in two ways, Smyth 354.g. 3rd pl. dat., encl., among them, Pharr 760.
impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. it was pleasing. { nom.sg. opinion, determination, will.
they were divided in opinion, LHD.
511
c... whether...or. - aor.act.inn. to sack a town. - in equal halves.
acc.pl.n. everything. aor.mid.inn. to divide amongst themselves.
512
- { acc.sg. wealth. ( - - acc.sg.f. how much, as much as.
nom.sg., =, epic for . c- nom.sg. lovely, pleasing. c adv.
within. c impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., was containing.
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511-512. Later, while facing Achilles, Hector contemplates offering Helen
and half of Troys wealth as ransom (22.111-21).
o o o\ r0ov:o, o o 6r0pgooov:o.
:ro v p ooo :r oi xo vgio :xvo
pto: ro:oo:r, r:o o ovpr o\ r ygpo 515
o o oov qpr o opo oiv Apg xo Hoo A0gvg
o ptor, ptorio or ro:o o0gv,
xo xo ryo ov :rtroiv, :r 0r rp
o opig oo o \ oovr qoov.
516-519. When the persons (or gods) are of different gender, predicate ad-
jectives take the masculine, Smyth 1055.
o o :r og p xovov 0i ooiv rixr ogooi 520
v o:o(, 0i : opoo gv ov:rooi po:ooiv,
513
l ie. the citizens of the besieged city. by no means, not at all; not yet, LHD.8.b.
impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., were agreeing, were yielding. o dat.sg. for an
ambush. - impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. they were arming secretly.
514
i acc.sg. city wall. = . { nom.pl. wives. - - nom.pl.f.
dear, beloved. - - nom.pl.n. young. nom.pl. children.
515
c impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., they were guarding. c- perf.act.pple. nom.pl.m.
having stood. adv. among, in company with, LHD.I.2. - - o nom.pl. men,
Pharr 697. c impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., was holding, was oppressing, LHD.I.42.
- nom.sg. old age.
516
l ie. citizens of the besieged city. / impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were going, ie. to ambush,
Pharr 965. impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., were leading, Smyth 959.a. 3rd pl. dat., encl.,
for them, Pharr 760. " o nom.sg. - { nom.sg., epithet of Athena, variously
explained as wielding a spear, leaping, or youthful. ` { nom.sg.
517
nom.dual.m. both. - - () nom.dual.m. golden. - -
acc.pl.n. golden. (j-) acc.pl. clothing. (j-) plupf.pass.ind. 3rd dual, unaug.,
had been clothed.
518
- - nom.dual.m. beautiful, noble. nom.dual.m. great, large.
dat.pl. armour. o like, as. o nom.dual.m. gods. just, even. o
just like gods, as might be expected of gods.
519
adv. apart. - - nom.dual.m. conspicuous, standing out. o
nom.pl., ie. the citizens of the besieged city. adv. under. c - - nom.pl.m.,
comparative, smaller, Smyth 319.7. | impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were, Pharr 964.
520
l ie. the citizens of the besieged city. when, as soon as. | ( ) impf.act.ind. 3rd
pl., were approaching, were arriving at. where, at the place where. l impf.act.ind. 3rd
sg., unaug., it was tting, it seemed likely. aor.act.inn. to lie in wait for, to ambush.
521
c near, by, on + dat. o dat.sg. river. o nom.sg. watering-place. |
impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. it was. dat.pl.n. all. dat.pl. for grazing beasts.
10
v0 opo :o y ov: rtvoi o0oi ox(.
:ooi o ri: oovrt0r ot oxoo ro:o ov
oyrvoi oo:r go ooo:o xo ixo po\.
o or :oo poyvov:o, ot o ov:o vogr 525
:rporvoi otpiyi ooov o o\ :i povogoov.
o rv :o pooov:r opoov, xo o ri:o
:ovov: o pov oyo xo ro xoo
opyrvvv ov, x:rvov o gopo:gpo.
o o o6v t0ov:o ov xooov opo potov 530
rpov poopoi0r xo0grvoi, ot:x v
522
c there. ie. the citizens of the besieged city. l impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug.,
were crouching, were posted. | () perf.pass.pple. nom.pl.m. having been covered. /
- dat.sg.m. bright, ashing. o dat.sg. with bronze, ie. armour.
523
i for them ie. to warn the men in ambush of the approaching cattle. c then.
apart, at a distance; detached from + gen. o nom.pl. lookouts.
plupf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. had posted themselves. o gen.pl. people, hosts.
524
pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. waiting, watching. o( for the time when, until.
acc.pl. sheep. l (j-) aor.mid.opt. 3rd pl. they might see. - (j-) acc.pl.f.
with twisted horns. o { acc.pl.f. cattle, Pharr 701.
525
l ie. the animals. adv. soon. - aor.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., appeared,
came into view. adv. along with; at the same time. impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug.,
were accompanying. o nom.pl. herdsmen.
526
pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. entertaining themselves. { dat.pl. with wind instru-
ments. o acc.sg. trap, strategy. adv. not at all, LHD.8.e.. - aor.act.ind.
3rd pl., unaug., they detected beforehand.
527
l ie. the citizens in ambush. ie. the animals. - aor.act.pple. nom.pl.m.
having seen. c- aor.act.ind. 3rd pl. they attacked. o adv. immediately. c
then, thereafter.
528
() impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., with , they surrounded and cut off,
LHD.9. adv. around. o { gen.pl.f. of cattle. { acc.pl. herds.
- acc.pl. ocks. - - acc.pl.n. beautiful, lovely.
529
- - gen.pl.f. white. { gen.pl. sheep. impf.act.ind. 3rd pl.,
unaug., they killed, they were killing. c adv. in addition, too, LHD.I.5. - o
acc.pl. shepherds.
530
l ie. the beseiging army, whose animals are being stolen. adv. when, as soon as.
points to something already mentioned or to the situation at hand, Smyth 2955.
aor.mid.ind. 3rd pl. they heard. acc.sg.m. loud, Pharr 733. o
acc.sg. noise. near + dat. o { dat.pl. cattle.
531
l { gen.pl. speaking place. in front of, before. - pres.mid.pple.
nom.pl.m. sitting. o at once, immediately. c = c, the becoming before the
aspirated l. l o gen.pl. horses, chariots.
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531. The besieging army is sitting in assembly presumably to discuss whether
to ravage the city, or accept half of its wealth as ransom. It is unclear whether
the besieging army will propose terms, or whether the citizens of the city
have already offered terms, perhaps to buy time for an ambush.
pov:r orpoioov r:rxo0ov, oiyo o xov:o.
o:goorvoi o oov:o ogv o:ooo op o0o,
533. Perhaps ogv should be understood with o:goorvoi, which is al-
ways transative (Willcock), but it could also be taken as a cognate acc. with
oov:o.
poov o ogot oxgproiv yroiv.
v o Lpi v or Ktooio orov, v o oog Kgp, 535
oov ov otoo vrot:o:ov, oov oot:ov,
oov :r0vg:o xo:o o0ov xr oooiv
ro o o oioi oooivrov oo:i :v.
532
aor.act.pple. nom.pl.m. having mounted. - - o { gen.pl.m. high-
stepping, epithet of horses; see l, LHD.3. - impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were
pursuing, ie. to investigate the noise. / adv. quickly, at once. l aor.mid.ind. 3rd pl.,
unaug., they arrived, they reached.
533
l aor.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. having come together. impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. they
were ghting. { acc.sg. battle. o gen.sg. river. + acc. beside.
{ acc.pl. riverbanks.
534
impf.act.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., they were throwing. - - acc.pl.m. at
one another, Pharr 778. - dat.pl.f. bronze-tipped. c { dat.pl. with spears.
535
" - { nom.sg. Strife. o nom.sg. Confusion. o impf.act.ind. 3rd
pl., unaug., they were joining in battle. c - - nom.sg.f. destructive, painful, deadly.
{ nom.sg. Death.
536
- - acc.sg.m. one man. acc.sg.m. living, alive. c pres.act.pple.
nom.sg.f. holding. - acc.sg.m. newly wounded. - - acc.sg.m. another
man. acc.sg.m. unwounded.
537
perf.act.pple. acc.sg.m. having died. throughout + acc. o acc.sg.
the press of battle. Note that short vowels are sometimes lengthened before the - in this word,
Monro 371. impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., she was dragging. o gen.dual,
by the feet, Partative Gen., Pharr 983, Smyth 1345-46.
538
- acc.sg. garment. c impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., had. d o dat.pl.
shoulders. - acc.sg.n. red. - dat.sg. with blood. o
gen.pl. of men.
12
rtv o :r o ppo:o go oov:o,
vrxpot : ogv ptov xo:o:r0vg:o. 540
v o :0ri vriov ooxgv, ripov opotpov
rtprov :poov oo o opo:gpr v ot:
rtyro oivrtov:r oo:prov v0o xo v0o.
o o oo:r o:pyov:r xoo:o :oov opotpg,
:ooi o ri: v rpo oo rigoo ovot 545
oooxrv ovgp iv :o or o:pyooxov ov oyot,
544-546. Past general conditional relative clauses have the optative in the
relative clause, and the imperfect indicative (or its equivalent) in the main
clause, indicating a customary or habitual action, Pharr 1149, Smyth 2335-
6, 2568. Also see line 566.
rvoi vrioo po0rg :oov xo0oi.
539
o impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were coming together in battle. o thus, in this way.
Smyth 2970. - nom.pl.m. living. o nom.pl. mortals. and.
impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. they were ghting.
540
o acc.pl. corpses. - - gen.pl.m. from one another. c
impf.act.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., they were dragging. - perf.act.pple. acc.pl.m. having
died, dead.
541
impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. he placed, he set. { acc.sg. new land: a fallow eld.
- - acc.sg.f. soft, easily cultivated. { (fem. of ) acc.sg. rich, fertile.
{ acc.sg. eld. is an appositive phrase, Smyth 916.
542
o -i - acc.sg.f. wide, spacious. - { acc.sg. thrice ploughed. - -
nom.pl.m. many. - o nom.pl. ploughmen. o - - dat.sg.f., ie. the eld.
543
acc.pl. team of draught animals. pres.act.pple. nom.pl.m. turning back
and forth. c impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were driving. c c back and forth, up
and down [the eld].
544
o( adv. whenever. aor.act.pple. nom.pl.m. having turned around, having
wheeled the horses around. | aor.mid.opt. 3rd pl. they would reach, Smyth 1861.a,
2336.a. acc.sg. boundry; turning point; here, headland (where the plow turns).
{ gen.sg. of the eld.
545
i to them ie. the ploughmen. Apodotic, Smyth 2837. c then, at that time.
( { dat.pl. hands, Pharr 696. - acc.sg. drinking cup. -
gen.sg.m. honey-sweet, Pharr 731. / o gen.sg. of wine.
546
impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. used to give, Past Iterative, Smyth 495, Pharr 900.
- - o nom.sg. man. c pres.act.pple. nom.sg.m. drawing near, coming up to.
ie. the ploughmen. aor.act.ind. 3rd pl. would turn around, used to turn around, Past
Iterative. along + acc. o acc.pl. furrows.
547
l pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. aiming at, headed for, Pharr 962. { gen.sg. of the
fallow eld. -i - gen.sg.f. with deep soil. | aor.mid.inn. to reach.
1l
g or rovr: oio0rv, opgpov or xri,
ptorg rp o\oo :o og rp 0o\o ::tx:o.
548-549. Notice the shift from the fem. eld back to the neut. shield, as the
poet steps back to praise the craftsmanship of Hephaestus.
v o :0ri :rvo pooigov v0o o pi0oi 550
gv oro oprovo v rpov ov:r.
opoyo:o o oo r: oyov g:pio :ov por,
oo o oooor:gpr v roovooi oov:o.
:pr o op oooor:gpr o:ooov ot:op oio0r
oor opoyrtov:r v oyxoorooi pov:r 555
oorpr oprov pooir o v :ooi oi
548
ie. the eld. impf.mid.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., was growing black. adv.
behind. perf.pass.pple. dat.sg.f. having been ploughed. l plupf.act.ind. 3rd sg. it
had seemed, it was like.
549
- - nom.sg.f. golden. although, here contrasting dark earth with its golden
representation on the shield. | pres.act.pple. nom.sg.f. being. ie. the shield. adv.
exceedingly, outstandingly. - acc.sg. wonder. plupf.pass.ind. 3rd sg.,
unaug., had been made, was fashioned, Pharr 925.
550
impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. he placed, he set. - acc.sg. a piece of land cut
off: private land. - - acc.sg.n. royal. c there. c o nom.pl. laborers.
551
impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. were reaping. c -i - acc.pl.f. sharp. { acc.pl.
sickles. ( { dat.pl. hands. c pres.act.pple. nom.pl.m. holding.
552
- nom.pl. swaths of corn, bundles of cut corn. - - nom.pl.n. some
(swaths). along the line of, LHD.II.2.g., + acc. o acc.sg. the line of reaping.
c- - acc.pl.n. adv. in succession, one after another. impf.act.ind. 3rd pl.,
unaug., were falling. c adv. to the ground, Pharr 788.4, Smyth 342.
553
- - acc.pl.n. other (swaths). - o nom.pl. sheaf-binders.
c o dat.pl. in bands for binding corn sheaves. impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug.,
were binding.
554
i nom.pl.m. three. - o nom.pl. sheaf-binders. c-
plupf.act.ind. 3rd pl. had stood at work, were working, LHD.2.f., Smyth 1952.a. o while.
( behind.
555
i o { nom.pl.m. children. pres.act.pple. nom.pl.m. picking up felled
swaths. { dat.pl. in bent arms; in armfuls. pres.act.pple. nom.pl.m. carrying.
556
- acc.sg.n. adv. without pause. - impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were
supplying, they were providing. o nom.sg. king. c among + dat. i ie. the
laborers. { dat.sg. in silence.
14
oxg:pov v o:gxri oyot yg0ootvo xgp.
xgptxr o oovrt0rv 6o opti oo:o vov:o,
po\v o rprtoov:r yov orov o or ytvoxr
orvov p0oioiv rtx oi:o oo otvov. 560
v o :0ri o:otoi yo pp0otoov ogv
xogv ptorgv ovr o ovo po:ptr qoov,
o:gxri or xooi oiorpr opytpoiv.
o or xtovgv xor:ov, rp o pxo ooor
xoooi:pot o o og o:opi:o qrv ot:gv, 565
557
acc.sg. sceptre. c pres.act.pple. nom.sg.m. holding. l plupf.act.ind.
3rd sg. had stood, was standing, Smyth 1952.a. c at, by + gen., LHD.II.3.b. o
gen.sg. reaping line. - - nom.sg.m. joyful, happy. acc.sg. heart,
acc. of respect, happy at heart.
558
- o nom.pl. attendants. - adv. apart, aside. under, beneath +
dat. { dat.sg. oak tree. { acc.sg. meal, feast. impf.mid.ind.
3rd pl., unaug., were attending to, were preparing.
559
o { acc.sg.f. ox, cow. | aor.act.pple. nom.pl.m. having killed, having
sacriced. acc.sg.m. great, large. - impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they
were busy with, they were tending to. { nom.pl. women; female workers, Smyth
285.6.
560
i acc.sg. the principal meal of the day; here, as a meal, in apposition to the whole
sentence, Edwards, Smyth 991-4. c o dat.pl. for the laborers. - - acc.pl.n.
white, pale. acc.pl. barley. - - acc.pl.n. much, LHD.5. ()
impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were sprinkling.
561
impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. he placed, he set. { dat.pl. clusters of grapes.
acc.sg.n. adv. greatly. pres.act.pple. acc.sg.f. being heavy with,
being loaded with + dat. { acc.sg. vineyard. c c
| and he placed therein a beautiful, golden vineyard greatly loaded with
clusters of grapes.
562
- - acc.sg.f. beautiful, goodly. - - () acc.sg.f. golden.
nom.pl.m. dark purple; black. adv. throughout, all over, LSJ.D.2.
- o nom.pl. clusters of grapes. | impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. there were.
563
l plupf.act.ind. 3rd sg. was standing, was supported, Smyth 1952.a. -
{ dat.pl. with vinepoles, Instrumental Dat. - adv. right around. - -
dat.pl.f. silver.
564
adv. around, about (the vineyard). - - acc.sg.f., adj. formof , a dark-
blue enamel often used to decorate armour. { acc.sg. ditch; for drainage, irrigation,
or both, Edwards. adv. around, about (the vineyard). - acc.sg. fence, wall.
c aor.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he formed, he hammered out.
565
o gen.sg. of tin. nom.sg.f. one, LHD.3. / - - nom.sg.f. only,
alone. { nom.sg. = , epic for , a path, literally, a path without
turnings. | impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. there was, Pharr 964. c towards, leading to + acc,
LHD.II.2.a. o - - acc.sg.f. it, ie. the vineyard.
1
: voov:o opgr :r :ptyorv ogv.
op0rvixo or xo gi0roi o:oo povov:r
rx:o v :oopoioi pov rigoo xopov.
:ooiv o v oooioi o opiyyi iyr
rporv xi0opir, vov o 6o xoov orior 570
r:o v :o or pgooov:r oop:
o : ty( :r oo oxopov:r ov:o.
v o oygv ogor pov op0oxpoipov
o or por ptooo :r:rto:o xoooi:pot :r,
txg0( o oo xopot roortov:o voovor 575
566
on which, ie. the path. impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. they were going, they used to go.
- o nom.pl. bearers, carriers. adv. whenever. pres.act.opt. 3rd pl. they
would harvest, Smyth 1861.a, 2336.a. { acc.sg. vineyard.
567
{ nom.pl. young unmarried women. o nom.pl young unmarried men.
- - nom.pl.n. acting as adv., youthful, innocent. pres.act.pple. nom.pl.m.
having in heart or mind, being inspired by.
568
- - dat.pl.m. plaited, twisted, woven. o dat.pl. in baskets.
impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were carrying. - acc.sg.m. honey-sweet. o
acc.sg. fruit.
569
i ie. the young men and women. ( - - dat.pl.m. middle, in the midst of.
o { nom.sg.m. a youth. - { dat.sg. with a string instrument.
dat.sg.f. resonant, clear sounding.
570
| - - () acc.sg.n. adv. ravishingly. impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he
was playing the ; here, used of the , another string instrument. o acc.sg.
vintage song. adv. to that accompanyment, LHD.I.5. acc.sg.n. adv. sweetly,
beautifully, LHD.8.b. impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. he was singing.
571
- dat.sg.f. as a boys voice: small, soft, delicate; perhaps high, Edwards.
{ dat.sg. voice. with a boys voice, in a boys voice. pres.act.pple.
nom.pl.m. beating time; short vowels often scan long before word-initial -. adv. all
together.
572
{ dat.sg. with sport, with song and dance. | o () dat.sg. with shouting.
o dat.pl.m. with feet. pres.act.pple. nom.pl.m. gamboling, frolicking.
impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., they were accompanying, they were following.
573
{ acc.sg. herd. aor.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he made, constructed, fashioned.
o { gen.pl.f. oxen, cattle. c- - gen.pl.f. with straight horns, with upright
horns.
574
o { nom.pl.f. oxen, cattle. o gen.sg. of gold. plupf.pass.ind. 3rd
pl., unaug., had been made of, + gen., Pharr 925. o gen.sg. of tin.
575
o dat.sg. with a bellowing. { gen.sg. farmyard. c(
impf.pass.ind. 3rd pl. they were hastening. o acc.sg. adv. toward the pasture, Smyth
342, Pharr 788.4.
16
op o:oov xrooov:o, opo pooovov oovoxgo.
ptorioi or vogr o:iov:o porooi
:ooopr, vvo o oi xtvr ooo opyo ov:o.
orpoo or ov:r ot v p:oi porooi
:o\pov ptygov :gv o or oxpo rtx 580
xr:o :ov or xtvr r:rxo0ov go ogo.
: rv ovoppgov:r poo ryooio porgv
yxo:o xo ov oo otoor:ov o or vogr
o\: voroov :oo xtvo o:ptvov:r.
o o g:oi ooxriv rv or:pv:o rov:v, 585
576
= beside, alongside + acc. o acc.sg. river. pres.act.pple.
acc.sg.m. murmuring, rushing. - - acc.sg.m. waving. - o acc.sg.
thicket of reeds, Pharr 701.
577
- - nom.pl.m. golden. - o nom.pl. herdsmen. adv. at the same
time, together with. impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. were proceeding, were making their way.
o { dat.pl.f. with oxen, with cattle.
578
- nom.pl.m. four, ie. herdsmen. c indecl. nine, ie. dogs. 3rd pl.
dat., encl., with them, ie. the herdsmen, Pharr 760. o { nom.pl.m. dogs.
o acc.pl.m., acc. of respect, feet. - - nom.pl.m. white, bright; swift, the notion
of brightness passing into rapid motion, LHD. epithet of dogs, swift-footed.
impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., were following, were accompanying.
579
- - nom.dual.m. terrible, dreadful. - o nom.dual lions.
==. c among, amid. - - dat.pl.f. foremost, in front.
580
o acc.sg. bull. c - - acc.sg.m. loud-bellowing. c impf.act.ind.
3rd dual were both holding. - - acc.pl.n. adv. loudly. perf.act.pple.
nom.sg.m. having bellowed, bellowing, LHD, Smyth 1947.
581
impf.pass.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., was being dragged away. - () impf.act.ind.
3rd pl. were following, were searching for. and. | o nom.pl. the strong, the vigorous,
ie. strong men.
582
ie. the two lions. - aor.act.pple. nom.dual.m. having torn open.
o { gen.sg.m. of the bull. gen.sg.m. large. - - acc.sg.f.
ox-hide, in f. as substantive, LHD, Smyth 232.b.
583
c acc.pl. entrails. acc.sg.n. dark, black. -
acc.sg. blood. impf.act.ind. 3rd dual, unaug., irreg. for , they were
gulping, devouring, swallowing greedily. - o nom.pl. herdsmen.
584
adv. merely, doing no more; in vain, LHD.4,5. c impf.act.ind. 3rd pl., unaug.,
were siccing, were setting (dogs) on. -i - acc.pl.m. swift, nimble. o {
acc.pl.m. dogs. c () pres.act.pple. nom.pl.m. rousing, urging, inciting.
585
l ie. the dogs. - indeed, in truth. aor.act.inn. to bite; as to biting. -
impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. were turning back from, were avoiding + gen. - o
gen.pl. lions.
17
o:orvoi or o yy 6ox:rov x : oov:o.
585-586. The similar sounding line endings emphasize the v...o contrast.
|| At 18.161-4, the two Ajaxes, wishing to scare the unintimidated Hec-
tor from the body of Patrocolus, are compared to herdsmen trying in vain
to chase lions from a carcass. Lion attacks are a common theme in vase
painting.
v or voov ogor rpixt:o oiytgri
v xo pgoo yov ov opyrvvov,
o:o0ot :r xioo :r xo:gpro or ogxot.
v or opov oxir rpixt:o oiytgri, 590
:( xrov oov o: v Kvo( rtpr
Aoooo goxgorv xoioxo Apioov.
591-592. Aoooo was the legendary artist who built the labyrinth for King
Minos on Crete (see Morris). || Apioovg may have originally been a
Cretan fertility goddess, but here is the daughter of Minos who falls in love
with Theseus and helps him to escape the labyrinth. || In some stories,
Theseus stopped at Delos on his way home to Athens, where, along with the
youths whom he had rescued from the labyrinth, he danced a complicated
586
l pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. standing. adv. very, exceedingly. c adv. near;
with |, drawing near, approaching, LHD.3. impf.act.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., they
were barking. c adv. away from. impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., they were keeping
out of reach.
587
o acc.sg. pasture. aor.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he made, constructed, fashioned.
- - - nom.sg.m. famous, renowned. - o nom.sg. one bent on both sides,
a cripple. the famous cripple, epithet of Hephaestus.
588
- - dat.sg.f. beautiful, lovely. { dat.sg. a glen, a deep narrow val-
ley. acc.sg.m. large, with in 587. o { gen.pl.f. of sheep.
- - gen.pl.f. white.
589
o acc.pl. a homestead, a farm house with its buildings. { acc.pl. herdsmens
huts. - - acc.pl.f. roofed, covered. | and. o acc.pl. pens for sheep.
590
o acc.sg. dance place, dance oor. impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he fash-
ioned with elaborate workmanship.
591
dat.sg.m., ie. the dance place. l - - = l (j-) acc.sg.n. adv. in the manner
of, resembling + dat. - - acc.sg.n. even as, LHD.6. l relative phrase, just
like the one which. encl., once upon a time, in days past. c = c. { dat.sg.,
the center of the great Minoan civilization in Crete. o -i - dat.sg.f. wide, spacious.
592
o nom.sg. Daedalus; literally, the cunning artist. aor.act.ind. 3rd sg.
formed with skill, fashioned with art. - o { dat.sg.f. with beautiful locks.
` { dat.sg. for Ariadne; literally, highly pure.
1?
dance in a circle that mimicked the turns of the labyrinth, called the crane
dance (Powell 401).
v0o rv gi0roi xo op0voi oropoioi
opr\v: ogv xop( rpo ov:r.
:v o o rv r:o o0ovo ov, o or i:vo 595
ro: \vvg:ot, qxo o:pov:o o
xo p o rv xoo o:rovo ov, o or oopo
riov ptoro opytpv :rovv.
595-598. Notice the structural balance of lines 595-6 and 597-8 (Edwards).
o o o:r rv 0pooxov io:ovoioi oorooi
pro o, :r :i :poov oprvov v oooiv 600
orvo xrpor ripgor:oi, o xr 0oiv
593
c there. o nom.pl. young unmarried men. { nom.pl. young unmarried
women. - - - nom.pl.f. bringing many oxen (as a bride price), ie. desirable.
594
c impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., were dancing. gen.pl.m. with one an-
other. c by + dat., LHD.II.1.b. o dat.sg. wrist. ( { acc.pl. hands.
c pres.act.pple. nom.pl.m. holding.
595
partitive, of them, ... This sets up a common Epic phrasing: of them, some (| , the
young women) ..., others (| , the young men) ... - - acc.pl.f. ne, delicately woven.
c { acc.pl. clothes, ne linen. c impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., were wearing, LHD.30.
- o acc.pl. loose tting garments worn by men, tunics.
596
plupf.mid.ind. 3rd pl. had been clothed. c- - acc.pl.m. well-spun.
softly, gently; here, of the soft play of light on a glossy surface, LHD.4. pres.act.pple.
acc.pl.m. shining, glistening. c dat.sg. with olive oil.
597
- - acc.pl.f. beautiful, lovely. { acc.pl. coronals, crowns. c
impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., were wearing, LHD.30. { acc.pl. knives, daggers.
598
c impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. were wearing, LHD.30. - - () acc.pl.f. golden. c
= c in reference to hanging or suspending from + gen., LHD.II.10. - - gen.pl.m.
silver. - o gen.pl. baldricks, straps for holding daggers.
599
l ie. the young men and women. oc sometimes, at one time, contrasted with
in 602. aor.act.ind. 3rd pl., Past Iterative, used to wheel in concentric circles, Smyth
495. c pres.mid.pple. dat.pl.m. being skilled. o dat.pl.m. with feet.
600
i adv. easily, smoothly. adv. very, exceedingly. as when, used to introduce
similes and comparisons, Smyth 2481.a, 2486. encl., someone, a certain person, ie. a
potter. o acc.sg. potters wheel. aor.mid.pple. acc.sg.m. having tted,
having adjusted. { dat.pl. in hands, in grasp.
601
pres.mid.pple. nom.sg.m. crouching. - o nom.sg. potter.
aor.mid.subj. 3rd sg. may test. l if perhaps, whether; to see whether, Smyth 2354.
pres.act.subj. 3rd sg. it may run, it may spin, Smyth 1860.b.
19
oo:r o o6 0pooxov o:o ogoioi.
oo o rporv:o opov rpio:o0 io
:rporvoi ooi or xtpio:g:gpr xo: ot:o 604
og opov:r ovrtov xo:o ooot. 606
v o :0ri o:ooo yo o0vo Oxrovoo
ov:tyo op to:gv ooxro txo oig:oo.
607-608. o:ooo Oxrovoo: the river Ocean, which was supposed to
encircle the earth, as it does the shield; see 18.399-402. || o0vo is used
of the vital force, or the life force of somebody or something personied, as
of Orion in 486; at 17.751 it is used of the force of a stream.
602
other times, at another time. but now, but this time. aor.act.ind. 3rd
pl., Past Iterative, used to wheel in concentric circles. c with reference to being in a formation,
LHD.II.2.c. { acc.pl. rows, lines. - - dat.pl.m. with one another.
603
- - nom.sg.m. large, with many people, LHD.2., take with . |
- - () acc.sg.m. lovely, charming, pleasing. o acc.sg. a company of dancers.
- () impf.mid.ind. 3rd sg. was standing around, were surrounding + acc.
o nom.sg. a crowd, a gathering.
604
pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. enjoying, taking pleasure in. - - nom.dual.m.
two. - o nom.dual, tumblers, acrobats. among, throughout; within +
acc., LHD.II.2.c. o - - acc.pl.m., ie. the surrounding crowd.
606
{ gen.sg. song and dance. c pres.act.pple. nom.pl.m. taking the lead of
+ gen. impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were spinning, they were whirling. among,
throughout; within + acc. ( - - acc.pl.m. the middle, the center, ie. of the crowd.
607
impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. he placed, he set. o gen.sg. river.
acc.sg.n. great, mighty, powerful. - acc.sg. strength, force. ` o
gen.sg. Ocean.
608
- { acc.sg. rim. = along + acc., in reference to action or existence in a
region alongside of something, LHD.II.2.c. { acc.sg. edge, extremity. -
gen.sg. shield. = adv. solidly, strongly. - - gen.sg.n. made, created.
20
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