Assets Debt Equity (market and book) Interest rate Market value/share Shares outstanding Trans Ams Current

Capital Structure: No Debt Return on assets (ROA) Earnings Return on equity (ROE) =Earnings/Equity Earnings per share (EPS) Trans Ams Proposed Capital Structure: Debt $4,000 Return on assets (ROA) Earnings before interest (EBI) Interest Earnings After interest Return on equity (ROE)= Earnings after interest/Equity Earnings per share (EPS)

Current Proposed $8,000 $8,000 $0 $4,000 $8,000 $4,000 10% 10% $20 $20 400 200

Recession Expected 5% 15% $400 $1,200 5% 15% $1.00 $3.00

Recession Expected 5% 15% $400 $1,200 ($400) ($400) $0 $800 0 20% 0 $4.00

Expansion 25% $2,000 25% $5.00

Consider first the middle column where earnings areexpected to be $1,200. Since assets are $8,000, the return on assets (ROA) is 15 percent( $1,200/$8,000). Because assets equal equity for this all-equity firm, return on equity(ROE) is also 15 percent. Earnings per share (EPS) is $3.00 ( $1,200/400). Similar calculationsyield EPS of $1.00 and $5.00 in the cases of recession and expansion, respective

Expansion 25% $2,000 ($400) $1,600 40% $8.00

Since debt is $4,000 here, interest is $400 ( .10 $4,000). Thus, earnings after interest is $800 ( $1,200- $400) in the middle (expected) case. Since equity is $4,000, ROE is 20 percent ($800/$4,000). Earnings per share is $4.00 ( $800/200). Similar calculations yield earnings of $0 and $8.00 for recession and expansion, respectively.

1,200/$8,000). ROE) is also 15 percent.

sion and expansion, respectively.

expected) case.

expansion, respectively.