Mechanical Datasheet for Atmospheric and low Pressure Tank Drafting Procedure per API 650

by: Trung Nguyen

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Introduction Design according to API 650

What is API 650? American Petroleum Institute standard 650 titled Welded Tanks for Oil Storage. It covers the Minimum requirements for: Material, Design, Fabrication, Erection, Inspection. Limiting Parameters: Internal Pressure (less than 17.2 kPag), Max Temperature (less than 93oC), non-Refrigerated, uniformly supported tank bottom. Not intended to prohibit Purchasers and Manufacturers from purchasing or fabricating tanks that meet specifications other than those contained in this standard.
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Introduction Design according to AP I 650

What kinds of document are required per API 650 for Design Review?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Manufacturers design Calculations. Structural loads for foundation design. General arrangement drawings with complete material specs. Detailed fabrication drawings. Welding Procedure Specification (WPS). Procedure Qualification records (PQR). Heat Treatment Procedures. Nondestructive Test and Examination procedures. Descriptions of proposed test gaskets.
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Introduction Manufacturers Calculations

The actual calculations vary depend on the input data and construction requirements. The following key components will be addressed in the calculation sheet, and discussed in this presentation:
a) Determination of design thicknesses for all pressure Boundary Conditions (BC) to satisfy loading conditions. b) Overturning check and anchorage (due to wind forces, seismic forces, and internal Pressure) c) Seismic design requirements. d) Shell Stability checks. e) For large tanks (diameter > 36 m) Maximum unrestrained radial deflection and angle of rotation of bottom shell.
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Introduction Mechanical Calculation Input / Output loop (per PVE ATM tank design Manual)

Original Datasheet, Specification, Process Data, etc.

P&ID

PFD

MTO Updated Mechanical Datasheet, Specifications, Process, etc.

Technical Drawings

Calculation sheet

*Disclaimer: All images used are for illustrative purposes only

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Introduction Structure of the Presentation

I. Input Data (8 slides)

II. Design of the Bottom, Shell, and Top plates. (8 slides)

III. Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. (13 slides) IV. Tank Shell Stability Against Wind Load (5 slides)

V.

Tank Shell Stability Again Earthquake Load (9 slides)

VI. Design of Roof Structures. (1 slides) VII. Question and Answer

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Part I: Input Data What are the Inputs?

Primary Source: Mechanical Datasheet. Average 4-5 pages long. 2 main parts: the Tanks Diagram, the Design Parameters. Reading and Comprehending the content of the Mechanical Datasheet is of utmost important in order to guarantee an efficient and accurate design process. A sample Mechanical Datasheet.
1. Nghi Son Project (Todays example)

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Part I: Input Data Examining Tanks Diagram

Key items to note:
Size of the Tank: Diameter / Shell Height The shell and roof mounted Nozzles/Manholes count and rough position. The LLLL / LLL / NLL / HLL / HHLL / OLL Type of Roof: Dome / Cone Floating Roof: Yes / No Bottom plates slope.

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Part I: Input Data Examining the Design Parameters

The Design Parameters can be considered to be the core of the datasheet. It can be divided into the following major sections:
General Characteristics: the majority of information required for Tank shell design is detailed in this section. Nozzle Schedules: The designs and functions of major nozzles and manhole can be found here. Construction and Material Specifications: The material of the shell and other structural components as well as major appurtenances are mentioned here. Notes/Remarks: Any special consideration or design specification are included here.

Reminder: The Design Parameters are meant to be updated with results from the Calculation sheet.

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Part I: Input Data Design Parameters General Characteristics

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Part I: Input Data Design Parameters Nozzle Schedule

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Part I: Input Data Design Parameters Construction and Material Specs.

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Part I: Input Data Examining Special Notes

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Part I: Input Data Establishing Tank Capacity

It is important to distinguish between 3 types of tank capacity:
Geometric Capacity: The physical volume of the tank shell (Tank roof is not included). Defines as: = 2
4

Nominal Capacity: The liquid volume of the tank at maximum operating 1 condition. Defines as: = 2 + 2
4 3 4

In the Nghi Son Project: Result

Net Working Capacity: The liquid volumetric difference between Tanks maximum and minimum operating condition. Defines as: = 2 ( ) 4

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Part II: Design of Bottom, Roof, Annular, Shell plates Bottom Plates
This section covers the calculations of the Plate Thickness for the Bottom Plates, Top plates, Bottom Annular plates, and Shell Courses. In calculating the Shell Course thicknesses One-Foot method vs. Variable Point Design Method.

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Part II: Design of Bottom, Roof, Shell plates Roof and Bottom Plates
Roof Plates Thickness: Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.10, Clause 5.10.2.2 Roof Plate Minimum corroded thickness = 5 mm. Therefore the design Roof Plate thickness shall be:

= 5 +
Bottom Plate Thickness: Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.4, Clause 5.4.1 Bottom Plate Minimum corroded thickness = 6 mm. Therefore the design Bottom Plate thickness shall be:

= 6 + In the Nghi Son Project: Result

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Part II: Design of Bottom, Roof, Shell plates Shell Plates

Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.6, Clause 5.6.1:
The minimum Shell thickness is governed by the Nominal Tank Diameter.
The absolute minimum Shell Width is 1800 mm.

The Tank shell Widths are typically decided based on the raw materials availability, economy, and personal best practices. It is recommended that the Widths are finalized before specifying the Thicknesses. There are 3 design methods for the Shell Thickness:
1. One-foot Method: Shortest. Only recommended for tanks with diameter of 61 m or less. 2. Variable Design Point Method: Longer. It permits calculation for course thickness in tanks with Diameter > 61 m. It usually provides a reduction in Course thickness comparing to the One-foot method. 3. Elastic Stress Analysis Method: Longest. Very labor intensive if done by hands. An applied Finite Element Analysis which assume boundary conditions of a fully plastic moment cause by the plate beneath the shell course and zero radial growth. Applicable for all cases.
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Part II: Design of Bottom, Roof, Shell plates Shell Plates (cont.)
One-foot Method: Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.6, Clause 5.6.3. Calculating the Design Shell Thickness and Hydrostatic test Shell Thickness as a function of the Courses height and material only. Governing Equations: 4.9 0.3 = + 4.9 0.3 = Calculation Algorithm:
Shell Course Height (H) Shell Course Thickness td or tt

Governing Equations
Shell Material (Sd or St)

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Part II: Design of Bottom, Roof, Shell plates Shell Plates (cont.)
Variable Design Point Method: Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.6, Clause 5.6.4. An iterative design method, based on the One-Foot method. The thickness of the previous shell course can influence the thickness of the current course. To qualify for this method, the Tank must satisfy: 500 1000 6 Governing Equations (in addition to One-Foot method equation):

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Part II: Design of Bottom, Roof, Shell plates Shell Plates (cont.)
Calculation Algorithm:
1st Shell Course Height (H1) 1st Shell Materi al (Sd or St) 2nd Shell Course Height (H2) 2nd Shell Material (Sd or St)
Thickness1 Foot Equations
Lesser of the 2 quantities

Thickness of 1st Course

Thickness - 1 Foot Equations

ThicknessModified 1 Foot Equations

1st Shell Course Height (H1) 1st Shell Materi al (Sd or St)

Lesser of the 3 quantities

Replace

No

Equal to Thickness Calculated?

Thickness of 2nd Course

Set Thickness for 2nd Course

For Nghi Son Project

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Part II: Design of Bottom, Roof, Shell plates Annular Plates

Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.5, Table 5.1, the Bottom Annular Plate thickness is a function of the First Shell courses thickness (t1) and the maximum stress expected.
The maximum stress expected at the 1st shell course is defined as the greater of Product Stress and Hydrostatic Stress. Where:
Product stress =

1 1

Hydrostatic stress =

The Adopted thickness for the bottom Annular Plate needs to be greater than the Adopted thickness for the Bottom Plate.

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Part II: Design of Bottom, Roof, Shell plates Annular Plates (cont.)
The Annular plates need to extend at least 600 mm (or more) from the shell per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.5, Clause 5.5.2. The magnitude of this extension is a function of the thickness of the Annular Plate, maximum design liquid level, and liquids specific gravity Calculation for the Greater radial width of the annual plates
Greater Radial Width =
In the Nghi Son project: Result
215 ()

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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load.
Determine whether the tank is stable enough under different Wind Load conditions and design other measures to provide extra stability to the tank. The calculation methodology:
1.
a.

Determine whether Appendix F is applicable.

Design by Appendix F and its implication.

2.
a.

Analyzing Tank stability under different Wind load conditions.

Anchor Bolt design as needed.

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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Appendix F Eligibility

Yes No
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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Appendix F Eligibility
To determine how much of Appendix F is applicable to our design, there are 4 criteria to check:
1. Whether a tank has a specified design internal pressure. 2. Whether the tanks design internal pressure (P) generate a load exceed the Weight of the Shells roof.
a. If yes, extra design on the Compression ring at the Roof to Shell Junction.

3. Whether the tanks design internal pressure (P) generate a load exceed the Weight of the Shells roof and Shell courses.
a. If yes, extra design on the Anchor bolts.

4. Whether the tank design internal pressure (P) exceeds 18 kPa.

a. If yes, use API 620.

For the Nghi Son Project: Verdict

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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Appendix F Applications
Section F.2 Dictates the a new modified Liquid Level to be used when sizing shell Manhole thicknesses, and flush-type cleanout fitting thicknesses.
Modified Liquid Level (for SI unit) = +
9.8

Section F.3 Specify a design of the Roof-to-Shell Junction (a.k.a. the Compression Ring)

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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Appendix F Applications
Section F.4 and F.5: illustrate the intricate relationship between the Internal Pressure and the Compression Area of the Roof-to-Shell Junction.
Governing Equation (GE): =
tan 2002

0.000127 2

Methodology:
1. Using the given Design Internal Pressure (Pi_d) and GE, calculate minimum Design Compression Area (Ad) 2. Use the design from F.3 to select an available Compression Ring, calculate the cross section area of this Ring and call it actual Area (Aa) 3. Compare Aa to Ad. If Aa is greater than Ad, the selected Ring is deemed eligible to use in the project. If not, select a different ring. 4. Use Aa and GE, calculate a corresponding maximum Internal Pressure which the Ring can tolerate, designate Pmax.

The output of these 2 sections are Pmax, an eleigible Compression Ring design, and its cross sectional area Aa
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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Appendix F Applications
Section F.6: Calculation for the Failure Pressure (Pf) of the compression ring area.
Governing Equation: = 1.6
0.000746 2

Pf needs to be greater than Pmax. This value shall be utilized to evaluate the Anchor bolts design.

Section F.7: Dictates additional measures to be taken when designing the Compression Ring, reinforcement and welding of roof manholes and nozzles, Anchor bolts, and Counterbalancing Weight. Additional hydrostatic test procedures shall also need to be taken when Section F.7 is applicable. No Calculation is required per Section F.7

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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Methodology
Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.11 covers the criteria to determine whether the tank shall require Anchorage when subjected to the overturning moment generated by the Horizontal and Vertical Wind. For a tank to be Unanchored, it needs to satisfy all 3 criteria:
1. 0.6 + < 2.
+ 1.5 ( + ) + ( ) < + 2 + ( ) < + 2

3.

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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Criteria deconstruction
1. . + <
Mw: the overturning moment about the shell-to-bottom joint from horizontal plus vertical wind pressure = + 2 2 Mpi: the overturning moment about the shell-to-bottom joint from design internal pressure. = 2 MDL: the overturning moment about the shell-to-bottom joint from the nominal weight of the shell. = 2 MDLR: the overturning moment about the shell-to-bottom joint from the nominal weight of the roof plate plus any attached structural. = 2
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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Criteria deconstruction
2. + ( ) <
Mw: from horizontal plus vertical wind pressure = + 2 2 Mpi: from design internal pressure. = 2 MDL: from the nominal weight of the shell. = 2 MDLR: from the nominal weight of the roof plate plus any attached structural. = 2
( + ) +

Fp: pressure combination factor = 0.4 MF: from the liquid Weight. = ( ) 2 wL is the weight of a band of liquid at the shell using a SG = 0.7 and a H = OLL/2. The magnitude shall be the lesser of:
= 59 Or = 140.8

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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Criteria deconstruction
3. + ( ) <
Mpi: from design internal pressure. = 2 MDL: from the nominal weight of the shell. = 2 MDLR: from the nominal weight of the roof plate plus any attached structural. = 2 Fp: pressure combination factor = 0.4
In the Nghi Son project: Check
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Mws: from horizontal wind pressure. = 2 Note: This criteria used to be applicable to only Supported Cone Roof.

Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Anchor Bolt Design
Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.12 covers the minimum design criteria for Tank Anchorage The major design criteria that the design must meet are:
Anchor Bolts shall be positioned along the tanks circumference with spacing no more than 3 m apart. 2. The Anchor Bolts shall satisfy all Uplift load conditions detailed in API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.12, Table 5.21. Specifically, the theoretical Anchor bolt stress shall be compared against the Allowable Anchor Bolt Stress, and the Allowable Shell Stress at Anchor Attachment. For project located in Vietnam, the designers shall use Anchor bolts adhered to the Vietnamese Building Standard TCXDVN 338-2005. 1.

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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Anchor Bolt Sample Quang Ngai Project

Anchor Bolts Orientation Drawing. Anchor Bolt Chairs per AISI vol 2 Part VII, page 95

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Part III: Tank Shell Stability Against Overturning Moment by Wind Load. - Anchor Bolt Design Criteria

All Net Uplift Formula is a comparative formula It intends to solve for the excess Load which needs to be dissipated by the Anchor bolts Some calculated Net Uplift load can be negative. This indicates safe operating condition. In Nghi Son Project: Calculation
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Part IV: Design of Intermediate Stiffening Rings - Methodology

Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.9, stiffening rings are needed to maintain roundness when the tank is subjected to wind load. The calculation required by this section are: 1. Determine the Unstiffened vertical distance (H1). 2. Find the transpose width of the Shell Courses (Wtr) and transposed Height of the Shell (We). 3. Compare H1 and We to determine whether Stiffening ring(s) is needed.
a) b) If Stiffening ring is utilized, then how many are needed? If Stiffening ring is utilized, what are their design criteria?

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Part IV: Design of Intermediate Stiffening Rings - Calculation

Unstiffened Vertical distance is dictated as (per API 650, section 5.9, Clause 5.9.7.1): 1 = 9.47
3

190

Transpose Width of a shell course is (per API 650, section 5.9, Clause 5.9.7.2):
= Then the transposed shell Height is: =
=1

where k = Total number of shell courses

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Part IV: Design of Intermediate Stiffening Rings Calculation (cont.)

From here we use the following algorithm to determine the number of Stiffening Rings needed:
If 1 < + 1 1, (where n is an integer from 0 to Infinity) Then we need n number of Intermediate Stiffening Ring. The Stiffening Ring overall design can be selected from API 650 12th Edition, section 5.9, Figure 5.24.

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Part IV: Design of Intermediate Stiffening Rings Calculation (cont.)

With a Stiffening Ring design selected, we need to perform the following calculations:
The Tanks Required section Modulus Specify detailed dimensions of the Stiffening Ring satisfying the Required section Modulus. c. Calculate the minimum required clearance above and below the Ring and make sure there are sufficient clearance. The Tanks required section Modulus is given as (per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.9, Clause 5.9.6.1): 2 2 = 17 190 a. b. Note: V is the design 3-sec gust wind speed, which is region-specific. In Vietnam, this speed is given in TCXDVN 2737-1995.

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Part IV: Design of Intermediate Stiffening Rings Calculation (cont.)

The common Stiffening Ring dimensions, tailored for different Shell Thickness, and its corresponding Section Moduli are given in API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.9, Table 5.20:

The clearance above and below the Ring need to satisfy the Ring-specific clearance (see Figure 5.24) or 13.4 ( )2 , whichever is greater.
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Part V: Tank Shell Stability Against Earthquake Load Methodology

Per API 650, 12th Edition, Appendix E covers the design options requiring decisions by the Purchaser on Seismic Design of storage tanks. These design criteria become requirements only when the Purchaser explicitly specifies an option in this Appendix E or the entire Appendix E. The following design criteria are usually detailed in the calculation sheet:
Design Spectral Response Accelerations: Impulsive (Ai) vs. Convective (Ac). Checking for Sliding Resistance based on Total design base shear. Calculate the Ringwall and Slab Overturning Moments. Determine if Anchorage are required or adequate. Checking for Shell Compression stress satisfying the Allowable Longitudinal Shellmembrane compression stress. 6. Checking each shell course for total hoop stress satisfying the allowable seismic hoop stress. For project located in Vietnam, all Earthquake design coefficient shall adhere or be equivalent to those noted in TCXDVN 375-2006. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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Part V: Tank Shell Stability Against Earthquake Load Design Input

D Nominal Tank Diameter H Liquid level design Site Class Sp Design level peak ground acceleration parameter (site-specific, from TCXDVN 375) Ss Spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods, Ss = 2.5*Sp S1 - Spectral response acceleration parameter at a period of zero second, S1 = 1.25*Sp Q The scaling factor. I the Importance factor coefficient set by seismic use group. Fa Acceleration-based site coefficient Fv Velocity-based site coefficient Rwi Force Reduction coefficient for the convective mode Rwc Force reduction coefficient for the impulsive mode

K Coefficient to adjust the spectral acceleration

Ks Sloshing period coefficient =
0.578 tanh(3.68 )

TL Region-dependent transition period for longer period ground motion Tc Natural period of th convective mode of liquids behavior = 1.8 Ts 1

Av vertical earthquake acceleration coefficient (per TCXDVN 375) g Gravitational Acceleration constant.

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Part V: Tank Shell Stability Against Earthquake Load Design Spectral Response Acceleration
What is a Spectral Response Acceleration? In this context, it indicates the responsive acceleration generated across a spectrum of vibrating frequency and/or amplitude. Per API 650, Appendix E, Section E.4.6, there are 2 components for the Spectral Response Acceleration: Impulsive and Convective Impulsive Spectral Acceleration (Ac): = = 2.5 0 Convective Spectral Acceleration (Ac): = = 2.5 0 Note: if TC > TL, then include 1 more term (TL/TC) into the multiplication. There are 2 criteria we must check, for design satisfaction: 1. Ai 0.007 (see E.4.6.1 for special case) 2. Ac Ai
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Part V: Tank Shell Stability Against Earthquake Load Design Sliding Resistance and Seismic Overturning Moment
The Sliding Resistance and Seismic Overturning Moment of the tank are governed by the same set of variables which are related to the weight of the tanks content. Tanks Sliding Resistance, per API 650 12th Edition, Appendix E, Section E.7.6, is defined as the transfer of the total lateral shear force between the tank and the subgrade. 2 = 2 + = ( + + + ) = The Seismic Overturning Moment of the tank, per API 650 12th Edition, Appendix E, Section E.6.1.5, quantifies the effect of moment generated by the impulsive and convective weight components of the tank. This quantity shall contribute to whether there are sufficient anchorage, and the longitudinal shell compression stress. 2 + 2 = + + 2 + 2 = + +

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Part V: Tank Shell Stability Against Earthquake Load Design Sliding Resistance and Seismic Overturning Moment (cont.)
The Input for the 2 Governing Equations above are:
Wp Total weight of the tank contents Wi The effective impulsive weight of the tank contents
=
tanh(0.866 ) 0.886

Xi- to the center of action of lateral seismic force related to the impulsive liquid force for ringwall moment

if D/H1.333

= 1.0 0.218

if D/H < 1.333

Wc The effective convective weight of the tank contents Ws Total weight of the tank shell and appurtenances Wr Total weight of the fixed tank roof plus any permanent attachments. Wf Weight of the tank bottom.

Xc to the center of action of lateral seismic force related to the convective liquid force for ringwall moment. Xis to the center of action of lateral seismic force related to the impulsive liquid force for slab moment. Xcs to the center of action of lateral seismic force related to the convective liquid force for slab moment. Xs to the shells center of gravity Xr to the roof and roof appurtenances center of gravity
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Part V: Tank Shell Stability Against Earthquake Load Design of Tanks Anchorage
Per API 650, 12th Edition, Section E.6.2, Clause E.6.2.1.1, a storage tank can be considered self-anchored against seismic conditions if it can satisfy the following conditions: 1. The resisting force is adequate for tank stability (J 1.54) 2. The maximum width of annulus (for determining the resisting force) is at least 3.5% of the tank diameter. 3. Shell compression stress satisfy the requirements of Section E.6.2.2 4. The required annulus plate thickness does not exceed the thickness of the bottom shell course. 5. Piping flexibility requirements, under seismic accelerations, are satisfied. If Mechanical Anchors are required per Wind Load Stability requirements, it shall satisfy the Seismic load requirement per API 650, Section 5.12, Table 5.21.

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Part V: Tank Shell Stability Against Earthquake Load Design of Tanks Anchorage (cont.)
Criterion #1: Magnitude of Tanks Anchorage Ratio J, per API 650 12th Edition, Appendix E, Clause E.6.2.1.1.1.

Where: The Anchorage ratio Criteria:

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Part V: Tank Shell Stability Against Earthquake Load Design of Tanks Anchorage (cont.)
Criterion #3: Shell compression stress satisfying the requirement of the allowable longitudinal shell-membrane compression stress, per API 650 12th Edition, Appendix E, Clause E.6.2.2 The calculation of Shell compression stress (c)varies depended on the value of J. If J < 0.785 or Mechanically anchored, then If 0.785 J < 1.54, then The calculation of the allowable longitudinal Shell-Membrane compression stress is varied, depended on the tanks design and content. Mathematically: If GHD2/t2 44, then If GHD2/t2 < 44, then For a tanks design to be qualified for this criterion: c < Fc

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Part V: Tank Shell Stability Against Earthquake Load Design of Dynamic Liquid Hoop stress
What is Hoop stress? The stress resulted from the force exerted circumferentially in the tangential direction on every particle in the shell wall. Common in Pressure Vessel design. Per API 650, 12th Edition, Appendix E, Section E.6.1.4, the total Dynamic Liquid Hoop stress is given as:

Where Nh, Ni, Nc are the Product hydrostatic, Impulsive, and Convective membrane forces respectively. They are functions of Y, the Distance from liquid surface to the analysis point. By varying Y corresponding to different shell courses, the total Dynamic Liquid Hoop stress at each shell course can be calculated and compared to the Allowable seismic hoop stress [], which is material depended. To qualify for this criterion, T_course < [].

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Part VI: Design of Roof Structures Methodology

API 650, 12th Edition, Section 5.10 covers the minimum design requirements for supporting roof structures, and any special requirements for roof plates and roof attachments. This section is applicable to Supported/Self-supported Cone roof and Self-supported Dome/Umbrella roof. Minimum for Supporting Roof Structures are: 1. Minimum thickness: Per API 650 12th Edition, Section 5.10, Clause 5.10.2.4, Minimum nominal thickness > 4.3 mm, and min corroded thickness > 2.4 mm. For columns which normally resist axial compressive forces, nominal thickness > 6 mm. 2. Minimum Slope of the roof (Per API 650, Clause 5.10.4.1): 1:16 3. Maximum Rafter spacing, per API 650, Clause 5.10.4.4: = (1.5 ) 2100

The Strength of Roof Support Structures shall be determined using a Finite Element Analysis tool STAAD Pro (or an equivalence). For Nghi Son Project: STAAD Pro file
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