Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Technical Manual Volume A: DESIGN His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads Trail Bridge SectionLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Technical Manual VolumeA: DESIGN His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads Trail Bridge SectionPublished by Technical Editing by Copyright Distributors Edition His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development, Department of Local infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DoLIDAR), Trail Bridge Section with the support of the Swiss Government (SDC) through Helvetas Nepal, : SKAT Consulting, Consulting Services for Development Vadianstrasse 42, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland : Material from this publication may be freely quoted, translated, or otherwise used. Acknowledgment is requested. In Nepal Trail Bridge Section, DoLIDAR, Lalitpur, Nepal Outside Nepal! ‘SKAT Foundation, Resource Center for Development Vadianstrasse 42, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland First edition - 1983 Second revised edition - 1992 Third revised edition - 2004 (LSTB Technical Manual) ISBN 3 - 908156 - 08 - 4 ‘The views, interpretations, and calculations in this paper are the author’s and are not attributable to TBS/DOLIDAR and Helvetas. Anyone using this manual should verify the calculations according to the specific conditions of the site on which the bridges are to be constructed.Foreword His Majesty's Government of Nepal has decided to decentralize all local level infrastructures including trail bridge. In order to realize this goal and make it operational, the Government is in the process of bringing a national policy called Nepal Trail Bridge Policy & Strategy (NTBPS). This forthcoming NTBPS is to assist Districts in the planning and implementation of trail bridges. Furthermore, the NTBPS is to be based on seven core Handbooks and Manuals providing comprehensive information on any aspect related to trail bridge building. This Manual is devoted to Long Span Trail Bridges (LSTB) and contains all the norms, standards and specifications that must be observed by bridge builders. The application of the NTBPS and its subsidiary Handbooks and Manuals are mandatory. The Trail Bridge Section (TBS) of DoLIDAR has been assigned to supervise that both will be enforced S.S. Shrestha Director General DoLIDAR July 2004ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Trail Bridge Section (TBS) was preceded by 2 HMG project known as the Suspension Bridge Division (SBD). SBD was established in 1964 when HMG decided to make the construction of trail bridges a national priority. SBD received extensive support from Helvetas and SDC. Initial efforts focused a lot on providing safe crossings along major trade routes resulting in what became known as the “Main Trails” and for which a technology was developed using sound engineering practices and that were later ‘on incorporated in what became known as the “SBD-Manuals”, The 1990-ties were marked by developing another bridge type using indigenous technologies and local resources but also based on sound engineering practices in order to make shorter bridges more economical. The development of this bridge type was spearheaded by Helvetas and became then known as the "Bridge Building at the Local Level (BBLL)" project. This project received extensive support from HMGIN and SDC. AAs the technology of both bridge types matured, TBS initiated to review the developed technologies to make the two compatible. This resulted in the development of the Nepal Trail Bridge Policy & Strategy (NTBPS), which in tum is based amongst others on a so called demarcation convention. This convention basically states that the more solid and more expensive SBD approach must be reserved for bridges of a Jong span, and the more elegant BBLL approach with considerable economic benefits to bridges of a short span, Henceforth TBS revised the two technologies resulting in various Handbooks and Manuals, including the LSTB-Technical Manual and SSTB-Technical Handbook. | am proud to present here the Long Span Trail Bridge Manual which has been made user friendly and which is also accessible on our website www.nepaltrailbridaes.ora. Furthermore, | on behalf of TBS, acknowledge the valuable efforts put in by the project team and extend my sincere thanks to all those who were involved in the preparation of this Technical Manual. Neeraj Shah Section Chief, Senior Divisional Engineer DoLIDAR/TES July 2004Despite the rugged topography of the Himalayan State of Nepal, the people established and maintained a traditional trail network for centuries. Footpaths and mule trails are the lifelines for the exchange of goods, the sick going to health posts and the children going to school. Despite great efforts in road construction, a large part of the hill population will continue to depend on the traditional trail network for decades to come. The Himalayan drainage system consists of countless rivers, which divide the hill areas into many micro economic areas. River crossings are the critical links for roads as well as for trails. For bridging shorter spans, the Nepalese have developed in numerous Regions simple, yet remarkable local techniques. This LSTB-Technical Manual is the successor of the "SBD-Manual’ which represent the outcome of over 30 years experience of pedestrian trail bridge building in Nepal. in fact it even encompasses early practices made at the beginning of the 20th century, when some 30 suspension bridges were built by Scottish engineers arranged by the Rana rulers of that time. In the course of all these years, countless recommendations, suggestions and findings of innumerable engineers, overseers, sub-overseers, site supervisors and consultants of the joint Trail Bridge Programs between SDC/Helvetas and HMG's ‘Suspension Bridge Division have been utilized. We acknowledge with thanks the efforts provided by the project teams of HMG's Trail Bridge Section, ‘Suspension Bridge Division and Helvetas under the leadership of Gyanendra Rajbhandari of Helvetas and the relentless encouragement of Neeraj Shah from TBS to upgrade the Manual from “SBD” to “LSTB". We also gratefully appreciate the contribution of Mr. Kamal Jaisi, Suspension Bridge Division, Dr. N.L. Joshi, Bridge Consultancy Nepal, for their careful statical anelysis and Prof. A.B. Singh, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University and the external support of SKAT Consulting, Switzerland, for their final technical editing of this Manual. Many thanks go also to Om B. Khadka and L. D. Sherpa who converted all the standard drawings, sketches and photos onto the computer and also did all the desktop publishing. ur sincere thanks go further to all persons who have been involved in the preparation of this Manual and who forwarded their valuable comments and suggestions. We hope that this Manual will be widely used by technicians appointed to construct a pedestrian trail bridge of long span of more than 120 meters. HELVETAS Nepal, Swiss Association for International Cooperation P.O, Box 688 Kathmandu, Nepel July 2004Long span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, Contents Volume A: Design Foreword Contents 1. Introduction... 2. Standard Design of LSTB 3. Basic Design Concept... 4. Material Specification: 5. General Principles for Bridge Planning and Design............ 44 6. Design of Bridge Foundation 7. Design of Standard Suspended Bridge.... 8. Design of Standard Suspension Bridge... 9. Design of Windguy Arrangement... 10. Special Design..... 11. Adjacent Works 12. Appendix.....Volume A Long span Trail Bridge Standard Summary of Contents of the Four Volumes Volume A: Design Introduction Standard Design of [STB Basic Design Concept Material Specifications General Principles for Bridge Planning and Design Design of Bridge Foundation Design of Standard Suspended Bridge Design of Standard Suspension Bridge Design of Windguy Arrangement Special Design Adjacent Works ‘Appendix Note: SBD Manual, Volume A: Design, 1992 is superseded by Design Software on Volume LSTB Technical Manual, Volume A: Design, 2004. Design Software as per LSTB Technical Manual, Volume A: Design produced by TBS/DOLIDAR is available. This software will supersede the old “DEQUA” design program. Volume B: Survey Introduction Survey preparation Feasibility survey Bridge site selection Detailed geological study Topographic survey Construction materials and labour Miscellaneous data collection Soil tests and their evaluation Preparation of the survey report AppendixLong span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Volume C: Standard Design Drawings Part | and I ‘A. Standard working and assembly drawings B. Standard structural drawings C. Special design drawings D. Design examples Two general arrangements (suspended bridge, suspension bridge) related to the design examples of VOLUME A: DESIGN. Note: SBD Manual, Volume C: Standard Design Drawings, is superseded by LSTB Technical Manual, Volume C: Standard Design Drawings, 2004. Volume D: Execution of Construction Works 1. Schedule of construction operations and sits, camp Machines and Instruments Setting out of the bridge Excavation Masonry 2, 3, 4. 5, 6. Form work 7. Reinforcement and steel parts 8 Concrete 9. Rendering and surface mortar 10. Rock anchors 11. Cables 12. Bridge erection 13. Stabilization of slopes 14. River bank protection 15. Drainage 16. Bridge access 17. Traits 18. Bridge maintenance 19. Inspection formsLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 1. Introduction His Majesty's Government of Nepal has elaborated the Nepal Trail Bridge Policy & Strategy (NTBPS). This Policy lays down the norms, standards, technologies, modalities and approaches amongst the trail bridge builders and other organizations engaged in, or supporting trail bridge building either directly or indirectly. The NTBPS promotes the decentralized process of bridge building in practical terms in accordance with the Local Seif Governance Act (LSGA) 2055. The Trail Bridge Section (TBS), of the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Roads (DOLIDAR) within the Ministry of Local Development (MOLD) has been entrusted to enforce the NTBPS. TBS enforces the NTBPS by means of various Manuals. This Manual provides all technical details pertinent to Long Span Trail Bridges (LSTB), hence its corresponding name LSTB -Technical Manual, and supercedes what used to be known as the SBD-Standard design’. In addition to the technical Manuals, TBS has also issued a Manual on LSTB-Consultants and Contractors which also forms an integral part of the NTBPS. LSTB bridges have especially been developed for the Main Trails but can also be applied at strategic crossings provided that they comply with a set of predefined socio-economic criteria. The LSTB technology has especially proven to be suitable and cost effective for spans exceeding 120 meters. Technical details for bridges of a shorter span are provided in another Manual notably the SSTB*Manual. The latter was developed under, what used to be known as the Bridge Building at Local Level Program sponsored by HNGIN, SDC and Helvetas. SSTB has proven to be more economic and more environmental friendly for spans less than 120 meters and allow substantial contribution from the local communities In summary, the technical Manuals are based on the following demarcation: Span <120m SSTB-Manual Span > 120m —_LSTB-Manual ‘This LSTB-Manual is valid for both types of cable-supported: the suspended- and the suspension bridge. The LSTB-Manual covers four Volumes: “A’ covering Design; covering Standard Design Drawings; and "D” covering Execution " covering Survey; “C” ‘The cost of a SSTB standard bridge is about 60% or 50% of a LSTB standard bridge for the suspended and suspension type respectively. The main variant of total-cost results from the portering distance and its corresponding costs. All Manuals reflect the vast experience gained in bridge building. Conservative engineering practice has been combined with empirical data collected over decades to result in the most carefully tuned design, This LSTB Technical Manual is basically identical to what used to be known as the SBD Manual but has been adapted to match the above demarcation and some modificationimprovement, inducing bridge builders to build SSTB bridges for short spans. + $80 stands for Suspension Bridge Division. # SSTB stands for Short Span Trail BridgeLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 2. Standard Design of LSTB Table of Contents 2.1 General 21.1 — Standard Design 21.2 — Standard Drawings 24.3 Other Terms 2.2. Standard Suspended Bridge 2.21 Description 222 Layout and Sections 22.3 Standard Drawings 22.4 — Completed Suspended Bridge 2.3 Standard Suspension Bridge 23.41 Description 2.3.2 Layout and Sections 2.3.3 ‘Standard Drawings 23.4 Variation of Anchorage Foundation 235 Combined Walkway / Tower Foundation with Staircase 23.6 Completed Suspension Bridge 2.4 Windguy Arrangement 24.1 Description 242 Layout 24.3. Standard Drawings 2.5 Walkway Deck 251 Steel Deck 252 — Wooden Deck 2.6 Special Design 26.1 Description 262 Special Suspended Bridge 263 Special Suspension Bridge 264 ‘Special Windguy Arrangements 26.5 Stee! Truss Bridge Volume A Owe eroanVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.1 General 2.1.1 Standard Design Nowadays almost all construction projects take advantage of standardization, e.g., standardized steel profiles, standardized cement quality, standardized bricks, etc. Standardization facilitates reduction in working load throughout the design and execution process, e.g., the use of standardized drawings reduces the working load and ensures the achieverent of a set quality of drawings, Because of variable site conditions it is impossible to produce @ 100% standardized bridge design. The degree of standardization chosen for the standard design of suspended and suspension bridges allows the design engineer to adjust the individual design to specific site conditions. Accessibility and the availability of Labor and materials as well as the geological, geotechnical, and hydrological conditions of the site are among the specific conditions that should be considered. Steel parts as well as the towers for suspension bridges are 100% standardized. These parts may be chosen according to a number of parameters (e.g., bridge span, cable diameter, calculated forces, etc.) by using a specific set of tables, no further design work is, necessary. The analysis of the cable structure has to be scrutinized by the design engineer, following a standardized procedure leading to the number and diameter of cables required 2s well as to the forces to be considered for foundation design. Foundations have to be designed according to the specific site conditions, although basic layout and min./max. dimensions for a number of foundation types are given in the manual. The specific site conditions are determined by following a standardized site investigation procedure (Volume B: Survey). Standard design offers many possibilities, e.g., reduced design work and uniform quality of different projects, etc. Although some reduction in flexibility has to be accepted and although the standard design does not result in the most economic design for all the sites, the advantages should be assessed by looking at the number and quality of projects realized, 2.1.2 Standard Drawings The planning, design, and structural analysis of the bridges are besed upon the survey results. The execution of this work is described in the following chapters. Design work results in the General Arrangement, showing the bridge in plan and section. {All other designs and drawings required for manufacturing bridge components and for the execution of construction works have been prepared already and compiled into a set of standard design drawings (Volume C). For each particular bridge project they are arranged into @ UNIT COMPONENT SYSTEM.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 2.1.3 ‘There are two different groups of standard design drawing, 1. The standard design drawings necessary for the design, manufacture, and construction of the standard program for suspended and suspension bridges. This group contains a standardization (all possible loads, number of cables, dimensions) of all the components of the two standard bridge types, 2. The special design drawings are used for cases in which a deviation from the standard bridge type is necessary. Usually, this group contains design examples to be used as bases for the preparation of new designs according to the requirements. of a particular project. Within the two groups of drawings, there are three different drawing types. 1. Working and assembly drawings having a related structural drawing (e.g., anchorages) 2. Working and assembly drawings without related structural drawings (eg., windties) 3. Structural drawings (e.g., foundations) Working and assembly drawings contain all the information needed for manufacturing stee! structures, including steel-part lists with working drawings for each part, weights and surfaces to be painted or galvanized, and welding details and assembly drawings. ‘Assembly drawings are also for use during construction of the bridge. Structural drawings contain necessary information for the execution of construction works. These drawings have open dimensions and levels which are determined according to the requirements of the particular bridge project. For a complete list of standard drawings refer to the Appendix. Other Terms ‘Anchorage Steel parts which anchor any tension member (cables, towers) (Anchorage) Foundation : Concrete structures (in which the anchorage steel parts are embedded) which transfer the load of the structure (anchorage) to the soil or rock on which it rest. Gravity Foundation The media for transmitting the load applied to the structure by its own weight to the soil or rock on which it rests. Deadman Foundation Predominately passive earth pressure has to be taken into consideration to achieve equilibrium with the load from the structure,Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.2. Standard Suspended Bridge 2.2.1 Description The standard suspended bridge is a modern version of the traditional chain bridge which is, frequently seen in Nepal. The load bearing cables (main cables) are below the walkway system in suspended type bridge. Sagging walkway cables are suspended below their anchorages. A bridge with the main foundations on the same elevation is called a level bridge. The main foundations might not have the same elevation and the bridge is therefore called an inclined bridge The cables (steel wire ropes) are directly anchored to the main anchorage fourseuon using only small pillars for handrail cable support. For LSTB standard suspended bridges, ie. @ bridge with a span over 120 m, there are two types of cable anchoring systems. For span up to 210 m drum type anchor is used where the main cables (4 or 6 numbers) are anchored to the concrete drums by rounding around them and end part of the cable is clamped. The cable length is not adjustable after the drums are covered by the concrete. The anchor drum is inside the foundation structure. For greater spans over 210 m (8 to 12 main cables), the cables are secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to hinged anchors with adjustable tumbuckles. This type of anchor is known {as open type anchor. The cable length in such anchor is adjustable as the tumbuckle is outside of the foundation block. The handrail cables are always secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to adjustable anchorages. The main foundations are usually designed as gravity foundations on soil or on rock. Anchorage rods may be provided to stabilize the foundation on rock and might be necessary to stabilize the rock itself Both the handrail and the (lower) main cables are the (vertical) load-bearing elements connected throughout the bridge with hanger rods at distances of 1.20 m. The hanger rods are fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to the cross-beams which are bolted to the main cables. The cross-beams support the walkway deck which is 1.00 m in width. For details of the deck systems refer to 2.5, Chain-link wiremesh netting fences the walkway. Itis fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to a fixation cable. ‘The wind-guy arrangement is required for LSTB standard suspended bridge as a stabilizing measure and to safe guard the bridge from wind load. For details refer to 2.6. ‘The suspended bridge is an economical design whenever the required freeboard can be achieved'along with the geological site conditions allowing its construction.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2.2.2 Layout and Sections Inclined bridge with gravity anchorage foundation. A) Plan LEFT BANK FIGHT BANK ees Urchorage rect ct | = OUR tale | 2 60 ee | wioagey cable vindgny cable ni S a foundation on rons toxin \ win cble Tee or double) vndtien B) Side Elevation rain enenroge noo incinaa bridge LL mon cobies Fats | Linens cate Lente eatiae inaguy cabte- C) Section of Walkway Support and Deck Section of walkway support with steel walkway deck handrlt cable hhonger rod wicemesh netting ‘steel walkway deck xction cable ‘ross-beam ‘moin cobsVolume A ‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.2. Standard Suspended Bridge 2.2.1 Description The standard suspended bridge is a modern version of the traditional chain bridge which is frequently seen in Nepal. The load bearing cables (main cables) are below the walkway system in suspended type bridge. Sagging walkway cables are suspended below their anchorages. A bridge with the main foundations on the same elevation is called a level bridge. The main foundations might not have the same elevation and the bridge is therefore called an inclined bridge The cables (steel wire ropes) are directly anchored to the main anchorage foursucton using only small pillars for handrail cable support For LSTB standard suspended bridges, i.e. a bridge with a span over 120 m, there are two types of cable anchoring systems. For span up to 210 m drum type anchor is used where the main cables (4 or 6 numbers) are anchored to the concrete drums by rounding around them and end part of the cable is clamped. The cable length is not adjustable after the drums are covered by the concrete. The anchor drum is inside the foundation structure. For greater spans over 210 m (8 to 12 main cables), the cables are secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to hinged anchors with adjustable turmbuckles. This type of anchor is known ‘as open type anchor. The cable length in such anchor is adjustable as the turnbuckle is outside of the foundation block. The handrail cables are always secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to adjustable anchorages. The main foundations are usually designed as gravity foundations on soll or on rock. Anchorage rods may be provided to stabilize the foundation on rock and might be necessary to stabilize the rock itself Both the handrail and the (lower) main cables are the (vertical) load-bearing elements connected throughout the bridge with hanger rods at distances of 1.20 m. The hanger rods are fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to the cross-beams which are bolted to the main cables. The cross-beams support the walkway deck which is 1.00 m in width, For details of the deck systems refer to 2.5. Chain-link wiremesh netting fences the walkway. Itis fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to a fixation cable. ‘The wind-guy arrangement is required for LSTB standard suspended bridge as a stabilizing measure and to safe guard the bridge from wind load. For details refer to 2.6. ‘The suspended bridge is an economical design whenever the required freeboard can be achieved along with the geological site conditions allowing its construction,Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2.2.2 Layout and Sections Inclined bridge with gravity anchorage foundation. A) Plan 60 Eee | wings hr I = OE —— 1 | — to | eer — eS a2 a (=n B) Side Elevation mon ctor e Poandstion on soit : ‘mon, cables Pare ean | Lange rods foundation on rock indguy C) Section of Walkway Support and Deck Section of walkway support with steel walkway deck handoit cable hanger rod viremesh nating steel wotkwoy deck fixation cable cross- beam smoin cablesVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Section of walkway support with wooden planking (only optional and in general not recommended to use) hnondroi! coble hanger rod smiremesh netting ‘wooden planks (longitudinal) wooden noiling strip ‘ixation cable 2.2.3. Standard Drawings A) _Drum-type Anchorage Foundation unit of 1 nit of tunis of andra cobe cthwoy for... Hee! weikwoy deck Cnchoroge ewpaciy!2N_orchorage main cables fermen bis ane ANDY iassemeur DRAWINGS main foundation fee. main cables STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS 8) Open-type Anchorage Foundation frm onnaroge capacity. 8..AN alin cent way fot. sie wahwey ck eee nl "ano (Gimceraaar cranes]Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2.2.4 Completed Suspended Bridge For an example of a General Arrangement Drawing refer to the Appendix.Volume A 2.3 2.3.1 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Standard Suspension Bridge Description The standard suspension bridge can be distinguished by its towers and upwardly cambered walkway. The sagging, load-bearing main cables (steel wire ropes) are not under the walkway system. They are supported by the towers and secured with thimbles and bulldog rips (hinged) to adjustable cross-beams on the anchorage rods of the main foundations. ‘An inclined arrangement of this bridge type (walkway / tower foundation on right and left bank at different elevations) is not recommended. This type of bridge will have non-symmetric geometry and complex stability analysis. Further, there is no practical experience of the behavior of such type of the bridge. ‘The main foundations might be designed as gravity foundations on soil or rock, as deadman anchorage foundations on soil, or as tunnel anchorage foundations on rock. Anchorage rods might be necessary to stabilize the rock. The towers are hinged at the base and the main cables are clamped at the top. They are connected to the walkway / tower foundation with anchorage rods to take up possible tensile forces. For long-span bridges, side stay cables, fixed on top of the tower, are necessary to reduce lateral deflections. Towers are constructed with two tower legs connected by the main bracing for lateral stability. Tower legs are constructed with four mild steel angles and tower leg bracing of angles or rods. The main cables are the only (vertical) load-bearing cables. The suspension of the walkway is brought about-by the means of suspender rods which are unequal in length but adjustable to a fine degree. The suspenders are fixed at distances of 1.20 m and are joined at the top to the main cables and to the bottom giving support to the cross-beams. The span length must be chosen to provide intervals of 2.40 m because of the different lengths of the suspenders, up to 280m. Two spanning cables are attached underneath the cross-beams and anchored to the walkway / tower foundation. The walkway steel deck supported by the cross-beams is 1.20 m in width. For details of the deck systems refer to 2.5. The walkway is cambered to allow sufficient pre-tension between main cables and spanning cables thus increasing the stability of the bridge. Stabilizing cables, for bridges with spans above 160 m, and also diagonal stabilizers, are provided to damp longitudinal oscilations. Chain-link wire mesh netting fences the walkway and is fixed at the top to a handrail cable and at the bottom to a fixation cable. ‘The wind-guy arrangement is required for LSTB standard suspension bridge as a stabilizing measure and to safe guard the bridge from wind load. For details refer to 2.6.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.3.2 Layout and Sections Bridge with gravity foundations A) B) Plan Volume A. y cables (if tower height 225.23 m) side toy cabte anchorage foundation on rock cross-beam CJ “ tower I velnway/ tower main cable Ed wndation W : SRY Shae) on windguy cable siedgay cable comp ‘Sichrage foundation Gr cole winguy cle! cnet ‘Side Elevation s watway / tower oundation (without Foo!) stabilizing cables Gt spon 2 84.40m) .g0nat stabilizers Gt span 2 444.40m) {— sponning cables {notion cables L_— windguy cablesVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard C) Section of Walkway Support and Deck Section of walkway support with steel walkway deck eo cate serene netg steel wolkwoy deck teenbucle fiction cable ots-beom soorning cable Section of walkway support with wooden planking (only optional and in general not recommended to use) 4.20 m | hondrot_coble wiremesh netting wooden planks wooden noilng strip turnbuckle spanning cableLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A D) Tower Basic types of tower design for LSTB suspension bridge: Length of Tower Leg Tower Leg Used for Tower Type | Intermediate Distance Cross Section Heights Element (m) ele, (mn) x{mm)_[_y (mmy (my 1 2X1.85 3.50 300 400 12.90 | 2 2x 1.85 3.50 400 550 12.92 to 18.47 soddle — sidestoy __ cable tower leg angles, top ‘element to main brocings tower leg bracings, fonchorage ods eit Cle, : center distance of tower legs. lez : center distance of anchorage rods. Tower height intermediate ee ee | PAA AA ZVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.3.3 Standard Drawings 2.3.4 Variation of Anchorage Foundation A) Tunnel Anchorage Foundation medium to weothered rockLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A B) Deadman Anchorage Foundation 1) Use standard working and assembly drawing, Cable Anchorage’, with extended anchorage length and structural drawing, Main Cable Deadman Foundation’. For design example see Main cable Deadman Anchorage design drawing No, 49/2, 2.3.5 Combined Walkway / Tower Foundation with Staircase ‘Two types of staircase are standardized, both with a range for H between 1.50 m and 5.50 m: ~ in good soil conditions (rock, gravel, sandy gravel etc.) vwolkwoy /tower foundationVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.3.6 Completed Suspension Bridge For an example of a General Arrangement Drawing refer to the appendix.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.4 2.41 2.4.2 Windguy Arrangement Description Volume A. ‘Awindguy system is required for bridges with span of more than 120m. ‘The walkways of LSTB standard suspended and suspension bridges are laterally supported by the windtie cables which are fixed to the parabolically aligned windguy cables. The windties are fixed to the cross-beams at intervals of 4.80 m. for suspension bridges and 6.00 m. for suspended bridges (with less exposed area). Layout Parabolic windguy arrangement yy cables (if tower height = 25.23) LL siaestay cooie anchorage combines erage foundation mein cobles {7 | ) LP | ee Fl NL | otway/tower man cobie i { ‘ cncnorage . eee seen K LL Ege Mees windties windguy coble Se Sretrege oundtin Ui gece mingy ete)Volume A 2.4.3. Standard Drawings 4 unit of windguy coble direct onchorage in rock 6mm capacity ....KN 4 unit of windguy cable clamp for cable a... mm (only if double windguy cable) 4 unit of windtie fo windguy cable(s), # windguy cable anchorage foundotion for.....cable(s) #....mm on rock / 86 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard WORKING AND ASSEMBLY DRAWING _| 1 unit of windguy coble anchorage for ...cable(s) 6....mm, capacity ...kN STRUCTURAL DRAWINGSLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 Walkway Deck There are two options for walkway deck, ie., steel deck and wooden deck. Wood are becoming more and more scars, expensive and difficult to find the good quality Deforestation is the common causes of environmental degradation. Further, wooden planks needs to be frequently replaced. Therefore, a galvanized steel deck, which will be almost maintenance free, reducing the burden of routine maintenance, is recommended. Steel Deck One unit of steel walkway deck of a 1.20 m. bridge span consists of two elements (approx. 0.50 m. for a suspended bridge and approx. 0.60 m. for a suspension bridge) which are directly bolted to the cross-beams. The elements are constructed of steel angles arranged longitudinally with a small gap in between and reinforcement bars arranged crosswise welded on top at a distance of about 0.20 m. Wooden Deck (Only optional and in general not recommended to use) Longitudinal planks (2.39/1.98/0.05m) are nailed in a staggered arrangement on to wooden nailing strips which are bolted to the cross beams. Note: In case longitudinal planks are not available, the planks may be arranged crosswise and nailed on to longitudinal stringers which are bolted to the cross beams.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.6 Special De: 2.6.1 Description When the standard design would obviously resuit in an unfavorable solution, the design engineer is free to follow a special design. Some recommendations for special designs are given in the manual. Other special designs may be developed according to the specific site Conditions encountered. Special designs always require the careful attention of the design engineer and, in some cases, additional control activities are even needed during execution in the workshop and on site. The design engineer has to decide for each specific case if an independent check by a consulting engineer is required or not. Special designs entail a higher degree of responsibility on the part of the project team, especially the design engineer. Special designs are strongly recommended wherever a significant reduction in costs can be achieved. If some of the standard drawings are used in a special des be checked carefully. Jn, the structural analysis has to Note: Any bridge in which the anchorage (Windguy) is combined with another anchorage foundation has to be treated as a special design as more load combination might occur. 2.6.2 Special Suspended Bridge A) Combined Main Foundation with Staircase fet river bona, net flooded 1) Use the standard design "Main Cable Anchorage” For a design example see special design drawing No. 60/4Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2.6.3 Special Suspension Bridge A) With One Tower Only medium to ‘Sound rock 1) 2) 3) Spacing clamp for main cable. For a design example see special design drawing No. 28. Use the modified standard design "Walkway / Tower Anchorage” For a design example see special design drawing No. 91/3. Use the modified standard design, "Main Cable Anchorage", drum type. For a design example see special design drawing No. 60/3. B) Without Tower 1) 2) 3) 4) Pion co | ‘opomcpny Spacing clamp for main cable. For a design example see special design drawing No. 28. Use the modified standard design "Walkway / Tower Anchorage” For a design example see special design drawing No. 91/3, Use the modified standard design "Cable Drum Anchorage” For a design example see special design drawing No. 60/3. ‘Suspenders, use the standard design drawing "Suspenders'. Manual calculation of suspender lengths may be required.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard C) With Loaded Side Span Bridge type not recommended ! additional cables required sidespan deep pier foundation require = ‘lot river Bank, sometimes flooded Refer 10.2.3 for details. D) Double Span Bridge Bridge type not recommended ! = additional cobles required seep pier foundation requires Refer 10.2.3 for details. 2.6.4 Special Windguy Arrangements ‘Wherever the site location does not allow for the provision of a windguy cable foundation on ‘one river bank, it is possible to combine the windguy cable anchorage with the main foundation of the suspended bridge, the walkway / tower foundation, or the main cable foundation of the suspension bridge respectively. The anchorage forces have then to be included in the statical analysis of the respective foundation. Note: The full wind load has to be considered for each side, because, depending upon the wind direction, only one side of the windguy arrangement will be activated, either the up- or the downstream part.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. A) Suspended Bridge Windguy cable anchorage combined with main foundation ingguy cable __ ‘anchorage foundation | windties 4 [cin enchorage foundation 1) Use the standard design, *Main Anchorage Foundation", with integrated stee! parts from the standard working and assembly drawing "Windguy Cable ‘Anchorage Foundation”. B) Suspension Bridge Windguy cable anchorage combined with walkway / tower foundation. unstable river Bank aT | ‘anchorage fesndation windties nin220 t | * 1 67 naneas | snchrae Toundation 1) Use the standard design, ‘Walkway / Tower Foundation", with integrated steel! parts from the standard working and assembly drawing "Windguy Cable Anchorage"Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.6.5 \Windguy cable anchorage combined with main foundation and cable support (stay struts) at walkway / ower foundation. fiat riverbank windy al rns foundation ; = O —windties 41) Windguy stay struts. See special design drawings Nos. 175, 175/1 (Windguy cable @ 26 mm) 176, 176/1 (@ 32 mm), 17,1771 (@ 36 mm). 2) Use the modified standard design "Main Cable Anchorage Foundation” and the working and assembly drawing, "Windguy Cable Anchorage Foundation’, for the appropriate cable diameter. For a design example for structural design see special design drawing No. 49/3, Steel Truss Bridge For very short spans ( < 32 m) and favorable bank conditions a steel truss bridge can be designed.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 3. Basic Design Concept Table of Contents 3.1 Loadings 3.14 Live Load 3.1.2 Dead Load 3.1.3 Wind Load 314 SnowLoad 3.1.5 Temperature Effects 31.6 Seismic Load 3.2 Design and Statical Analysis, Safety Factors 32.1 General 32.2 Cable Structure 3.2.3. Steel Structure (Tower and Stee! Parts) 324 Walkway Structure 3.2.5 Foundations Volume A 25 25 26 26 26 ar 28 28 28 28 29 30Volume A 3.1 3.4.41 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Loadings For designing a bridge structure, a number of different loadings, such as live load, dead load, wind load, snow load, temperature effects, and seismic loads, etc, may be relevant. ‘Suspended and suspension bridges are typical examples of cable-supported structures. These structures show statically very good behavior, although their analysis is quite complicated because of the predominant influence of the deformation of the soft cable structure. The trail suspended end suspension bridges have low stiffness in all directions, i.e., stabilizing gauges are required to guarantee serviceability, durability, and, to a minor degree, the longtime safety of the structure. Under live and Wind load, cable-supported systems exhibit dynamic behavior. Thus stabilizing measures (windguy cables, stabilizing cables, etc) are needed to reduce vibrations in the structure as well as to carry loadings in a lateral direction (e.9., wind). The standardized procedure, as described in Chapter 2, forms an integral part of the basic design concept and includes some simplifications in comparison to normal designs. Besides dead and live loads, only wind loads perpendicular to the bridge axis need to be considered in the design. Vertical wind loads, snow loads, seismic loads, and temperature effects may be omitted. This procedure for the standard design has been checked and is considered to be adequate and safe. Live Load The live load for a trail suspended and suspension bridge in Nepal was determined by undertaking a thorough investigation of a number of international loading codes. The agreement that LSTB suspended and suspension bridges, designed and executed according to this standard design, be constructed along the main trails or on strategic ‘crossings throughout Nepal is the basis for this decision. These bridges have to fulfill high requirements with regard to safety, durability, and serviceability standards, and this leads to the determination of a live load within the range of international standards. Reductions in the case of longer span bridges consider the lower possibilty of extreme overloading for long span compared to short span bridges. Because of the impossibility of assessing the probability of a crowd loading for @ specific site, a difference between a design with crowd oad or without crowd load, as allowed, e.g., by the Indian Standard, is omitted. Extreme loadings for short span bridges, as foreseen, e.g., by British or Canadian Standards, are considered irrelevant for flexible structures such as suspended and suspension bridges. For span, / < 50m, live load, p= 4 kNim® For span, /> 50, liveload, p= 3+ 2 Nim? Figure 3.1: Live load, p, for suspended and suspension bridges (both SSTB and LSTB) ° [en sm2]f psa.c—ete— p= (3.4 $2) arm? 40 | 30 t 2.0. + spon|tm) ° 30 100 150 200 250Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 Dead Load ‘The dead load includes the weight of all permanent components of the bridge structure and is calculated according to a procedure that is in practice worldwide. Care must be taken that the mass (kg, ton) is properly converted into the force unit (N, kN) according to the “International System of Units". For LSTB standard suspended type bridge, dead load without weight of Handrail and Walkway (main) cables is around 76.6 kg per meter span (inclusive of wind-guy system). For LSTB standard suspension type bridge, dead load without weight of Main / Walkway (spanning) cables and excluding pretension in spanning cables is around 111.6 kg per meter span (inclusive of wind-guy system). The pretension in spanning cable is dependent of camber and pulling tension in walkway (spanning) cables. Wind Load High wind speeds and gorge effects are often encountered in the valleys of Nepal and bridges of different heights above ground level are common. The design wind load, given ‘88 a uniformly acting linear load or uniformly distributed load respectively, considers these factors. Although wind loading on to suspended and suspension bridges may have a horizontal as well as a vertical load component the effect of the latter is considered irrelevant to the design and is, therefore, neglected in the standard design. ‘The design wind load is taken 0.50 kN per meter span, corresponding to 160 kmihr wind ‘speed. This wind speed of 160 km/hr exerts 1.3 kNim* wind pressure. The blunt area of the walkway system is calculated 0.3 m* per meter span and with a coefficient of 1.3, the wind stagnated on the area gives 0.5 kN/m lateral load to the bridge (refer to Report on Windguy ‘Arrangement for Suspended and Suspension Standard Bridges, Dr. Heinrich Schnetzer, WGG Schnetzer Puskas Ingenieure AG, Switzerland, 2002). Snow Load ‘Snow doesn't appear in large quantities in the mic-hils of Nepal, where most of the bridges are located. Because of the high live load and the low probablity of full live load occurring on a bridge loaded by snow, itis taken for granted that the snow load is already covered satisfactorily by the live load *. However, for bridges located at an altitude above about 3500m (outside Nepal it may even be below), investigations on snow loads must be carried out during the survey. Temperature Effects A difference in temperature causes a change in the cable length. Changes in cable length ‘cause changes in the sag and therefore of cable forces also. This effect is omitted in the standard design because itis not considered to be relevant.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 3.1.6 Seismic Load Earthquakes are common in the seismically active zone of the Himalayan Mountains. The effect of earthquakes of the kind of magnitude occurring in Nepal on suspended and suspension bridge structures was checked for the revision. Because of the high live load and the low probability of a full live load occurring simultaneously with an earthquake, itis taken for granted that the seismic load is already covered satisfactorily by the live load. Therefore @ seperate loading combination with seismic loads need not be taken into consideration. Nevertheless, it has to be emphasized that the stability of the slopes may be affected by seismic effects and subsequently cause damage to the bridge structure.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 3.2.4 Walkway Structure Steel parts: The walkway structure (walkway deck, cross-beams) Is designed to meet the safety requirements given in paragraph 3.2.3. ‘The dominant local loadings are shown in figures 3.2 and 3.3 below with the concentrated load 5 kN on an area of 0.01 m? at the most unfavorable position on any member. Figure 32: Two porters passing each other (P .5 KN) ww (eww | hanger / suspender walkway deck cross-beam Figure 3.3: Porters standing in a row (P = 1.5 kN) e P Pe e 0.6mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 3.2.5 Foundations Foundation design follows the traditional procedure of soll mechanics. Locally relevant soil parameters are determined by @ survey campaign and following soil testing in the laboratory. For all foundations, the safety factor has to be shown against the well-known failure modes such as sliding (Fs, 2 1.5), ground shear failure (Fac 2 2.0), Bearing Capacity of soilfRock (Gut $ Gperm), and toppling (Fy 2 1.5). To meet serviceability requirements the eccentricity of the resultant force in the foundation base is restricted. Additionally the stability of slopes affected by the bridge foundation should be checked. The relevant safety factor should be chosen according to the method used for slope stability calculation (Fsiere 2 1.30 1.5, depending upon the method used for analysis). To improve the sliding safety of the main foundation of suspended bridges on rock, rock anchorage may be used. In such cases @ reduced safety factor against sliding (Fi 2 1.3) and toppling (Fr 2 1.2), neglecting these rock anchorages, should be shown in addition to the normal procedure.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Material Specifications Table of Contents 41 42 43 44 45 General 41.4 Standards 4.1.2 Intemational System of Units Cable Structures 4.2.1 Steel Wire Ropes 422 Cable Terminals 423 — Cable Connections Steel Structures 4.3.1 Structural Stee! 432 Fasteners 4.3.3 Reinforcement Stee! 4.3.4 Increase of Permissible Stresses 4.3.5 — Rust Prevention Civil Structures 441 Concrete 44.2. Masonry 443 Gabion 44.4 Timber Unit Weight of Construction Material Volume A. 32 32 33 33 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 a 42Volume A 41 414 4.1.2 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard General Standards The material specifications and permissible stresses for construction materials used for standard trail bridges are based on the latest Indian Standards (|S) available. Where IS were not available, other standards, such as DIN (German) Standards, British Standards, or SIA (Swiss) Standards, were considered. International System of Units The Intemational System of Units (SI Units) has been introduced in this revised version according to IS 10005 - 1986. ‘Quar ‘S1Unit Angle” — deg (degree, 364 degree, minutes, seconds a — grade (or gon 400°) decimals Length m (meter) (em), mm Area (om?), mm? Volume Mass kg (kilogram) t (tonne) Force N (Newton) KN (Kilo Newton) Moment of Force Nm kNm Note: "The angle mode for the design analysis has been chosen to the degree unit (360°). Whereas for the survey, and the inclination of anchorage rods, it depends on the instruments used. Table 4.1.1: Selection of Common SI Ui Conversion of mass into force: ( Force is the offen of gravitation | ¢ = 9.81 "Jon mass, therefore, 3 Ko 9g N=10N, Force =1kg-g=1kg 9.81 5 For practical use, | kg is considered to be equal to 10 N (1 tone = 10000 N = 10 kN).Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 4.2 Cable Structures 4.2.1 Steel Wire Ropes A) Specifications Steel wire ropes should comply with all the requirements for: I$ 1835-1977 Steel Wire for Ropes Volume A. I$ 6594-1977 Technical Supply Conditions for Wire Ropes and Strands I$. 9282-1979 Specification for Wire Ropes and Strands for Suspension Bridges’ 1$ 9182-1979 Specification for Lubrications for Wire Strands and Ropes B) Rope Particulars Nominal diameters: 26, 32, 36, 40 mm = Construction: 7x 19 (12/6/1) ~ Lay: RHO, Right Hand Ordinary lay = Core: WSC, Wire Strand Core — Tensile strength of wire: 1570 Nimm* ~~ Preforming Preformed — Coating! Galvanized “A” Heavy = impregnation: Non-drying and non-bituminous type = Elongation: Pre-stretched Nominal diameter: 13 mm = Construction: 7x7(6/1) ~ Lay: RHO = Core: WSC, Wire Strand Core = Tensile strength of wire: 1570 Nimm? = Preforming None = Coating: Galvanized "A” Heavy = Impregnation: Non-drying and non-bituinous type C) Compiled Data Table 4. (including Safety Factor Ys = 3.0 for all cables and cable ending terminals) ‘Nominal Minimum | Permissible Diameter Breaking Load (mm) (kN) 13 0.64 26 251 0.0251 292 386 129 32 3.80 0.0380 442 585 195 36 48t 0.0481 560 740 247 0.0594 40 5.94 691 914 305 Mean Value of Modulus of Elastic E = 110'000 Nimm2 = 140 kN/mi Compiled Data of Stee! Wire Ropes and Modulus of Elasticity + Now IS 2282 - 2000 has reduced the breaking load. Nevertheless, fr tral bridges, the IS 9282 ~ 1978 shal be effective ? re-stretching should be done by cyic loading ofthe rope to 5% to 40% ofthe minimum breaking load in sequence of 5% to 410%, 5% to 20% and 8% to 40% loading il elongation stabilizes.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 4.2.2 Cable Terminals A) Terminals with Drums in Concrete Cables may be anchored directly into the foundations with the help of bollards (drums made out of steel) and secured with cable clamps. The cables should be wound 3 times around the drum in order to reduce the tensile force to be secured. The minimum diameter of the drums should be 0.95 m. ‘The friction factor between the cable and steel is taken to be jl = 0.1 B) Terminals with Sockets Sockets should be manufactured from steel conforming to IS 226-1975, specifications for Structural Steel (Standard Quality) with a tensile strength of Oy = 420 to 540 Nimm’, normalized after the completion of machining operations and hot-dip galvanized. Socketing should be made with pure zinc according to IS 3937-1974 (Part 1), Recommendations for Socketing of Wire Ropes. Sockets can be used as an alternative to thimbles and bulldog grips for all cable anchorages except for those having diameters of 13 mm. At present socketing is not used in Nepal. a | J — 6| 4 safe + ll nee Nom. Diameter a 1 L D, Dy | r of Rope (mm) | (mm) eum) | (emmy | (mm) | (mm) _|_ (mm) 26 30 24 105 63 82 60 2 37 30 130 78 102 75 36 42 4 148 88 115 85 40 46 37 162 7 127 20 Table 4.2.2: Dimensions for Sockets me = i socket cote pote 240/220/46-——+ mELong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A C) Terminals with Thimble and Bulldog Grips Bulldog grips should conform to IS 2361-1970, Specifications for Bulldog Grips. The bridges must be drop-forged and suitably scored to grip a round strand rope of right-hand lay having six strands. Bridges, U-bolts, and nuts should be hotdip galvanized with minimum zine Coating of 40 ym, Nom Diameter of A B c D E F G6 H | |Approximate| Rope (mm) |(rmm)|(mm)|(rmm)|(mam)| mm) (em) (mm) (mmn)| (mm) | Weight (ka) 13 m12| 64 | 27 | 32 | 15 | 51 | 12 | 28] 22] 028 26 M20] 118| st | 57 | 31 | 91 | 20 | 46] 36 | 1.10 32 M2o| 124| 54 | 50 | 34 | 94 | 20 | 46] 36 | 1.30 36 M22| 142| 63 | 67 | 41 | 107| 22 | 51] 40 | 1.85 40 m2] 157| 69 | 75 | 44 [119 | 25 | 58 | 45 | 2.40 Table 4.2.3: Dimensions and Weights for Bulldog Grips. Bulldog grips, when properly applied, afford @ simple and effective mechanical means of securing the ends of wire ropes, but have to be inspected after some loadings. bles are of open type, conforming to IS 2315 - 1978, Specifications for Thimbles for Wire Ropes. They must be forged and hot-dip galvanized with minimum zinc coating of 40 um. [ Nom. Diameter of | A] C | D | F | G[K] r | R JApproximate] P Rope (mm) _|(mm)| (mm) |(mm) (mm) |(mm) (mm)|(mm) (mm)| Weight (kg) |(mm) 34) | at | 19 | op | 15 | 9 | 12 [75io5| 012 | 38 __26 (29) [ez | 30 | 135] 31 | 17 | 23 [asolios| 075 79 32.(32) | 92 | a3 | 152 | 34 | 19 | 26 [170/215] 1.85 | 80 36(38) | 110 | 52 | 185 | 41 | 23 | 32 |205|260| 2.75 | 107 4o(41) | 124 | 47 | 208 | 44 | 26 [ 36 [230/285] 3.20 | 121 Table 4.2.4; Dimensions and Weights for Thimbles (Nominal size of thimbles in b rackets) rH Thimbles are necessary to give lateral support to the strands of the cable at the bend, and the pin must support the thimble. P=A-3mmVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Method and Specifications for Applying Bulldog Grips to Wire Ropes Nominal Diameter of | Required Number, n, | Gap* ‘Overlapping Length Rope (mm) of Bulldog Grips (mm) (mm) I 13 3 80 560 26 : 5 155 1250 32 6 190 1700 36 7 215 2100 40 8 240 2550 | Table 4.2.5: Terminals: Number of Bulldog Grips, Gap, Overlapping Length The bridge of the grip must be fitted on to the working part of the rope and the U-bolt on to the rope tail. The first grip must be fitted as close as possible to the thimble. Grips should be spaced at a distance of approximately six times the rope diameter. The cable end should be protected from fraying with binding wire and, if the cable is too long, it should be fixed to the working part of the cable. 4.2.3. Cable Connections Cable connections may be required because of a change in design or during erection of the bridge. If possible, the connection should be made with the same cable diameter or with the cable diameter that is next in sequence. ‘A) Cables of Different Diameters Cable connections of different diameters (or equal) must be made with the correct cable terminals (refer to 4.2.2 C) and a double pin intersection, B) Cables of Equal Diameter. Nominal Diameter of | Required Number,n, | Gap"G | Overlapping Length "L’ Rope (mm) of Bulldog Grips (mm) (mm) 13 6 80 700 26 10 155. 1700 32, 42 190. 2400 36 14 215 3100 40, 16 240 3900 ‘Table 4.2.6: Cable Connections: Number of Bulldog Grips, Gap, Overlapping Length foe Connections of cables equal in | tet et ee diameter can be made (refer to | #4 | | 4.22 C) without thimbles but with et SS SSS ——— twice the number of bulldog grips.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 4.3 4.3.1 Steel Structures Structural Steel A) Specifications Structural stee! should comply with all the requirements for: 1S 226-1975 Structural Stee! 1S 800-1984 General Construction in Steel The tower design is based on the Swiss Standard SIA 161 (1979) for Steel Structures. B) Steel Grade Standord quality FE 410 C) Compiled Data Plate thickness (mm) ts20 | 2040 Stress Case Bars (mm) Permissible Tensile Stress: o, Permissible Compressive Stress: ae in (Nimm?) for slendemess 4=0 50 100 150, 200 250 0.6 f, (Nimm*) Permissible Bending Stress in Tension 66 f, (Nimm*) Permissible Bending Stress in Compression: re in (Nimm) (pe 5 0.66 fy); Elastic Critical Stress in Bending: F., = 0 1000 Nim? 500 300 200 100 20 Permissible Average Shear Stress: Tay = 04 f, (Nimo?) Maximum Permissible Equivalent Stress: Gp = 0.75 f, (Nimm*) ‘Maximum Permissible Equivalent Stress: Ge = 0.9 f, (Nimm’) Modulus of Elasticity: E = 200000 Nimm’ Unit Weight: 1 =7850 kgim® Table 4.3. 1: Permissible Stress in Structural SteelVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard D) Cold-formed Steel Cold-formed steet should comply with all the requirements for: IS 811-1987 Cold-formed Light Gauge Structural Steel Sections IS 808-1989 Dimensions for Hot-rolled Stee! Beams, Columns, Channels, and Angle Sections 4.3.2 Fasteners A) Specifications Bolts, nuts, and washers should comply with all the requirements for: IS 1963 - 1984 (Part 1) Hexagonal Head Bolts and Nuts iS 1367 - 1983 Threaded Fasteners B) Grade Grade C, property Class 4.6 C)_ Compiled Data Stress Case ‘Stress in Axial Tension on Net Area Stress in Shear on Gross Area Stress in Bearing on Gross Area: Combined Tensile and Sheer Stress Table 4.3.2: Maximum Permissible Stress in Bolts for Class 4.6 4.3.3 Reinforcement Steel A) Specifications Reinforcement steel should comply with all the requirements for: 1S 1786-1986 _ High Strength Deformed Stee! Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Is 456-1978 Plain and Reinforced Concrete B) Steel Grade Fe 415, High Yield Strength Deformed BarsLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 4.3.4 4.3.5 C) Compiled Data Stress Case Permissible Stress for Fe 415 (Nimm?) Tension Stress in Steel On 230 Compression Stress in Stee! oye 190 Permissible Bond Stress for Anchorage in Cement Mortar 1: 1 and nal concrete > 1:2:4 oe 10'000 (Nimm?) = 7850 (kg/m*) Modulus of Elasticity: E Unit Weight: Table 4.3.3: Permissible Stress in Steel Reinforcement Increase of Permissible Stresses For occasional loadings combined with dead, live, and wind loads, the permissible stresses can be increased as follows: Load Material Increase of Stress Dead load, live load, Structural Stee! 33% wind load and temperature, Bolts and Tension Rods 25% or Reinforcement Steel 33% \d load and seismic load Erection Structural Stee! 25% (Secondary Effects) Bolts and Tension Rods 25% Table 4.3.4: Increase of Permissible Stress Rust Prevention To prevent rusting in stee! structures they should be hot-dip galvanized or painted (painting is optional only but not recommended), and should comply with all the requirements for: 1S 8629-1977 Protection of Iron and Steel Structures from Atmospheric Corrosion IS 2629-1966 — Recommended Practice for Hot-Dip Galvanizing of ron and Steel 1S 4759-1984 Specifications for Hot-Dip Zinc Coatings on Structural SteelVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 4.4 Civil Structures 4.4.1 Concrete A) Specifications Concrete should comply with all the requirements for: Is 456 - 1978 Plain and Reinforced Concrete 1s 269 -1989 Ordinary Portland Cement 1S 383-1970 Coarse and Fine Aggregates B) Concrete Grades (Mixed by volume units; cement: sand: aggregates) = Lean conerete 1: 4: 8 used as sub-concrete = Concrete 1:3:6 (M10) — Concrete 4: 3: 6 mixed with 40% boulders ~ Concrete 4: 3:6 mixed with 60% boulders, used as fil concrete = Concrete 4:2:4 (M15) ~ Concrete 4: 1% :3 (M20) Reinforced concrete should always be vibrated C) Compited Data Oe Permissil stress (N/imm’) Grade of Concrete 1:3:6 14:3:64+ 40% 124 4: 1% 33 twioy | “boucers” | ows) | ‘wr20y ar Srorsin [fenton bey” |2° | 2° soueaa Zo direct oy | 2.5 15 40 5.0 Tear ess, esate 05 Fane tension Te oe aaa a a Siass HDS 5} soa Teri tess Denna Lolain concrete) ee ez ee o7 Table 4.4.1: Permissible Stresses for Concrete For occasional loading (wind, erection) combined with dead and live loads, the permissible stresses can be increased by 33%. Modulus of Elasticity for Concrete 1: 2: 4 (M 15) and 1: 1% :3 (M 20): E = 21000 Nimm? In anchorage steel designs, the bond resistance of connection flats and rods and the bearing resistance of shuttering have generally been neglectedLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 4.4.2: Masonry A) Specifications The specifications and permissible stresses given below are based on IS 1597 ~ 1967 (Part 1) Code of Practice for Construction of Stone Masonry ‘ SIA 178 - 1980 ‘Swiss Standard for Stone Masonry Is 2250 - 1981 Preparation and Use of Masonry Mortars B) Types of Masonry (mixed by volume units; cement: sand) = Rubblemasonry 1:6 = Rubblemasonry 1:4 = Block stone masonry 1:4 C) Compiled Data SSS SS SS eee Permissible Stress (Nimm) Rubble Rubble oro masonry masonry | Block stone masonry 14 Sratied | Nonstratiied blocks blocks Slonderness Ratio hid" os | 20 | os [20] 05] 20] os | 20 ‘Stress in bencing Compression (extreme fiber) ce oa od etatel eon accel nce ou Gro 1.0 05 14 08 | 16 | 10] 28 15 Tension stress in bending 013 | 007 | 019 | 0.11] 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.37 | 0.20 *h= height of wall, d= thickness of wall Table 4.4. Permissible Stress for Masonry ifmasonry walls are used in combination with concrete and the thickness of the concrete is greater than the thickness of the masonry, the permissible stresses for the appropriate concrete grade have to be applied. 4.4.3 Gabion A) Specifications of Wire Gabion wire should comply with all the requirements for: I$ 280-1978 Mild Steel Wire for General Engineering Purposes 1S 4826 - 1979 Hot-dipped Galvanized Coatings on Round Stee! Wire B) Diameter of Wire Mesh wire 10 SWG Selvedge wire 7 SWG Binding Wire 12 SWGVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 4.4.4 Timber A) Specifications Timber should comply with all the requirements for: IS 883-1970 Design for Structural Timber IS 1141-1973 Seasoning of Timber IS 401-1967 Preservation of Timber B) Types of Timber — For walkway deck: Group B (Modulus of Elasticity above 9800 and up to 12600 Nimm?) — For formwork: Group C (Modulus of Elasticity above 5600 and up to 9800 N/mm?) The wood for decking should be property seasoned and preserved either with coal tar creosote, with a mixture of coal tar and kerosene, or with a chemical-type preservative. If creosote or tar/kerosene are used for protection, a deep impregnation of the preservative must be obtained; surface application has little value. C) Compiled Data ma eeee Permissible Stress and Modulus of Elasticity (Nimm) Group B. Group C Stress in bending tension along grain (extreme fibre) fy "80 7 ‘Shear stress aa wD along grain Stress in compression parallel to grain fey eo ea 35 15 perpendicular to grain fox Modulus of Elasticity E 12700 3400 [Unit Weight (kg/m _l 900, 600 = Table 4.4.3: Average Pormissible Stress, Modulus of Elasticity, and Unit Weight of TimberLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 4.5 Unit Weight of Construction Material The unit weight (mass) of construction material used in standard bridge construction is given in the following table. (For the purpose of load calculation, the weight (mass) is Converted into SI units with the approximate value of 1 kg =10 N = 0.01 KN.) Material Weight Load, (kgien*) (kNin*) Concrete: 2200 22.0 Masonry: ~ dry rubble 2000 200 —tubble 2200 22.0 Stee! 7850 785 Gabion 1600 16.00 Water 1000 10.0 Soil (According to survey and 1600 to 2200 16.0 to 22.0 geological report) ‘Timber for walkway deck (sal wood) 900 9.0 Table 4.4.4: Unit Weight of Construction MaterialLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 5 General Principles for B Planning and Design Table of Contents 54 52 5.3 5A 5.5 Information from Detailed Survey Final Selection of Axis Line Freeboard Profile Selection of Bridge Type SAA 542 543 Economic Criteria Topography Geotechnical Criteria Placing of Foundations 55.4 5.52 553 5.5.4 Distance from River Bank Minimal Embedded Depth Foundation on Rock Minimal Clearances ‘Volume A. 45 49 51 51 52 53 54 55 87 58Volume A, 5.1 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Information from Detailed Survey Prior to detailed design, the following information should be procured from the detailed survey: — site selection; — fixed axis line or any indications requiring a change of axis line; = soil / rock investigation data; = topography of selected site, e.g., contour plot, section along axis line; preliminary design with approximate locations for anchorage foundations; — suggested values for soil / rock parameters (by Engineering Geologist, if necessary); — other information, for example, drainage and protection requirements, high flood and low water level, general geology, etc; — localization of bridge site with respect to traditional crossing point; and fiver flow conditions. For a glossary of geological terms used in this Volume A, refer to: 1S 2809-1972 Glossary of Terms and Symbols Relating to Soll Engineering 1S 11077-1984 Glossary of Terms on Soil and Water, and LSTB Technical Manual, Volume B: Survey.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 5.2 Final Selection of Axis Line Based upon the information received from the detailed survey, check the following and change the axis line if required. 1. Noor only minor problems will arise where foundations are to be placed: = on alluvial soil, — on stable or slightly weathered rocks without structural slopes, and = on flat river banks. 2. In case foundations are to be placed on morainic soils, the results of the geological survey must demonstrate their necessary stability and compactness, as well as the absence of seepage and nonbearing layers. 3. If the site is neither alluvial nor flat, tty to place foundations on a positive topographical area such as a crest or a dome. However, make sure that the positive topographical area is not a bulge of debris only. This should be the first priority In tower and main foundations. This type of topography is the best guarantee for avoiding unstable slopes, landslides, and gully erosion. Generally drainage is not required in such areas. tight but may be questionable Fivulet very neor IN PLAN: right wrong questionable 15mVolume A 10. "1 12 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Change the axis line of the bridge where foundations are to be placed on convex slopes, showing deposition of loose material. The site is questionable if the slope above the bridge follows the same pattern. position of loose materials, If a site is rocky and the rock strongly weathered with open fractures, but without a wedge pattem and without evidence of instability on the river bank and on the siope above the axis, @ bridge, preferably a suspension bridge, can be constructed with necessary care. If the choice is free, give preference to good alluvial layers (coarse material, good ‘compactness, no seepage, no evidence of river bank erosion) instead of weathered rock with open fractures. {f an alluvial cliff consists of alternate layers of coarse and fine materials, place the foundations on coarse materials below the fine layer. Avoid siting foundations on a smooth, thinly laminated soft rock slope with the rock bed dipping in the direction of the slope. Ifa site can be found with rock within reach beneath the alluvial or morainic layer or beneath the overlaying soil, select this area for foundations and place them on the upper portion of the rock. This is especially recommended in cases where the ‘compactness and friction angle of the overlying soil are low or where there is, evidence of seepage or of clay pockets between the rock face and overlying soil. Reject a bridge site If the rock is strongly weathered with open fractures and central and/or center-lateral wedge patterns. ‘Avoid siting foundations and anchorages on wet areas with visible seepage water. ‘Avoid siting foundations on old landslides and rockfalls (angular rock blocks in ‘exploration pits). Old landslides and rockfalls are only acceptable if completely stabilized and more or less buried, and only for suspension bridges. A detailed geological investigation is requiredLong Span Trail Bridge Standard ‘Volume A 13, Check the selection of the bridge site with regard to the flow conditions of the river. Important confluences are always questionable for bridge sites, as flood debris and boulders in the main river or the tributary may block the other, affecting the bridge site upstream from the confluence. On the other hand, sudden overflow and strong ‘erosion may wash out the bridge downstream from the confluence. However, a site upstream from the confluence, If sufficient freeboard is maintained, is relatively better than the downstream one. If possible, always select a site away from the confluence. questionableVolume A 5.3 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Freeboard Profile Generally and in all cases for which no reliable hydrological data are available, the freeboard between the estimated High Flood Level (H.F.L.) and the lowest point of any cable alignment should not be less than 5 m. This value should cover any uncertainty in the estimated High Flood Level ( +3 m) and should also provide sufficient security against damage to the bridge caused by trees carried by the flood ( +2 m). Draw the freeboard profile before the detailed design stage within the cross-section of discharge, then fix the span and cable systems. Roughly calculate the sag, determine the lowest point of the cable system, and determine the windguy cable alignment. Check whether any cable alignment will be within the required freeboard profile; If there is a cable alignment, raise it and/or the foundation(s) until the desired freeboard is achieved. Keep minimum freeboard of 5.00 m windguy coble Note: The High Flood Level must be determined during the survey by asking local inhabitants, by observing the high flood marks at the proposed bridge site, and by ‘considering other factors such as the Inclination and cross-section of the river near the bridge axis, the presence of forests and/or glaciers in the catchment area, and the size of the catchment area.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Special Cases 1. If more accurate and long-term hydrological data are available, the freeboard can be reduced. 2. At bridge sites with flat river banks on one or both sides, the freeboard can be reduced, if it is evident from the topography that 2 considerable increase in water discharge will result only in a minor increase in flood level. 3. _ In cases of river sections where sifting of the riverbed is observed, the freeboard should be increased. 4, Bridge sites upstream from major confluences should have increased freeboards as the strong current and debris brought by one river may block the other and consequently raise the highest flood level 5. In gorges or upstream from gorges, the freeboard should be increased considerably. ‘The difference between annual flood level and highest flood level may be 10 to 20 ‘meters In gorges and consequently the flood level will also increase upstream from the gorge. CAUTION ‘The highest flood level may rise up 20m ina gorge windguy cobles 6. If the bridge crosses a river with a catchment area affected by deforestation with unstable slopes, where there is a high risk of landslides, and possible glacier or lake outbursts, the freeboard should be increased considerably to avoid damage from probable spring floods (accumulation of water caused by blockages of the river by landslides and sudden discharge). It is generally recommended that conservative assumptions be made in determining the freeboard,‘Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 5.4 Selection of Bridge Type ‘The main criteria for selecting either a standard suspended or a suspension bridge will include the factors given below. 1. Economy (e.g., material & transportation costs). 2. Topography of river banks and slopes (e.9., flat, incined, steep, or very steep). 3. Geotechnical qualification of the rock or the soil 4, The required span of the bridge. 5. The available workmanship. In some cases, special design bridges will be more feasible than standard ones. 5.4.1 Economic Criteria Generally a suspended bridge is cheaper than a suspension bridge of the same span for the following reasons: = costs of material, fabrication, and construction are lower, = less construction materials need to be transported, and — amendments in the layout or during construction can easily be adjusted. (Increasing/decreasing the span is always possible by adding/omitting the cross-beam, ‘without significant increase in the overall costs.) Whenever the topography of a bridge site and the geotechnical properties (slope & bank materials) allow for the construction of a suspended bridge, this bridge type should be selected even though it may require a longer span than a suspension bridge, and this can be assessed by carrying out different variants,Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 5.4.2 Topography Volume A In order to achieve the required freeboard, suspended bridges are generally only possible at bridge sites where both sides are in ———— ‘Topography 1ed or where there are steep river banks. Recommended Bridge and Anchorage Foundation Type ‘Suspended bridge not recommended, small span perhaps possible (refer special design drawing No. 60/4). ‘Suspension bridge with gravity or deadman anchorage foundation recommended ‘Suspended bridge questionable, small_ spans possible (refer special design drawing No. 60/4) Suspension bridge with one tower possible, suspension bridge with gravity anchorage foundation recommended. ‘Suspended (and suspension) bridge with gravity ‘anchorage foundation(s) recommended. ‘Suspended bridge may be possible. ‘Suspension bridge with one tower with gravity or dead man anchorage foundation preferable, ‘Suspension bridge with both towers questionable. ‘On sound and steep rocky banks, direct rock anchorage for windguy cable possible. ‘Suspended bridge with gravity anchorage foundation recommended. ‘Suspension bridge questionable. ‘Suspension bridge with one tower with deadman r gravity anchorage foundation preferable. On steep sound rocky bank, direct anchorage for windguy cable feasible, rock n of Bridge TypeVolume A 5.4.3 Geotechnical Criteria Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Geotechnical Description Recommended Bridge Type(s) Found: Ins on Soil Old -landslide with seepage, rockslide, loose dobris deposits Poorly-graded alluvial soil (soil of land-slide, rockslide), loose compaction Well-graded colluvial soil with good ‘compaction and angular grains ‘Suspended bridge excluded ‘Suspension bridge very questionable ‘Suspended bridge questionable ‘Suspension bridge recommended with necessary care Both bridge types possible Residual soil Poorly-graded alluvial soil with loose ‘compaction and intermediate impermeable ‘Suspended bridge possible with necessary care ‘Suspension bridge feasible ‘Suspended bridge questionable Suspension bridge possible with necessary layers care Well-graded, coarse alluvial soil with good __| Both bridge types accepted ‘compaction Foundations on Rock ‘Geological faults Both bridge types excluded Rock weathered, numerous open fractures, wedge pattern mostly central and/or center- lateral ‘Suspended bridge not recommended ‘Suspension bridge acceptable, but the rock should be considered as soil for design purposes Rock stability analysis required Rock weathered, open fractures, no wedge pattern Rock slightly weathered, fractures more or less closed and not too many wedge patterns formed Rock sound, few closed fractures, wedge patterns formed ‘Suspended bridge questionable Long span suspended bridge generally excluded ‘Suspension bridge normally acceptable Rock should be considered as soil for design purposes, Long span suspended bridge quite feasible, additional anchor rods approximately perpendicular to the discontinuity planes of the wedge always necessary ‘Suspension bridge acceptable, additional anchor rods recommended ‘Suspended bridge acceptable, additional rods recommended ‘Suspension bridge always possible Direct rock anchorage for windguy cables questionable Rock sound, few closed fractures, no wedge pattern ‘Suspended and suspension bridge always possible Direct rock anchorage for windguy cables possible ‘Conglomerate/Breccia, No cracks Table 5: Both bridge types feasible (consider ‘cementation and resistance to weathering) Geotechnical Criteria for Selection of Bridge TypeLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 5.5 Placing of Foundations 5.5.1 Distance from River Bank / Bottom of Slope If no detailed investigation and stability analysis have been carried out, a minimum angle “eg between the foundation front at base (considering the minimum embedded depth) and the river bank slope foot have to be maintained as a first assumption. In case of very steep slope, when the “és” as per table below not possible to maintain, at least it should be not more than 35° for soil slope and 60° for rock slope. Bridge Type Soil / Rock & Loose alluvial soil Medium compacted alluvium $213 Highly compacted alluvium < ‘Weathered rock 35° Weathered to sound rock 45° ‘Sound rock 60° = 126 Loose alluvial soil Medium compacted alluvium 2186 : Hi Highly compacted alluvium <¢ nS Weathered rock 3° Ee Weathered to sound rock ea Sound rock <60° = angle of internal friction of soil Table 5.5.1: Position of Anchorage Foundations Caution: in river sections with river undercutting and bed erosion a number of problems can occur. Rivers can change their bed level by 5 m or even more within a few years. Appropriate measures that should be taken to control river undercutting and bed erosion near the bridge foundations as well as to avoid damage are: = builtin spurs — builtin sills downstream of the bridge axis, and = built-in gabion mattresses in front of the bridge foundation (refer to 11). Note: As a general rule, in the interest of economy and increasing the life expectation of the bridge, bridges with longer spans are more effective than extensive river bank protection works.Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 5.5.2. Minimal Embedded Depth ‘All comers of the anchorage blocks have to be sufficiently embedded into the existing ground. A minimal embedded depth is required for safety reasons. The following arguments may be made: - because the earth pressure in front of the foundations is neglected in most cases, the ‘embedded depth gives an additional safety margin for the construction; = because of circumstances not foreseen during site investigation and design, erosion may take place around the foundation - the embedment in such cases provides additional tolerance; and — bridges constructed according to the manual represent considerable technical constructions and, therefore, require a reliable foundation; but topsoil is often loose because of erosion processes, frost activity, etc so these foundations have to be placed a minimal distance from the surface of the ground. From the past experiences, the minimum depth at front of the foundation is as given below: Minimum Embedded Depth (m) on Soil ‘on Rock ‘Suspended Bridge Main foundation ‘span > 120m 1.50 0.70 span 150m 2.00 1.00 span 250m 2.50 1.30 span 300m 3.00 1.60 ‘Suspension Bridge Walkway and tower foundation span > 120m 1.30 0.80 span 150m 1.50 1.00 span 250m 2.00 4.20 Main cable foundation span> 120m 1.30 0.80 span 150m 1.50 1.00 span 250m 2.00 1.20 Windguy Cable Foundation span > 120m 0.80 0.40 span 150m 4.00 0.50 span 250m 1.25 0.60 span 300m 4.50 0.75 1) _ Intermediate values by interpolation ‘Table 5.5.2: Minimal Embedded Depth for Anchorage Foundations Note: In case, if there is any doubt about geotechnical conditions of the site, the value of embedded depth may be taken higher.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard ‘Volume A Caution: Where the contour lines are inclined to the axis of the anchorage foundation, retaining structures may be required depending upon the type of foundation and (lateral) loads might have to be considered in the analyzes of the foundation.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 5.5.3 Foundation on Rock 1 2. 3. If the bedrock is near the surface of the ground, the whole foundation base must be placed in direct contact with it. In highly weathered rock, design the foundation as a foundation on soi Consider well-cemmented conglomerate as soft rock for foundation design Anchorage Rods ‘Anchorage rods are often used in connection with foundations in rocky areas. Bgx5 Direct rock anchorages are exclusively used for windguy cable anchorages on sound rock. Combined gravity foundation and anchorage rods. The use of anchorage rods in gravity foundations generally permits reduction of the mass of the foundation, The umber of rods required is determined according to the calculations. ‘Additional Anchorage Rods If the rock manifests a wedge pattern or fractures or bedding planes dipping towards the river, the use of anchorage rods is always required to stabilize the rock. In such cases the dimensions of the anchorage foundations have to be calculated in such 2 way that the angle of the resultant force is smaller (in relation to the vertical) than the dip angle of the wedge pattern lines, the fracture, or bedding planes. The direction of the anchorage rods has to be carefully determined, based on the structural analysis of the rock. For detailed procedure refer to 6.3.2 and 6.6.7. wedge pattern lines bedding oF fractureLong Span Trail Bridge Standard ‘Volume A 5.5.4 Minimal Clearances A) Main Foundation Suspended Bridge Keep the top of the foundation higher than the existing ground level. Provide dry stone pitching in front of the foundation. Keep a minimum clearance of 30 om between the top of the pitching and the lowest point of the cable during full load. sy stone ptig If necessary provide retaining structures on top and drainage canals around the walkable part of the foundation. Take necessary precautions against bank erosion caused by water ‘accumulating through drainage canals, especially when the bank is constituted of loose or medium compacted soil. f necessary provide a drainage canal up to the main river at low water level or take the drainage canal to the natural drainage system. sian port 4 RST —— wend ot Tull tootVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard B) Walkway / Tower Foundation Keep the top of the walkway tower foundations above the ground level. at back about 50 om, and = In front about 100 em ! If necessary, provide retaining structures at the back, dry stone pitching in the front, and drainage canals around the foundation. However, If possible, divert this water away from the channel in front of the foundation Analyze carefully the flow conditions of the river during high flood, especially in turbulent rivers or at curves. If necessary, provide deep foundations for structures exposed to probable erosion, especially if foundations are placed on alluvial soil. Place foundations sufficiently back from the edge of the river. If necessary, provide a gabion wall and mattress on the bank seep foundation keep sufficient one cee distonce from edge provide protectionLong Span Trail Bridge Standard ‘Volume A. C) Windguy Cable Foundation Design the foundation in such a way that the top, in front, remains above the existing ‘Ground level, in order to prevent the covering of steel parts and cables by eroded soll If necessary, provide retaining structures on top and dry stone pitching in front of the foundation. As far as possible, adapt the retaining structures to the existing terrain Sry stone pitching foundation — ‘On flat terrain, provide a channel with stone pitching where the cable touch the ground, Section Ara pitching foundationLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 61 Re Design of Bridge Foundation Table of Contents 6.0 Introduction fed Symbols 62 Loading Forces 6.2.1 Forces Acting from the Cable Superstructure 6.2.2 Wind Acting Directly upon the Foundation 623. Earth Pressure 6.2.4 Load on Top of the Foundation 6.2.5 Dead Weight of the Foundation, Groundwater Pressure 6.2.6 Resultant Loading Force 6.2.7 Ground-bearing Pressure 6.3 Anchorage Rods for Foundation on Rock 6.3.1. Direct Rock Anchorage 6.3.2 Anchorage Rods for Stabilizing the Foundation 6.3.3 Additional Anchorage Rods 6.4 Foundation Design, General Remarks 6.4.1 Geotechnical Parameters 6.4.2 Topographical Parameters. 6.4.3 Geometrical Parameters 6.4.4 Failure Modes of Foundations 6.5 Foundations on Soil 6.5.1 General Procedure, Check List, and Flow Chart 6.5.2 Safety Against Sliding Failure 6.5.3 Eccentricity of the Resultant Force and Safety Against Toppling Failure (Overturning) 65.4 Safety Against Ground Shear Failure (Bearing Capacity) 65.5 Safety Against Slope Instability (Overall Stability) 6.6 Foundations on Rock 66.1 General Procedure, Check List, and Flow Chart 66.2 Safety against Sliding Failure 66.3 Eccentricity of the Resultant Force and Safety against Toppling Failure (Overturning) 6.6.4 Ultimate Bearing Pressure 66.5 Safety against Slope Instability (Overall Stability) 66.6 Direct Rock Anchorages 6.6.7 Additional Anchorage Rods Volume A. 104 107 107 108 108 108 109Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Introduction In this chapter basic principles for design and structural analysis of the bridge foundations. (tower foundations and cable anchorages) have been compiled. The introductory paragraph gives some background explanation about the behavior of bridge foundations. It will be helpful for the engineer to study this section before starting on design of foundations. An understanding of the behavior of foundations will make it easier to elaborate a safe and ‘economical solution for bridge foundations For details of specific anchorage types and examples, refer to the relevant chapters 7. Standard Suspended Bridge (7.4 Main Anchorage Foundation), 8 Standard Suspension Bridge (8.6 Walkway / Tower Foundation, 8.7 Main Cable Foundation), 9. Windguy Arrangement (9.6 Windguy Cable Foundation) Guidelines on how to determine permissible stresses (B, p.267), angles of internal friction (€, 9.245) angles of friction between rock and concrete (B, p.263), and unit weights (B, p.254) are compiled in the LSTB Survey Manual (Volume 8). ‘The references used as a basis for this chapter are given at the end of the volume. It should be realized that design and analysis of the foundations require a high degree of care on the part of the engineer. By using wrong assumptions (soil parameters, topographical situation, etc) the engineer may design a foundation that will be different from the one being constructed, therefore the actual safety will differ from the calculations. Whenever the engineer detects deficiencies in information compiled by the survey and by the geological Investigation, he has to assess whether he is able to fill the gap by making a conservative assumption or if additional investigations by the geotechnical engineer or by the surveyor are required. In this connection, it should be taken into consideration that an assumption that is conservative for one part of the design ‘may not be so for another part. For example, an estimation of the unit weight of soil may be given: on one hand, an overestimation of this results in increased active earth pressure on the foundation (probably requiring an increase of the concrete volume to ensure sufficient safety against sliding), on the other hand, this overestimation could also lead to an overestimation of the bearing capacity, thus having an unfavorable influence on the foundation design.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 6.1 Related Symbols A As B B Br Es Eo Ep F Fac Feu HaHa i Lamax Linn Lin Ny Na a TH Tu W, Ws, We ‘Additional load (wall, soll) on top of the foundation Total cross-sectional area of anchorage rods ‘Width of the foundation Width of the fictive foundation Distance of the resultant force from front of foundation Force, total of active earth pressure Force, total of earth pressure at rest Force, total of passive earth pressure Front edge of the foundation, center of rotation Safety factor against shear failure of ground Safety factor against sliding Safety factor against toppling Height of the foundation Length of the foundation Length of the fictive foundation Maximum length that can be considered for the load on top of the foundation Length of the required soil in front of the fictive foundation Length of the required soil in front of the foundation Ground-bearing capacity coefficients ‘Shear resistance of ground Wind force Resultant loading force at the base of the foundation Cable tensions (partial) weight(s) of the foundation Distance of the additional load (center of gravity) from the front of the foundation Diameter of anchorage rods Eccentricity of the resultant loading force Specific active earth pressure Specific earth pressure at rest Specific passive earth pressure ‘Topographical correcting coefficient Total Height of active earth pressure Height of active earth pressure from top of foundation block Height of soil in front of the foundation, Height of passive earth pressure (deadman foundation) Height of the rock face at the back of the foundation Height of the rock face in front of the foundation Height to the cable anchorage from the base Distance of the groundwater level from the foundation base level at the front of the structure Vertical distance from base (back side) of foundation to the horizontal component E,», of resultant force of active earth pressure mm’ 3 kNim kNim kNim 333 lLL5 33 kN kNim kN kN kN mm kN/m? kN/m? kNim? 33333332 3Volume A. xX a 6 Sp ©, ©, 0 Oa, YY Ye Ys Indices: Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Coefficient correcting the number of anchorage rods with regard to type and fracturation of the rock Anchored length for anchorage rods Total number (of required anchorage rods @ 25 mm) Distance of the anchorage rods (center of gravity) from the back of the foundation ‘Shape correcting coefficients Embedded depth in front of the foundation Minimum embedded depth of the foundation (refer to 5.5.2) Wind load Length of the virtual tensile stress zone (gap) Inclination of the base of the foundation Angle of wall friction, 8 = 7/5 Inclination of the resultant force towards vertical ‘Angle of internal friction of soil (; = subsoil, ®, = backfiling) ‘Angle of friction between ground and base of foundation Unit weight of moist soil (y; = subsoil, 72 - backfiling) Specific weight of soil Unit weight of water Inclination of the foundation towards vertical (front or back) Coefficient of active earth pressure Coefficient of earth pressure at rest Coefficient of passive earth pressure Equivalent stress in anchorage rods Permissible bond stress for anchorage rods Maximum ground-bearing pressure Ultimate ground-bearing pressure for foundation on rock Virtual maximum tensile stress at the area of contact between concrete and rock Permissible ground-bearing pressure Permissible tensile stress for anchorage rods or reinforcement bars Permissible shear stress for anchorage rods Inclination of back-filling soil H,h_ = horizontal V,v = vertical RW = retaining wall deg deg deg deg deg kNim? kin? Nim? deg Nim Nim? Nimm* Nimm? Nim? Nimm? Nimm? Nim’ degLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 Loading Forces This chapter compiles and analyses all loading forces acting upon a bridge foundation, Forces Acting from the Cable Superstructure Cable forces (including wind forces on the cable structure and due forces acting from the tower base) must be analyzed according to chapters 7, 8, and 9. Importance should be given not only to the forces acting parallel to the bridge axis but also to the forces acting Perpendicular to the bridge axis. ‘Such forces occur: — if there is no provision for a windguy arrangement, and = from the wind forces transferred to the tower base. Wind Acting Directly upon the Foundation If the foundation raises high above ground level, it is exposed to the wind and therefore this (lateral) load has to be considered in the foundation analysis. w 1.0 kim? A = exposed area m Pwa = WXA kN F Earth Pressure It is assumed that the soil is cohesionless (c = 0 ) for the calculations in this manual. For calculation of the friction angle (including possible cohesion), refer to LSTB Survey Manual, Volume B, 9.13 ‘Any bridge foundation or retaining structure buried in the soil will have to bear the loads of respective pressures acting from the soil. Depending upon the direction in which the foundation will be moved, these loads are called “active” (movement away from the soil) or “passive” (movement towards the soll) earth pressure loads; if their is no movement, the load is called “earth pressure at rest" (E,).Volume A deformation & A) Active Earth Pressure Long Span Trail Bridge Standard In order to develop active earth Pressure (es, E,). the necessary movement of the foundation is small about 0.1% of the supported height; whereas the deformation of the soil needed to develop the passive earth pressure (¢,, E, ) has to reach about 1 % of the height of the soil E, fully developed E, partly developed GENERAL CASE: Active earth pressure per m' of retaining structure: soil: §, distribution of horizontal active earth pressure @an = Aan Nay KNim? Esh = %e@an*ha=YAan-hs?-y — kNim Eq = Ean tan(5—x) kNim =—Ean_ Es = sou) kNim 2 58 =30 deg a cos*( +x) ° in (@ + 8) - sin (® - y) F z cos’« [1+ \ SHB sh ono}Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A SPECIAL CASE: k = 0 This case normally occurs in connection with bridge foundations. Earth pressure on a retaining structure with length L Eh = % dan he? yb kN Eay = Ean tand KN 2 8 =30 deg an = Rens hay kNIm? Cath = Aan Mary kNim* Ean = Yehan (ha? hei?) yb KN Eay = Ean tand kN 2 85 degVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard ® k 25 | 27% | 30 | 32% | 35 | 37% | 40 | 42% 40 fi i 1 L 1 1 | 043 | 0.24 30 1 L o6o | 038 | 030 | o24 | 020 | 016 10 20 044 | 037 | 031 | 026 | 023 | o19 | o16 | 014 10 034 | 030 | 026 | 022 | o19 | o17 | 14 | 012 | so | 029 | 026 | 023 | 020 | o18 | 015 | 013 | 011 40 1 L 1 Ll L 1__| 059 | 0.35 30 1 1 075 | 049 | 039 | 033 | 028 | 024 0 20 os2 | 045 | 039 | 034 | 0.30 | 026 | 023 | 0.20 10 o4o | 036 | 032 | 028 | 025 | o22 | 020 | 017 so_| 035 | 031 | 028 | 025 | 022 | 020 | 018 | 016 Table 6.2.1: Selected Coefficients of the Active Earth Pressure, Horizontal Component Dan yso {all angles in degree)Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, Typical Layouts of the Active Earth Pressure Soil Rock/Soil ‘Make a separate calculation for the analysis of the retaining wall (RW).Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard B) Passive Earth Pressure Earth resistance in front of the foundation is not recommended for common bridge foundations (refer to 5.5.2 for the minimum embedded depth) except for = deadman foundations where the calculations are based on that resistance, and = for the walkway / tower foundations where the earth resistance is taken partially into consideration. movement of hp E, and Ep fully developed SPECIAL CASE: x = py = Ag Hp sy kNim? (+) Epn = %epn hp = Ye Apn = hp? = A kim = Env = Epn- tand kNim soil: $, undisturbed ; « = ho 2 ls] <%o ife >0 takee=0 he cos’ 7 [1 [sin beaisin (bay? . cosé «cose ® 406 | 461 | 576 | 702 | 871 205 | 329 | 303 | 450 | 536 | 6.47 232 | 265 | 305 *s 4a4 | 490 106 | 211 | 242 | 278 | 321 | 374 -20 | 142 | 164 | 188 [ 215 | 247 | 205 | 331 | 3.09 | Table 622: Selected Coefficients of the Passive Earth Pressure, Horizontal Component pn (allangles in degree)Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A co] Lateral Earth Pressure ‘The soil pressure is acting on the sides of the foundation too. It is not necessary to consider this lateral earth pressure for bridge foundations as long as the foundation is established in even terrain. If the terrain is sloping perpendicular to the main axis, the forces may have to be considered. f- main axis neglect earth pressure at rest (E5) consider Eu. 6.2.4 Load on Top of the Foundation ‘A vertical load on top of the foundation may be considered only if it is guaranteed. ‘Therefore special care must be taken if the design is changed on site. ‘As the dimension of the foundation and, therefore, the load on top changes, it should be considered, while designing the foundation, that some of the following formulas are only approximate. This should encourage the designer to calculate different variants in order to find the optimum dimension of the foundation and, tater on, finalize the dimension of the retaining structure according to the accurate formulas, and as per the instructions in this chapter. The length of the structure on top of the foundation taken into consideration must not exceed the length of the foundation. In order to avoid uncontrolled cracks in the (retaining) structure exceeding the length of the foundation, it is recommended that vertical joints be provided. Separate calculations are necessary for the (retaining) structure on top and at the side of the foundation.Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Additional vertical load only in order to stabilize the foundation (e.g., Gabion Boxes). ok KN m Lamax = L m A = hy hak KN a= B- hay m Retaining wall right at the back of the foundation: 94 o2 Lama = L m A= ipwohs (art ay) KN a= B-a% m tay-a+ hae Ag bad m 2a; + az a = #(ai+%ar) mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. Retaining wall and soil on top of the foundation. Lama = Lb a = B-a ‘The exact load (A) can be found by summing up the individual loads. The exact distance from the back can be found by summing up the moments about D, and solving for ay, if EMp = 0. Approximate formulas say Yo * YRW kN? A yah (start %as)-L kN a* %(astar+ har) m 6.2.5 Dead Weight of the Foundation, Groundwater Pressure ‘The dead weight of the foundation is calculated according to the volume and the unit weight of construction material (refer to 4.5). No groundwater present: Ws %y- Be (hr thy) Lb kN 2hy +h yp. 2hthe wo =4“B ae m ‘Above G.W.L: Wi =e Boh-k kN. w =%B m Below G.W.L: We = % (ye~ yw) * B > (Hws + Hwa) Lb kN 2h + hy =%B- tat hae we =%B- SM m The lateral water pressure can be neglected (because of equilibrium), ‘The active earth pressure must be taken fully into account.Volume A. ‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 6.2.6 Resultant Loading Force A) General Case All loads and forces acting on a foundation can be summarized into a single force (R) which is acting at the base of the foundation. Rn, ‘The components of the resultant loading force: we Vertical component: Rv = Sum of all vertical forces Horizontal components: — Parallel to B Rue = Sum of all horizontal forces parallel to B Parallel to L Rut = Sum of all horizontal forces parallel to L. Combined components: Ro =VRV +R + Ra? Rule for the sign + = force downwards force upwards he KN kN KNLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A The inclination of the resultant loading force: Parallel to B no = arctan Se deg =ParalleltoL Sa. = arctan a deg Rig +R ~Combined 5g = arctan" HR deg ‘The location of the resultant loading force: ‘The location of the resultant loading force can be measured either from the center or from the front edges of the foundation, the latter being more useful for some bridge foundation calculations by setting the moment equation around point F to: ‘Sum of all ( Retaining and Driving ) Moments = Resultant - distance to F = Mr Retaining Moments: All loads or forces multiplied by the distance (perpendicular to the force) to the point F which are retaining the foundation around this point. Driving moments: {Al loads or forces multiplied by the distance (perpendicular to the force) to the point F which would drive the foundation around this point. Rule for the sign + Retaining load or force = = Driving load or force Distance parallel to B: = Inclination ofthe foundation base (a) = 0 Bh = ae >0 m — Inclination of the foundation base (a) > 0 c0sée- cosa _ Mea n= cO8a o Ry-cos(de-a) Rv-[1+tana-tandu] m Distance parallel to L: Bt/2 - Usually the foundation base in this direction is not inclined, therefore. vnetls > 0Volume A, Long Span Trail Bridge Standard B) Special Case If there is no horizontal force (or the sum is equal to 0 zero) acting parallel to L, the resultant loading force is located on the axis parallel to B. Ri =0 Sai =0 Lk=Lh Example: ERu. = 0, and by omitting indices B: Rua = Ru 8re = Sr No groundwater present ‘Components and angle of inclination of R RV=W+Eqy+A-Ty kN Ru = Ean + TH KN in = arctan Bt deg Distance from front : Mp =W-w+Eay-B+ A-a+ Eon: (B- tana-hals)- Ty: br kNm M,- cosde-cosar Me Rv-cos(&-a) Rv-[1+tana- tan& 70 7 Bti2Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, 6.2.7 Ground-bearing Pressure Depending upon the loading of the resultant loading force the shape of the ground-bearing pressure can be calculated. In the following method it is assumed that the distribution of the pressure is linear. 2 ate A General Case ‘A1) Riocated within the core of the foundation. If the resultant loading force remains within the core of the foundation the whole base will be under pressure : 61.4 > 0 (ea 2) 4 @ *L)<6 / ‘The pressures in the four comers can be calculated exactly by using ee, 62 on = fr [1s6s6%] kNim? eo, 2 max =et r [1 +6 ( + | kNim? A2)_ located outside the core of the foundation If the resultant loading force is located outside the core of the foundation. es, & 4 (G-+$)> J noseve pressure wil occur which canno! be wars tothe sl ‘The calculation of the pressure will be quite difficult unless R lies on one of the axes. (Refer to special case).Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard The maximum ground-bearing pressure must be calculated by introducing the factor, z Ry ez 2 Smax = Z° Bele Nim? Z-factor (B+) /B (Lt) /L 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.50 1 aa7_| 128 1.33 1.33) 1.33) as [sav] ago | 1.20 | 130 [1.30 | 120 0.40 1.28 | 1.36 1.41 1.43 1 1.43 1.43 oss | 133 | 1.39 1.43 1.46 1.47 147 oso | 133 | 139 1.43 147 1.49 1.50 0.25 1,33 1.39 1.43 1.47 1.50 1.50 Table 6.2.3: Value of Factor, z (Bold Figures are shown, if he location ofthe resultant force lies within he core, refer to At) B) Special Case (no lateral forces) ‘The resultant force is located on the axis, parallel to B (e.g., bridge axis) Rww=0 and Ltp=U2 and by omitting indices 8: Rus=Ru and es = B/2- B*/2 81) e9=0 or BY2.=Bl B-Bt max = mn = BT kNim? o & kNim? Nim?Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A B3) e = Bie or BYi2= Bis 8 | eva] sain? oo “tl max B4) e> Bile or B/2< Bis a). _ Negative pressure will be borne by another tension member (e., reinforcement or anchorage rod). Ry 8 a stg cman = [108 sv R Bt = Be [120-98] eum? Simin ‘anchorage rods b) _ Nonegative pressure can be transmitted (e.g., to soil, dry stone structures), or the impact of the tension-bearing member is neglected: Bv2 2RV iin? 3(B*/2-e8)-L omax/min = 2 2R AR. serpy N/m? 3B2L 3B*L o oVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard C) Inclined Base Ifthe base is inclined (at > 0 the be'aring pressure must be calculated perpendicular to the base. Ry' = Ry: cosa + Ry: sina = R - cos(5e - a) 8B Bt =o eee cosa, cae cosa Je ‘The formulas given in 6.2.7 A and B must be used with: Ry, BY, BY, e instead of Rv, B, BY, € For example: C1) refer to 6.2.7 B 2) and B 4a) onaron= FE C2) refer to 6.2.7 B 4b) kNLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 6.3 Anchorage Rods for Foundation on Rock 6.3.1 Specifications for anchorage rods High tensile steel (ripped reinforcement steel bars) (refer to 4.3.3) Permissible tension stress Gtpem = 230 Nimm? Permissible bond stress SB pem = 06 Nimm? Permissible shear stress perm Stoem = 139 N/mm? 3 Yor + 32 < otgen Standardized Perfo-Anchorage System (refer to Volume D, 10) Combined stress (tension and shear) Soom Diameter of anchorage rods: a 25mm Length to be anchored ls = 2000 mm Diameter of hole: D 34mm Distance between two anchorage rods: ein = 1500 mm. Note: It is very essential to drill the holes with good rock drils, otherwise the necessary anchorage length of 2.0 m may not be achieved rect Rock Anchorage Past experiences in SBD Nepal have shown that this type of anchorage for windguy cables is only economical during design work. In practice, it had to be redesigned very often into a —Timax Fre, 4 7 em : 2 n-d+ mt: Oppem — 1°d* %* OBpem * Fr 0.80 Gtoem 4 68 pom hector: nn = 22:26:22 se20%mm «2000 mm‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 6.3.2, Anchorage Rods for Stabilizing the Foundation A) General ‘Anchorage rods can be provided to prevent the foundation from sliding or toppling or both combined. The anchorage rods should be placed at the back of the foundation to make sure that they are embedded in sound rock. During sliding, the shear resistance, and during over-toppling, the tensile resistance, of the anchorage rads will be mobilized. {t will not be possible to mobilize the full shear resistance of the rods during sliding Therefore, because of practical reasons, it is recommended that the permissible shear stress be reduced to: Tt combined = 75 Nimm? In order to fuffil the formula for combined tensile and shear stress: 2 $1 the permissible tensile stress has to be reduce to: 2 comb ‘Ttoom 4 (s=] = creas = org ”\|t - (S222 = 230--\/1- (5385) = 190 win? ‘The necessary anchorage length needed in order to develop the bond resisting the tension may be calculated as follows: Timax S$ As * Stcomb J” Steam I > —_L 4 £4 Stoo | a T-d=°OBpem — N° G° e* OBpem — 4° MGB penn rrereore: tenn? 22-19 = 980mm =2000.mm If itis riot possible to drill the full anchorage length of 2 m in practice, even though good driling material is used, the number of required rods may be calculated in proportion to the length required. ‘Mas per site condition) = Nias per design) * 2 (m) / la (as per site condition) (mn) If the length achieved is less then 1.5 m, redesign of the foundation i taking no rods into consideration. necessary,Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard B) Calculation of the Number of Anchorage Rods No anchorage rods are necessary if B*/2 > B/3 , as the whole foundation base is under pressure. A minimum number of anchorage rods is necessary if B*/2 < B/s, As a first step, the bearing stress distribution is calculated on the uncracked cross-section and the theoretically required cross-section of anchorage rods determined under the assumption that the tensile stresses are taken over by anchorage rods: 8 e>BYle or BY/2< Biz ye Ry BRC iin? to RPL m (take + and - into consideration) ° amg ON pw loenl Xk age pl" came 60 a = BY-BM)-x!3 m x e b = B-s-BY, m _ | 4 As N k aon and Fractures of Rock Plutonic rock, gneiss, quartzite, hard sandstone, massive dolomite and limestone, not weathered, few fractures Quartzite, gneiss, massive limestone, and dolomite, Phylte, crystalline schists, not weathered ‘Weathered schists and phyllite, thin-bedded limestone and dolomite, caleschists, slates Correcting Coefficient, k (aking nto account he type of and fractures Inthe underying rock fracturedLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 6.3.3 Additional Anchorage Rods ‘Additional ‘anchorage rods are used in order to stabilize the rock section on which the foundation is placed. They are not taken into consideration for improving the sliding or toppling safety of the foundation itself. Rock formations are usually more or less structured by a number of weakness planes caused by cracks and fissures. Cracks and fissures may be closed or open and appear close or at distance. A rock formation loaded with additional loads, e.g,, through a bridge foundation may be subject to motion along these weakness planes. Additional rock anchorages must be provided to avoid this, A) Number of Rods Determination of the number of required rock anchors for stabilizing a rock mass can be arrived at by anelyzing the rock mechanics. In most cases it is very difficult to procure accurate information about the circumstances for the purposes of calculation, and, therefore, a systematic anchorage pattem is used in most cases. This method is proposed for the bridge foundation design as well. 1. If the rock formation is sound, and shows only a few fissures which are closed, a systematic anchorage is not necessary. 2. If the rock formation is more or less fractured but only some cracks with small openings show, a systematic anchorage is proposed with one anchorage rod per 1.5 m*. The number of anchorage rods is calculated, dividing the base area of the foundation by 1.5 1m? The anchorage rods are evenly spread over the foundation base area. 3. If the rock formation shows many cracks or if a great number of cracks are open, the number of anchorage rods in the front half of the foundation base area has to be doubled. B) Direction of the Rods Generally, the anchorage rods are placed in a direction perpendicular to the weakness planes or lines of the rock. Refer to the Survey Manual Volume B, 9.2, for determination of the weakness planes or lines of the rock according to Schmidt's planes projection. As this Procedure uses grades (or gon) for the identification of angles (both for horizontal and vertical angles). it must be clearly indicated on all sketches and drawings. For each direction, the same number of anchorage rods is fixed with the exception that, if one system of weakness planes dominates, to stabilize this system a higher number of anchorage rods may be used. Fracture planes not posing any danger (e.g. dipping in a direction opposite the slope) do not have to be considered.‘Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 6.4 Foundation Design, General Remarks 6.4.1 Geotechnical Parameters ‘As these parameters are an essential part of the whole bridge design, attention should be given to being as accurate as possible during the survey. Based on the findings from the geological and geotechnical surveys, the engineering geologist will determine the ‘geotechnical parameters for the location of each foundation based on a proposed bridge axis, It should be stated that these values have been derived from actual on site conditions and they should not be changed for the sake of fulfilling safety factor calculations only. The following table shows how to compile the necessary geotechnical parameters. Bridge No & Name. Surveyed Site No Geotechnical parameters for bank (right / left)... Parameter ‘Tower | Main (Cables) [Windguy Cable Foundation Foundation | Foundation _| Upstream | Downstream ‘Subsoil at depth (m) USCS Classification o; (ce9) u (ktwim*) perm (kim?) GW.Latdepth__(m) minimum embedding (m) Back-filling 2 (deg) ye (kN?) Rock at depth (=) os (deg) Sperm (kNim?) k- Value 7) minimum embedding (m) Rock stabilization at base: = back half (single) = front half (single/double) direction/inclination (gon)Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 Topographical Parameters The topographical parameters, carefully elaborated during the survey, and plotted in the plan and in the cross-section of the proposed site, are the basic data for the foundation design. Whenever it is necessary to draw other sections from the topographical map, it is recommended that they be checked and compared with the photographs. Geometrical Parameters Refer to the concerned chapters and sketches for the minimum and maximum dimensions of the foundation. The minimum dimensions are given according to the size of the steel! anchorage parts and the maximum dimensions are derived from the load distribution of the steel anchorage parts in relation to the surrounding conerete. Care must be taken to ensure that the foundation is firmly embedded into the ground (refer 10 5.5.2) Failure Modes of Foundations Design and analysis of bridge foundations must guarantee that all loadings (live and dead loadings) acting from the bridge superstructure on to the foundations are safely transferred to the subsoil. To compile these forces a thorough statical investigation of the superstructure is carried out. To test the safety of parts of the superstructure, the stress within these parts may be analyzed and compared with material specifications given in the relevant codes. For subsoil the procedure is different. Because subsoil conditions vary a great deal, itis necessary to determine the local subsoil parameters by means of geotechnical investigation. (e., pits, laboratory investigation of samples, etc). Unlike in the analysis of the superstructure, it is not usual during foundation analysis to compute the stress patter within the soil mass to test the required safety level. During foundation design, a number of failure modes are analyzed by use of different models and for each one a factor of safety is ‘computed. These safety factors are compared with the required values which may differ according to the different models analyzed. Depending upon the loading and the subsoil conditions, generally one or the other of these models dominates the analysis and gives the final dimensions of the foundation. In most cases the dominating failure mode can be determined by the engineer, according to the loading and subsoil conditions, before the analysis is undertaken. This allows him to ‘commence his analysis cognizant of the relevant failure mode, to determine the required dimensions, and to afterwards show that the other safety requirements are also fulfilled. In general, especially with difficult topography, the relevant failure mode has to be calculated by iteration.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Following the basic failure modes, the relevant models used for the analysis and design of foundations are explained and ilustrated. A) Sliding Failure ‘As soon as the increase of the load results in a shear load which exceeds the shear 7 resistance in the foundation base, a fiat foundation being loaded by a more or less horizontal load will start sliding on the subsoil. The shear resistance itself is governed by the normal force in the foundation base and the friction angle between foundation base and subsoil. Generally a safety factor of Fa, 2 1.5 is required against sliding failure. The surface of movernent for this failure mode is equal to the contact area between the foundation base and subsoil Fa Retaining Forces Driving Forces Deadman Foundation The process leading to the failure of the deadman anchorage foundation is similar to the sliding failure. The deadman foundation mobilizes the weight of the earth mass in front of the foundation. The maximum resistance is equal to the passive earth pressure. To attain peak resistance, a relatively large deformation is required, so to reduce the deformation a high safety factor of Fs: > 3.5 is necessary. ‘The design concept of the deadman foundation is as given below: Gerona The following modes of failure and respective safety factors have been considered in the design. * = Sliding Fe 23.5Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A To prevent the anchor block from moving towards the soil in front, a high safety factor has been applied, => Topping Fr 21.5 Hy + +W, -T, Jian Satety factor against Sliding: Fr, = Et EE 23.50 Where Hae = En — Ean +2 Ew. A cos? bs ; 1. [sin@ = 8) sin +6) cosd cose: cos? 2 “ sin(®, +5) sin(®, -y) | cosd cosy Bon =F Ao Mh tad [na] do = 1- Sings AU Resisting Moments _ M4. 5 ‘All Driving Moments 3G Safety factor against Toppling: —_F, Where Ma’ = Ma’ W- Bl2 + We: B/2 + Egy: hy/3 + Egy B Tu -hit Ty +0 Epy- 0+ Ean he/S Eq = Egntan (2/362) Epy = Epn tan (- 1/264) Toppling Failure Because no tension forces can be transferred from the foundation to the subsoil (or rock) or within the subsoil itself, a foundation with its resultant outside the foundation base or close to the border of it wll start to topple. This mechanism is generally controlled by comparing the driving and retaining moments at the border of the foundation. Usually a safety factor of Fr2 1.5 is requiredVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Retaining Moment Driving Moment Fr Another approach to the control of this failure mechanism is to set limits to the eccentricity of the resultant force in relation to the center point of the foundation base area. As long as the resultant force lies within the core of the foundation base, the whole contact area foundation-soll is subjected to compression so that no gap will develop. This restrictive requirement is applied for important foundations. In most cases, a gap of about one third to a haff of the base area is tolerated C) Ground Shear Failure (Loss of Bearing Capacity) A foundation under a vertical load will, under increasing load, first show a more or less linear increase in the settlement. When a certain load is reached, the observed settlement will increase rapidly. At this point the bearing capacity of the subsoil is exceeded and the foundation fails. The surface of movement for this failure mode is located within the soil mass. ‘The bridge foundation is specific that it exerts horizontal load as well. If the resultant of horizontal and vertical forces makes an angle (with respect to the vertical force) equal to or grater than the angle of internal friction of soil lying under the foundation, the failure surface will be along the base of the foundation. in this case, the probability of sliding failure of foundation is more expected than ground shear failure (bearing capacity). Settlement, S Bearing capacity Fec= = 22.0 ‘The detailed analysis of the relevant mechanism derived from the sophisticated methods of soil mechanics is stil a subject of controversy among specialists. Generally this problem is analyzed by using the bearing capacity formula developed by Terzaghi and extended and amplified by different authors. The different correction factors are partially found through mode! tests, partially through theoretical investigations. This model is a rough approximation of the actual mechanism in the subsoil, therefore a safety factor of Foc 2 2.0 is generally required.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, D) Slope Failure Its obvious that a foundation placed at the top of an inclined slope will fail under a lesser load than the same foundation on flat terrain. To solve this problem, correction factors for the Terzaghi formula were developed. However, for steep slopes this formula is no longer reliable, and other methods have to be used to estimate the load permissible on the = foundation. The required safety factors are different depending upon the method applied N. slope foilure NX slip surface _~. ground sheor failure —= slope toilure As is easily recognizable from the above description of the failure modes, each mode is more or less characteristic of a special combination of load, topography, and subsoil conditions. For example, a foundation loaded by a horizontal acting force will most probably not suffer ground shear failure but it will start to either slide (sliding failure) or topple (especially in cases where the force is acting high above the foundation base and where a hard subsoil is present). A foundation under a predominant vertical load placed on top of a steep slope will probably be endangered by ground shear or slope failure, etc. With the knowledge presented above and some experience gained during foundation design work, it should be possible for the engineer to select the dominating failure mode at the beginning of analysis, afterwards going through other failure modes and demonstrating that these safety requirements are also fulfilled.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 6.5 Foundations on Soil 6.5.1 General Procedure, Check List, and Flow Chart A) General Procedure This chapter provides information on procedures related to design of foundations on soil. In this respect, it should be mentioned that strongly weathered rock may be treated as soil as well. The flow chart should be useful in assisting the engineer to recognize the relevant failure mode so that a rough first design stage might be completed as quickly as possible and the final dimensions of the foundation produced. The checklist summarizes the requirements for foundations on soil B) Check List, Requirements for Foundations on Soil or on Strongly-weathered Rock Safety Factor | Walkway/ | Main Cable Main Windguy | Retaining Tower Foundation | Anchorage Cable Wall & Foundation Foundation | Foundation | Gabions Fo, 215 215 215 215 215 Foc 220 220 220 220 220 Fr 215 BY, Lh 28 Fetope depending on method (2 1.3 to 1.5) (max) oe S19 S18 515° <15° Other requirements: - embedded depth (t) according to 5.5.2Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. C) Flow Chart for Design Procedure for Foundations on Soi Soil parameter Minimal from survey & Topography Loadings from dimensions from geotechnical from survey superstructure manual investigation Prepare sketch, plan view + two sections Select predominant failure mode + horizontal loading & flat terrain > sliding + vertical loading & slopping terrain > bearing capacity steep slope > slope failure Determine dimensions for selected predominant failure mode Determine all other safety factors Not OK > Check safety factors OK Check results : 3H, EV loadings = EH, EV of resultant (R) ‘Summarize results and ‘complete sketch and instructions for drawingsVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 6.5.2 Safety Against S! ing Failure ‘The relevant information about how to calculate the components and the inclination of the resultant force is given in 6.2.6 . For general information about safety against sliding failure refer 10 6.4.4 A. d= arctan ' b= ora 0g Ry = Ry-cosa+Ry: sina wn Ry = Riv Cosa — Ry: sina kN generally itis assumed that Ds. = deg ~fands Ry __tanda__tanda = 2415 tan(&-a) ~ tand, 6.5.3 Eccentricity of the Resultant Force and Safety Against Toppling Failure (Overturning) The relevant information concerning how to calculate the eccentricity of the resultant force is given in 6.2.6. For general information about safety against toppling failure refer to 6.4.4 of the eccentricity, e or Bl, (refer to the 6.5.4 Safety Against Ground Shear F: For general information about safety against ground shear failure refer to 6.4.4 C. re (Bearing Capacity) A) The Bearing Capacity Basic Formula for horizontal terrain and vertical load Terzaghi Model: continuous footing = vertical and centric loading — shallow footing t < B, and ‘base line — ideal soil with horizontal surface. Sliding areaLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Pt =B-[esNo+ (yt +g) Na+ %B-y- NJ kN Wherein Nc, Ng, Ny are the bearing capacity factors = Firstterm — [C-Ne] expressing the effect of the cohesion (not taken into consideration in the following calculations, refer to 6.2.3) = Secondterm [(y-t+q)-Ng] expressing the effect of the embedded depth (respectively the surcharge load at depth t) = Thirdterm = [%B-7-N,] expressing the effect of the width of the foundation A1) The Bearing Capacity Factors Nq and N, The bearing capacity factors in basic form can be written as: = forthe effectof t : Ng = e"®. tan’(45° + %4@ ) ~ forthe effectof Bt :N, = 1:8 (Nq-1)-tand Values of Nq and Ny: ® (deg) 139) Graphic presentation of Nq and Ny according to Lang/Huder It can be clearly seen that too high an estimate of the value of © will give an extremely high value of N and a wrong impression of safety. || | Say ay Say aly —t, hector Ge Mesien af Rrido Foundanion osVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard A2) The Length/Area of Influence The length/area of influence in its basic form for horizontal terrain is given as follows: Lion = B + tan(45° + 0) - @°5* 'on® Value for Lina © 25 | 27% | 30 | 32% 37% | 40 | 42% Linn B 43 | 50 58 ss | so | 96 B) Bearing Capacity Extended and Amplified Formula The basic bearing capacity formula can be extended and amplified with correction factors for the: - shape of the foundation ‘embedded depth inclination of the load inclination of the foundation base inclination of the baseline ag-ae PY = BY-L*-[(y1- t+) Ng Sq dq ig b’g Gq + 0.5 71 B* Ny. S dy i, b'y Gy] KN Fac = Re 22.0 The necessary length/area in front of the foundation must be guaranteed. The formula of Terzaghi for the calculation of the length of influence must be used with B* , instead of B . Ltn = BY tan(45° + Yam) - 051500 Remember that the correction factors are only approximate. An overall stability calculation may be necessary (e.g., the methods of Bishop or Janbu), ‘The actual size of the foundation has to be transferred to a fictive foundation base with a centric load only. sliding oreoLong Span Trail Bridge Standard B14) Size of the Fictive Foundation Base e/2 | a2 Pe. bre | wre B 2) Shape-correction Factor, S Volume A. The size of the fictive foundation base is equal to B* and L* . For calculation of the eccentricity of the resultant force B*lz and Lith, refer to 6.2.6. ‘The values of the correction factors are given for BY SLY = if BY/L* >1t0 1.5: take the values for BTL = 4 and check bearing capacity - if BLT > 15: in both directions (exchanging B* and L*), ‘Shape correction factors consider the limited length (L*) of the continuous footing. Value of Sq = 1 +P tand = [25 27% _|30__[32% [35 [37% [40 [42% 10 [147 [152 [158 [164 [170 [177 [184 [192 os [137 [142 [146 [151 [156 [1.61 [167 [173 o6 [128 [431 [135 [198 [142 [146 [150 [155 o4 [119 [rar [423 [125 [128 [131 [ra [137 02 [109 [110 [are [rss [ata [is [sar [1.18 L oo [1 1h 4 ah Value of 8 1-048 o= |For alo Buk 1.0 08 06 o 02 00Volume A, Long Span Trail Bridge Standard B43) Depth-correction Factor, d Depth correction factors consider the embedded depth ( t ) of the foundation. The embedded depth must be guaranteed for the whole length of L*ina Value of dg = 1 + 0.035 tano - (| — sind)? arctan gz = 25 [27% [30 (32% [38 37% [40 AQYs t/B*=0.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 106 [1.06 |106 [1.05 | 105 [105 | 1.04 | 1.04 0.4 412 [412 [111 [1.10 | 1.10 [1.09 [1.08 | 1.07 06 asm [ite [ite [115 [ita [443 [as2 [1.10 08 121 [120] 120 [118 [117 [116 [ita [1.13 1.0 124 [124 [123 [121 [420 [118 [417 [1.45 42 a27_|126 ]125 [124 [122 [121 [rar [117 d,=1 (forall ® ) B 4) Inclination of Load: Correction Factor, i The (big) effect of the inclination of load (normal to the foundation base) is considered with these correction factors. R 8x = arctan Ry 8. = dR-a= arctan fet — a <= 7/3 @ (or check sliding) value of i = [1—%tand,]° = [1 —YAtan(bn—a)]® 5 {10 15 20 25 30 Latta 10 los [oss [os losr [oz lore 20 25 30 023 [014 | 0.08 024 [013 | 008 024 [015 | 008 025 |o16 | 0.09Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 5) Inclination of Foundation Base: Correction Factor, b’ This factor considers the inclination of the foundation base (a) Value of b'y = ef 0035a° tano) © a=o0 |4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s_|os2 |o91 |o90 |o89 |o8s |o87 |o86 [oes 1o_|oas [oes |os2 |oeo |o7e |o76 |o75 [073 15_|o7e |o76 |o74 |o72 |o69 Joe7 |oss Value of bi, = ef 07a" tans) = [25 |27% |30_| 32% |36_ | 37% |40_ | 42% wots [1 ty ts as fs ts 5 [ooo [oes [os7 [ose [oss [oss |os2 [os 10 _|o80 |o7e [076 [o74 [o72 [070 |os7 |os 15_[o7z |oeo [or [oes fos: [oss joss |os2 B6)_ Inclination of the Baseline: Correction Factor, g inclination of the surface terrain. Values of Gq= gy = (1—0.25 taneg)® o fs Tw [1s] a] 2 | 3 © | 0.90 | 0.80 | 071 | 063 [ 054 | 046 for ‘The considerable effect of the inclination of the baseline is clearly visible. Volume A. This factor considers the inclination of the baseline which may not be the same as theVolume A c) Calculation Procedure Long Span Trail Bridge Standard It fs assumed that the dimensions of the foundation are already known from the calculation of another failure mode, if not, try to estimate the required dimensions experientially, or take the minimum dimensions as primary data. C1) Required initial Data ) 2) 3) 4) From survey and final geotechnical report: Friction angle of sub-soll — Unit weight of sub-soil From the topographical survey: ~ prepare the necessary cross-sections From the dimensions of the foundation: = Width Length ~ Base inclination ~ Embedded depth (t > tmin) From the calculation of the resultant force: = Vertical component ~ Inclination — Location and 2) Determination of the Base-tine inclination, o; deg kim Step 1: Make any change of slope with a number beginning with 1 at the front of the foundation on the sketches prepared. Step 2: Check if any angle of the slope in front is greater that 1 — if so, neglect the soil that is above the angle @; at any change of slope.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Step 3: Calculate the length of influence required ( L* ) and transfer it to the sketch. ‘There are several places where the length of influence may cross the slope line : (t 2 min embedded depth) 2) Linn $ length 1 to2" = therefore €1= 8 - draw the baseline with distance t parallel to the slope line 1 to 2". = proceed with calculation. b) Length 4 02" < Ltinn $ length 1 to3 = draw a line from point 1 to point A where the length of influence cuts the (theoretical) slope line. - the soil above this line along L*ya can be considered to be uniformly distributed posg = MeO 2 10 Ag s¢.y kNim? - draw the baseline with the distance t parallel to the line 1 to A. ©) L'ra > length 1 to3 ~ as the direct line 1 to A would be out of the soil, the line has to be drawn through to point 3. = the soil above this line along Ltn can be considered to be uniformly distributed [(Area1 to 2' to 3)+(Area3 to A to A’)]-y1 Linn load g N/m?Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Itis not recommended that extreme changes in the slope be taken into consideration. ‘An overall stability calculation might be necessary. Lint €3) Calculation of Bearing Capacity By 2) Calculate Surcharge load kNim Bearing capacity factor and Correction factors for Shape oo and SF Depth dg =. and dq, Inclination of load ig and i Inclination of foundation base by and by Inclination of the baseline Qq= 9) Calculate the bearing capacity Pt kN and the safety factor Fac {In order to obtain an optimum safety factor of 2, changes in the initial data, or even in the location of the foundation, might be necessary, and the calculation must be repeated,Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 6.5.5 Safety against Slope Instability (Overall Stability) Where there are very steep slopes (close to the angle of friction of the soil), which are broken, or where the bearing capacity by using the Terzaghi formula is not sufficient, the safety of the slope must be investigated through more elaborate analysis. This analysis can be carried out by using one of the methods of slices developed by Bishop or Janbu. A simplified method, with a plane failure surface is given below. A safety factor of 2 1.5 is required, to guarantee a reasonable safety level. \ lect 40 which eerie \, Calculations have to be made for the length (L) of the foundation. The sliding plane starts at the back-base of the foundation, dipping towards the front. Calculations for various sliding planes must be carried out in order to find the critical one (e.g., through point 3 or 4, etc). Caloulate the force-components on the sliding plane Ve Ry+D Wat in Ho= Re ka Voz V-c0s =H sin kn Vesin +H cos 1 kN Feet ons| !Volume A 6.6 6.6.1 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Foundations on Rock General Procedure, Check List, and Flow Chart A) General Procedure Regarding the foundations on soil referred to in 6.5, the basic procedure to be followed for foundations on rock will be given. Where a foundation has to be placed on highly weathered rock the procedure for foundations on soll (refer to 6.5) must be followed. The checklist summarizes the requirements for foundations on rock. Intact rock or slightly weathered rock show an increased strength compared to soil. That's why a different failure mode is given for the dimensions of the foundations. For example, where bearing capacity is a typical problem for foundations on soi, toppling failure becomes a problem for foundations on rock. “Foundation on Rock" refers to a foundation design which makes use of the stability and gravity of the underlying rock formation by providing anchorage rods, thus allowing for a considerable reduction in the mass of the anchorage foundations. When the underlying rock is strongly fractured or weathered, this anchorage system should not be used and the “foundation on soil” design should be adopted. The calculation model used in this chapter is only a rough approximation of the real mechanism and valid only for the immediate vicinity of the anchorage foundations, but it should lead to sufficient security of the structures in connection with the permissible values for the ground-bearing pressure and with the angle of friction determined according to the directions given in the manual Volume B, Survey. If the permissible bearing pressures, and/or the permissible eccentricity of the resultant force (refer to the relevant chapters), are observed, the calculation model also leads to economical structures. The calculation model can be used without concem for windguy cable anchorage foundations or for the main anchorages of small span bridges. For main anchorage foundations of long span bridges, the overall stability of the rock formation has to be carefully analyzed, based on the structural study of the rock by using rock mechanics! methodology.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A B) Check List, Requirements for Foundations on Sound Rock Walkway 7 | Main Gable Main Windguy | Retaining Safety Factor | Tower | Foundation | Anchorage | _ Cable wall & Foundation Foundation | Foundation |_Gabions Fax witout rods 215 215 215 215 215 Fe. with ods 1 / 215 215 1 Fst neglect rods / 1 213 213 1 ae $ Gperm —_{from survey) Fr without rods 215 215 215 215 215 Fr With ods 1 / 215 215 ! Fr neglect rods 1 1 212 212 ! le Ut Bre Jb B 2 B 8 Bh | BE] 48 28 28 8 23 witout rods Slope stability of rocky slopes to be checked, refer to Volume B 5.41 (max) o S18 <18° S18? S18° ‘Anchorage none none | numbers | numbers none. Rods for according to | according to Stabilizing the calculation, | calculation, Foundation for minimum | oF minimum ‘Additional ‘Anchorage Rods for as per rock condition required (refer to 6.3.3) on Stabilizing the Rock Other requirements: = embedded depth (t ) according to 5.5.2Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard C) Flow Chart for Procedure for Foundations on Rock Rock parameter Minimal from survey & Topography Loadings from dimensions from geotechnical from survey superstructure manual investigation Prepare sketch, plan view + two sections Select predominant failure mode : horizontal loading > sliding, toppling teep slope > slope failure, overall stability Determine dimensions for selected predominant failure mode Determine all other safety factors. ~ Not OK > check safety factors: oK ‘Check results : EH, EV of loadings = ZH, ZV of resultant (R) ‘Summarize results and complete sketch and instructions for drawingsLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, 6.6.2 6.6.3 Safety Against Sliding Failure The relevant information for calculating the components and the inclination of the resultant force is given in 6.2.6. For general information about safety against sliding failure refer to 644A. The safety factor against sliding is calculated by taking into account, andlor neglecting, the impact of the shear resistance of the anchorage rods. R, 3a = arctan Ry deg ba = 8R-a deg Ry = Ry cosa + Ru: sina KN R'y = Ru cosa — Ry - sina KN Angle of friction between the Concrete and the Rock Ogi deg Fo, = Retaining Forces ‘SL Driving Forces Feo (with rods) janda-Rivt Aeom 345 Feu (neglecting rods) = 202K 54.5 ‘Shear resistance of anchorage rods: AS - Tt combined = 11 kN = 0.075 kNimm? ity of the Resultant Force and Safety against Toppling Failure (Overturning) The relevant information for calculating the eccentricity of the resultant force is given in 6.2.6. For general information about safety against toppling failure refer to 6.4.4 B Toppling failure is controlled by the set limits of the eccentricity, B"/, and L"/y (refer to the check list), for taking into account andior neglecting the impact of anchorage rods., To calculate the number of anchorage rods, refer to 6.3.2 B.Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 6.6.4 Ultimate Bearing Pressure For foundations on rock, ground shear failure (bearing capacity) is not a problem in many cases, nevertheless the maximum stress on the foundation base has to be limited according to the quality of the rock. ‘The relevant information about how to calculate the components and the inclination of the resultant force is given in 6.2.6 . For general information about calculating (ultimate) bearing pressure refer to 6.2.7 B and C . For the procedure for determining the maximum pressure in case of double eccentricity of the resultant force (with z-factor) refer to 6.2.7 A2. The ultimate bearing pressure is calculated by neglecting the impact of the anchorage rods. ‘An example for B"/2 < B/3 is given below: m Rv =Ry-cosa+Ry- sina kN 4Rv- Smaxut = sey kim? 6.6.5 Safety against Slope Instability (Overall Stability) ‘The procedure for the investigation of the stability of rocky slopes is given in Volume B, Bat 6.6.6 Direct Rock Anchorages The relevant information about direct anchorages for windguy cables is given in 6.3.1 . The design and the capacity must be checked accordingly.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard ‘Volume A 6.6.7 Additional Anchorage Rods The relevant information about how to determine the numbers and direction of the rods is given in 6.3.3. An example is given below. A) Direction of the Rods ‘An anchorage foundation is to be settled into a steep scarp of mica-gamet, medium-weathered Phylite. The bedding-plane corresponds to the plane of the slope. It is highly dangerous because it is @ slipping plane and, moreover, the resulting forces of the foundation are roughly parallel to this plane. Refer to LSTB Survey manual Volume B, 9.2. Schmidt's planes N projection ‘onchoroge rod positions (lt angles in grades) 70s 1° ridge onchorsge fod ig \ie09 foe : ‘Two fracture planes (grades 165/66 and grades 110/80) increase the potential instability at the location of the foundation. 1. Determine the intersection lines and their dips between the planes of grades 180/75 (bedding), grades 165/66 (fractures), and grades 110/80 which are, by definition, weakness lines. They are shown in the diagram as arrows at grades 130/60 , grades 120/60 , and grades 100/45 . They represent a weakness zone, the average direction and dip of which is grades 120/55. Determine the direction of the anchorage rods perpendicular to grades 120/56, i.e., in he direction of grades 320/45. 2) Im order to strengthen the slipping planes, grades 180/75 and grades 165/66 , anchorage rods more or less perpendicular to these planes must be placed in the direction grades 380/26. 3) As the planes along grades 180/75 and grades 165/66 are approximately perpendicular to the bridge axis, they must be stabilized along the foundation in the direction of grades 20145. 4) The fracture plane along grades 370/35 grades is not dangerous as it dips in direction ‘opposite to the slope.Volume A. B) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Number of Rods 15 2-15 Total number of rods within the foundation base 1 (fot) = Neack + Miront + @9., 1 (tot) = 11 nos, Distribution to the weakness planes, e.g. , direction 320/45: 4 rods, direction 20/45": 4 rods, and direction 380/25": 3 rods. Draw a separate plan of the foundation base on the "General Arrangement’, indicating the location and the direction of the rods. Plan N 318 320/458 fouLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 7. Design of Standard Suspended Bridge Table of Contents 7.1 Flow Chart 7.2 Layout 7.3. Design of Main and Handrail Cable Structures 7.3.4 Introduction 7.32 Related Symbols 7.3.3 Geometrical Parameters 7.34 Standard Design Parameters 7.35 Limits and Recommendations 7.36 Initial Layout Data 7.3.7 Calculation Procedure 7.3.8 Compilation of Final Data 7.39 Related Standard Drawings 7.4 Design of Main Anchorage Foundation 7.4.1 Introduction 7.42. Related Symbols 7.43. Design Parameters 7.4.4 Limits and Recommendations 7.4.5 Initial Layout Data 7.48 Calculation Procedure 7.4.7 Compilation of Final Data 7.4.8 Related Standard Drawings 112 113 114 114 114 15 118 120 121 123 125 127 128 128 128 129 131 131 132 135 137Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 7.1 Flow Chart Soil parameter Limits and re- ‘Standard Design from survey & Topography ‘commendations Drawings (and geotechnical from survey from Manual General investigation arrangement) Design of Main handrail cable structures (including rough design of windguy arrangement) Design of Main main anchorage foundation’ Design of windguy arrangement Design of adjacent structure Not OK > Final check of result OK Transfer data to the General ‘Arrangement Compile and fillin the Standard Design Drawings Calculate the quantities Prepare cost estimate and tender documentsLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 7.2 Layout ‘Side view of an inclined (h > 0) suspended bridge with drum-type cable anchorage foundation. cable elevation fumbers of windguy cob! diometer bw numbers of mein cables M4 ameter #44 2 handrail_cobles diameter #5, “Note 1) For foundations with drum-type cable anchorages of 4, or 6 main cables = distance from front to saddle =0.25m — (/=s+0.50m) = distance from foundation top to saddle = 0.25 m 2) For foundations with open-type cable anchorages of 8, 10, or 12 main cables = distance from front to saddle 050m (/=s+1.00m) - distance from foundation top to saddle = 0.90 m D4 coble elevation top of foundation + 2Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar. 7.3 Design of Main and Handrail Cable Structures 7.3.1 Introduction The procedure folfOwed in this chapter has provision for a windguy arrangement (refer to 9). Itis assumed that the full wind foad can be bore by this system only. Refer to Chapter 10, Special Design, ifin very rare cases itis not possible to provide a windguy arrangement. ‘The layout and the initial loading is based on the structure under dead load. ‘The freeboard has to be maintained for any cable alignment (including windguy cables) at dead load case. Enough free space must be provided beneath the walkway in front of the foundations at full load case. ‘An overview of the main parameters and their relevant loading cases are given below. Loading Case | Load Relevant for Determining Refer to Hoisting dead load of | — hoisting sag of handrail and main cable 73 handrail and main cables Dead toad —_| all dead loads | - initial loading case, free board 73 Full load dead loads | - number and size of handrail and main cables | 7.3, and live load _| ~ design of main anchorage foundations 74 Wind toad —_| wind load number and size of windguy cables 94 acting on the _| ~ design of windguy cable foundations 95 bridge NB. It should be noted that the term "case" is used to clearly distinguish the loads (e.9., dead loads) from the loading case (e.g, full oad case = dead loads + live load). 7.3.2. Related Symbols A ‘Sectional area nm’ E Modulus of elasticity N/mm? F Safety factor ! 4 Horizontal component of cable tension kN L Cable length between saddles m T Cable tension kN Toreak Minimum breaking load of cables kN Tmax Total cable tension at higher foundation (all cables) kN b ‘Sag, measured in the middle of the bridge from the chord m e Horizontal distance from the cable saddle at the higher foundation saddle to the lowest point of the parabola m 7 Maximum sag, vertical distance from the cable saddle at the higher foundation saddle to the lowest point of the parabola mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. saa Peeps Indices: Load kNim Load corresponding to an assumed sag b* kNim Difference in elevation between the cable saddles at the higher and lower foundation saddles m Design span, distance between the saddles m Number 1 Live toad kNim Nominal span, distance between the front of main foundations m Cable inclination at saddle deg Increase (+ ) or decrease ( - )of sag or cable length, due to changing load m Inclination of slope in front of the foundation deg h hoisting load case ™ Main cables d= dead load case Handrail cables f ——fullload case W —_ Windguy cables i load case (either fullor hoisting) 1-——‘Higher foundation 2 Lower foundation 7.3.3, Geometrical Parameters A) General All calculations are based on sag b at mid-span. 4bVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 1) Cable inclination at saddles: Br = arctan “2+h deg Be = arctan wk deg 2) Location of lowest point (distance measured from the higher foundation saddle) £(4b +h) £ ( AD ) eo 2 46, m 2 Gbene Lyn f= 16b = bot t6b ui 3) Length of loaded cables between saddles: > arp Lee 43 (2) +44) 5 2\e Be 4) Total horizontal tension (all cables): H = & KN 8b 5) Total maximum tension (all cables) at the higher foundation saddle: Tre = ft =H: Ji+tan’ A, kN cos B, 6) The distribution of the tension between handrail and main cables is calculated proportionally to the cable gross area. ‘Main cable tension (all main cables): T = —H_ ._Aw_ in iy CosBiez Au + An = Am Tumax = Tmax" KN Handrail cable tension (2 cables): _ H Aw TH © GosBiere Au + Aa a = An Tumax = Tax: Agata kN NOTE: For bridges with foundations atthe same level (h = 0) the parameters willbe: Br =B2 =B deg e : m f m Th KNLong Span Trail Bridge Standard B) Basic Calculation Principle Volume A As the structure at dead load is the initial loading, the sag ( br ) of the full load case and the sag (Dp ) of the hoisting load case have to be calculated. The maximum full load tension has to fulfil the safety requirements for the cables. Load Case Parameter Hoisting Load Dead Load Full Load Load Gn ge % Cable length Ly = Lat (Ala) bs Ly = lat Ale Sag by_= be + (Abs) be by_= ba + Aby Horiz. Ter Hy = He + (-AH) He Hy = Hy+ BH The values of delta ( A ) are the increase ( + ) or decrease ( - ) caused by the elastic properties of the cables. ‘The different sags ( by, bn ) can be determined by iteration as follows: with an assumed sag ( b* ) the corresponding load ( g* ) can be calculated (based on the dead load layout) and then compared with the actual load ( gr or 9). The difference is then judged. If necessary a new sag assumption must be made and the calculation repeated until sufficient accuracy is achieved.Volume A 7.3.4 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Basic Formulas for Iteration The difference of the horizontal tension H can be calculated as follows: kN kN/mm? kN Out of these two equations 1) and 2) the load (g*) can be calculated as: 8b*.VL*E-A bY mee oer kNim ) 9 FL, ba 98 Insert in to 3) for the cable length difference: 8 ipa AL* =L*-Ly == (67-83 m . = 267-83) ‘Then g* becomes: 64E-A ye (npr), 4) gt BF -(b +o g, kvm wai, 2 O-8ieT 64E-A i = = Ca remains constant kN 30-1, Standard Design Parameters A) Span Design span £ = nominal span (s) + 0.50 m for drum-type cable anchorage or 4 =nominal span (s) + 1.00 m for open-type cable anchorage B) Cables Main cables Number: mw =4, or 6 for drum-type cabie anchorage Mm = 8, 100r12 for open-type cable anchorage Diameter: 94 = 26, 32, 36 or 40 mm. Handrail cables Number: © ny =2 always Diameter: 04 = 26, 32 or 36 mm for drum-type cable anchorage Oy = 40mm for open-type cable anchorage Windguy cables ‘ Number: nw =2or4 (0 refer to Chapter 10, Special Design) Diameter: Oy = 26, 32, 36 or 40 mmLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Main Cables Handrail Tension Cables (2 nos.) (all cables) Anchorage [Number ny | Diameter du Diameter oy T eeak T perm -type (mum) (mm) (kN (ny 4 32 26 3112 1038 4 2 32 3510 1170 4 36 26 3732 1246 4 36 32 4130 1378 rum 4 40 26 4428 1476 4 40 32 4.826 1610 6 36 26 5212 1740 6 36 32 5610 1872 6 36 36 5920 1976 6 40 26 6.256 2088 6 40 32 6.654 2220 6 40 36 6.964 2324 8 36 40 7748 2 586 Open 8 40 40 9140 3.050 10 40 40 10968, 3.660 12 40 40 12796 4270 Table 7.3.1: Standard Cable Combinations, T weax and T perm (with Factor of Safety = 3) Hand Main Cables fexbiee (aoe Total (ll cables) Anchorage type - Diameter] Area | Area Aw | LoadiWeight se |p ry roar cee | argc graces fen) | (enna) | (enemy | (ona) | tenmmzy_|__ (xen 4 | 32 | 1768 26 ses] 2952 | 0202 4 | 32 | 1768 32 ees | 2652 | 0228 4 | 36 | 2240 26 sea | 2024 | 0243 4 | 36 | 2240 22 ees | 124 | 0208 4 | 40 | 2764 26 ses | 3348 | 0288 pum {4 | 40 | 2764 2 ees_| 3640 | oe 6 | 36 | 9360 26 ses | 3944 | 0.2399 6 | 36 | 3360 32 ees | 424g | 0.365 6 | 3 | 3360 ae | 1120 | 4480 | 0385 6 | 4 | 416 2% sea | 4730 | 0407 6 | 4 | 4146 32 ees | 5030 | 0.492 6 | 4 | 4146 ao | 1120 | 5266 | 0.453 3 | 36 | 4480 40 1382 | 5862 0.504 open [|-& | 4 | 5828 4o__| 1302 _| 6910 | 0504 10 | 40 | 6010 40 | 1982 [e202 | ora 8.202 40 0.892 Table 7.3.2: Standard Cable Combinations, Metallic Area and Hoisting LoadVolume A 7.3.5 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard C) Walkway Deck Width: = 1.00 m Weight/load - sal wood =048 kN/m - Stee! deck = 0.46 ‘kN/m D) Live Load és 50m ——>p .00 - walkway width = 4.00 kN/m 50 & > 50m——> = (300 + 2) way wth = 300+ > kNii Limits and Recommendations A) Cable Inclination Cable inclination at saddle of the higher foundation saddle at dead load case By, 4 should not exceed, Br,a(max) < 12° and sag of the cable bg should be within the range, B) Lowest Point ‘The lowest point of the parabola of an inclined bridge must remain inside the span for all loading cases. Recommendation for dead load case: —>act 4 C) Safety Factor ‘Safety factor for all cables and cable terminals 2 3 at full load case. D) Freeboard The freeboard must be free of any cable alignment dead load case. luding the wind-guy arrangement) atLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 7.3.6 Initial Layout Data A) Determine The nominal span, S, (free selection, no restriction because of walkway unit length) the location of the foundations, and the cable elevations. Fix the span, fand level difference of the saddles, not exceeding nse (keep h as minimum as poss le) B) Pre-calculation y Main and Handrail Cables - Calculate the approximate maximum cabla tension: Trax (@PPX) = 14-8 (kNim sm =) KN (This applies fr the present standard loadings and by = = 9) - Determine the main cable number and diameter and cable anchorage system (refer t07.3.4B) Trax (@PPX) Tyo - Determine the sectional areas and breaking tension for all cables (main cables, 2 handrail cables) (refer to 7.3.4) 2) Windguy Cables Refer to Chapter 9, Design of Windguy Arrangement C) Calculate 1. The design span between saddles, £ (refer to 7.3.4), 2. The maximum difference in elevation, h, and check (refer to 7.3.5) 3. The sag at dead load, by (refer to 7.3.5) D) Rough Check of Freeboard ‘A rough check must be carried out at this point to ensure that any cable alignment lies above the necessary freeboard (refer to 5.3). ‘The elevations of wind-guy anchorages of both banks are recommended to be placed below the lowest point of the bridge. The vertical clearance between the level of wind-guy cable and the level of High Flood at the point of the bank touching river must be at least 5.0m. The wind-guy cable takes the strait alignment from anchorage to lowest point of bridge. Required data: £,h, by, (@4 and f,), all cable elevations and, perhaps, also the vertex of windguy cablesVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Draw the side elevation as shown below (the wind-guy cable elevation upstream and downstream might be different). freeboard HEL min. 5.0m windguy cable ‘appx. layout E) Loadings 1) Hoisting load case, Gh (the hoisting load is self load of all cables) - Main and handrail cables (refer to 7.3.4 B) Total at hoisting load case: Gh = Ooesscsees KNN/m, 2) Dead Load case, ga (The dead load of the bridge is load of all parts of walkway including hoisting load of cables) ~ Hoisting load, Gh F Oversee kNim = Walkway deck 0. kNim = Walkway support (including hangers) 0.22 kNim - Fixation Cables 0.01 kNim - Wiremesh netting 0.06 kN = Windguy cables (refer to 9.4.4) 0 kNim - Windties (average) = 0.03 kNim Total at dead load case: 9a kNin 3) Full Load case, gr (The full load in the bridge is the sum of live load and dead load in the bridge) - Dead Load, ga kNim - Live Load, P kNim Total at full load case: Or =. 7 kNim‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 7.3.7 Calculation Procedure A) B) Compile the Initial Data Iteration Procedure for by* and by* Index i means load case i, elther full load or hoisting load. Operation Step 1 Calculate +MY 8/2) ae 3\e 64E-A 2 Calculate the constant factor c= 7 30 +L, 3 Select (full) load case and calculate the primary b*. The iteration may be started with the primary value for b*: =for full load bt = 1.22x bg (approximate) —forhoisting load b* = 0.93 X ba (approximate) Calculate etc") e, be Calculate new 5” =b, +(b%y —b,) Calculate 4g, =8,-8* ‘Test the condition {ag s 0.01 ~ if the condition is fulfilled, ie. |Ag! < 0.01: Volume A kNie ktN/m, m kNN/m, kN, he condition is not fulfilled, i. [Ag > 0.01, repeat calculation from step 4 with D'rew for a full load case stop the iteration, proceed with the calculation of maximum tension and safety factor (step 8) with bnew = by, and — for a hoisting load case stop the iteration and proceed with the calculation of the remaining data (refer to 7.3.7C). Calculation of the maximum tension and safety factor at full load case is performed as follows: — calculate the maximum full load tension: kNVolume A ‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standard In order to obtain an optimum safety factor of 3, changes of the initial data might be necessary (for limits refer to 7.3.5) and the iteration must be repeated’. To calculate the hoisting load sag (Bp) proceed from Step 3. C) Final (Remaining) Data Calculate the remaining data (refer to 7.3.3 A and 7.3.8) and check © = 0. D) Free Space beneath the Walkway in Front of the Main Foundation A free space of at least 30 cm must be kept beneath the walkway in front of the main foundation if the bridge is fully loaded. Additional rock cutting or dry stone pitching might be necessary (refer to 5.5.4 A). Determine the line of cutting by drawing a line from cable elevation at an angle By° to horizon. 1) Layout for dead load case In order to draw the dead load case parabola in the general arrangement section, calculate necessary data as follows: = draw the lowest point elevation (vertex) with @g and fa, = calelate 2g = SH (iftis level bridge eg = £ ——> a= SH = Se), er 2 ee = determine according to the scale ofthe section, id? eat = caloulate Ya = ag-x? = ag: (id)? = draw the sag up to the higher foundation level (check at ‘ with bg and ¢ =0 with Bg), and = the same yic’s can be used to draw the sag up to the lower foundation level, "If, F> 3, change the cable combination, but do not reduce the sag, which will increase the tension consequently bigger anchorage foundations. If, F <3, increase the cable sag but within the recommended limits, otherwise change the cable combination.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 2) Parabola for full load case Draw the lowest elevation point with e; and f;, 4 er” ~caleulate ay = = calculate yin = ay- x? - draw the sag in front of the foundation as required (check with Bi), - draw a line 30cm beneath the full load sag, - determine the maximum elevation(s) of rock or dry stone pitching, - determine the inclination of slope in front ofthe foundation (ex), and - the same y\’s can be used to draw the sag in front of the lower foundation level 7.3.8 Compilation of Final Data Bridge No. & Name Designed by A) Initial Data (refer to 7.3.6 and GA) Nominal span, S ‘Anchorage type (drum or open) Main cable tw Ou Aw Handrail cable mm Oy Aa Total Metallic Area Total Terese Windguy cable Ow By E~ Module Design span ¢ h ba a (from higher foundation) fa (from higher foundation) Bt, (at higher foundation) - 2,4 (at lower foundation) a Cable anchorage elevations: Left Bank — Windguy cable, upstream Main cables Windguy cable, downstream Right Bank Windguy cable, upstream Main cables Windguy cable, downstream deg 333333Volume A Approximate freeboard Main cables Wind cables Loads: walkway deck (steel or wood) = live load Pp hoisting load Sn — dead load ga = full load oF B) Data from Main Calculation Full load: by Tone Safety factor Be Comment Long Span Trail Bridge Standard (appx) C) Data to be transferred to the General Arrangement Load | Tension | Sag Lowest Point kNim kN/m kNim kNN/m kNNim kN Loadcase} g | ta, | b (kWimy | KN | mp Horz, Dist. fm) Vert. Dist. f (m) Elevation Hoisting Dead Load Full Load Live Load For level bridge, feb Table 7.3.3: Data of Cable Structure SIDE ELEVATION (dead load) NOMINAL SPAN s = (0, Horizontal distance of lowest point, e = #2 and Vertical distance,Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 7.3.9 Related Standard Drawings Parameter [_1) Higher Foundation | _ 2) Lower Foundation Tur KN kN Tas kN KN Br deg deg a deg deg Table 7.3.4: Cable Tension and Inclination of Full Load Case Drawing Number on Drawing Title Walkway for 4 main cables Table 7. 02 Walkway for 6 main cables 03 Walkway for 8 main cables 04 Walkway for 10 main cables 05 Walkway for 12 main cables 06 Steel walkway deck Standard Design Drawings: Walkway and Stee! Walkway Deck Volume AVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 7.4 Design of Main Anchorage Foundation 7.4.1 Introduction ‘The scope of this section is the determination of the dimensions of the main anchorage foundations based on the results of the cable structure analysis, on the soil and rock parameters, and on prescribed safety factors. Basic principles and proceedings for the structural analysis of foundations can be found in Chapter 6, Foundation Design. 7.4.2. Related Symbols As Total cross-sectional area of foot reinforcement mm? Asa Total cross-sectional area of anchorage rods mum? B Open dimension of foundation, width m Hy Open dimension of foundation, height at back m He Open dimension of foundation, part of height infront m L Open dimension of foundation, length m M Statical moment in the relevant cross-section for foot reinforcement kNm Ny Total number of required reinforcement bars 16 mm for foot reinforcement / N Total number of required anchorage rods @ 25 mm / Tas Handrail cable tension of full load case kN Tus Main cable tension of full load case kN nh Lever arm of internal forces (reinforced concrete) m Indices: V vertical component H horizontal component For all other symbols used in this chapter refer to Chapter 6.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 7.4.3 Design Parameters A) Main Anchorage Foundation on Soil Drum type Anchorage ‘Open type Anchorage Soil Foundation Foundation 4 6 8 40 12 y, pee 4.50 2.00 370 | 370 | 370 max 4.00 4.50 670 | 670 | 670 ny, Lee 1.20') 1.20') 2.00') |_2.00')_|_ 2.00") max 4.00 4.50 580 | 590 | 5280 5 [mia 6.20 7.90 gso | 11.00 | 12.50 max 9.50 11.00 950 | 14.00 | 12.50 min 2.90 3.30 soo | 570 | 5.70 b Trnax 5.00 6.50 750 [| 800 | 8.00 Table 7.4.1: Limits of Dimensions ( m ) for Foundation on Soil According to the Standard Dimension of Steel Anchorage Structure (For " refer to 7.4.4 A) wate Pecating hot‘Volume A, ‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standard B) Main Anchorage Foundation on Rock Drum type Anchorage ‘Open type Anchorage Rock Foundation Foundation 4 6 40 12 Limits of Dimensions ( m ) for Foundation on Rock According to the Standard Dimension of Steel Anchorage Structure (For ” refer to 7.4.4 A)Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 7.4.4 7.45 Limits and Recommendations A) Foundation Dimensions The limits of the foundation dimensions as given in 7.4.3 depend upon the standard dimensions of the anchorage steel structure. The minimum dimensions (He (min) ) especially might be superseded by the necessary embedded depth (t) (refer to 5.5.2). B) Handrail Cable Pillar For calculation of the height of the handrail cable pillar (vertical distance between saddles) and determination of cable anchorage lengths, refer to standard drawings. For structural analysis, the height of handrail cable pillars can be assumed to be uniform at 1.25 1m for drum-type anchorage foundations and at 1.23 m for open-type anchorage foundations. The weight ofthe pillars can be neglected. C) Anchorage Rods for Foundations on Rock Provide number of anchorage rods according to calculations but, if BY/; < Bis, at least: for foundations with 4 main cables :4 vertical rods for foundations with 6 main cables 6 vertical rods for foundations with 8, 10, and 12 main cables _:6 vertical rods The distance between anchorage rods should not be less than 0.75 m for drum-type anchorage foundations and 1.0 m for open-type anchorage foundations. Additional anchorage rods might be necessary in order to stabilize the rock (refer to 6.3.3 and 66.7) D) Soil/Rock Check List Refer to Chapter 6. Foundation Design for the check list of limits (for soil 6.5.1, for rock 6.6.1). Initial Layout Data A) Define Characteristics of Foundation 1) Type of bridge: level (h = 0) or inclined (h > 0)? 2) River bank: left or right ? 3) If inclined bridge: higher or lower foundation ? 4) Cable anchorage: rum or open-type ? 5) Foundation: (on soil or rock ? B) Compile the following Data 1) From cable structure analysis: = Number of main cables 1 Main cable tension ~ Handrail cable tension - Cable inclination Br — Front slope of rock, or stone pitching “et kN kN deg degVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2) From survey and final geotechnical report Soil parameters: = Sub-soil at depth m = Friction angle of sub-soil o deg = Unit weight of sub-soil wooF kNim? — Friction angle of backfiling soil ® deg = Unit weight of backfilling soil 2 sesoeneeennnneesenee kNim® = Groundwater at depth m = Ground-bearing pressure kNim? Rock parameters: = Rock at depth . cee m — Sliding friction angle between rock & foundation sip = deg = Rock quality coefficiont ! = Ground-bearing pressure kim 3) From Chapter 5. General Principles: = Minimum embedded depth t m 4) From 7.4.3 Design Parameters Foundation Dimensions (m) Back height Hy Front height (refer to 7.4.4 A) H Width B =Length L Back to C. G. distance of anchorage rods. ss , 7.4.6 Calculation Procedure The relevant loading for the main anchorage and main anchorage foundations is the full load case. Therefore, calcuiations for other load cases are not required for standard type bridges. It is necessary to design the anchorage foundations in such a way that their volume is minimized (economic design), giving due consideration to the prescribed safety factors. A) Compile the Initial Data (refer to 7.4.5) B) Preparatory Work Prepare a plan view, a longitudinal section, and a cross-section with the minimal dimensions. Try to estimate the required dimension experientialy, otherwise take the minimum dimensions as primary data,‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standard C) Main Calculation Volume A The basic design principles, the procedure for the structural analysis, and the limits as well, are given in Chapter 6, Foundation Design. Calculation example: The calculations are given from examples of a foundation (with foot) on soil, without groundwater, and with a retaining wall at the top. The structural analysis of the retaining wall has to be carried out separately. For other layouts, similar proceedings should be applied with: — foundations on rock ha 2 t, hra > 0 — foundations without afoot b = 0 — with groundwater hy > 0 1 Calculate the components, inclination, and location of the resultant loading force Loading Forces Lever arm (m) for Mr {Weights (kN): WW; = 0.50 (Hi+H,)-B-L “Yc B. 2th 3° Hy+H, Wz _=0.95 (B-1.20)-L-¥e 0.50 B + 0.60 Load on Top (KN): JA __=(refer to 6.2.4) a Earth Pressure (KN): back: Ean (back) =% Aan [2, W] (her has?) L 72 Yeon— Het (ha-hat) 2hai+ha 3 hatha Eay (back) = = Ean tan( 3 62) Loads (kN Tin = TH cosB Twn = Tu cosB Tw = Th’ sinB Tw = Tu: sing.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Mr = sum of all statical moments in F kNm Vertical component of R Ry = sum of all vertical forces = Ws + W2 + A+ Eay + Tv + Tv M = Location of R . Me Biz = m Ry (1 + tana. tanéa) Inciination of R R tanie= Re Select the possible predominant failure mode and proceed according to Chapter 6. 3. Reinforcement Reinforcement is required only for foundations with a foot. The required cross-sectional area of reinforcement bars in the foot of the drum-type foundations on soil is determined by means of a simplified formula: SECTION A-A M %4(1.20 cosa —H»-sina)* Bo 5 ee) Gow Eg Asi nN otpenm ~ 0.9-(H: Cosa +1.20 sina -0.20)-23 a Gear (1.20 cosa-H:-sina)? Se eres re eee (He, L § Omax in KN/m?) ° 0.414 (He-cosa+1.20sina-0,20) (Ha binm: crm in Nim’) ™m Provide minimu reinforcement: Agi (min) = 0.02% + Hy*L (He, Linmm) mm? Number of required bars 216 mm: Ny =u = fa !Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 7.4.7 Compilation of Final Data Bridge No. & Name ... A) and B) Ini Cc) 1) 2 3) 4) 5) 6) D) 1 Data (refer to 7.4.5) Main Calculation Load on top of foundation = Total load — Front to C.G. distance Soil / rock heights — Total active earth pressure height ~ Active earth pressure height from top of the foundation block = Rock height at back — Embedded depth = Depth of additional soit Soil parameters = Front slope of soil (top of dry stone pitching) — Slope of soil baseline Length of influence = Back slope of soil Foundation dimensions = Back height Front height ‘width Length Base inclination Distance to resultant force Safety factors = Sliding — Bearing capacity = Toppling = Slope stability Anchorage rods ‘Nos. as per calculation or minimum Nos. Additional Anchorage Rods (from geological report) hat be t Le Feu Fec Fr Fs N Designed by Volume A. kN 3 3333 deg deg deg a 383333Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard —) Data to be transferred to the General Arrangement Drum-type anchorage on soil Open-type anchorage on rock |Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 7.4.8 Related Standard Drawings Drawing Number Dray 1g Title Drum-Type Anchoragé 61 61/1(26), 61/1(32), 61/2(26), 61/2(32) Main Cable Anchorage for 4 main cables (capacity: 1220 kN) Main Foundation for 4 main cables (related drawings: 61, 63(26) & 63(32) 62 62/4(26), 62/1(32), 6211(36) 62/2(26), 6212(32), 62/2(36) Main Cable Anchorage for 6 main cables (capacity: 1830 kN) Main Foundation for 6 main cables (related drawings: 62, 63(26) & 63(32), 63(36) 63(26), 63(32), 63(36) Handrail cable anchorage (capacity 260/390/494 kN) Open-Type Anchorag 64 Main Anchorage / 8 main cables, 2 Handrail Cables 640mm (capacity: 2440 & 610 kN) 64/1, 64/2 Main Foundation / 8 main cables (related drawings: 64 & 67) 65 Main Anchorage / 10 main cables, 2 Handrail Cables 640mm (capacity: 3050 & 610 KN ) 65/1, 65/2 Main Foundation / 10 main cables (related drawings: 65 & 68) 66 Main Anchorage / 12 main cables, 2 Handrail Cables 40mm (Capacity: 3660 & 610 KN ) 66/1, 66/2 Main Foundation / 12 main cables (related drawings: 66 & 69) 67 Saddles and Accessories / 8 main cables 68 Saddles and Accessories / 10 main cables 69 Saddles and Accessories / 12 main cables Drawing Numbers: n /2_= Structural drawing: Foundation on Rock ‘Standard Design drawings: Main anchorage Foundation for Table 7.4.3: Working and assembly drawing Structural drawing: Foundation on Soil ‘Suspended BridgesLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 8. Design of Standard Suspension Bridge Table of Contents 8.1 Flow Chart 8&2 Layout 8.3 Design of Main Cable Structures 8.3.1 Introduction 83.2 Related Symbols, 8.3.3. Geometrical Parameters 83.4 Standard Design Parameters 8.3.5 Limits and Recommendations 8.3.6 Initial Layout Data 83.7 Calculation Procedure 8.3.8 Compilation of Final Data 83.9 Related Standard Drawings 8.4 Load Combinations with Wind Load 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Related Symbols 8.4.3 Layout (Isometric View) and Tower Section 8.4.4 Geometrical Parameters 8.4.5 Wind Loads 8.4.6 Calculation Model 8.4.7 Load Combinations 8.4.8 Initial Layout Data 8.4.9 Calculation Procedure 8.5 Tower 8.5.1 Introduction 85.2 Loading Cases 85.3 Tower Capacity Diagram 85.4 Sidestay Cables, 85.5 Related Standard Design Drawings 8.6 Design of Walkway / Tower Foundation. 8.6.1 Introduction 86.2 Related Symbols 86.3 Design Parameters 8.6.4 Limits and Recommendations 86.5 Initial Layout Data 86.6 Calculation Procedure 86.7 Compilation of Final Data 86.8 Related Standard Design Drawings 140 141 142 142 143, 144 147 150 151 153 155 156 457 157 157 158 159 160 160 162 163, 167 167 167 167 168 169 170 170 170 171 173 173 174 179 180Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.7 Design of Main Cable Foundation 181 8.7.1 Introduction 181 87.2 Related Symbols 181 8.7.3 Design Parameters 182 8.7.4 Limits and Recommendations 183 875 Initial Layout Data 183 8.7.6 Calculation Procedure 184 8.7.7 Compilation of Final Data 186 8.7.8 Related Standard Design Drawings 187 8.8 Determination of Suspender Length 188 8.8.1. Introduction 188 8.8.2 Related Symbols 188 8.83 Layout and Section 189 8.8.4 Calculation Procedure 190 88.5 Data to Be Transferred to the Standard Design Drawing “Suspenders” 191 8.8.6 Related Standard Design Drawings 191 89 Design of Stabilizing Measures 192 8.9.1 Stabilizing the Cable Structure 192 892 Lateral Stabilization of the Tower 194 8.9.3 Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangement 195 8.9.4 Related Standard Design Drawings 196 8.10 Tower Erection 197 8.10.1 Layout for Erected Tower 197 8.10.2 Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangement 198 8.10.3. Related Standard Design Drawings 198Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 8.1 Flow Chart Soil parameter Limits and re- ‘Standard Design from survey & Topography commendations Drawings (and geotechnical from survey from Manual General investigation arrangement) Design of cable structures (including rough design of windguy arrangement) Design of foundation Design of windguy arrangement Design of suspenders, stabilizing measures and tower erection Design of adjacent structure Not OK > Final check of result oK Transfer data to the General Arrangement ‘Compile and fill in the Standard Design Drawings Calculate the quantities Prepare cost estimate and tender documents,Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.2 Layout Slide view of a suspension bridgeLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 8.3 Design of Main Cable Structures 8.3.1 Introduction The procedure followed in this chapter has provision for a windguy arrangement (refer to Chapter 9). Refer to Chapter 10, Special Design, if in very rare cases it is not possible to provide a windguy arrangement. ‘The layout and the initial loading is based on the structure under dead load. ‘The freeboard has to be maintained for any cable alignment (including windguy cables) at dead load case. ‘An overview of the main parameters and their relevant loading cases are given below. Loading Case | Load Relevant for Determining Refer to Hoisting dead load of main | — hoisting sag of main cable 83 cables Dead toad —_| all dead loads and _| ~ initial loading case, free board 83 pre-tension of — length of suspenders 88 spanning cables = stabilizing measures, tower erection a9 Full load all dead loads and | ~ number and size of main cables 83 live load = design of main cable foundations a7 Wind toad | wind load acting on | — number and size of windguy cables 94 the walkway = design of windguy cable foundations 95 [A] dead load case and full wind load acting on wind load __| main cables, Receecene cee 84 ; rough check of to as [Bj full toad | suspenders, and ae re shane # a = design of walkway/tower foundations | 8.6 case an tower: “igwind load N.B. It should be noted that the term "case" is used to clearly distinguish the loads (e.g., dead loads) from the loading case (e.9., dead load case = dead loads + pre-tension of ‘spanning cable)Volume A. 8.3.2 Related Symbols i a Fgae PR uss bey Indices: Sectional area of cables =D. +De Backstay distance of main cables, distance between tower axis and hinge of the main cable anchorage (front of main cable foundation for design drawing 46/1) Modulus of elasticity of cables Horizontal component of the cable tension Length of main cables between tower saddles Main cable tension at saddle for frontstay Approximate maximum tension of cables Minimum breaking load of cables Permissible cable tension Main cable tension at saddle for backstay (all main cables) Pre-tension of spanning bles for dead load case Long Span Trail Bridge Standar Vertical component ofthe frontstay main cable tension Vertical component ofthe backstay main cable tension Total vertical load on tower saddle Camber, vertical distance from the spanning cable anchorage (top of walkway & tower foundation minus 0.25 m) and the highest point of the spanning cable Sag, vertical distance from tower saddle to the lowest point of the main cable Loads Dead weight of cable and walkway structures (subtotal of ga) Pre-tension of spanning cables expressed as equally distributed load Tower height, vertical distance between top of walkway & tower foundation and saddle Bridge span, distance between tower axis Number Live load Frontstay cable inclination at saddle Backstay cable inclination = frontstay cable inclination at saddle for full load Initial approximation of Br Cable diameter Increase / decrease of parameter due to changing load eS hoisting load case dead load case full load case load case (either full or hoisting) Right bank Left bank HEHE Main cables mm? kN/mm? kN kN kN kN kN KN kN kN kN kN kN/m kN/m kN/m kNim deg deg deg mm ‘Spanning cables ‘Windguy cables Back FrontLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 8.3.3. Geometrical Parameters A) Main Cabies Volume A 1) 2) 3) 4) Cable inclination at saddles - Frontstay angle: af Br = arctan — — Backstay angle: 4f; 4(1 f, Bs = Ber = arctan = arcta 8s Anchorage location out of DL and Be: Af 4.25 he = tanBe-D. = FD, =D, he = tanBe-Dr = “Hf. Dp ~ 424, 1 Length of cable (at dead load) between tower saddles: le =F [io] Length of cable (at dead oad) between anchorages (excluding overlapping length for fixation): Di +Da = + “8 bw aa + Spy deg deg ‘The sag of the backstay cables should be considered for the hoisting load case only and can be neglected for dead and full load case where the shape of the cables is almost a straight line,Volume A 5) 6) 7) B) 1) 2) 3) Long Span Trail Bridge Standar Horizontal tension He at = He kN Vertical load at saddles Ve = Ve KN Maximum tension He Tmax = So5p kN Spanning Cable Cable inclination: Be = arctan 42 deg Tension Pp Ts = Ts aa kN Ithas to be mention that depending on the load case and the pre-tension, the spanning cable may become tensionless. Length of cable at dead load between tower axis. 8 cae : lsa = [1S cy mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. C) Basic Calculation Principle As the structure at dead load is the initial load, the sag ( fr ) of the full load case and the sag (fh ) of the hoisting load case have to be calculated. Wherein the maximum full load tension has to fulfil the safety requirements for the cables. oo 7 wn Oy _ 204 bm 109 in bockstoy~ cable considered for hoisting only Load case Parameter te Dead oad Load 90 or | Cable tength by = be + (ALy) by ky = b+ Aly Sag fy fy + (Af) fa f= ft Af Horiz. Tension Hy = Hy + (AH) He He Hd + AHg The values of delta ( A ) are the increase ( + ) or decrease ( - Jcaused by the elastic properties of the cables. The different sags ( ft, fn ) can be determined by iteration as follows: with an assumed sag ( f* ) the corresponding load ( g* ) can be calculated (based on the dead load layout) and then compared with the actual load ( gr or Gh). The difference is then judged. If necessary, a new sag assumption must be made and the calculation repeated until sufficient accuracy is achieved. Basic formulas for iteration According to J. Melan [1] t" increase / decrease of sag remains constant: af = WAL, PAD Wherein m a a 45 AL aaa increasing / decreasing sag caused by a change in cable length between saddles, and b-AD1 increasing / decreasing sag catised by a change in cable length at the backstay cables which results in the displacement of saddles,Volume A. 8.3.4 Long Span Trail Bridge Standar The change of the cable length between the saddles is calculated with the average tension of 2H+T the main cables (within the span!) Taverage = "3g — The increase / decrease of the cable length between the saddles is calculated as: _ 2H+T le bg KD = 3 CEA’ g Ls The displacement of the saddles caused by an increase / decrease in cable length of the backstay cables is calculated as DA ad T-EaR “Gi * Displacement of sada caused by changing sag of backstay cable (influence only on the hoisting sag calculation) Displacement of saddles for cable hoisting: Standard Design Parameters A) Span Because of different suspender lengths the span must be fixed at an interval of 2.4 m which means that there must be one suspender at mid span. The distance from the tower axis to the first cross-beam (without suspender) is fixed at 1.1 m. With these two conditions, the span length is calculated as follows: L = 2.401 + 2.20 ( i= integer number) m ‘The total number of suspender pairs: ng = 122.30), = 1.20 1 ‘The total number of cross-beams: 1-Q:1.10) , 1.20 ‘The total number of steel walkway deck pairs: ne = EHO) 1.20 B) Walkway Deck ‘Width m Weight/Load —sal wood kNim ~ steel deck kNimLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A C) Live Load £ < 50m p= 4.00 - walkway width = 4.80 kNim £ > 50m p= (3.00 + 50//)) - walkway width = 3.60 + 60/2 kNim D) Cables Main Cables Number : MM = 4,6,0r 8 Diameter : dm = 26,32, 36, or 40 mm ‘Spanning Cables Number: Nig Diameter: s 2always 32, 36, or 40 mm Windguy Cables Number: Aw 2 (if 0 refer to Chapter 10, Special Design) Diameter: w= 26, 32, 36, oF 40 mm Handrail and Fixation Cables (no load bearing function) Number: always Diameter: 13mm Nos. Diam. | Hoisting Load Breaking Load | Permissible Load Pw ou a Tora Tourn - (min) Nim) (kN) (KN) z 26 0.050 772 257 2 32 0.076 1170 390 2 36 0.096 1480 493 2 40 0.119 1828 609 4 32 0.152 2340 780 4 36 0.192 2.960 987 4 40 0.238 3.656 1219 6 36 0.289) 4440 1480 6 40 0.356 5484 1828 8 36 0.385) 5920 1973 8 40 0.475 7312 2.437 Table 8.3.1: Total Gy, A, Torok, Tyom for Main Cables, E = 110 kNimm Nos. Diam. WeightiLoad | Metallic Area | Breaking Load | Permissible Load ns 4s 9 Arc, Toast Toarm (+) (mm) (kNim) (mm?) (kN) (KN) z 26 0.050 584 712 257 2 32 0.076 884 1170 390 2 36 0.096 1120 1480 493 2 40 0.119 4382 1828 609 Table 832: Total g, A, Toon, Tram for Spanning Cables, £= 110 KNinmVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar E) Towers [tower | Total Tower Main Cables Recommended | Diameter of Number | Height Diameter of | Tower legs ht Number | Possible @y | Spanning Cables | cle; (m) (m) Pw (mm) (om) 1 12.90 4 26 2 2 12.92 3 14.77 p 32 3.60 4 16.62 5 18.47 36 32 6 17.74 4 7 20.24 or 40 8 22.73 9 2523 10 27.73 v bs . 4.00 ro 13 35.21') * 40 14 30.22 15 32.72') 8 16 35.21') ~ Difference from tower foot to the spanning cable elevation = 0.25 m — Difference from the vertex of spanning cable to the vertex of main cable 1.30 m hr = £41.30+6-025 = f4641.05m 41) Bolts with property grade 6.6 required Table 8.3.3: Standard Towers, Related Number and Diameter of CablesLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 8.3.5 Limits and Recommendations A) Main Cable Inclination Main cable inclination at saddle at full load case (backstay cable inclination at any load case respectively): Br(max) = 30° > fy = 0.1356 Br(min) =20° —> fa ~ 0096 B) Camber of Spanning Cable ‘Camber of spanning cable at dead load case: 0.036 Cy (max) 0.02 ¢ Cg (min) C) Tower Height ‘The limits for the tower height are based on the limits of by( fe ) and ca: 0.165 2+ 1.05 0.11064 1.05, fg (max) + 1.3 + Gg (max) — 0.25 fg (min) + 1.3 + Gg (min) - 0.25 hh (max) hy (min) D) Dead Load Sag The limits for the dead load sag ( fg) is based on hy and the limits of Cg and Br. (hy 1.05)- 0.028 < appx 0.1358 (hi 1.05)- 0032 < appx0.09e fa (max) fa (min) Recommended: Select optimum in between minimum and maximum (A, B, C & D). E) Safety Factor Safety factor (for all cables and cable terminals) > 3 for the main cables at full oad case and for the spanning cables at load case [A] (refer to 8.4.8). F) Freeboard ‘The freeboard must be clear of any cable alignment at dead load case.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.3.6 Initial Layout Data A) Determine 1) span, £, (refer to 8.3.4 A), 2) Tower height, he , (refer to 8.3.5 C). 3) Dead load sag, fa , (refer to 8.3.5 D). B) Calculate 1) Live load, p,, (refer to 8.3.4 C). ¢) Pre-calculation 1) Main Cables = Calculate the approximate maximum main cable tension: grt? 2 Tax = H+ 17.64 N (oops) = SE He f kt Qr(eppx) = 1.30+gb5+p kNim ~ Determine the main cable numbers and diameter (refer to 8.3.4. ). Tmax (appx) < Then Repeated changes of the tower height and dead load sag should be made in order to obtain optimal design parameters. — Determine the sectional area ( A ) and breaking tension (refer to 8.3.4 D). 2) Windguy Cables Refer to Chapter 9, Design of Windguy Arrangement. D) Rough Check of Freeboard ‘A rough check must be carried out at this point to ensure that no cable alignment lies within the necessary freeboard, Required data 4, Ca, the top of the walkway/tower foundation, all locations and elevations of the windguy cables, and the vertex of the windguy cables. Draw the side elevation as shown below with the windguy cable elevations and foundation locations for both upstream and downstream cables. tL re eeigzg fomgtion We Eley ~ 4 ES freeboora ~~ aa - nema om windguy cable, opprox loyout of upsteom coble ~Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 5) 1) 2) a) kNim 3) Loadings Hoisting load case, Gn (¢ in mm) Main cables (refer to 8.3.4 D) Total at hoisting load case: On Dead load case, gs ( inmm) Dead Weights, gda — Hoisting toad, Gh = Walkway deck ~ Walkway support — Handrail and fixation cables = Wiremesh netting — Suspenders (average) = Spanning cables (refer to 8.3.4 D) = Windguy cables (refer to 8.3.4 D) = Windties (average) ‘Subtotal dead weights, gda b) Pre-tension in spanning cables ‘Assumed approximate pre-tension at dead load case = 10% of dead weights gpa = 0.10- gdy Total at dead load case (gda + gpa): Qa Full load case, Gr Itis assumed that the pre-tension at {ull load case is decreased to zero. - Deadweights gg — Prestension gpr - Live load Pp Total at full load case: a Volume A. kNim kNim kNim KNim kN/m kNim kNim kNNim kim kNim kNim kNim kNim kNim kNim kNim‘Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.3.7 Calculation Procedure A) Compile the initial Data B) Iteration Procedure for f rand fy Index, means load case 1, either full load or hoisting load. Step Operation 1) Calculate length of main cables between saddles at dead load Le= eft +349 2) Calculate main cable tension at dead load 3) Caleulate values of a,b, and Be a = 1644-15-24 yy 2 2 fe fi b = 15-0(# : 5-262) £ é 4.2 f Bro = arctan carrie 4) Select (full) load case and calculate the primary fy ‘The iteration may be started with the primary value of fy = for full load = for hoisting load 5) T1 =H1 1+16( HP Hi =F _ (2H +T 6 Aly = SE Ay Gg: AD; =ADai + AD: ADa1 = = TDL + gn? - D,° 4 - » ADL = EAy a 24 cospo (Fe - ae)! kN deg kNLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A + [...] Only relevant for hoisting load case nay = 1b, bead 8) Thenewf:= fa + Afr 9) Test the condition | new fy — old f; | < 0.005 = Ifno (greater): repeat the calculation from step 5 with f; = new fy = Ifyes (smaller): ~ for full load case stop the iteration, proceed with the calculation of ‘maximum tension and safety factor (step 10) with new fy =f, , and - for the hoisting load case stop the iteration and proceed with the calculation of the remaining data (refer to 8.3.7 C). 10) Calculation of maximum tension and safety factor at full load case is performed as follows: = calculate the maximum main cable tension: mF 1+16( 4 Te = Tema = Age The safety factor is calculated as: = Livoak Feat ine ae In order to obtain an optimum safety factor of 3, changes of the initial data might be necessary (for limits refer to 8.3.5) and the iteration must be repeated. To calculate the hoisting load sag (fr) proceed from Step 4. C) Final data After calculation fy and fp, calculate the remaining data required for hoisting load case, dead load case, and full load case (refer to 8.3.3. and 8.3.8).Volume A. 8.3.8 Compilation of Final Data Bridge No. & Name . A) _ Initial Data (refer to 7.3.6 and GA) Design span Tower height Main cable ‘Spanning cable Windguy cable E- Module Cable anchorage elevations: Left Bank Windguy cable, upstream ‘Spanning cables Windguy cable, downstream Main cables — Right Bank Windguy cable, upstream ‘Spanning cables Windguy cable, downstream Main cables Approximate freeboard Spanning cables. Windguy cables Walkway width Loads: - walkway deck (steel or wood) —pre-tension gPq ~ live load Pp — hoisting bad Gh — dead load (including gp.) Ga = full load o Date. Long Span Trail Bridge Standar (appx) = (appx) = (appx)... = 1.20 Designed by... mm? KN mm mm! kNimm? 33333333 33 kN/m kN/m, kNim kN/m, kNim kN/mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard B) Data from Main Calculation Full load: fy Br Tmax Safety factor = Comment C) Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangement Volume A Cable Load Case | Loadg | Tension T Elevation of Vortex Sagt Camber ¢ cain) | (kN) (rm) ) Hoisting Displacement of Saddles ADL (m)_| Ade (m) Main Dead Load Full Load Hoisting Spanning | Dead Load Full Load Live Load LEFT BANK yy OF [EarS rich eank moin_cobles_6...mm et ~- +L a hhondroil_ cables 3m 2 fixotion_cables_4 13mm 2 spanning cobies 6 mm 8.3.9 Related Standard Drawings Drawing Number Drawing Title Walkway Steel Walkway Deck Table 8.3.5: Standard Design Drawings: WalkwayVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.4 Load Combinations with Wind Load 8.4.1 Introduction The scope of this section is to determine the loads on the walkway / tower foundation ‘caused by both dead Idad case or full load case, in combination with the wind load acting on the main cables, suspenders, and towers. The calculations are only valid if a windguy arrangement is provided which bears the wind load acting on the walkway. In addition, the results of the load on the tower top allows a rough check of the tower (refer 108.5). 8.4.2 Related Symbols G Dead load of tower kN Hw Horizontal load on tower saddles, perpendicular to the bridge axis and caused by wind kN Py Vertical reaction at tower base, tower leg | kN Pe Vertical reaction at tower base, tower leg 2 kN Pu Horizontal reaction at tower base, perpendicular to the bridge axis kN Ts Maximum tension in spanning cables kN Tw Horizontal component of the spanning cable tension in the direction of the bridge axis kN Ww Vertical component of the spanning cable tension in the direction of the bridge axis kN Viet Vertical load on top of the tower kN cle, Center distance of tower legs m clcz Center distance of tower anchorage rods at the tower legs m do Vertical load kNim Ps Pre-tension of spanning cables kNim Py Load on main cables under wind kNim Ps; Load on spanning cables under wind kNim w Wind load kNim x Horizontal displacement of the bridge center under wind load m on Inclination angle of the plane of the spanning cables under wind load {n relation to the vertical deg 1 Inclination angle of the plane of the main cables under wind load in relation to the vertical deg Indices: 0 Initial loading case without considering wind loads, either dead load or full load Loading case 1, either [A] or [B] f FullloadLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, 8.4.3 Layout (Isometric View) and Tower Section ° loon walkway ‘Girectly Weansterred Pail to the winaguy cat windguy cable Pe tupportsw Go se cm v Youd Be 2 [Me 2 2 i 7 ses / cable #25) = F a * is Bye tate hl z | _ top of wotkwoy/ tower [tester +Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.4.4 Geometrical Parameters A) General It is assumed that the main cable and the spanning cable are moving laterally and will thereby each remain in plane. The cable sag ( fo ) is increased by af and the camber ( Co ) by AG. The cable forces must fulfil the static equilibrium together with the applied loads go, Pso and Woo. B) Basic Calculation Principle The different sag ( fy ) and camber ( C4 ) can be determined by iteration, and the corresponding cable forces are calculated with an assumed geometrical alignment. The sum of the vertical and horizontal components is then compared with the actual vertical load ( Go + Po ) and the actual horizontal load ( W ). The difference should be judged and if necessary a new assumption must be made and the calculation repeated until sufficient accuracy is achieved Basic Formulas for the Iteration ‘The difference of the horizontal cable tension can be calculated as follows (e.g., for the main cables) 7 QP gel? 1 AH, = Ho- = KN ) ce 8h Bf oroutofAcy = kNimm? 2) aH = (Out of the two equations 1) and 2) the load gz can be calculated as: Bf-AL-E-A | fi 3) Gt Fb Ere kN/m Insert into 3) for the cable length difference: 5 Bee g Aly =Li-Lo=37(f°-f) m ‘Then g; becomes: 64E-A f; 40% = Big fh? fo") + #0 kN/m 64E-A SP Lg = Go remains constant keLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 8.4.5 8.4.6 Wind Loads The global wind load, has been assumed to be w = 0.5 kN/m. This corresponds to a wind pressure of 1.3 kN/m? (appx. wind velocity = 160 km/h = 45m/s) (refer to Report on Windguy ‘Arrangement for Suspended and Suspension Standard Bridges, Dr. Heinrich Schnetzer, WGG Schnetzer Puskas Ingenieure AG, Switzeriand, 2002) The effect of a possible vertical load component has not been considered relevant for the design and therefore is disregarded in the standard design, Different elements receive the following direct wind loads perpendicular to the bridge axis: — Walkway (refer to 8.4.6 and Chapter 9), www = 1.0°w kNim — The wind load acting on the main cables is uniformly distributed and assumed tobe wu = 0.25-w KIN/m, = The wind load acting on suspenders is assumed to be of triangular distribution with a maximum load of ws = 0.015 (hy - 2.4) - w (kNim) acting at the suspender near the towers. The wind load acting on the suspender at mid-span is assumed to be zero. — The wind load acting on the tower is uniformly distributed along the tower height w= 1.17 w (kN/m), however, the tower leg in front receives 100% and the leg behind receives 75% of the load only. Total on one tower, We = (1.0 + 0.75)w, = (1.0 + 0.75) 1.17 w= 2.05 w. kNim Calculation Model In order to simplify the analysis the procedure is divided into two separate calculations, the results of which (the displacement of the walkway) cannot be compared. 1. Wind Acting on Walkway ‘The calculations are made under the assumption that the wind load acting on the welkway perpendicular to the bridge axis is directly transferred to the windguy arrangement (refer to Chapter 9). 2. Wind Acting on Main Cables and Suspenders For calculating the loads acting on the walkway / tower foundation, the remaining wind loads acting perpendicular to the bridge axis are applied on the bridge, neglecting the windguy arrangementVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standar ‘Again a simplified model has been chosen for this calculation. ‘The wind loads on the main cables and suspenders are applied as one load ( wy) on the walkway location at mid-span. tower sodae athe now Canter Tne walkwoy ot bridge = 9 center [Coathwoy “tower foundation Force diogram without wind toad — moin cables ney load Pays displacement of wolkwoy fot bridge center spanning cables 265 ood Pe, Foree diagram with wind load A P50 we Py, st OMe M4 [Pas 30) 0= Ww Pure: Sin 71 + Pot sina = Wo = Wao + Wo Pwo — Pso = Go Py: COS y1 - Psi COS O41 = GoLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 8.4.7 Load Combinations Volume A. For calculation of the loads acting on the walkway / tower foundation two load combinations are considered, Load case [A] Dead load case + full wind load Load case [B] Fullload case + "Ys wind load Load case, [A]: w= 0.5 - Vertical load (dead load case), gq (including pre-tension of the spanning cable, refer to 8.3) = Wind load on main cable: wu = 025-05 = 0.125 — Wind load on suspenders: Weusp = "e+ 0.015 (hy—2.4) 0.5 = 0.00375 (hy ~ 2.4) = Wind load on tower: wr = 205-0.5=1.025 Wy = Wa + Weusp = 0.125 + 0.00375 (hy~2.4) = 0.116 + 0.00375 hy Load case, [B]: w = ‘Is = Vertical load (ull load case), Gr (with spanning cable pre-tension decreased to zero, refer to 83) = Wind ioad on main cables: wu = Ng 0.125 oo Wind load on suspenders: Weusp = "y+ 0.00375.(ht- 2.4) = Wind load on tower: Wt = "ty: 1.025 Wp = Wa + Weusp = ‘/s (0.116 + 0.00375 hy) kN/m kNim kN/m kNim kN/m kNim N/m kNim kNim kNim kNimVolume A. 8.4.8 Initial Layout Data A) Compile the Following Data: 1) From the cable structural analysis (refer to 8.3.5) ~ Span = Tower height = Center distance of tower legs — Backstay cable inclination — Main cables = Spanning cables = Modulus of elasticity ~ Sagfe 2 for loading case [A] — for loading case [8] = Load go — for loading case [A] (excluding ps) ~ for loading case [8] for loading case [A] (including ps) — for loading case [B] — Pretension in spanning cables: - for load case [A] — for load case [8] = Load Pyo 2) From 4.2 — Breaking tension of spanning cables. B) Calculate Initial Cable Lengths For loading case [A]: cable length at dead load case (fc For loading case (8): cable length at full load case 8 Length of main cables, Luo =7-| 143 8 Length of spanning cables, Lso =/- [ 1 + Go) Long Span Trail Bridge Standar i m hy m cles = m Bro = deg tM = t Au mom? dg kNIm gr Nim ga kim % kN/m kNim Pso = 0 ! KN, fs and Co = Gq) (fo = frand Go = C1) 9)? | " al "Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 8.4.7 Load Combinations Volume A. For calculation of the loads acting on the walkway / tower foundation two load combinations are considered. Load case [A] Dead load case + full wind load Load case [B] Fullload case + "wind load Load case, [A]: w= 0.5 = Vertical load (dead load case), Gq (including pre-tension of the spanning cable, refer to 8.3) = Wind load on main cable: we = 0.25-0.5 = 0.125 — Wind toad on suspenders: Weusp = "In 0.015 (hk-2.4) 0.5 = 0.00975 (hh-2.4) = Wind load on tower: we = 2.05 - 0.5 =1.025 Wy = Wat + Weusp = 0.125 + 0.00375 (hy~2.4) = 0.116 + 0.00375 hy Load case, [B]: w = ‘/s = Vertical load (full load case), gr (with spanning cable pre-tension decreased to zero, refer to 8.3) = Wind load on main cables: wu = My- 0.125 = Wind toad on suspenders: Wsusp = ‘fy 0.00375.(ht- 2.4) = Wind toad on tower: we Mfg - 1.025 Wo = Wa + Weusp = ‘Is (0.116 + 0.00375 hy) kN/m kNim kNim kNin kNim kNim kN/m kNim kNim kNim kNimVolume A, 8.4.8 | Layout Data A) Compile the Following Data: 1) From the cable structural analysis (refer to 8.3.5) Long Span Trail Bridge Standar = Span m ~ Tower height m = Center distance of tower legs m = Backstay cable inclination deg — Main cables ie mm? — Spanning cables mm as mm? — Modulus of elasticity E = KNimm? ~ Sagte for loading case [A m ~ for loading case (B] m = Loadg, _:~forloading case (Al (excluding ps) Nim ~ for loading case (B) kNim — Load Puo — for loading case [A] (including ps) kN/m ~ for loading case [8] kNim S in spanning cables: — for load case [A] kNim ~ forloadcase [6] Pso = 0 qi 2) From 4.2 = Breaking tension of spanning cables Tsbreak = kN B) Calculate Initial Cable Lengths For loading case [A]; cable length at dead load case ( fy = fy and Co = Ca) For loading case [B]: cable length at full load case (fo = frand Co = C1) 8/ f.)2 Length of main cables, Luo = 2: 1* 307, m 2 Length of spanning cables, Lso =1[1+49) ] mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 8.4.9 Calculation Procedure A) Compile the Initial Layout Data (refer to 8.4.7) B) Iteration Procedure Index 1 means load case 1 either [A] or [B Calculate displacement X; and sag fy with the Iteration method for both loading cases. Draw a force diagram in order to check the results (refer to 8.4.6). The iteration may be started with the following primary values of x, and fy: - Loadcase [A]: X: = appx. 0.015-1 m fy = appx. 1.002 fa m = Loadcase [BJ]: X; = appx. 0.0025-1 m fr = appx. 1.001- fy m ‘Stop Operation 4. Caloulate the constant factors © O4E-A c “ kNim* " ar Lue O4E-A Cc = kNim* an seer, Tae 2. Calculate: | Xs n arcsin + 430 deg = arctan ——-—*-____— a arctan 550.25 — cosy - (fh + 1.30) deg a hi + 0.25 — cosy: - (fa + 1.30) _ cosa, m 3. Calculate the load on the main and spanning cables: fi Pur = Co" fH? fo") + + Pho ‘um © Par =Cso- 1° (C1? Co!) + = -Pso Nim 4, Caloulate the new fy and the new x, APu — A¢ new fy fot Af: lence m Mt with: AF = fy —fo m APM = Patt — Pao Nim Ag = LP vertical — Go = ( Pur * COSy1 — Pst * COSa1) ~ Go kNimVolume A ¢) Long Span Trail Bridge Standar - - Wy W, Foxy xy ph = x, -——__“e ___ new EE XE SPhzonta —™* "(Pray Sits + Pos Sina) Test the condition: | Ag | < 0.02 kN/m — If no (greater): repeat the calculations from step 2 with new f; and new X1 ~ Ifyes (smaller): stop the iteration and proceed with the calculation of the other load case, complete the force diagram, and then calculate the final data Calculate the Final Data for Load Case [A] and [B] Loads on tower top Pras 1 Total vertical load Vin = cosy: (1+ gg nae) Pras 1 Horizontalload = Hw = MO. sinys Reactions at the tower base = loads on walkway / tower foundation p, = Mt, Si Hw hy _ 1,025 wh? 1 = 22 — "ole oles p, = Mat, Si, Hw hr, 1.025 wh? 2 82 727 cer cles I Py = Hw 2.025 w- hy+S5—- sino Weight of Towers, Gr No | Tower | Tower | mic | Height |_kg__| M/C | Height 17.74 | 8210 3022 | 10018 4 | 2020 | sor] © | sa72 | 10824 or | 22.73 | 6809 3621_|_ 12485 6 | 2523 | rat 3022 | 10040 a | 3272 | 10846 pr7s | 9222 36.22 |_12507 kN kN kN kNLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 3. Tension in spanning cables Tsv Ts Pal = * cosa 2 Check the safety factor of spanning cable: Fs = Tsbreak Teas => D) Check of Results Volume A kN kN kN Action on tower base and spanning cable = reaction on walkway / tower foundation = 0 Horizontal (perpendicular to the bridge): =H Vertical: iv =% 1 Wo 2.05, w—Py=0 = 1-Go+ Git %V we (Pr + P2- Tov)Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.5 Tower 8.5.1 Introduction The design of the towers is based on the ETH Report [2] and approaches tower height as @ function of the span (load). Six independent loading cases were considered in order to determine the worst case with respect to buckling and yielding of the most critical elements of each tower. 8.5.2. Loading Cases A) Wind in the Longitudinal Direction of the Bridge ‘Two load cases have been taken into consideration that have a minor influence on the tower design. B) Wind in a Lateral Direction to the Bridge — With windguy cables installed: two load cases have been taken into consideration which are equivalent to loading cases (AJ and [B] but are not relevant for the tower design (refer to 8.4). — Windguy cables not yet installed (e.9., during erection): two load cases have been taken into consideration, which tumed out to be the worst loading cases for the tower design and the required safety factor of y = 1.6 8.5.3 Tower Capacity Diagram ‘The tower capacity diagram is drawn according to the safety factor of y = 1.6 for load cases for which the windguy arrangement is not yet installed and which therefore has an appreciable measure of security against loading cases [A] and [B] which are calculated in Section 8.4. However, with those results the towers can be roughly checked. Plot the characteristic points ( Vie and Hy ) for loading case [A] and for loading case [B] into the capacity diagram. The characteristic points must remain below the capacity line for the tower concemed for both loading cases. The towers seem to be always over-designed, but during construction, when the windguy cables are not yet installed, the required safety level is achieved. Furthermore, any deviation from the wind-bearing calculation model, as explained in 8.4.5, does not result in overloading of the tower. Safety during erection of the tower, until the main cables are properly clamped to the saddles and the suspenders fixed to the spanning cables, can only be achieved through proper fixation of the towers according to 8.10, Tower Erection.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 8.5.4 #300 +200 4100 1000 700 200. 400. ° 7 2 30a Table 8.5.1: Tower Capacity Diagram, Safety Factor = 1.6 (for 1020 cases for which the windguy cables are not yet installed) Sidestay Cables Toy For tower heights of ht > 25.23 m the lateral deflection of the tower should be controlled by sidestay cables. The cables should be pre-tensioned against each other with about 25 kN. However this load should not be considered in the calculation. £pt 45 1060°Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.5.5 Related Standard Design Drawings Each tower requires five standard design drawings. For additional information refer to ‘Standard Design Drawing No. 140 "Guide to SBD Standard Towers" Tower Drawing Title and Number ht | cle; | ele | Assembly| Bass | intermed.| Top | Saddle (my _| (m)_| (mm) | drawing | Element | Element | Element | Element 12.90 a3 | 145 100 110 120 136 12.92 146 101 11 122 136 147 | 380] 4, | 147 01 1 123 136 16.62 148 102 112 124 136 18.47 149 102 112 125 136 1774 150 103 113, 126 137 20.24 590 | 151 103 113, 126 137 22.73 152 103 113 126 137 25.23 153, 104 114 127 137 2773 154 105 118 128 137 4.00 30,22" 185 108 116 129 137 32.72") 566 | 156 106 116 129 137 35.21 187 107 117 130 137 30.227 158 106 116 129 138 32.72%) 159 106 116 129 138 35.21) 160 107 417, 130 138 “for 6 main cables *)for 8 main cables ® bolts with property grade 6.6 required Table 8.5.2: Standard Design Drawings: Towers tower leg ‘anchorage rodsLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 8.6 8.6.1 8.6.2 Design of Walkway / Tower Foundation Introduction Volume A. ‘The scope of this section is the determination of the dimensions of the walkway / tower foundations based on the calculations of the reactions on the tower base and on the spanning cable, on the soil and rock parameters, and on prescribed safety factors. The basic principles and proceedings for the structural analysis of foundations are compiled in Chapter 6. Foundation Design. Related Symbols Tsu Tsv Ws o St perm For all other symbols used in connection with bearing pressure, safety factor against sl Required cross-sectional area of reinforcement steel Required cross-sectional area of reinforcement steel ‘Open dimensions of foundation, width Open dimensions of foundation, height of foot Open dimensions of foundation, width of foot Open dimensions of foundation, height, part of height ‘Open dimensions of foundation, length Required number of reinforcement bars 16 mm Required number of reinforcement bars 16 mm Loads on foundation (refer to 8.4) Loads on foundation (refer to 8.4) Loads on foundation (refer to 8.4) Loads on foundation (refer to 8.4) Loads on foundation (refer to 8.4) Weight of soil surcharge on foot foundation Tensile stress in reinforcement bars Permissible tensile stress in reinforcement bars and safety factor against shear failure of ground, refer to Chapter 6. N/mm? kNimnm?Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.6.3 Design Parameters A) Foundation without a Foot its of Dimensions (m) for Walkway Tower Foundations without Foot tpt 0-400)Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A B) Foundation with Foot |For Tower: cic, = (m) 3.50. 3.50 4.00 4.00 cic, = (mm) 383, 488 650 566 iB min 2.20 2.90 2.90 3.10 IL min, 5.50 5.50 6.00 6.00 iL max 8.50 8.50 9.00 9.00 (H+C) min 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 (H+) max 9.00 40.00 10.00 10.00 iC_emin 1.00 1.20 4.20 4.20 Emin 075 3.00 7.00 7.00 Limits of Dimensions (m) for Walkway / Tower Foundations with Foot Inia hy s0846-100° Sa ty tnee-t00Volume A 8.6.4 8.6.5 Long Span Trail Bridge Standar Limits and Recommendations A) Foundation Dimensions Foundation dimensions as given in 8.6.3 are dependent upon the standard dimensions of the anchorage steel structures. The minimum dimension H(min), or (H + C) min especially ‘might be superseded by the required embedded depth (refer to 5.5.2). For Soil: trin $ hp, for rock: tinin S fet itis assumed that the earth pressures acting laterally (on the upstream and downstream side) to the foundation are in equilibrium, and the passive earth pressure in front of the foundation can be activated partially. The maximum value that can be taken into consideration is equal to the active earth pressure which could occur in front of the foundation. Calculation of reinforcement is not required for foundations without a foot. B) Foundation Type The type of foundation is already determined by the selected tower design. Select foundation either with or without a foot, based on economic considerations. For minimal clearances refer to 5.5.4 B. C) Anchorage Rods for Foundation on Rock Anchorage rods can be provided but only in order to stabilize the rock. Refer to 6.3.3 and 665 D) Soil Rock Check List Refer to Chapter 6 for the checklist of limits (for soil 6.5.1, for rock 6.6.1) Initial Layout Data A) Define the Characteristics of the Foundation to be Designed 4) River bank Left or right bank ? 2) Foundation: ‘On soil or rock 7 B) Compile the Following Data 1) From 8.4, Loads on Walkway / Tower Foundation Center distance of tower legs ley Center distance of tower anchorage rods clea = Load case (Al 1B) Loads from tower: = Towerleg 1 — Tower leg 2 Horizontal load, perpendicular to the tower Loads from spanning cable: = Vertical — Horizontal kN kN KN kN kNLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2) From survey and final geotechnical report Soil parameters: = Sub-soil at depth m — Friction angle of sub-soil o, = deg = Unit weight of sub-soil woos kNim? = Friction angle of back-filing soil a deg = Unit weight of backfilling soil 2 F vecseesseeneee kN? — Groundwater at depth = m = Ground-bearing pressure pem = kim? Rock parameters: = Rock at depth m — Sliding friction angle between rock & foundation Ds, deg ~ Ground-bearing pressure kNim? 3) From Chapter 5, General Principles = Minimum embedded depth t m 4) From 8.6.3, Design Parameters Foundation Dimensions (m! minimum |_maximum width Length Total height Foot height Foot width 8.6.6 Calculation Procedure Calculations have to be made from the results of loading case [A] as well as loading case (8). ‘The reinforcement for foundations with a foot should be determined from the results of loading case [A] only. A) Compile the Initial Data (refer to 8.6.5) B) Preparatory Work Prepare a plan view, a longitudinal, and a cross-section with the minimal dimensions. Try to estimate the required dimensions experientially. Otherwise take the minimum dimensions (without a foot) as primary dataVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar C) Main Calculation ‘The basic design principles, the procedure for the structural analysis, and the limits as well, ‘are given in Chapter 6, Foundation Design. The forces for the walkway / tower foundation design will aways consist of forces on the bridge axis and lateral to the bridge axis. Calculation example: ‘The calculations are given from examples of @ foundation (with foot) on rock, with ‘groundwater, and with a retaining wall at the back. The structural analysis of the retaining wall has to be carried out separately. For other layouts, similar proceedings should be applied with: = foundations on soil ha= 0, ha= 0, hp2 t = foundations without afoot = no groundwater Front elevation fe Faery { Eon wt “4Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 1.___ Calculate the components, inclination, and location of the resultant loading force. t Loading Forces vii CL Weights (KN): W, =BHeL ete ° W. =(B+E)-C-L-¥ ° o Ws = (hp +ha—-C)-E-L-y2 BI2 0 Uplift (KN) (hy < hp + ha): Wy = (B+E)- hy Lo ty 0 0 Earth Pressure (KN): back: Egy (D8Ck) = Yo Ran [Pew] (e?—es?) Love | yeas 1 Ea (back) = Ean tan (3 @,) 0 2 ~front: Eye (ont) = Aan 1s EL -y2 het ! Exc (font) = Ex tan (3 @) BE a Loads (KN): Py El2 ae Pp ER os Tsv Ela 0 TsH H+C-0.25 / Py I H+ M, = sum ofall statical moments in x (B) — direction at the center of the foundation kNm My — = sum of all statical moments in y (L) — direction at the center kNm - Vertical component of R- Ry = sum of all vertical forces = W, + W2 + Ws + (— P1) + P2- Tsv + Ea + Eon KN - Location of R M, +E) e& = ROB R= 2) | ex} m M, L ey = Bue = S-teyl m = Inclination of R ~ tondg = Wt t ZE Ry 2. Select the possible predominant failure mode and proceed according to Chapter 6. 3. Reinforcement Only required for foundations with a foot.Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standar The calculation are made without considering compressive forces pos Borc neutral axis = Required cross-sectional area of reinforcement steel (n = 0.9): M Me TCR Giga Provide at least minimum reinforcement Agmin= 0.02% -h-L mm? = Required number of reinforcement bars © 16 mm (1 @ 16 mm = 201 mm?) As n= 3 ! = Position of neutral axis: e=n-pe( ! maeste n= = 10 ! eae ; we Fy Steel to concrete ratio 1 — Stresses: 1 M kN 2 O = aga RLS Stem (Fantom 2) ki M 2 kNim kN/mm? Se = EA =e) FFL S$ evem Gam? *)Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A — Calculate with the following data: For Section 1 — 1: : M =0.8- ner 5 ob (ohn? mmm =) ke h =C-02 m cipem = 0.230 soto For Section 2 ~ 2 (ust above C even if hrs > C) M = Ts (H— 0.25) + Ean * (Yean + Hra — C) kNm h -=B-0.50 m tpem = 0.230 KNimm? In order to economize on the reinforcement steel more sections above Section 2 - 2 may be calculated, especially if H >> 3.00 m.Volume A 8.6.7 Compilation of Final Data Bridge No. & Name... A) and B) Initial data (refer to 8.6.5) c) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) D) Main Calculation Soil rock heights Active earth pressure height at back Active earth pressure height from top of the foundation block — Rock height at back = Active pressure height in front — Rook height in front = Depth of soil — Depth of additional soil Soil parameters = Front slope of soil (top of dry stone pitching) = Slope of soil baseline — Length of influence = Back slope of soil Foundation dimensions — Height Height of foot = Width — Width of foot = Length — Distance to resultant force and Safety factors = Sliding — Bearing capacity = Toppling Slope stability ‘Anchorage rods Nos as per calculation Additional Anchorage Rods (from geological report) Long Span Trail Bridge Standar sss Designed by he = Ras Fs. Fec = Fr Fs 3 333333 deg deg deg 3333333Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A E) Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangment In section In pion dimensions of retaining walt —+ clea L +— 8.6.8 Related Standard Design Drawings Drawing Number | Drawing Title 90 Walkway / Tower Anchorage (capacity: 260 KN) 90/1 90/2_| Walkway / Tower Foundation, cle; = 3.50 m c/o, = 383 mm 1 Walkway / Tower Anchorage (capacity: 390 KN ) 91/1_91/2_| Walkway / Tower Foundation, clcy = 3.50 kN cl¢r = 488 mm. 92 Walkway / Tower Anchorage (capacity: 390 kN ) 92/1_92/2_| Walkway / Tower Foundation, cle; = 4.00 m, c/ce = 550 mm 93 Walkway / Tower Anchorage ( capacity: 610 KN) 93/1 93/2_| Walkway / Tower Foundation, cle; = 4.00 m, cfc, = 566 mm. Drawing Numbers: .... = Working and assembly drawing A = Structural Drawing : Foundation without a Foot, 2 = Structural Drawing: Foundation with a Foot Table 8.6.3: Walkway / Tower Anchorage Foundation for Suspension Bridges‘Volume A 8.7 8.7.1 8.7.2 Long Span Trail Bridge Standar Design of Main Cable Foundation Introduction ‘The scope of this section is to determine the dimensions of the main cable anchorage foundation based on the results of the cable structure analysis, on the soil and rock parameters, and on prescribed safety factors. The basic principles and proceedings for the structural analysis of foundations are given in Chapter 6, Foundation Design. Related Symbols B ‘pen dimension of foundation, width Hy pen dimension of foundation, height at back He pen dimension of foundation, part of height in front K Value to determine accurate cable elevation K=K (8), refer to standard design drawings L pen dimension of foundation, length Indices: V vertical component H horizontal component For all other symbols used in connection with bearing pressure, safety factor against sliding, and safety factor against shear failure of ground, refer to Chapter 6. 3Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 8.7.3. Design Parameters Number ofMain | 4Cables | 4Cables | 6Cables | @ Cables Cables ‘eles (m) 3.50 4.00 4.00 4.00 | Max. Steet ‘Anchorage 1220 1220 1830 2440 Capacity (KN) Bomin 4.90 4.90 5.40 5.90 Bmax 5.50 5.50 6.00 6.50 Lo omin 5.90 6.40 7.10 7:90 L__max 7.90 8.40 9.10 9.90 Hy min 3.30 3.30 3.50 3.70 Hy max 5.50 5.50 6.00 6.50 H2 min 4.50 4.50 4.60 4.60 Hz__max 4.50 450 5.00 5.50 b 0.50 0.50 4,00 4.00 Table 8.7.1: Limits of Di A) 8) Foundation on Soil soe 2 fate Foundation on rock Me Volume A. mensions (m) for Main Cable Foundations on Soil/RockVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.7.4 Limits and Recommendations A) Foundation Dimensions The limits of the foundation dimensions as given in 8.7.3 are dependent upon the standard dimensions of the anchorage steel structure. The minimum dimensions ( Ho (min) ) ‘especially might be superseded by the necessary embedded depth (t ) (refer to 5.5.2), tan t< He. Calculation of reinforcement is not required for main anchorage foundations. B) Foundation Type The type of foundation is already determined by the number and the diameter of main cables and by the selected tower design. C) Anchorage Rods for Foundation on Rock ‘Anchorage rods can be provided but only in order to stabilize the rock. Refer to 6.3.3 and 66.5. D) _Soil/Rock Check List Refer to Chapter 6, Foundation Design for the check list of limits (for soil 6.5.1, for rock 66.1) 8.7.5 Initial Layout Data A) Define Characteristics of Foundation 1) River bank: Left or right ? ! 2) Foundation: On soil or rock ? : ! B) Compile the Following Data 1) From main cable structure analysis Number of main cables = Main cable tension kN = Cable inclination deg — Tower leg center distance KN 2) From survey and final geotechnical report Soil parameters: = Sub-soil at depth m = Friction angle of sub-soil o deg = Unit weight of sub-soil " kN/m® = Friction angle of back-filing soll a = deg = Unit weight of back-filing soil Ye kNim? ~ Groundwater at depth : m = Ground-bearing pressure Sperm kNim®Long Span Trail Bri 8.7.6 Standard Volume A Rock parameters: = Rock at depth = m = Sliding friction angle between rock & foundation deg — Ground-bearing pressure kNim? 3) From Chapter 5. General Principles — Minimum embedded depth to Fen m 4) From 7.4.3 Design Parameters Found minimum | maximum Front height (refer to para 8.7.4 A) |- Front toe Calculation Procedure ‘The relevant loading for the main cable anchorage and main cable foundations is the full load case, Therefore, calculations for other load cases are not required for standard type bridges. It is necessary to design the anchorage foundations in such @ way that their volume is minimized (economic design), giving due consideration to the prescribed safety factors. A) Compile the Initial Data (refer to 8.7.5) 8) Preparatory Work Prepare a plan view, longitudinal, and a cross-section with the minimal dimensions. Try to estimate the required dimension by experience, otherwise take the minimum dimensions as primary data. C) Main Calculation ‘The basic design principles, the procedure for the structural analysis, and the limits as well are given in Chapter 6, Foundation Design. Calculation example: The calculations are given from examples of a foundation on soil, without ground- water, and with a retaining wall at the top. The structural analysis of the retaining wall has to be carried out separately. For other layouts, similar proceedings should be applied with’ = foundations on rock haz th haz 0 ~ foundations without a foot b=o — with groundwater by 2 0Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 1, Calgulate the components, inclination, and location of the resultant loading force Lever arm (m) for Mr Loadi Forces Weights (kN): W, = 0.5 (Hit He +k +0.70)-B-L- Ye B 2(Hi+0.1)+ (He +k +0.6) 3° H+0.1)+(H+k +06) Wz =~[b-(k+0.60)-L- Ye] ~[b/2] Ws =-0.5[b'-(k +0.60)-L-ye] = [p73 +b] We. =-[05(B-1.00)-0.10-L- Yc] = [2/3 (B-1.00) + b' +b] Wx = EW consider (-) consider (-) Load on Top (kN): A= (refer to6.24) a Earth Pressure (kN): Yean—H1 + H2 +k +0.50 (hash) 2h ~ back: Ean (back) = %4 Aan [D2 v] (ha? hae) “Lye en © se (DACK)= Ean © tan(S &,) B Loads (kN): Tin =Ty- cosBy Try = Tr: sinBr Mr = sum of all statical moments in F kNm — Vertical component of R RH = sum of all horizontal forces = Ean + Tin iN RV ‘sum of all vertical forces = EwtAtEa Tr KN — Location of R pig = Me _ m (1+ tana. tands) Inclination of R tandg = lant failure mode and proceed according to Chapter 6,Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 8.7.7 Compilation of Final Data Bridge No. & Name. A) and B) Initial Data (refer to 8.7.5) c) 1) 2) 3) 4) 8) ®) D) Main Calculation Load on top of foundation = Total load ~ Front to C.G. distance Soil / rock heights - Active earth pressure height — Active earth pressure height from top of the foundation block = Rock height at back — Embedded depth Soil parameters = Front slope of soil (top of dry stone pitching) — Slope of soil baseline — Length of influence = Back slope of soil Foundation dimensions. — Back height = Front height — Width — Length — Base inclination = Distance to resultant force and Safely factors = Sliding = Bearing capacity = Topping = Slope stability Anchorage rods Not provided Additional Anchorage Rods (trom geological report) Date... hy hat fra Designed by. Volume A. kN deg deg deg 3333 degVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar E) Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangement In section —_— 1 + = — > F413 d ee | + ee + 8.7.8 Related Standard Design Drawings Drawing Number | Drawing Title 48A Main Cable Anchorage for 4 main cables (capacity : 780 kN) ‘4BAN1 Main Cable Foundation for 4 main cables, c/c, = 3.50m 48A/2 ‘Main Cable Deadman Foundation for 4 main les, cle, = 3.50m 48B/2 ‘Main Cable Deadman Foundation for 4 main cables, c/c; = 3.50m 49/1 Main Cable Foundation for 4 main cables, c/c, = 4.00m 49/2 ‘Main Cable Deadman Foundation for 4 main cables, c/c; = 4.00m 50 Main Cable Anchorage for 6 main cables (capacity : 1830 KN) 50/2 ‘Main Cable Deadman Foundation for 6 main cables, c/c, =. 4.00m 51 Main Cable Anchorage for 8 main cables (capacity :2440 kN) 51/1 Main Cable Foundation for 8 main cables, c/c, = 4.00m 51/2 ‘Main Cable Deadman Foundation for 8 main cables, cic, = 4.00m. 4 Structural drawing : Foundation on Soil or on Rock Table 8.7.2: Main Cable Anchorage Foundation for Suspension Bridges * Refer to 10.4.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard ‘Volume A, 8.8 8.8.1 8.8.2 Determination of Suspender Length Introduction The scope of this section is to determine the lengths of the suspenders based on the dead load case and to calculate all other data required for manufacturing suspenders in the workshop. ‘The results of the calculations have to be transferred to the appropriate working and assembly drawing "Suspenders". For calculation of the suspender lengths, it is assumed that the main cables and the spanning cables are of parabolic form. The laterally inclined position of the suspenders need Not to be taken into consideration and the calculations are made on the basis of the bridge at dead load, Under these assumptions, the calculated distances are sufficiently accurate, so that probable deviations from the effective values remain within the adjustable length of the tumbuckles. Related Symbols N Total number of required suspenders (for one bridge) s Total surface of suspender rods S, Surface of suspender rods for suspender No. n W Total weight of suspender rods Wp Weight of suspender rods for suspender No. n Gl¢n Distance from center of main cables to center of spanning cables for suspender No. n In Required number of standard pieces for suspender No. n In Total suspender length for suspender No.n (tefer to suspender layout) b Lenath of extra piece Ire ‘Cutting length of extra piece I Length of standard piece loc —_ Cutting length of standard piece n Running suspender number max Maximum n Xn _Distance of suspender No. n from the bridge center alLl33333.3Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.8.3 Layout and Section esa se hes a se us 16 3524120 1226364060. mm + cable clamp ley 4 tod 6 12mm 116mm | center to center distance required number of stondord pieces: j turnbuckleLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 8.8.4 Calculation Procedure A) B) Compile the Initial Layout Data ( ¢ fa, ca) Main Calculation Suspenders diameter: ‘At 1/3" of bridge span at mid span: @ 16mm. Remaining span of the bridge: 12mm Calculate suspender number n = 1 at mid-span to Nmax continuously: 1. Center distance of cables clog = MEF. xnP + 4.30 with: Xq = .20(n-1) = 124.60 ,, Max = 240 me il INTEGER =~ +1 ‘GER 75* nz Tmax = 116 Total suspender length: In = Cle 542 Number j of standard pieces with standard length / = 1650 mm, lsc = 1830 mm for 12mm suspender and /sc = 2080mm for 16mm suspenders. Je-350 je= INTEGER 1650 Length of extra piece, 350 < /; < 1999 ( = 1649 + 350 ) mm: k= I~ 1650 jn Cutting length of extra piece: Ire = Ie + 180 for 12mm suspenders = Ir + 240 for $ 16mm suspenders Weight and surface of suspender rods( Jr. in mm ): Wn = 1.625 jn + 0.888 - 10° ke for ¢ 12mm suspenders Wn = 3.286 jn + 1.58» 10° fe for § 16mm suspenders Sp 0.069 jn, + 0.0377 + 107 irc for 6 12mm suspenders Sp 0.104 jn + 0.050 - 10° irc for 16mm suspenders Calculate total number of suspenders, total weight, and total surface of suspender rods: 0 mm mm mm mmVolume A ‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standar -3.40 a 0.60 y n=max Ww = 2Wi+4 =Wa kg n=2 n=max S = 2844 YS, m2 n=2 8.8.5 Data to Be Transferred to the Standard Design Drawing "Suspenders" 4 To the suspender list for each suspender: — Suspender number n = Center distance of cables clon — Total suspender length In — Length of extra piece i = Cutting length of extra piece Ire = Number of standard pieces In = Total weight of suspender rods. © W — Total surface of suspender rods S — Total number of suspenders N — Diameter of suspenders 6 2, To the steel part list: — Total weight of suspenders including clamps and turnbuckles = Total surface of suspenders including clamps and turnbuckles 8.8.6 Related Standard Design Drawings Drawing number | orawingtwe ‘Suspenders for 4 main cables ‘Suspenders for 6 main cables Suspenders for 8 main cables Table 8.8.1: Standard Design Drawings: SuspendersLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 8.9 8.9.1 Design of Stabilizing Measures Stabilizing the Cable Structure ‘Suspension bridges are very sensitive to longitudinal vibrations, because of a lack of shear stiffness between the main and spanning cables. In any case the serviceability is affected when the bridge oscillates. Changes in wind loadings or in the number of people crossing the bridge at equal pace increase the longitudinal oscillation which may even increase to the extent that it finaly destroys the bridge. The use of stabilizing cables (2 = 13 mm) gives the bridge additional stiffness and prevents the structure from having heavy longitudinal oscillation. A minimum amount of cables on each main cable side is defined according to the tower height respectively. — ht $ 12,90 m:no stabilizing cables necessary - ht = 12.92 up to 22,23 m: two so-called "Stabilizing Cables" on each tower side are necessary = hy 2 22.73m: — two "Stabilizing Cables" on each tower side and . = additional "Diagonal Stabilizers” on the total length of the bridge are necessary. ‘All stabilizing cables have to be pre-tensioned with the help of tumnbuckles. The pre-tensioning is necessary in order to make sure that they are working in any case and all the time. Loose cables might even produce a negative impact in the cable structure because of a sudden, high local force. A) Stabilizing Cables The total of 8 cables per bridge are fixed with clamps to the main cables and with turnbuckles and hook anchorage rods to the walkway / tower foundations. ‘The arrangement of stabilizing cables for bridges with tower height, hy 2 12.92m up to 22.23m, is given below. Determine, dy. ® da, in such @ way that, 0. = 35° to 45°, and the » cable clamps come to lie in the middle of the free space between the clamps. for suspenders, 4 4 ing cable 4(6) main cables (ooo i stabilizing cables 613mmVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standar B) Diagonal Stabilizers Diagonal stabilizers must be provided for bridges with tower height, hy > 22.73 m. Diagonal stabilizers are used in combination with stabilizing cables. The cables are fixed with clamps to the main cables and with tumbuckles and clamps to the spanning cables. “The arrangement of stabilizing cables and diagonal stabilizers for bridges with tower height, hy 2 22.73 mis given below. or2.4(5 224.0 i Ko 2 AB 2 Ba ‘The clamps for the diagonal stabilizers should be placed in the middle of the free space of the suspenders or cross-beams. Exception: the clamp at the bridge center is placed either close to the clamp for the suspender or close to the cross-beam at center. ‘The spacings (inclination) of the cable beginning from the bridge center should be as follows: = Cables inclined towards the tower: = iffirst at center: spacing = 3.00 m (fix) = nearthe center: spacing 2.40 m (5 times, fix) = afterwards spacing = «3.60 m always = Cable inclination towards the center: iffirst at center: spacing == —«3,00-m (fix) = nearthe center: spacing S, 2.40 m (5 times, fix) = afterwards spacing S, 3.60 m (5 times, fix) spacing Ss 4.80 m (5 times, up to /=210 m) spacing S, 6.00 m (for 1> 210 m) — lastnear tower: spacingS, = variable (5.3, 6. or 7.7), but > than the nearest Ss (or S.) Determination of the spacings 1. Measure the fixed length from the bridge center: 3.0 + 10.2.4 + 10-3.6= 63.00m (if > 240 m: 63+5-3.6+5-4.8 = 105.00 m). 2. Add as many times either 3.60 + Sy = 8.40 m or 3.6 +S,= 9.60 m unti itis close to the tower location. 3. Check and arrange the spacing S, and may be the nearest spacing Ss (or S,) in such a way that the next spacing is less or equal to the previous. 4, Draw the cables starting with the cable near the tower. - At center, the cable clamp may be either positioned on the main or on the spanning cables. Determine the location of stabilizing cables as prescribed in 8.9.1 A. Place the clamps in empty free spaces between suspenders.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, 8.9.2 Lateral Stabilization of the Tower ‘Tower sidestay cables ( = 26 mm) are provided for bridges with a tower height of ht 2 25.23 m in order to take over sudden high wind loads (refer to 8.5). The sidestay cables are connected to the tower at the saddles and either anchored to separate foundations or in combination with windguy cables to the windguy cable foundations. (Refer to 9.6.9.) ‘The dimensions of the standard sidestay anchorage foundation are fixed and designed for a maximum cable tension of 130 kN. Connection Detail at the Tower Saddle smoin coble sdevation 1 main caties tower saddle sdestoy cable ‘Arrangement 240. 60" FRONT ELEVATION L yrindguy cable 1 stondord_sidestoy ‘oncheroge foundation iy ele srchoroae THEE] sicestoy_coble > = 326mm i vwodouy . PLANVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.9.3 Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangement To the cable list: Identification, single and total iengths and weights of sidestay cables, and of stabilizing cables. A) Stabilizing Cables and Diagonal Stabilizers Identification and length of each cable. i Diy Mi a B) Sidestay Cables Draw separate section of each sidestay cable anchorage foundation. volume + 8.80m3Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 8.9.4 Related Standard Design Drawings Drawing Number _| Drawing Title 208 Diagonal stabilizer for 4 main cables 20 Diagonal stabilizer for 6 main cables 24 Diagonal stabilizer for 8 main cables 22 Stabilizing cable clamp for 4 main cables 23 Stabilizing cable clamp for 6 main cables 24 Stabilizing cable clamp for 8 main cables 40 Sidestay cable anchorage, working and assembly drawing 40/4 Sidestay cable foundation, structural drawin Table 8.9.1: Standard Design Drawings: Stabilizing MeasuresVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standar 8.10 Tower Erection It is most important that during erection towers are property secured against falling over. ‘Therefore, a temporary tower-stay system has been developed. Tower-stay cables are anchored at the back of the tower to the main cable foundation or to separate tower-stay foundations and at the front to separate tower-stay foundations or, for short span bridges, to, the walkway / tower foundation on the opposite river bank. The tower-stay system must stay in use until the following conditions are fulfilled = the main cables must be clamped at all tower saddles. = the suspenders must be connected to both the main and the spanning cables. For details refer to standard design drawings and Volume D: Execution of Construction Works. 8.10.1 Layout for Erected Tower A) For Tower Height, hy < 27.73 — General Case chain anchorage foundation ase ‘toy choin ‘onchorage in tower-stay chains mmoin cable . anchorage foundation ‘ A tower-stoy - For Short Span Bridges tower-stay chain. cable 6 3mm spanning cable conchoroge stay chon — foundation ‘onchorage in main cable anchorage foundation B) For Tower Height, ht 2 27.73 m ower-sty chainsLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, 8.10.2 Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangement Where separate tower-stay cable foundations are required, they should be drawn in on the side elevation on the General Arrangement, ‘rcheroge 1 [Drawing Number | Drawing Title ‘Tower-stay cable, working and assembly drawing (including instructions for tower erection) ‘Tower-stay cable foundation, one double cable on one side. Structural drawing ‘Tower-stay cable foundation, two double cable on one side. Structural Drawing ‘Tower-stay cable foundation, two double cable, one on each side, Structural Drawing Table 8.10.1: Standard Design Drawings: Tower ErectionLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Design of Windguy Arrangement Table of Contents 94 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Flow Chart Introduction Layout 9.3.1 General 932 Suspended Bridge 93.3 Suspension Bridge Design of Windguy Cable Structure 9.4.1 - Introduction 94.2 Related Symbols (refer also to 9.5.2) 94.3 Geometrical Parameters 9.4.4 Standard Design Parameters 9.45 Limits and Recommendations 9.4.8 Initial Layout Data 947 Calculation Procedure 94.8 Compilation of Final Data 94.9 Related Standard Drawings Calculation of Windtie Lengths 9.5.1 Introduction 9.5.2 Related Symbols (refer also to 9.4.2) 9.5.3 Geometrical Parameters 9.5.4 Standard Design Parameters 9.5.5 _ Limits and Recommendations 9.5.6 Initial Layout Data 95.7 Calculation Procedure 95.8 Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangement 95.9 Related Standard Design Drawings Design of Windguy Cable Foundation 9.6.1 - Introduction 9.6.2 Related Symbols 9.6.3 Design Parameters 9.6.4 _ Limits and Recommendations 9.65 Initia! Layout Data 9.6.8 Calculation Procedure 9.6.7 Compilation of Final Data 9.6.8 Related Standard Drawings 9.6.9 Combination with Sidestay Cable Anchorage Volume A. 200 201 202 202 202 205 206 206 207 210 2n1 212 212 213 214 215 215 215 216 219 219 219 220 222 222 223 223 223 224 225 226 227 229 230 231Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 9.1 Flow Chart Soil parameter Limits and re Standard Design from survey & Topography commendations Drawings (and geotechnical from survey from Manual General investigation arrangement) Design of cable structures (including rough design of windguy arrangement, refer to 9.4) Design of main anchorage foundation Design of windguy arrangement Design of adjacent structure Not OK > Final check of result OK ‘Transfer data to the General Arrangement Compile and fil in the Standard Design Drawings Calculate the quantities Prepare cost estimate and tender documentsLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, 9.2 Introduction In order to achieve sufficient lateral stability of a bridge under wind load, windguy arrangements are required. The simplest method is to use wire ropes in a parabolic arrangement for this purpose. The scope of this chapter is: 2) to present the layout of windguy arrangements for suspension and suspended bridges, b) to calculate cable tension and to select the appropriate windguy cable diameter, ©) to calculate all geometrical data for the parabolic windguy arrangements required for the design of and during erection of the bridge, and 4) to fix type and dimensions of the windguy cable foundations based on cable tensions and prescribed safely factors. Windguy arrangements are generally designed in such a way that all four ends of the windguy cables are anchored to separate windguy cable anchorage foundations. The ‘connection between the windguy cable and the walkway of the bridge is made by windties (cables @ 13 mm, cable clamps, turnbuckies), Preferably the windguy arrangement is placed laterally below the walkway as this will contribute most to the serviceability of the bridge. In cases where the windguy arrangement encroaches on freeboard restrictions, the foundations may be placed between the anchorage elevation of the main cables and the lowest point of suspended bridges, or between the anchorage elevation of the spanning cables and the highest point of suspension bridges. ‘The windties are designed for a permissible load of 8.0 KN and the wind load action on the walkway is assumed to be w = 0.5 KN/m which corresponds to a wind pressure of 1.3 KN/m? acting on laterally on the bridge area of 0.3 m* per meter span. (Wind velocity approximately 160 km’h = 45 mis) Although the effective form of the windguy cable is a three-dimensional curve, it is assumed for the calculations that the cable is of parabolic form in plan and in side elevation. max.tension=8.0kN! |S i windguy cable \// RERSSRRRRRRRRES anchorage a wind lood w=0.5kN/m foundationVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 9.3 Layout 9.3.1 General Windguy arrangements are required for LSTB bridges, i.e.bridge with spans greater than 120m ‘The shape of the windguy cable from the side view is dependant upon the elevation of the ‘windguy cable foundations, the location of the vertex in the plan, and the location of the vertex of the main cables (suspended bridges) or the spanning cables (suspension bridges). Whenever the form of the windguy cable cannot be defined clearly, it is recommended that the calculations be made for both the parabolic and the straight form. The longer cutting length must then be taken Into consideration. In the plan, the sag to span ratio must be the same for both windguy cabl ‘Asymmetrical arrangements both up and downstream from the bridge are not recommended For uniformity the data must be measured always from the right river bank. 9.3.2 Suspended Bridge Generally, in plan, the vertex of the windguy cable, should be placed next to the lowest point of the bridge parabola. But a deviation from this rule is permissible when the geological conditions of the river banks demand a different arrangement. A) Standard Arrangement Both elevations of the windguy cable foundations are below or above the vertex of the main cables: if the vertex of the windguy cable in the plan view is located at or near the lowest point of the main cables, it is assumed, that the highest point of the windguy cable lies in the plane, defined by the highest point of the main cables and the two anchorage points of the windguy cable at their foundations, and forms an equal parabola in the side view.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Plan Side elevation windguy coble windguy coble B) Special Arrangements Both elevations of the windguy cable foundations are below or above the vertex of the main cables — Ifthe vertex of the windguy cable in the plan view is located near a main foundation, can be assumed that the windguy cable in the side view forms a parabola from the windguy foundation on the other side of the river towards the lowest point of the main cables and, from there, an almost straight line towards the windguy foundation near the vertex of the windguy cable, Plan windguy cable Side elevation windguy cobleVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard One elevation of the windguy cable foundations is below, the other one above the vertex of, the main cables: 1) if the vertex of the windguy cable in the plan view is located at or near the lowest point of the main cables, it can be assumed that the windguy cable in the side view forms a parabola from the lower foundation towards the lowest point of the main cables and, from there, an almost straight line towards the higher foundation. Plan windguy cable: Side elevation 2) if the vertex of the windguy cable in the plan view is located at or near a main foundation, it can be assumed that the windguy cable in the side view forms an almost straight line from the lower foundation towards the higher foundation (e.g., Windguy cable anchored to the main anchorage foundation on one bank). Plan windguy cable Side elevation =, ana hammer Oc Trecho nf Winders AreepeorseneLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 9.3.3 Suspension Bridge Generally, in plan, the vertex of the windguy cables should be placed next to the center of the bridge parabola. The layout should be completed in such a way that the windguy cables come to lie approximately parallel to and slightly below the walkway in the side elevation. For windguy stay struts refer to Chapter 10, Special Designs. Itis recommended that the elevation of the windguy cable foundations is always below the vertex of the spanning cables which Is located at mid-span. A) Standard Arrangement If the vertex in the plan view is also located at mid-span or nearby, it is assumed that the highest point of the windguy cable lies in the plane, defined by the highest point of the spanning cables and the two anchorage points of the windguy cable at their foundations, and forms an equal parabolal in the side view. Side elevation Plan reineguy cable ey COB B) Special Arrangements If the vertex of the windguy cable in the plan view is located at or near a walkway/tower foundation, it can be assumed that the windguy cable in the side view forms @ parabola from the windguy foundation on the other side of the river towards the highest point of the spanning cables and, from there, an almost straight line towards the windguy foundation near the vertex of the windguy cable (e.g., Windguy cable anchored to the walkway/tower foundation on one bank). Side elevation windguy coble 205 Chanper Q- Psion af Windony ArranmementVolume A 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 206 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Design of Windguy Cable Structure Introduction ‘The scope of this section is to determine the number, diameter, and layout in the plan of the windguy cable(s). The number and diameter are calculated by assuming a theoretical parabola within the bridge span. Further the layout in the plan view can be determined based on the sag at mid-span. It is assumed that the full wind load on the walkway can be bore by this system only. ‘The layout and the initial loading is based on the structure under dead load. The necessary freeboard ( 5.00 m ) has to be maintained for any cable alignment (including windguy cables) at dead load case. Therefore it is important to carry out a rough culation of the windguy arrangement during the design of the main cable structure. During erection, the windguy cables should be pre-tensioned against each other at about 25% of the permissible tension. Related Symbols (refer also to 9.5.2) Bu, Br Ci. Cr Cro, Cro Di, Dr Hy Hu He Lp. Toreak TTR Tmax Distance of the first windtie from the saddle of the main foundation or tower axis Distance from the front of the windguy cable foundation to the bridge axis Distance from the windguy cable to the bridge axis measured on the ~ saddle axis for suspended bridges — tower axis for suspension bridges Distance from the front of the windguy cable foundation to the saddle of the main foundation or tower axis. Sign: ~inside of span (-) ~ outside of span (+) Horizontal component of the windguy cable tension ‘Suspended bridges: main cable elevation on the right side ‘Suspension bridges: elevation of the top of the tower foundation minus 0.25 m Windguy cable elevation at windguy cable foundation Lowest point of the walkway (vertex) for a suspended bridge Minimum breaking load of the windguy cable Windguy cable tension at the windguy cable anchorage foundation Maximum windguy cable tension Permissible windguy cable tension Horizontal distance from the saddle of the higher foundation to the vertex of the walkway (refer to 7) Distance between the windties in the plan Sag of windguy cable at the distance, V,, in the plan Value for the theoretical windguy cable parabola within the bridge span (refer to sketches) Distance from the bridge axis to the center of the windtie-connecting bolt at the cross-beam. ‘Chapter 9: Design of Windguy Arrangement KN kN KN KN 3Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 9.4.3 L Design span: = suspended bridges: saddle to saddle of main foundation = suspension bridges: distance between tower axis n Number r Horizontal distance from the saddle of the main foundation or tower axis to the vertex of the walkway, measured from the right side v Horizontal distance from the saddle of the main foundation or tower axis to the vertex of the windguy cable in the plan, measured from the right side w Wind load xy Sheaf of coordinate axis for the windguy cable in the plan x \Value for the theoretical windguy cable parabola within the bridge span (refer to sketches) yj Value for the theoretical windguy cable parabola within the bridge span (refer to sketches) Ow Diameter of windguy cables GL, GR Angle between the windguy cable and the bridge axis at the windguy cable anchorage foundation in the plan Indices: RR —_ Right side L Leftside W — Windguy cable Geometrical Parameters A) Basic Calculation Procedure For calculating the cable tension a simplified procedure, on the secure side, is applied: = the cooperative resistance of the bridge against wind load is neglected, — the increase in sag caused by wind load is neglected, = the inclined position of the windguy cables is neglected, the vertical load of the windguy cable and the windties is omitted. The cable tension can be calculated without iteration, based on the sag at dead load. B) Theoretical Parabola Plan view by = negative 3 mm‘Volume A 41) The x - axis is identical with the bridge axis Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2) The y-- axis goes through the vertex of the windguy cable 3) The coordinates of the vertex of the windguy cable are, therefore: x= 0 , y= 220m 4) Distance, hw Note :hy <0 if v>l/2 hw=0 if v=1/2 5) ‘Sag at mid-span_ be -Y 16%-(4-vyF Gy Note: by = fw if hw=0 ( 6) — Windguy cable tension ¢) 1) Distance from the bridge axis to the windguy cable in the plan f yey x4) +2.20m —at the vertex location — first windtie from right side ~ first windtie from left side (4)/ y\;: discrete values of x / y') Yo =2.20 yr =y + (v- Bp)? +2.20 ve fy + (I-v- By? + 2.20 kN kN kNLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2) Inclination between the windguy cable and the bridge axis at the windguy cable ‘anchorage foundation in the plan, which remains the same up to the first windtie. og = arctan 2 (v- Br) deg a = arctan 28! (=v -B) deg 3) Distance from the windguy cable to the bridge axis measured on the saddle or the tower axis Cro= fy + (v~ Br)? + tanag - Br + 2.20 m Cio = fy (I-v- Bi + taney - By + 2.20 m 4) Distance from the front of the windguy cable foundation to the bridge axis Ca = (v- Br)’ + tanag- (Br + Dr) + 2.20 m ce = 8 - (-y-ByP+ tana - (Bi + Dy) + 2.20 m Layout of suspended bridge Plan asco (oan Side elevation Lr] LY 25 om for drum-type foundation 50 cm for open-type foundation Note: The data must be measured from the right side for the calculations followed, Hf the higher foundation level is on the left bank, -—- > H; = main cable elevation of lower foundation saddle on the right bank. Chapter 9: Design of Windguy Arrangement 209°Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Layout of suspension bridge Plan Plan Side 2 elevation = 9.4.4 Standard Design Parameters A) Design Span, ! ~ for suspended bridges: saddle to saddle of the two main foundations. ~ for suspension bridges: distance between tower axis B) Windguy Cables Number : mw =1 or 2 Diameter : @w = 26, 32, 36, or 40mm_ Ne Diam. | Weight/Load Metallic Area_| Breaking Load | Permissible Load los. nw Cy] mw 9 Aros, Torok Toroax (nm) (ki (cam Kc Kn 1 26 292 396 129 1 32 402 595 195 1 36 560 2a7 1 40 691 305 2 | 2 804 390 ae | cs 1120 494 2_| 4 1382 610 Table 9.4.1: Total gy, A; Threats Tpem for Windguy Cables, E = 110 kNimm? (including Safety Factors = 3.0 for al cables and cable ending terminals) C) Distances Distance between the windtes in the plan - for suspended bridges: d = 6.00m = for suspension bridges: d= 4.20mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Distance from bridge axis to center of winatie-connecting bolt a the cross-beam = for suspended bridges: k = 0.660.m = for suspension bridges: K = 0.736 m Distance from bridge axis to the vertex of the windguy cable in the plan = for both bridge types =2.20m Distance, r — for suspended bridges — if the higher foundation is on the right sider = eg ifthe lower foundation is on the right side = = eq — for suspension bridges: r= 1/2 D) Elevation H, = for suspended bridges: main cable elevation on the right side — for suspension bridges: elevation of the top of the tower foundation minus 0.25m E) Wind Load W=0.5kNim 9.4.5 Limits and Recommendations A) Sag at Mid-span The sag at mid-span, in plan, of the windguy cable is restricted to be bw =//8tol/10 = m it must have the same value upstream and downstream. B) Cross-Section Itis necessary that the cross-section at each windtie is approximately mirror reverse to the bridge axis (equilibrium of forces), in order to achieve a straight (along the bridge axis) and horizontal (in cross-section) walkway. This has to be kept in mind in locating foundations up and downstream. C) Safety Factor The safety factor (for all cables and cable terminals) is determined by FS 23 D) Freeboard The freeboard must be cle of any cable alignment at dead load case. E) Distance, v,to the Vertex in the Plan At the vertex of the windguy cable a connection must be provided to the walkway cross-beam of the bridge — for suspended bridges: fix the vertex distance as required, assume that there will be a cross-beam nearby (the maximum possible error in practice will be less than 1.20/2 = 0.60 m). (11 2 1.20 i) where m an integer, not greater than 1/ 1.20 — for suspension bridges: v ‘The vertex distance “V” for asymmetric arrangement can be changed by + / ~ (iVolume A 9.4.7 F) Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Distances to the First Windties As v must be located to a cross-beam, the first possible distance from the saddle of the main foundation or tower axis to the windtie must be calculated as follows, with i= integer v (dig) +Br > Br > Br=v-(d-ig) > di2 (l-v)= @-i) + BL 2 By > BL = I-v-(d- ii) > 2 Initial Layout Data A) Define 1) Design span, J, (refer to 9.4.4 A). 2) Distance, d, k , and r (refer to 9.4.4 C). B) Determine 1) The approximate location of the front of the windguy cable foundation. 2) Analyze carefully the conditions on both river banks. Draw geological, topographical and hydrological constraints in the plan view of the General Arrangement. 3) Determine the theoretical windguy cable parabolas, in the plan, upstream and downstream from the bridge by trial taking probable constraints into due consideration. 4) Determine the distance, hw 5) The possible vertex location (refer to 9.4.5 E). Calculation Procedure A) 8) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) c) ) 2) 3) 4) Compile the Initial Data Calculate the Data of the Theoretical Parabola (refer to 9.4.3 B) The sag at mid-span, Bw. Calculate the windguy cable tension for right and left side. Trax = the larger, maximum tension T, ‘The safety factor is calculated as F = Beak > 3 In order to obtain an optimum safety factor of 3, changes in the initial data might be necessary (for limits refer to 9.4.5) and the calculation must be repeated. Select the required number and diameter of windguy cables. Repeat the calculation for the other, up or downstream, side. Calculate the Data of the Layout in the Plan View (refer to 9.4.3C) Calculate the location of the first windties (refer to 9.4.5 ). Calculate the alpha angles, and the distance from the windguy cables to the bridge axis, Cro and Cio. Draw this data in the plan of the general arrangement and locate the accurate axis of the wind cables. Repeat the calculation for the other, up or downstream, side. Draw longitudinal sections along the windguy cables and determine the front of the foundations (Dp, Gr and Di, Ct ) and the windguy cable elevations (He and Hi ) at all four foundations. In order to obtain an optimum foundation location, it may be necessary to change the location of the first windties and this will result in a small change in the alpha angle. Check the freeboard (refer to 7.3.6 and 8.3.6) Chapter 9: Design of Windguy ArraneementLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 9.4.8 Compilation of Final Data Designed by Bridge No. & Name Date. A) Initial Data (refer to 9.4.6 and GA) Bridge type (suspended or suspension) ? Design span lw Horizontal distance r Windguy cable nw @w Aw Twobreak = E-Module = Cable anchorage elevations: ~ Left Bank ‘Windguy cable, upstream ‘Windguy cable, downstream Right Bank ‘Windguy cable, upstream Hy ‘Windguy cable, downstream Freeboard ‘Windguy cables Loads: - wind load B) _ Data from Main Calculations ‘Theoretical parabola Layout hy = 9 8 Upstream 05 Downstream Volume A 33333 a kNim 3 kN kN deg deg 33333333Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard C) Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangement Calculate the distance of the windguy cable from the bridge axis at the windtie locations (refer to 9.7.3 B). Draw the windguy cable layout upstream and downstream from the bridge into the General Arrangement. or2 wey colon : eeeien #15 ix. Plan qi tran ot ety coe Section Drawing Title ‘Windguy cable clamp for cable @ 32 mm Windguy cable clamp for cable © 36 mm Windguy cable clamp for cable 40 mm. Table 9.4.2: Standard Design Drawings: Windguy Cable Clamps for Double Windguy Cables .Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 9.5 Calculation of Windtie Lengths 9.5.1 9.5.2 Introduction Volume A. ‘The scope of this section is to determine the lengths of the windties based on the layout of the windguy cable in the plan, the elevation of the windguy cable foundations, and the bridge type. For the calculation of the windtie lengths, itis assumed that the cables are of parabolic form with some exceptions (refer to 9.3). The self weights need not to be taken into consideration ‘and the calculations are made on the basis of the bridge at dead load. Caution: The calculated distances are only approximations, but sufficiently accurate, so that the most probable deviations from the effective values remain within the adjustable length of the tumbuckles. On site, the windguy arrangement has to be adjusted (by means Of tightening the windties) in such a way that it forms a parabola in the plan view. Related Symbols (refer also to 9.4.2) Dw EL, Er C4, cs Ca fa fa! xz Xi, Xi yi Yep. Ah, hve, Bu Br Inclined distance of windties measured along the windguy cable Inclined distance from the first windtie to the front of the windguy cable foundation, measured along the windguy cable Constants in the formula for the parabola, y = ax’ +c Constants in the formula for the straight line, y = ax +c Sag of the windguy cable inside the bridgespan in the plan otal length ofthe winatie from the center ofthe windguy cable tothe center of the connecting bolt at the cross-beam Constants in the formula for the parabola, y = ax*+c Constants in the formula for the straight line, y = ax +c ‘Suspension bridge camber at dead load case (to be used as a negative factor in the calculations) ‘Suspended bridge maximum sag, vertical distance from the saddle at the higher foundation saddle to the lowest point of the parabola, at dead load case ‘Suspended bridge vertical distance from main cable saddle at the right side to the lowest point of the bridge at dead load case Sheaf of coordinate axis for the windguy cable in side elevation Discrete values of x, X' for the windtie i Horizontal distance from the windguy cable to the winatie connecting bolt for the windtie i Horizontal distance from the windguy cable to the windtie connecting bolt atthe vertex of the walkway m Vertical distance from the windguy cable to the windtie connecting bolt for the windtie i Vertical distance from the windguy cable to the windtie connecting bolt at the vertex of the walkway Vertical inclination angle of the windguy cable at the windguy cable anchorage foundationsVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 9.5.3 Geometrical Parameters A) Standard Arrangement The calculations are outlined for suspended bridges, @.g., with both elevations of the windguy cable foundations below the vertex of the main cables and the vertex of the windguy cable in the plan view located near the lowest point of the main cables (refer to 932A). For suspension bridges replace fa’ by ( —C4) in all formulas. Plan Side elevation Parabolas In Side Elevation — the x’- axis is located at the (highest) point of the windguy cable nearest to the vertex of the main (or spanning) cable = the Z-axis goes through the vertex of the main (or spanning) cable = the coordinates of the (highest) point of the windguy cable nearest to the vertex of the main (or spanning) cable are therefore: x= 0,2 = 0 — the coordinates of the vertex of the main (or spanning) cable are therefore: x = 0,2= (¢) hp Parabola. 1: Z= ay-x' 2+ Cy cr = Abe. Perabola2: Z= a2-X'2+ G2 = 0 He + fy + Ang — 32 (Day Parabola 3: ZS aX? +63 c3= 0 _ Het fg + Ane —H eae neeLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Parabola In the Plan View — the x - axis Is located at the connecting bolts of the cross-beams. ~ the y-axis goes through the vertex of the wind cable in the plan — the coordinates of the vertex of the windguy cable are therefore: X= 0, y= 220-k =m Parabolad: yy = ag x? +04 &% = 220-k m fw. Ve ag 1) Horizontal distance between the vertex of parabola 1 and the vertex of parabola 4 Xo-X'o v m 2). The difference in elevation at the lowest point of parabola 1 to the (highest) point of the windguy cable nearest to ae ee (i + Dg + O, (D; (Hy, — Hy ; +Dq+ +n = (a (vl + 2.20 K) Gi) (74 Da +.) = (On #1): (Cr- Gi) ™ plone of windguy coe SS HR aoe SS 3) The angle between the horizontal to the windguy cable at the foundation Br =arctan{2 a2: (Br-r)] deg BL = arctan[ 2 as -(r—/ + Bx) deg a7Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard B) Special Arrangements The calculations are outlined for suspended bridges, e.g., with one elevation of the windguy cable foundations below the vertex of the main cables and the vertex of the windguy cable in the plan view located (combined) at a main anchorage foundation (refer to 9.3.2 B2). For other layouts, similar proceedings might be applied. 1) Parabola 1 and 4 according to standard arrangement (refer to 9.5.3 A). 2)lineS: 2 = ag: x'+ Cs cs =0 m as = HR HL i 7 1+Da+D. 3) The difference in elevation at the lowest point of parabola 1 to the (highest) point of the windguy cable nearest to Ahi. = Hi—Hr—fa as (t+ Da) m 3) The angle between the horizontal to the windguy cable at the foundation BL = arctan (as) deg Br = arctan (as) deg Plan Side elevationLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 9.5.4 9.5.5 9.5.6 Standard Design Parameters A) Cross-Section Volume A Windties connect the windguy cables to the walkway. They are placed symmetrically in pairs and connected to the cross-beams. It is necessary that the cross-sections are approximately mirror reverse to the bridge axis (equilibrium of forces), in order to achieve a straight and horizontal walkway. Windties are designed for a permissible load of 8 kN . With an assumed wind load of 0.50 kNim acting on the walkway, one windltie can support 8 kN of bridge. crane beam bridge exo! | windguy cable utttog orips—Lwindguy cable clomp turnbuckle eye end bolt connecting bolt B) Distances (refer to 9.4.4) Distance fa" — for suspended bridges: — ifthe higher foundation is on the right side fo’ = fs — If the lower foundation is on the right side fg’ = fy — (H. — Hr) — for suspension bridges: fd = 6 Limits-and Recommendations Refer to 9.3 Initial Layout Data A) Refer to 9.4.8 B) Define 41) Distance fat 3aVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 9.5.7 Calculation Procedure A) Standard Arrangement 1) Determine parabola 4 2) Caloulate the difference in elevation (Ahi ») of the lowest point of the main cable parabola (suspended bridge) or the highest point of the spanning cable (suspension bridge) and the (highest) point of the windguy cable nearest to it. 3) Determine parabolas 1, 2, and 3 4) Calculate the windtie data starting from the right side (1 = 1), x1 = v- Br m (i B, up to: i mex = {= Ba= Be comtinuousty, wih x =V-Br-(i-1)-d m The corresponding x’ - values are: — for the first windtie ( i= 1): x, = r-Br =X +r-V m — and continuously: xX) = 1-Br-(i-1)-d= x tr-v m Plan ole. ae t—_| i Cross-section The following procedure is valid if az and as form paratiolas only. I his is doubtful check with a straight line for ag andlor a. a) The difference in elevation of parabola 1 to the windguy cable at each windtie forxi> 0: AR = ay- xi? + Ahi p —ae- xi? m forx)< 0: Ah) = ay: xi + AhLp.—ay-x'? m b) The horizontal difference of parabola 1 to the windguy cable at each windtie = ag x +2.20-k mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 6) The angle between the horizontal fo the windguy cable at each windtie for xi>0: B, = arctan (2 a2-xi) deg for xi45 | <6 | >6 |-3 00] 106 |7t012| <45 | >45 |-3 too] 106 [7012 h__min | 0.40” [ 0.60” | 050” [ 0.70” | 0.70” 1.20” | 0.60” | 0.90" | 0.70" | 1.10” | 1.50” Ho min] nr+040 | nr+0s0 | r+ het [pre | bet | re 2]_Extended anchorage Length (refer to Standard Drawings) te Due 1826 1632 1836 or 40 2032 2. 36 or 40 Dimensions| B min] 2.50 3.20 3.60 3.90 5.20 B__max|__3.00 3.90 430 460 5.90 tL ominf 1.50 1.50 1.80 2.00 3.30 L___max|__3.50 3.50 4.00 420 5.30 foc max} {___3.80 rapt [a [sas | @ | 56 [ao] ies [roa] aie | as [owa| we fro hr__min | 0.40” | 0.70” 1.35" 4.20” | 1.70" H, min] pr+040 | hy +050 rt | hee | pre | bee 045 | 0.95 | 0.65 | 0.40 Table 9.6.1: Limits of Dimensions (m) for Foundations on Soil According to the ‘Standard Dimension of the Steel Anchorage Structure (For " refer 109.64 A) Hy = Hy +B> tana ~~ soit 2 cain: wh Amin $$ < (br -0.50m) fot sae toh Has He #B-toneLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A B) Windguy Cable Anchorage Foundation on Rock 2036 or 40 1836 or 40 BB omin| 1.70 2.50 2.60 3.00 430 Bmax} 2.40 3.10 3.50 3.80 5.10 L min 1.20 1.50 1.60 1.80 3.00 L____max| 3.00 3.50 4.00 420 530 max} 2.20 2.50 _ ForBideg) | <45| >45 | <6 | >6 [3 0] 1106 [7 12| <45 | 45 [-3 00] 106 [7012 by min_| 0.40” | 0.60” | 0.50" | 0.70" | 0.70" | 0.95” | 1.20" 0.70” | 1.10" | 1.50” H, min | br+0.40 | br+050 | het | tre | bre 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.40 3 075 0.75 0.75 1.25 Table 9.6.2: of Dimensions (m) for Windguy Cable on Rock According to the Standard Dimension of the Stee! Anchorage Structure (For ” refer to 9.6.4 A) Hy= Hy +B tana tin $ Ret ¢(%y- 0.50) bhp <(hy-0.50) 9.6.4 Limits and Recommendations A) Foundation Dimensions ‘The limits of the foundation dimensions as given in 9.6.3 are dependant upon the standard dimensions of the steel anchorage structure. The minimum dimensions ( hr (min) especially) might be superseded by the necessary embedded depth ( toia ) (refer to 5.5.2) For soil: tain St S (r—0.50m), for rOCk: tmin S ha S (hy— 0.50 m). B) Anchorage Rods for Foundations on Rock Provide the number of anchorage rods according to calculations but at least: = for foundations with 1 cable: 2 vertical rods = for foundations with 2 cabies: 4 vertical rods ‘The distance between anchorage rods shall not be less than 1.0 m. C) Soil/Rock Check List Refer to Chapter 6, Foundation Design, for the check list of limits (for soil 6.5.1, for rock 66.1).Volume A. 9.6.5 Initial Layout Data A) 1) 2) 3) 8) 1) 2) 3) 4) Define Characteristics of the Foundation River bank: Left or right Side: Up or downstream ? Foundation: ‘On soil or rock ? Compile the Following Data From windguy cable structure analysis = Number of windguy cables — Windguy cable tension ~ Cable inctination ~ Front slope of rock, or stone pitching From survey and final geotechnical report Soil parameters: = Sub-soil at depth — Friction angle of sub-soil = Unit weight of sub-soil = Friction angle of backfiling soil = Unit weight of backfiling soil = Groundwater at depth — Ground-bearing pressure Rock parameters: — Rock at depth = Sliding friction angle between rock & foundation - Rock quality coefficient ~ Ground-bearing pressure From Chapter 5. General Principles = Minimum embedded depth From 9.6.3 Design Parameters, Width: Length Height of cable anchorage (refer to 9.6.4 A) Back height Front height Back to C.G. distance of anchorage rods. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard nw ! Tw kN B deg oF deg m O = deg " kN? ® deg Ye kN/m? m Kivi? en m @s, = deg k ! Sperm = snsnnne kin? tmin mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 9.6.6 Calculation Procedure ‘The relevant loading for the windguy anchorage and the windguy anchorage foundations is the full wind load. Therefore, calculations with other load cases are not required for standard type bridges. It is necessary to design the foundations in such a way that their volume is minimized (economic design), after giving due consideration to the prescribed safety factors. A) Compile the Initial Data (refer to 9.6.5) B) Preparatory Work Prepare a plan view, a longitudinal section, and a cross-section with the minimal dimensions. Try to estimate the required dimension experientially, otherwise take the minimum dimensions as primary data. C) Main Calculation ‘The basic design principles, the procedures for the structural analysis, and the limits are given in Chapter 6, Foundation Design Calculation example: ‘The calculations are given from examples of @ foundation on rock, without groundwater and with a retaining wall at the top. The structural analysis of the retaining wall has to be carried out separately. For other layouts, similar proceedings should be applied with: = foundations on soil hn = 0, Bra = 0, hp 2 tmin with groundwater hy 2 0 1. Calculate the components, inclination, and location of the resultant loading force <<< Loading Forces Lever Arm (m) for Me ‘Weights (kN): W = 0.50(H; +H,)“B-L- ye Bette Load on Top (kN): A = (refer to 6.2.4) a Earth Pressure (kN): Yean + Rra — (Hs + 0.1) + He = Back: Egy (BACK) = %?.an [Da W] (Da har?) “Lye 2 Eq, (back) = Ean tan (3 2) B Loads(kN): Tn=T: Cosp hy Ty=T- sing . °Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Mr = sum of all statical moments in F kNm Vertical component of R Ry = sum of all vertical forces = WtHAtEayt(-) Ty KN Ry = sumofall horizontal forces = Ean* Tn kN = Location of R pe -——M in Rv- (1+ tana: tande) = Inclination of R Ba tande = "RR — Inclination of base Hy; + 0.10-H a = arctan +3 deg 2. Select the possible predominant failure mode and proceed according to the procedures laid down in Chapter 6. 4 7 cable 1ension tein $ rt < (hy~0.50) soil 2 backfilling forte hp <(hy-0.50)Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 9.6.7 Compilation of Final Data Bridge No. & Name Date A) and B) Initial Data (refer to 9.6.5) C) Main Calculation 1) Load on top of foundation = Total load A = Front to C.G. distance a 2) Soil /rock heights - Active earth pressure height hs - Active earth pressure height from top of the foundation block — Rock height at back Fra ~ Embedded depth = Depth of additional soil t 3) Soil parameters = Front slope of soil (top of dry stone pitching) = Slope of soil baseline = Length of influence = Back slope of soil 4) Foundation dimensions = Height of cable anchorage = Back height — Front height = Width = Length = Base inelination = _ Distance to resultant force ~ _ Distance to resultant force 5) Safety factors = Sliding = Bearing capacity = Toppling ~ Slope stability 6) Anchorage rods ‘Nos as per calculation or minimum Nos. N D) Additional Anchorage Rods (from geological report) Volume A, Designed by.... de 3833333 3Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard E) Data to be Transferred to the General Arrangement — Example: windguy cable foundation on rock Draw also the position and dimensions of additional loads on top of the foundation dimension of retaining well a Bs 9.6.8 Related Standard Drawings Drawing Number Drawing Title 41 ‘Windguy Cable Anchorage for 1 cable (capacity 130 KN) 41 41/2 | Windguy Cable Foundation for I cable 4113 _ | Windguy Cable Foundation for | cable ¢ 26, 32. 36mm with foot, on soil 42 ‘Windguy Cable Anchorage for | cable (capacity 195 kN) 42/1 42/2 _| Windguy Cable Foundation for 1 cable 43 ‘Windguy Cable Anchorage for 1 cable (capacity 305 kN) 43/1__43/2__| Windguy Cable Foundation for 1 cable 44 ‘Windguy Cable Anchorage for 2 cables ( capacity 390 kN) 44/1__44/2__ | Windguy Cable Foundation for 2 cables 45 ‘Windguy Cable Anchorage for 2 cables ( capacity 610 kN) 45/1__45/2__ | Windguy Cable Foundation for 2 cables Drawing Numbers: = Working and assembly drawing a $tructural drawing: Foundation on Soil i structural drawing ‘Foundation on Rock Table 9.6.3: Standard Design Drawings: Windguy Cable Anchorage Foundation 20 Chapter 9: Design of Windeuy ArrangementLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A ‘The windguy cable anchorage foundation can also provide anchorage for the sidestay cable (refer to 8.9.2). In this case calculate the foundation for a combined loading with the windguy and sidestay cable tensions. Calculate the resultant loading force with Tsy , Tshx and Tshy as additional loads. \—— windties i windguy cable anchorage foundation combined with sidestoy cable anchorage ! sidestay cable Tov TgnixLong Span Trail Bridge Standard 10. Special Design Table of Contents 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.4 Special Suspended Bridge 10.1.1. Combined Main Foundation with a Staircase Special Suspension Bridges 10.2.1. Suspension Bridge with One Tower 102.2 Without a Tower 10.2.3 With a Loaded Side span 10.2.4 Double Span Bridge 10.2.5 With the Different Walkway / Tower Foundation Elevations 10.2.6 With Different Tower Heights Special Windguy Arrangement 10.3.1 Windguy Stay Strut 10.3.2 Bridges without a Windguy Arrangement Design of Deadman Anchorage Foundation 10.4.1 Introduction 10.4.2 Related Symbols 10.4.3 Basic Calculation Principle 40.4.4 Limits 10.4.5 Initial Layout Data 10.4.6 Calculation Procedure Volume A 233 233 234 234 240 240 240 240 240 241 241 243 244 244 244 245 245 246 246Volume A 10.1 10.1.1 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Special Suspended Bridge Combined Main Foundation with a Staircase Design the combined main foundation with a staircase according to the procedures given in Chapter 6 and 7. For calculation of the loads acting on the foundation, two load combinations must be taken into consideration. Load case [A] Dead load case + full wind load Load case [8] Full load case + 1/3 wind load Wind load: w = 1.0 KN/m? Wind load acting on the walkway: for bridges without a windguy arrangement Hw = 0.5/-w —for bridges with a windguy arrangement Hw = 0 Wind load on exposed area A: Pwa = w.A Calculate the stresses created in the base plate (in section 1 — 1 of the base plate): % —£ Stoo SS Sepa Related special design drawing (design example) Drawing Number 60/4: Staircase combined with main foundation 2 main cables (related drawings 60 and 63) wind exposed Te orea A kN kN kNimm? kNimm?Long Span Trail Bridge Standard ‘Volume A. 10.2 Special Suspension Bridges 10.2.1 Suspension Bridge with One Tower A) Layout 4,6, or 8 main cobles —spocing (arum=type) f Shee foundation wolkwoy onchoroge foundation B) Introduction The following procedure has the provision for a windguy arrangement (refer to Chapter 9). itis assumed that the full wind load, acting on the walkway up to the handrail cable, can be borne by this system only. The wind load acting on the main cables and suspenders has to be born by the tower (tower/walkway foundation) on one side and by the main (anchorage) foundation on the other side where no tower is provided. ‘The layout and the initial loading are based on the structure under dead load. ‘The freeboard has to be maintained for any cable alignment (including windguy cables) at dead load case, ‘As an approximation, the calculations can be made in the same way as for the system with two towers (refer to Chapter 8). C) Related Symbols (Refer to Chapter 8) D) Geometrical Parameters and Calculation Procedure ‘The maximum backstay distance, Dg (or Dy), is limited to = 0.2 f spacing clamp heVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 1) Analysis for the Backstay Cable behind the Spacing Clamp at Dead Load Case The spacing clamp is situated vertically over the walkway foundation. Thus, the span of the bridge is given by the length of the walkway which corresponds to the loaded length of the bridge. Therefore, the spacing clamp represents a ficitious tower top. The dead load case must be fixed first. The cable geometry and the cable force are given by the well-known formulas (1) and (2) - gel 1 T. BO 416 kN ‘ 8fe Af 2 Be = arctan“74 deg spocing clomp A simple condition for the equilibrium of the moment at point A gives the location of the anchorage for the backstay cable. The backstay distance, De , is previously defined and the height of the anchorage point is solved out of the equilibrium condition (3). The condition of the angles, Ba and Yq , and the backstay distance, Dr and he. is given with formula (4). 2 3. Mag = VeDr + ghF- Herhes = 0 nn with Vv. digs it fs and Hg = Bhs ‘KN ga, hea = m Deo 4 Baty) = arctan deg 2) Hoisting Load Geometry The assumptions made to set up the procedure for determining the hoisting load geometry from the dead load geometry are given below.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A = The horizontal movement of the tower top, DDL (or DDR), is neglected. The magnitudes of these two values are low with respect to the change in cable geometry caused by the change of load and with respect to the different elongation of the cable caused by a change of the applied load (e.g., change from dead load case to hoisting load case, or change from dead load case to full load case = The dead load geometry of the cable between the spacing clamp and the anchorage point is taken as a straight line without local sag. The dead load length from the spacing clamp to the anchorage point is determined as La» VOe* ha? m - The dead load cable length between the one tower and the main cable anchorage foundation is given with the formula le = wfr4(4) | +\D? + he m ‘The known values on which to base the calculations are: = Dead load 9. = dead load span of the bridge Ia, = dead load sag fe, — backstay distance Dr, = hoisting toad oh ‘The geometry of the main cable for @ hoisting load situation is equivalent to the geometry for the cable of a suspended bridge with anchorage points at different elevations. All the formulas for cable geometry, given in 7.3, are very useful. An iteration leads to the geometry of the hoisting loaded cable. The span of the hoisting loaded cable is enlarged from the original dead load span, Ig, to the hoisting load span In = Ig+De m To start the iteration the value for the cable force, Th , caused by the hoisting load, has to be assumed first. A good initial value for the cable force, Th , can be approximately 15% of the dead load value, Tg: preliminary T, ~ 0.5 Ts Once the hoisting load geometry is calculated, the cable length from the spacing clamp to the anchorage point, Len, can be determined. The general formula, y = ax? + bx +, has to be changed to fit in with the vaiue, fy, Bn , and Br.Volume A The iteration procedure is shown below. 1 a Cable length Ly ‘Sag of bh = Cableforee == Hn = with tanBy = and Thoo* Lg cable tngth fom clamp to onedorege LesetV ORF LapeVOqavns Cerahet ee La gel? 8bs bs + he hh He cosBo _ (Ta-Tas E-Aw Long Span Trail Bridge Standard = la 4 (Tn=Te) Le E-Aw kN kNLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 3) Full Load Geometry The length of the cable from the spacing clamp to the anchorage point can be calculated by: Lops (ICT): Let ef E-Au The full load geometry can be calculated using the dead load formulas (3), (Ba), and (4), Instead of the dead load, ga , the full lad, gr, has to be introduced. The output of formula (3a) then gives the new vertical location of the spacing clamp, hr +. The cable between the spacing clamp and the anchorage point is assumed to be straight. The horizontal location of the spacing clamp is then defined with Le ¢and Ht E) Main Cable Anchorage Foundation (Drum-type) The lateral horizontal wind load, Hw , has to be taken into consideration., as there is no tower to bear this load (refer to 8.4.9 C1), Analyze for both loading cases (A] and [B}. For the calculation refer to Chapter 6, Design of Bridge Foundation and 7.4, Design of Main ‘Anchorage Foundation of Suspended Bridges (calculate with TH = 0 ). Additional anchorage rods may be required to stabilize the rock (refer to 6.3). Related special design drawing (design example) Drawing Number 60/3: Main cable tunnel foundation. 2 main cablesLong Span Trail Bridge Standard F) Walkway Anchorage Foundation For calculating the tension in the spanning cable refer to 8.4.9 C3. The lateral force that must be considered (refer to 8.4.9 C2) consists only of sina, KN For the calculation procedures refer to Chapter 6, D may be required to stabilize the rock (refer to 6.3). ign of Bridge Foundation. Anchorage rods Related special design drawing (design example) Drawing Number 91/3: Walkway Foundation ‘Spanning cable § 32 mm q [rower one G) Spacing Clamp for Main Cables Provide a spacing ciamp at the theoretical location of the tower saddle on the side without a tower. Related special design drawing (design example) Drawing Number 28: Spacing clamp for main cable 4 main cable 32 mm Pion +t od orca TTT] 7 ‘ - i TTT TTT Ty yy las 10° oe woikway ‘spocing | mein drum-type anchorage foundation — | ela ccobies foundation for main ablesLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5 10.2.6 Without a Tower For structural calculation, anchorage and foundation design, spacing clamps, proceed according to 10. 1 Oo span De ieee coe) spacing clomp V 4,6,0r 8 moin cobles \ bon rum tunne! ‘enchorage foundation 1 onchorage foundation With a Loaded Side span The design ofthis type of bridges is more complex. Additional cables between the tower tops are required for the stabilty of the bridge in compare to the standard suspension bridge. The design of such bridge has to be made in detail for a specific site and can not be standardized. Therefore, this bridge type is not considered in the present handbook. Double Span Bridge ‘Additional cables between the tower tops are required for the stability of the bridge in compare to the standard suspension bridge. This type of bridge also not considered in this handbook due to the same reason as explained in 10.2.3. With the Different Walkway / Tower Foundation Elevations ‘Suspension bridges with two towers, one, or even without a tower, with the different walkwayitower foundation elevations are not recommended. With ifferent Tower Heights In designing standard towers, the height of the fower is calculated as a function of the Span (load). The smaller tower, in particular, cannot be designed as a standard tower but must be designed according to the effective loads.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 10.3 Special Windguy Arrangement 10.3.1 Windguy Stay Strut On flat river banks where walkway/tower foundations are constructed high above the ground level, the windguy cables can be supported at the walkway/tower foundation by windguy stay struts and anchored to the main cable foundation Side elevation | I Plan I Ty ‘wnaguy combined mon cable aS and wingguy cable ; ‘onchoroge foundation Ss, — Front 2) elevation Windguy Cable 926mm @32mm_| 936mm h min m 3.00 3.00 3.00 4 m 450 6.50 8.30 Vou kN 70.00 100.00 _|_ 130.00 Table 10. 5.1: Layout Data for Windguy Stay StrutLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Refer to Chapters 8 and 9 for general outline, calculation procedures, symbols, formulas, etc. For windguy arrangements with windguy stay struts, calculate, in addition, for full wind load: — the tension in windguy backstay cable’ H Te = Goss 4) ~ the safety factor calculated as: poe Ta =e 3 = the load on windguy stay strut: Vo = Hi(tana + tand) + Ty- sin @ + Ty: sinB < Voom KN the tension in stay cables: D = T-sin6°—Tp-siny = force of deviation kN D O>0: thelower stey cableis loaded — T= Soag S SKN fD<0: theupperstay cable stoaded = T, = LPL < soun cosy Calculate the main cable foundation according to the procedures given in 8.7 for full oad with an additional tension, Tp, in one windguy cable, determined for w > 0.17 kNim ("/s wind load). Related special design drawings Drawing Number: 175,175/1 Windguy stay strut for windguy cable © 26 mm 176,176! Windguy stay strut for windguy cable @ 32 mm ATTATTA Windguy stay strut for windguy cable @ 36 mm 4913 Combined main cable and windguy cable foundation 4 main cables, 2 windguy cables (design example)Volume A 10.3.2 243 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Bridges without a Windguy Arrangement It is acceptable to follow the standard procedure if the safety factors (foundation design) are at least 1.0 above the minimum required factors, ie., F > Fin + 1.0 If the safety factors are less than 1.0 above the minimum safety factors, the design must be calculated with the actual loadings for all structures. Load case [A] : Dead load case + full wind load Load case [B] : Fullloadcase + 1/3 wind load Wind load: = w = 1.0 kKNim? A) Suspended Bridge The lateral wind load which must be taken into consideration for the design of the main anchorage foundations may be calculated as follows: = forload case (A): Py = 0.5/-w kN = forload case (8: Py = ‘/3-(0.5/-w) KN B) Suspension Bridge ‘The procedure can be followed according to 8.4, but the lateral load, We , must be increased by, Www, the wind load acting on the walkway and calculated as follows: ~ for load case {A}: Wo = Wow + Wis + Weusp = (0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0038 (hy -2.4) = 0.616 + 0.0038 hy kN/m ~ for load case [8] Wo = 113 (Wow + Wat + Weusp) = "Vp (0.616 + 0.0038 hy) ki Note: The procedure given in 8.4 is a statical analysis only. Owing to the dynamic behavior of the bridges (especially bridges without a windguy arrangement), the horizontal deflection, X, and the tension in the spanning cable, Ps1 , may increase Up to double the value. Chapter 10: Special DesignLong Span Trail Bridge Standard ‘Volume A 10.4 Design of Deadman Anchorage Foundation 10.4.1 Introduction 10.4.2 The scope of this section is to determine the dimensions of the deadman anchorage foundation based on the results of the cable structure analysis, on the. soil and rock parameters, and on prescribed safety factors. This type of anchorage foundation is a very economical main cable anchorage for suspension bridges. It is important to note that the design philosophy and methodology is limited to shallow foundations (near ground surface) in granular soil ‘The principal is to make use of the earth resistance (passive earth pressure) of the soil in front of the foundation. Therefore this type of foundation needs special care: a) during excavation: as far as possible the soil in front of the foundation must not be disturbed; and if itis (e.g., because of the excavation for the cables), the backfiling soil must be well compacted, and b) after construction: @ prescribed area of the soil in front of the foundation must be protected (e.g., with gabion mattress). ‘The basic principles concerning earth pressure are given in Chapter 6, Foundation Design. Related Symbols B ‘Open dimension of the foundation, (part of) width m c Back toe, part of height m E Back toe, part of width m 4 ‘Open dimension of foundation, (part of) height m Hux Ultimate capacity of the foundation, horizontal component KN L ‘Open dimension of the foundation, length m PL —_Length in front of the foundation to be protected m We Weight of foundation kN We Weight of the earth above the foundation kN For all other symbols used, refer to Chapter 6, Design of Bridge Foundation, and to Chapter 8.7, Design of Main Cable Foundation.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 10.4.3 Basic Calculation Principle A) Layout Feaurees "et 7 / B) Ultimate Capacity Calculating the ultimate capacity involves taking into consideration the passive earth pressure in front, the active earth pressure at the back, and the earth pressure at rest, acting laterally on the foundation. Hur = Eph Ean + 2 Eos For determining the magnitude of E,, and Ey, , refer to 6.2.3. The earth pressure at rest, acting laterally on the foundation, is calculated as: ji ZEa = gro thy? tand;- [Vagn + Van ] de = 1-sino; 10.4.4 Limits A) Depth of Soil on Top of the Deadman Foundation ‘The depth of soil on top of the deadman foundation must not exceed ho < Vs hp to 1/2 hp B) Length in Front of the Foundation to be Protected ‘The length in front of the foundation to be protected with precautionary measures to ensure adequate safety after completion of construction, is calculated as PL. ip Vpn C) Safety against Sliding Failure In order to reduce the movement of the foundation towards the soil in front of it, @ high safety factor is required Fs, 23.50 kN kNLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 10.4.5 Initial Layout Data Refer to 8.7.5. 10.4.6 Calculation Procedure Refer 10 8.7.5. Calculation example ‘The calculations are taken from examples of a foundation with a back toe and without groundwater. backfilling faite Don undisturbed subsoil Fy, Ty) XphVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 1. Calculate the components, inclination, and location of the -resultant loading force Loading Forces Lever Arm (m) for Mr Weights (KN): We = he -Be-L -7¢ Brl2 We = Br: L-hs-ye Brl2 Load on Top (KN: A = (teferto6.2.4) a Earth Pressure (KN) he by back: Ex, (back) = Aan [Pay] BL -ye2 3 Es, (back) = Ew tan(3,) 5 ~front: Egy (front) = Apu by, e} AE -L- yy be 1 ° Ep, (front) = Ew-tan(-4-¢,) (upwards) Loads (kN) Tr T,- cos hy T= Te sinB ° MF = sum of all statical moments in F km = Safety against sliding failure fa = Hatt (We+We-Tw)-tano: 4g ; Te 2. For other possible failure modes proceed according to Chapter 6. Related special design drawing (design example) Drawing Number 49/2: Drawing Number 50/2: Drawing Number 51/2: Main cable deadman anchorage foundation Capacity 1220 KN, clos = 4.00 m 4 main cables (related drawing 49) Main cable deadman anchorage foundation Capacity 1830 KN, cle, = 4.00 m 6 main cables (related drawing 50) Main cable deadman anchorage foundation Capacity 2440 KN, cle, = 4.00 m 8 main cables (related drawing 51)