Electrical Workers Safety Handbook

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Handbook Acknowledgement
T h i si st oa c k n o w l e d g et h a tIh a v er e c e i v e d m yc o p yo ft h eE l e c t r i c a lW o r k e r s S a f e t y Handbook. Ia g r e et or e a da n df o l l o wa l ls a f e t yr u l e s o u t l i n e di nt h i sb o o k l e t . Ia g r e et or e p o r ta l li n j u r i e st om yf o r e m a n immediately, no matter how minor the i n j u r y .
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First Name
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Signature
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N O T I C E :
F i l lo u t ,d e t a c h , and return this page to your foreman before the end of the f i r s td a yo f employment. Please keep this book for future reference.
Electrical Workers Safety Handbook
SAFETY
HANDBOOK
E l e c t r i c a l Workers S a f e t y Handbook
Published by: The Electrical Labor Management Cooperation Committee of Dayton, Ohio, a working partnership of The I.B.E.W. Local 82 and The Western Ohio Chapter of N.E.C.A.
2000 .A l lr i g h t sr e s e r v e d .
Electrical Workers Safety Handbook 3
CONTENTS
Table of Contents
6 About This Handbook 8 Conduct and Professionalism OSHA Guidelines for a Safe Workplace 9 Your Employers Obligations 10 Your Obligations Safety Communications 12 Signs, Meetings, and Reporting 14 Hazardous Materials Disclosure P e r s o n a lP r o t e c t i o n 15 Your Face, Eyes, and Ears 16 Your Body 18 Proper Lifting Method to Avoid Back Injuries Climbing and Raising Equipment 20 Ladders 22 Fall Protection 24 Scaffolding H a z a r d o u sM a t e r i a l s 26 Precautions 28 Lead and Asbestos
CONTENTS
T o o l s 29 Hand Tools 30 Electric Hand Tools 32 Power-Actuated Tools Motor Vehicles/Mechanized Equipment 3 3 Overview 34 Cranes, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors 35 A e r i a lL i f t s S p e c i a lW o r kS i t u a t i o n s 36 Confined Spaces 37 Excavations and Trenching 38 Gas Cylinders 39 Electrical Work Practices 40 E l e c t r i c a lI n s t a l l a t i o n s 44 Welding Appendix 46 Good and Bad Rigging Practices 48 Crane Signals 50 Know Your Fire Extinguishers 52 Hazardous Materials Information 56 F i r s tA i d
Table of Contents
ABOUT
THIS
HANDBOOK
About This Handbook

W eu r g ee v e r y o n e i n v o l v e dt ot a k et o h e a r tt h e i m p o r t a n c eo f s a f e t yb yp u t t i n g i n t op r a c t i c et h e r u l e sa n dg u i d e l i n e s c o n t a i n e dh e r e .
I ti st h ee m p l o y e r se x c l u s i v er e s p o n s i b i l i t y t oi n s u r et h es a f e t yo fi t se m p l o y e e sa n d c o m p l i a n c ew i t ha l ls a f e t yr u l e sa n d s t a n d a r d s . This safety handbook has been compiled by the Electrical Labor Management Cooperation Committee of Dayton, Ohio t op r o v i d eau n i f o r ms e to fs a f e t yr u l e sa n d g u i d e l i n e sf o ra l le m p l o y e r sa n de l e c t r i c i a n s i nt h i sa r e a . I ti so u rb e l i e ft h a tn o t h i n gi sm o r e i m p o r t a n tt h a ns a f e t yi na l lo fo u r w o r k p l a c e s . T h i sh a n d b o o ki se v i d e n c eo fb o t hu n i o n a n de m p l o y e rd e s i r e st oa c h i e v et h eb e s t s a f e t yr e s u l t sp o s s i b l e .W eu r g ee v e r y o n e i n v o l v e dt ot a k eto h e a r tt h ei m p o r t a n c eo f s a f e t yb yp u t t i n gi n t op r a c t i c et h er u l e sa n d g u i d e l i n e sc o n t a i n e dh e r e . Co-Chairs - LMCC of Dayton, Ohio: Johnny Morris Thomas Gitzinger Committee Members: C h a r l e sT o o n J a m e sTa y l o r Dennis Quebe P h i lW a g n e r Safety Committee Members: R i c h a r dB r o o k s A n d yS t u h l m i l l e r Jack Humphreys R i c h a r dP e n e w i t Sharon Browning Jim Fortkamp
I n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e di sc u r r e n t a so ft h ep r i n t i n go f t h i sb o o k .T h i s h a n d b o o ki s i n t e n d e do n l ya sa g u i d e l i n ef o rs a f e t y . P l e a s er e f e rt oa c u r r e n tO S H A h a n d b o o kf o r s p e c i f i cl a w s .L a s t a m e n d e d2 / 1 / 9 8 . 6
ABOUT
THIS
HANDBOOK
Why Are These Guidelines Important?

T h i si n f o r m a t i o nh a sb e e nd e v e l o p e dt o p r o t e c ty o ua n dp r e v e n ta c c i d e n t so nt h e j o b .I fy o uu n d e r s t a n da n dp r a c t i c et h e s e s a f e t yp r o c e d u r e so na l lj o b r e l a t e dt a s k s , y o uw i l lr e d u c ey o u rr i s ko fi n j u r y . R e a dt h i sh a n d b o o ka tl e a s to n c ea l lt h e w a yt h r o u g h .C a r r yi tw i t hy o ua sy o u w o u l dc a r r ya n yo fy o u rn e c e s s a r yt o o l s ,a n d r e f e rt oi to f t e n . We have summarized the most important b a s i cs a f e t yr e g u l a t i o n s .S i n c ew ec a n n o t i n c l u d ee v e r ys i t u a t i o no rs p e c i a lc o n d i t i o n t h a ty o um i g h te n c o u n t e r ,w ed on o ti n t e n d f o ry o ut ou s et h i sh a n d b o o ka st h e c o m p l e t ee l e c t r i c a lw o r k e rs a f e t ym a n u a l . A l s o ,t h i sh a n d b o o ki sn o taw o r k a g r e e m e n to rac o n t r a c ta n dd o e sn o t g u a r a n t e ee m p l o y m e n tf o ras p e c i f i cp e r i o d o ft i m e . A s ky o u rf o r e m a no rs u p e r v i s o rt oc l a r i f y a n yg u i d e l i n e so rp r o c e d u r e st h a ty o ud o n t u n d e r s t a n do n c ey o uh a v er e a dt h i s handbook. Refer to the OSHA Safety and H e a l t hS t a n d a r d sf o rC o n s t r u c t i o n ,P a r t 1 9 2 6 .
H o wd oIu s et h i s h a n d b o o k ?
W h a ta r et h e l i m i t a t i o n so ft h i s h a n d b o o k ?
W h e r ec a nIg e tm o r e i n f o r m a t i o n ?
N O T I C E :
This handbook was developed from safety guidelines which come from 2 main sources: OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Act) and y e a r so fp r a c t i c a l experience.
CONDUCT
AND
PROFESSIONALISM
Conduct and Professionalism

What do we mean b yp r o f e s s i o n a l i s m ?
P r o f e s s i o n a l i s mm e a n st h a ty o ur e p r e s e n t t h et r a d ea saw h o l e .T h e r e f o r e ,y o u r p e r s o n a lh a b i t s ,a t t i t u d e ,a n db e h a v i o r s h o u l dr e f l e c tt h es k i l l e dp r o f e s s i o n a lt h a t y o ua r e .A l w a y sd e m o n s t r a t es e l fr e s p e c t a n dc o u r t e s y .
W h a tt y p eo f c o n d u c ti n t e r f e r e s w i t hp r o f e s s i o n a l i s m ?
H o r s e p l a y
N e v e rr o u g h h o u s e ,r u n ,p l a yp r a c t i c a lj o k e s , o ro t h e r w i s e f o o la r o u n d o nt h ew o r ks i t e . T h e s ea c t i o n sd i s t u r bc o w o r k e r sa n dc a u s e a c c i d e n t s .
A l c o h o la n dI l l e g a lD r u g s
B e i n gu n d e rt h ei n f l u e n c ea n dp o s s e s s i o no f a l c o h o la n di l l e g a ld r u g si sp r o h i b i t e do na l l j o bs i t e s .
P r e s c r i p t i o nM e d i c a t i o n
U s ep r e s c r i p t i o nm e d i c a t i o no n l ya s d i r e c t e d .B ea w a r eo fs i d ee f f e c t ss u c ha s d r o w s i n e s s ,d i z z i n e s s ,o rs l o w e dr e f l e x e s w h i c hc o u l dp u ty o ua th i g hr i s kf o ra n a c c i d e n t .T e l ly o u rs u p e r v i s o ri fy o u experience any symptoms which limit your f u l lm e n t a la n d / o rp h y s i c a lc a p a b i l i t i e s .
S A F E T YT I P
If you think you might have a drug problem, discuss it with someone y o ut r u s t ,o rt e l l your doctor. Help i sa v a i l a b l et h a t could save your job and perhaps y o u rl i f e .
OSHA
GUIDELINES
Your Employers Obligations

S a f eE n v i r o n m e n t
OSHA obligates your employer to provide as a f ep l a c ef o ry o ut ow o r k .N o t i f yy o u r f o r e m a ni m m e d i a t e l yi fy o uf e e lt h a ta h a z a r de x i s t s .I fy o u rf o r e m a nd o e sn o ta c t p r o m p t l y ,c o n t a c ty o u re m p l o y e rd i r e c t l y . A l s o ,y o u re m p l o y e rc a nb ef i n e df o r p e r m i t t i n gd a n g e r o u sc o n d i t i o n s ,e v e ni f a n o t h e rc o n t r a c t o ri sr e s p o n s i b l ef o r c r e a t i n gt h eh a z a r d .
H o wd o e sO S H A p r o t e c tm e ?
F i r s tA i dR e q u i r e m e n t s
Y o um u s tb ea b l et oh e l pq u i c k l yi nc a s eo f i n j u r i e so re m e r g e n c i e s .T h e r e f o r e ,y o u r employer must provide you with the f o l l o w i n g : . Af i r s ta i dk i ta p p r o v e db yap h y s i c i a n . D oy o uk n o wi t sl o c a t i o na te a c hs i t e ? . Ap e r s o nt r a i n e dt og i v ef i r s ta i d . . Do you know who that person is? . T e l e p h o n en u m b e r so fr e s c u es q u a d s , p a r a m e d i c s ,f i r ed e p a r t m e n t s ,a n dt h e l o c a t i o no ft h en e a r e s th o s p i t a l .A r et h e s e p o s t e di na no b v i o u sp l a c e ?
N O T I C E :
Remember... s a f e t yi sy o u r r i g h t !
OSHA
GUIDELINES
Your Obligations: R e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
W h a ta r em y r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ?
OSHA states, Each employee shall comply w i t hO c c u p a t i o n a lS a f e t ya n dH e a l t h S t a n d a r d sa n da l lr u l e s ,r e g u l a t i o n s ,a n d o r d e r si s s u e dp u r s u a n tt ot h i sa c tw h i c ha r e a p p l i c a b l et oh i so w na c t i o n sa n dc o n d u c t . T h i sm e a n st h a ty o uh a v er e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s .

. B es a f e t yc o n s c i o u sa ta l lt i m e sa n d
p r a c t i c es a f eh a b i t sf o re v e r y o n e ss a k e , p a r t i c u l a r l yt h ep u b l i ca n d ,s p e c i f i c a l l y , c h i l d r e n .Y o uc a np r e v e n ta c c i d e n t sa n dt h e e x p e n s i v el a w s u i t st h a to f t e nf o l l o w . . P r o t e c tt h ep u b l i cf r o md a n g e r sf r o m e l e c t r i c a ls h o c k ,f a l l i n go b j e c t s ,f i r e ,t r i p p i n g , o t h e rd a n g e r sg e n e r a t e db ye l e c t r i c a lw o r k , a n db l o c k e dp a s s a g e w a y s . . Be aware of curious children who may w a n tt oe x p l o r ew h i l ey o ua r ew o r k i n g ,o r a f t e ry o ua r eg o n ef o rt h ed a y . . A l w a y su s et h ep r o p e rt o o lf o rt h ej o bt o p r e v e n ta na c c i d e n t .
10
YOUR OBLIGATIONS
Your Obligations: Secure Your Job Site

. P r a c t i c e g o o dh o u s e k e e p i n g b y k e e p i n gt h es i t ec l e a ro fa l lo b s t r u c t i o n s , s u c ha sd e b r i s ,b o x e s ,c o n d u i ts c r a p s ,o r o t h e ri t e m st h a tc o u l dc a u s ea c c i d e n t s . . M a k es u r em a t e r i a l sa r en o tl y i n g a r o u n di np a s s a g e w a y sa n dn e a rw a l l o p e n i n g s . . R e m o v et e m p o r a r yl a d d e r s ,a n dl a y d o w nm o b i l es c a f f o l d sw h e n e v e rp o s s i b l e . . C h e c kt h ec i r c u i t r yo fw i r i n gb e f o r e e n e r g i z i n gas y s t e m ,a n dm a k es u r ey o ua r e c e r t a i nw h a ti sp r e s e n ta tt h eo t h e re n d .I f n o t ,y o uc a nc a u s ei r r e v e r s i b l ei n j u r y . . L o c ko u te l e c t r i c a lc i r c u i t sw h i c ha r e n t b e i n gu s e d . . L o c ku po rs e c u r et r u c k sa n do t h e r m e c h a n i z e de q u i p m e n t ,a sw e l la st o o l b o x e s . . Keep exposed material to a minimum t op r e v e n tt h e f t .
H o wd oIs e c u r em y s i t e ?
11
SAFETY
COMMUNICATIONS
Signs, Meetings, and Reporting

W h ys h o u l dI c o m m u n i c a t ew i t h my foreman?
Y o u rf o r e m a nw i l la d v i s ey o uo fa n yh a z a r d s c o n n e c t e dw i t hy o u rj o ba n dg i v ey o ut h e n e c e s s a r ys a f e t yi n s t r u c t i o n s .H o w e v e r , continue to communicate with your s u p e r v i s o r ,f e l l o we m p l o y e e s ,a n de m p l o y e e so fo t h e rt r a d e si no r d e rt op e r f o r my o u r j o bw i t h o u ti n j u r y . F o l l o wa n do b e yt h ed i r e c t i o n so na l ls i g n s , f o rt h e ye x i s tf o ry o u rb e n e f i t . A t t e n dt h et o o lb o xs a f e t ym e e t i n g st h a t s h o u l do c c u ro n c eaw e e ka ty o u rj o bs i t e . T h e s em e e t i n g sp r o v i d ea no p p o r t u n i t yt o : . L e a r na b o u ta n yh a z a r d si nt h ew o r k a r e a . . D i s c u s sa n yc h a n g e si nt h ew o r ka r e a . . A s ky o us u p e r v i s o rf o rs p e c i f i ct r a i n i n gt o b e s ta c c o m p a n yy o u rt a s k . . A d d r e s sa n ys a f e t yc o n c e r n s .
Why do we need s i g n s ? W h ya t t e n dt o o l b o xs a f e t y m e e t i n g s ?
N O T I C E :
Discussion of safety concerns, as well as any c o r r e c t i v e actions, must always be documented.
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SAFETY
COMMUNICATIONS
Signs, Meetings, and Reporting

U n s a f eC o n d i t i o n s
R e p o r ta n yu n s a f eo rh a z a r d o u sc o n d i t i o n s to your f o r e m a ni m m e d i a t e l yt op r e v e n t i n j u r yt oy o uo ry o u rf e l l o we m p l o y e e s .I f , i ny o u ro p i n i o n ,t h ef o r e m a nd o e sn o ta c t p r o m p t l yt or e c t i f yt h es i t u a t i o n ,n o t i f y y o u re m p l o y e r .
W h a td oIn e e dt o r e p o r t ?
A c c i d e n t sa n dI n j u r i e s
R e p o r ta l la c c i d e n t s / i n j u r i e st oy o u r foreman immediately, no matter how m i n o r .A l s o ,r e p o r tn e a rm i s s e s ,a s r e m e d i a lm e a s u r e sc a np r e v e n tf u t u r e a c c i d e n t s . Y o u re m p l o y e rm u s tp o s tt h ef o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o na te a c hs i t er e g a r d i n ga c c i d e n t s a n di n j u r i e s : . N o t i c eo fw o r k e r s c o m p e n s a t i o nc a r r i e r . . P r o p e rp r o c e d u r ef o ro b t a i n i n gm e d i c a l c a r ew h e ny o u re m p l o y e ru s e sap a n e lo f d o c t o r s .
13
SAFETY
COMMUNICATIONS
Hazardous Materials Disclosure

W h a ta r em yr i g h t s c o n c e r n i n g h a z a r d o u sm a t e r i a l s o nt h ej o b ?
. Y o uh a v et h er i g h tt ok n o wa n ds h o u l d
b ei n f o r m e da b o u ta n yh a z a r d o u sm a t e r i a l s i ny o u rw o r ka r e a . . C o n t a i n e r so fh a z a r d o u sm a t e r i a l sm u s t b ec l e a r l yl a b e l e da ss u c h . . Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) m u s tb ea v a i l a b l ef o ry o u rr e f e r e n c e . * Y o um u s tr e c e i v et r a i n i n gi nH a z a r d o u s c h e m i c a l sr e g u l a t i o n sb e f o r ey o ub e g i n w o r k .I fy o ua r eu n c e r t a i na b o u ta n y m a t e r i a l ,s u b s t a n c e ,o rs p e c i f i cp r o c e d u r e i n v o l v i n gah a z a r d o u sm a t e r i a l ,t a l kt oy o u r s u p e r v i s o r .
W h a ti fIn e e d a d d i t i o n a lh e l p ?
S A F E T YT I P
E y ei n j u r i e s account for 2530% of all construction i n j u r i e s .
* All Contractors must have MSDS sheets f o ra n ym a t e r i a l st h e ya r eg o i n gt oh a v e o ns i t e .
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PERSONAL
PROTECTION
Your Face, Eyes and Ears

Y o um u s tw e a rs a f e t yg l a s s e sw i t hf i x e ds i d e s h i e l d sa ta l lt i m e sa sm i n i m u mp r o t e c t i o n i na l lw o r ka r e a s .U s et h ec h a r tb e l o wt o d e t e r m i n ea d d i t i o n a lp r o t e c t i o nt ou s e .
S a f e t yG l a s s e s w i t hS i d e S h i e l d s Minimum I m p a c t H a z a r d s
S a f e t y G o g g l e s
S a f e t yG l a s s e s w i t hF u l lF a c e S h i e l d s Maximum A i r b o r n e s u c ha sd u s t o rc h e m i c a l s p l a s h e s H e a v y g r i n d i n g ,o r a r o u n da c i d f i l l e db a t t e r i e s
Maximum A i r b o r n e s u c ha sd u s t o rc h e m i c a l s p l a s h e s O v e r h e a d d r i l l i n g t h r o u g h m a s o n r ya n d s t e e l ,o rd u s t y o rw i n d y c o n d i t i o n s
F o rw h a td e g r e eo f p r o t e c t i o n ? F o rw h a tt y p eo f h a z a r d ?
M a n d a t o r y a ta l lt i m e s , e s p e c i a l l y when g r i n d i n g , c h i p p i n g , o rd r i l l i n g t h r o u g h s t e e l
W h e ns h o u l dIw e a r t h i sp r o t e c t i o n ?
N o i s el e v e l se x c e e d i n g9 0d e c i b e l sr e q u i r e e a rp r o t e c t i o n .F o l l o wt h i sr u l eo ft h u m b : I fy o um u s ts h o u tt ob eh e a r d ,t h e ny o u n e e dh e a r i n gp r o t e c t i o n .I fy o ua r es t i l l u n s u r e ,c h e c kw i t hy o u rs u p e r v i s o r .H e a r i n g p r o b l e m sd e v e l o pg r a d u a l l yf r o mc o n t i n u e d e x p o s u r et oh i g hn o i s el e v e l s .T h i sc a nr e s u l t i nt e m p o r a r yo rp e r m a n e n th e a r i n gl o s s .
W h e ns h o u l dI u s e e a rp r o t e c t i o n ?
15
PERSONAL
PROTECTION
W h a tc a nId ot o p r o t e c tm yb o d y ?
Your Body
S A F E T YT I P
Make sure your h a r dh a ti si n good condition. I fi ti sn o t ,y o u cannot wear it on the job.
S A F E T YT I P
Refrain from wearing torn or baggy clothing, j e w e l r y ,o rr i n g s , which can easily get caught in moving machinery.
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PERSONAL
PROTECTION
H a r dH a t
W e a ry o u rh a r dh a tw i t ht h eb i l lo v e ry o u r f o r e h e a d .D on o tw e a ri tb a c k w a r d so r r e v e r s et h es u s p e n s i o n .
R e s p i r a t o r yP r o t e c t i o n
. A l w a y sw e a rt h ep r o p e rt y p eo fr e s p i r a t o r . . P r o p e rp r o c e d u r e sm u s tb ef o l l o w e dt o b ef i tt e s t e df o rr e s p i r a t o r s . . Wear a dust mask in dusty environments. . Ask your foreman if you do not know w h e t h e rt ow e a rar e s p i r a t o ro ram a s k .
S h i r t sa n d L o n gP a n t s
Always wear s h i r t sa n dl o n g p a n t s , p r e f e r a b l y 100% cotton, o rw o o l ,w h i c h i s l e s s flammable than o t h e rm a t e r i a l s . Man-made m a t e r i a l so r b l e n d ss u c ha s a c e t a t e ,n y l o n , p o l y e s t e r ,o r r a y o ns h o u l d n o tb ew o r n .
F u l lB o d yH a r n e s s e sa n dS h o c k A b s o r b i n gL a n y a r d s
F u l lb o d yh a r n e s s e sw i t hs h o c k a b s o r b i n g l a n y a r d sw i l lp r o v i d em a x i m u mp r o t e c t i o n w h e nw o r k i n gf r o ms u r f a c e sw h i c ha r es i xo r m o r ef e e ta b o v eal o w e rl e v e lw i t hn o g u a r d r a i l so rn e t s . . U s ef u l lb o d yh a r n e s s e sw i t hs h o c k a b s o r b i n gl a n y a r d sw h i c ha r es e c u r e da n d r i g g e ds ot h a ty o uc a n n o tf a l lm o r et h a ns i x f e e t ,o rm a k ec o n t a c tw i t ha n y t h i n gb e l o w y o u . . U s ef u l lb o d yh a r n e s s e sw i t hs h o c k a b s o r b i n gl a n y a r d sw h e no p e r a t i n ga e r i a l l i f t ss u c ha sb u c k e tl i f t s ,J L G s ,o rs c i s s o r s l i f t s .
G l o v e s
Always wear g l o v e sw h e n h a n d l i n g equipment and m a t e r i a l s . When handling c h e m i c a l s ,u s e r u b b e r ,p l a s t i c c o a t e d ,o r i n s u l a t e dg l o v e s .
17
G u a r d s
W e a rg u a r d sw h e nu s i n gt a m p e r s ,j a c k hammers, or similar equipment.
F o o tW e a r
A l w a y sw e a rs h o e so rb o o t so na l lj o bs i t e s . S n e a k e r so ro t h e rs o f ts h o e sd on o tp r o v i d e a d e q u a t ep r o t e c t i o n .
PERSONAL
PROTECTION
Proper Lifting Method to Avoid B a c kI n j u r i e s

K e e py o u rb a c k s t r a i g h t . C e n t e ry o u rw e i g h t o v e ry o u rf e e t .
P u l lt h eo b j e c tc l o s e t oy o u rb o d y . L i f tw i t hy o u rl e g s , n o ty o u rb a c k .
18
PERSONAL
PROTECTION
Follow These Steps Whenever Lifting Material

P r o t e c ty o u r s e l f
. W e a rt h ep r o p e rg l o v e sa n ds u p p o r t i v e
W h a ta r et h es t e p s f o rp r o p e rl i f t i n g ?
w o r ks h o e s .
E x a m i n ea n de v a l u a t et h el o a d
. I st h el o a dt o oh e a v yo ra w k w a r df o ro n e
p e r s o n ?
. I sa n y t h i n gp r o t r u d i n gf r o mt h el o a d ,
s u c ha sn a i l s ,s p l i n t e r s ,s h a r pe d g e s ,o rr o u g h s t r a p p i n g ? . I sm yp a t hf l a ta n dc l e a ro fo b s t r u c t i o n s ?
G e tr e a d yt ol i f t
. . . .
E s t a b l i s hs o l i df o o t i n g . C e n t e ry o u rb o d yw e i g h to v e ry o u rf e e t . K e e py o u rb a c ks t r a i g h t . D o n ts l o u c h .
L i f tt h eo b j e c tp r o p e r l y
G e tag o o dg r a s po nt h eo b j e c t . P u l lt h eo b j e c tc l o s et oy o u rb o d y . L i f tw i t hy o u rl e g s ,n o ty o u rb a c k . M o v ey o u rf e e tw h e nt u r n i n g ;n e v e r t w i s ty o u rb a c k .
. . . .
19
CLIMBING
AND
RAISING
EQUIPMENT
Ladders
U s i n gT h eL a d d e r
.M a k es u r et h et o po f t h el a d d e re x t e n d s t h r e ef e e ta b o v et h e l a d d e r ss u p p o r tp o i n t when using an e x t e n s i o nl a d d e rt o g a i na c c e s st oah i g h e r l e v e l . .F o l l o wt h i sr u l e : O n l yo n ep e r s o ni se v e r p e r m i t t e do nal a d d e r a ta n yt i m e . .A l w a y sf a c eal a d d e r when working from it. .O v e r l a pe x t e n s i o n l a d d e r sb ya tl e a s tt h r e e r u n g s . . Use both hands w h i l ec l i m b i n gu pa n d d o w nal a d d e r . .P l a c et h ef o o to ft h e l a d d e ra p p r o x i m a t e l y o fi t sl e n g t ha w a y f r o mt h ev e r t i c a lp l a n e o fi t st o ps u p p o r t . .U s eah a n dl i n et o r a i s ea n dl o w e rt o o l s a n dm a t e r i a l s . .M a k es u r et h el a d d e r r e s t so nas o l i da n d s t a b l eb a s e .
20
CLIMBING
AND
RAISING
EQUIPMENT
Ladders
M a i n t e n a n c e
. A l w a y si n s p e c tl a d d e r sf o ra n yd e f e c t s
S A F E T YT I P
Never use metal ladders near e l e c t r i c a ls e r v i c e s o rl i n e so ri n electric welding operations. Do not use ladders to support s c a f f o l db o a r d s , wire spools, or as work benches.
b e f o r ee a c hu s e . . N e v e ru s eal a d d e rw i t hb r o k e no r m i s s i n gr u n g so rd a m a g e ds i d er a i l s . . D on o tp a i n tl a d d e r se x c e p tf o rp e r i o d i c c o l o rc o d i n gf o ri n s p e c t i o n ,n u m b e r i n g ,o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o np u r p o s e s . . U s el a d d e r so n l ya c c o r d i n gt ot h e manufacturers recommendations.
S t e p l a d d e r s
O p e ns t e p l a d d e r sc o m p l e t e l y ,r e s t i n ga l lf o u r f e e to ns o u n d ,l e v e lf o o t i n gw i t hb r a c e s l o c k e d . . D on o ts t a n do nt h et o ps t e po rt h et o p c a p . . N e v e ru s et w os t e p l a d d e r sa ss u p p o r t sf o r s c a f f o l db o a r d s .
S e t t i n gU pS a f e l y
. A l w a y ss e c u r el a d d e r st op r e v e n t d i s p l a c e m e n t . . K e e pt h ea r e aa r o u n dt h et o pa n d b o t t o mo ft h el a d d e rc o m p l e t e l yc l e a ro f a n ym a t e r i a l s .
S A F E T YT I P
Always take s p e c i a lc a r e when ascending, descending, or working from l a d d e r s .
21
CLIMBING
AND
RAISING
EQUIPMENT
F a l lP r o t e c t i o n
G e n e r a lG u i d e l i n e s
. F a l lP r o t e c t i o ns h a l lb ep r o v i d e dw h e n
a ne m p l o y e ec a nf a l l6f e e t( 1 / 8 m )o rm o r e . . F a l lP r o t e c t i o nS y s t e ms h a l lb ep r o v i d e d b yt h ee m p l o y e r . . P r o t e c t i o nS y s t e m ss h a l li n c l u d eb u t n o tb el i m i t e dt oG u a r d r a i lS y s t e m s ,S a f e t y N e tS y s t e m s ,o rP e r s o n a lF a l lA r r e s t S y s t e m s .
F a l lP r o t e c t i o nA r e aR e q u i r e m e n t s
H o i s ta r e a s F l o o ro p e n i n g s( h o l e s ) ,i n c l u d i n gs k y l i g h t s . Ramps, runways, other walk wa y s . E x c a v a t i o n s . W a l lop e n i n g s( in c l u d i n gt h o s ew i t h c h u t e sa t t a c h e d ) . U n p r o t e c t e dsi d e sa n ded g e s ,le a d i n g e d g e s . D a n g e r o u s eq u i p m e n t( pr o t e c t i o ns h a l l b ep r o v i d e dt op r e v e n tf a l l i n gi n t oo ro n t o t h ed a n g e r o u se q u i p m e n tr e g a r d l e s so f h e i g h t ) . Roofing wo r k . P r e c a s tco n c r e t ee r e c t i o n . F o r m w o r ka n dre i n f o r c i n gst e e l
. .
22
CLIMBING
AND
RAISING
EQUIPMENT
F a l lP r o t e c t i o n
P e r s o n a lF a l lA r r e s tS y s t e m s
As y s t e mi n c l u d i n gb u tn o tl i m i t e dt o : . F u l lB o d yH a r n e s s-H a r n e s st h a t d i s t r i b u t e st h ef a l l a r r e s tf o r c e so v e rt h e t h i g h s ,p e l v i s ,w a i s t ,c h e s t ,a n ds h o u l d e r s . . AL a n y a r d-Al a n y a r dw i t had e c e l e r a t i o nd e v i c ei st h ep r e f e r r e dm e t h o d . . Connectors - All snap-hooks must be c a p a b l eo fs u p p o r t i n ga tl e a s t5 , 0 0 0p o u n d s p e rp e r s o na t t a c h e d .A l ls n a p h o o k sm u s t b eo ft h el o c k i n gt y p e . . A n c h o r a g eP o i n t-M u s tb ec a p a b l eo f s u p p o r t i n ga tl e a s t5 , 0 0 0p o u n d sp e rp e r s o n a t t a c h e d . T h eP e r s o n a lF a l lA r r e s tS y s t e mm u s tb e i n s p e c t e dp r i o rt oe a c hu s e .I fd a m a g e do r d e f e c t i v ec o m p o n e n t sa r ef o u n dt h e ys h a l l not be used and must be removed from s e r v i c ei m m e d i a t e l y .P e r s o n a lF a l lA r r e s t S y s t e m sm u s tb er i g g e ds u c ht h a ta n e m p l o y e ec a nn e i t h e rf r e ef a l lm o r et h a n6 f e e tn o rc o n t r a c ta n yl o w e rl e v e l .
N O T I C E :
Refer to OSHA Safety and Health Standards for C o n s t r u c t i o n ,P a r t 1926.500.
23
CLIMBING
AND
RAISING
EQUIPMENT
Scaffolding
. D on o tr i d eo nm a n u a l l yp r o p e l l e d s c a f f o l d s . . R e m e d ys l i p p e r yc o n d i t i o n so ns c a f f o l d s p r o m p t l y . . W e a raf u l l b o d yh a r n e s sw h i l ew o r k i n g o na n ys c a f f o l dp l a t f o r mt h a td o e s n th a v ea s t a n d a r dg u a r d r a i lo rac o m p l e t ed e c k . . C o n s u l ty o u rf o r e m a no rs u p e r v i s o ri f a n yo ft h e s ep r a c t i c e sa r eu n c l e a r ,o ri fy o u d o n tk n o wi fy o u rs c a f f o l d i n gh a sb e e n e s t a b l i s h e ds a f e l y . . C h e c kt h a ta na c c e s sl a d d e ro r e q u i v a l e n ts a f em e a n so fa c c e s se x i s t so na l l s c a f f o l d s . . E r e c ts c a f f o l d so ns o u n d ,r i g i df o o t i n g s . . D on o tu s eu n s t a b l eo b j e c t ss u c ha s l o o s eb r i c k ,c o n c r e t eb l o c k s ,b a r r e l s ,b o x e s , l a d d e r s ,e t c . ,t os u p p o r ts c a f f o l df r a m e so r p l a n k s . . A l w a y sl o c ka l lw h e e l so nm o b i l e s c a f f o l d sb e f o r eu s i n g . . E r e c ta l ls c a f f o l d sp l u m ba n dl e v e l .
N O T I C E :
Refer to OSHA Safety and Health Standards for C o n s t r u c t i o n ,P a r t 1926.451. See Good and Bad Rigging Practices in the Appendix 46-47.
24
CLIMBING
AND
RAISING
EQUIPMENT
S e t t i n gU pG u i d e l i n e s
B es u r es t a n d a r dg u a r d r a i l sa n dt o e b o a r d sa r ei n s t a l l e do na l lo p e n e n d sa n ds i d e so fs c a f f o l dp l a t f o r m sw h i c ha r em o r et h a ns i xf e e t a b o v et h eg r o u n do rf l o o r . . S e c u r es c a f f o l d se v e r y3 0f e e th o r i z o n t a l l ya n de v e r y2 0f e e t v e r t i c a l l yi fl e s st h a n3f e e tw i d e . . M a k es u r eg u a r d r a i l sa r ei n s t a l l e do na l lo p e ns i d e so ft h e p l a t f o r mo fs c a f f o l d sw h i c ha r e1 0f e e ti nh e i g h to rh i g h e r . . Do not extend screw to more than 12 inches. . D on o tw o r kf r o mm o b i l ea n dt o w e rs c a f f o l d sa tl e v e l s e x c e e d i n gf o u rt i m e st h em i n i m u mb a s ed i m e n s i o n s ,u n l e s s s u i t a b l eo u t r i g g e r sa r ep r o v i d e d . . D on o tu s es c a f f o l dp l a n k st h a te x t e n do v e rt h e i re n ds u p p o r t s b ym o r et h a n1 2i n c h e so rl e s st h a ns i xi n c h e s ,u n l e s so t h e r w i s e s e c u r e d . . I fv i s q u e e ni su s e do ns c a f f o l da ne n g i n e e rm u s td e t e r m i n eh o w m a n ya d d i t i o n a lt i e sa r er e q u i r e d .
PROPANE GAS
DO NOT SMOKE WHEN GAS IS PRESENT
g u a r d r a i l ( w h e ns c a f f o l d i se r e c t e dt o HEAVY CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR CAN CAUSE "SMOTHERING." FLAMMABLE. EXPLOSIVE. 1 0 f t .o rm o r e ) USE IN VENTILATED AREA CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR OF OVER 2 1/2 PER CENT toeboard PRESENTS AN EXPLOSION HAZARD KEEP AWAY FROM HEAT, SPARKS, AND OPEN
AVOID BREATHING FUMES OR VAPOR DO NOT TAKE INTERNALLY
DANGER
FLAME DO NOT DROP OR STRIKE CONTAINER.
ANTIDOTE:
IN CASE OF EXPOSURE, REMOVE PATIENT TO AN UNCONTAMINATED AREA GET MEDICAL ATTENTION KEEP PATIENT WARM AND QUIET
PERSONAL PROTECTION REQUIRED:

Wear Full Protective Equipment
a c c e s sl a d d e r
Hazard Identification Extinguishing Method
4 1 0
STOP FLOW OF GAS USE WATER TO PROTECT MEN & COOL CONTAINERS USE WATER SPRAY OR FOR FOR LARGE FIRE FOR SMALL FIRE DRY CHEMICAL OR CO.
25
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Precautions
W h a ta r et h ef i r s t s t e p si nw o r k i n g w i t hh a z a r d o u s m a t e r i a l s ?
B e f o r eu s i n ga n yh a z a r d o u sm a t e r i a l s , f o l l o wt h e s es t e p st ol e a r na b o u tt h es p e c i f i c s u b s t a n c e : 1L o c a t et h ew a r n i n gl a b e l . 2R e a dt h el a b e lc a r e f u l l y ,m a k i n gs u r ey o u u n d e r s t a n di t . 3L o c a t et h eM a t e r i a lS a f e t yD a t aS h e e t s (MSDS). 4C o n s u l tt h eM S D Sf o rs p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o ns u c ha s : . P r e c a u t i o n st oa v o i de x p o s u r e . L i m i t so fe x p o s u r e . E f f e c t so rd a n g e r so fo v e r e x p o s u r e . E m e r g e n c ya n ds p i l lc l e a n u pp r o c e d u r e s . F i r s ta i dr e q u i r e m e n t s
W h a ta r et h e g e n e r a lg u i d e l i n e s ?
P r o t e c t i n gO t h e r s
. P a s s e r s b ya n do t h e rw o r k e r sm u s t
o b s e r v et h es a m es a f e t yp r e c a u t i o n sa sy o u , o rt h e ym a yn o te n t e rt h ew o r k p l a c e .A c t r e s p o n s i b l yb yi n f o r m i n gt h e mo ft h e p r o p e rp r o c e d u r e s .
C l e a nA i r
. Never smoke or have any open flames
a r o u n dc o n t a i n e r si n d i c a t i n gaf l a m m a b l e s u b s t a n c e . . I n s u r ey o uh a v ep r o p e rv e n t i l a t i o nb e f o r e y o uu s eas u b s t a n c ew i t ha ni n h a l a t i o n w a r n i n g .C o n s u l tt h eM S D S ,i fn e c e s s a r y , t od e t e r m i n ew h e t h e ry o un e e dr e s p i r a t o r y o ro t h e rp r o t e c t i v ee q u i p m e n t .
26
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Precautions
P r i m a r yC o n t a i n e r s
. Only use substances from marked
c o n t a i n e r s .
. N e v e rr e m o v e ,d e f a c e ,a l t e ro ro t h e r w i s e
m a r ka n yc o n t a i n e rl a b e l s .
S e c o n d a r yC o n t a i n e r s
. U s ea p p r o p r i a t ec o n t a i n e r sf o rs e c o n d a r y c o n t a i n e r s .F o re x a m p l e ,n e v e ru s eas o d a b o t t l e . . W h i l eu s i n g as e c o n d a r yc o n t a i n e r , a l w a y sl a b e lc o n t e n t sa c c u r a t e l y . . R e t u r nc o n t e n t st ot h eo r i g i n a lc o n t a i n e r a ss o o na sy o uf i n i s hy o u rt a s k .
M i x i n gC h e m i c a l s
. N e v e rm i xs u b s t a n c e so rc h e m i c a l s ,a s h a z a r d o u sc h e m i c a lr e a c t i o n sc a nr e s u l t . . S t o r eo x i d a n t sa n dc o r r o s i v e sa w a yf r o m e a c ho t h e rt oa v o i df i r eo re x p l o s i o n .
N O T I C E :
For mor e information on hazardous materials, see the Appendix, pages 52-55.
27
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Lead and Asbestos

W h a ta r et h e r e g u l a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n gl e a d ?
N o t i f yy o u rs u p e r v i s o ri m m e d i a t e l yi fy o u s u s p e c tt h a tl e a de x i s t sa n dw i l lb e d i s t u r b e db yy o u rt a s k .L e a di sc o m m o n l y f o u n di nt h ei n d u s t r i a lp a i n t sw h i c ha r e a p p l i e dt os t r u c t u r a ls t e e l .O S H Ar e q u i r e s t h a ty o uh a v ef o r m a lt r a i n i n ga n d protective equipment before you may work o ns u r f a c e st h a tc o n t a i nl e a d . N o t i f yy o u rs u p e r v i s o ri m m e d i a t e l yi fy o u s u s p e c tt h a ta s b e s t o se x i s t si ny o u rw o r k a r e a .O S H Ar e q u i r e st h a ty o uh a v ef o r m a l t r a i n i n ga n dp r o t e c t i v ee q u i p m e n tb e f o r e you may work in any area containing a s b e s t o s .
W h a ta r et h e r e g u l a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n ga s b e s t o s ?
N O T I C E :
For more information on regulations concerning lead and asbestos, refer to OSHA Safety and Health Standards for C o n s t r u c t i o n ,P a r t 1926.58. and Part 1926.62.
28
TOOLS
Hand Tools
. M a i n t a i na l lh a n dt o o l sa n ds i m i l a r
e q u i p m e n ti nt o p n o t c hw o r k i n gc o n d i t i o n , w h e t h e rt h e yb e l o n gt oy o uo rt h e company. . S t o r et o o l sw i t hs h a r pe d g e ss ot h a tt h e y c a n n o tc a u s ei n j u r yo rd a m a g e . . D on o tc a r r yt o o l sw i t hs h a r pe d g e si n y o u rp o c k e t . . D on o tl e a v et o o l sl y i n ga r o u n dw h e r e t h e yc o u l dc r e a t ea no b s t r u c t i o no ra h a z a r d ,s u c ha sc a u s i n gap e r s o nt ot r i p . . C l e a n ,o i l ,o ra d j u s tm a c h i n e r yo n l y w h e ni ti sn o ti nm o t i o n . . K e e pt o o l sa n da c c e s s o r i e sc l e a n ,s h a r p , a n dc o r r e c t l yo i l e d . . K e e pi m p a c tt o o l ss u c ha sd r i f tp i n s , w e d g e s ,a n dc h i s e l sf r e eo fm u s h r o o m h e a d s .
. S e l e c tt h ea p p r o p r i a t eh a n dt o o lf o re a c h
W h a ti st h ep r o p e r c a r ea n d m a i n t e n a n c eo f h a n dt o o l s ?
s p e c i f i ct a s k ,a n dt h e np r o p e r l yu s ei t ,a si t h a sb e e nd e s i g n e d .F o re x a m p l e ,n e v e ru s e aw r e n c ha sah a m m e ro ras c r e wd r i v e rf o r p r y i n g . . O n l yo p e r a t et o o l sw i t h i nt h er a t el i m i t s . . N e v e rt r yt oi n c r e a s eat o o l sc a p a c i t y w i t hb y p a s s e s , c h e a t e r s , o ro t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s . . N e v e ra t t e m p tt ob y p a s st h e m a n u f a c t u r e r si n s t a l l e ds a f e t yd e v i c e s .
H o wd oIu s et o o l s a p p r o p r i a t e l y ?
29
TOOLS
Electric Hand Tools

W h a ta r et h e g e n e r a lg u i d e l i n e s f o ru s i n gp o w e r t o o l s ?
. M a i n t a i na l lp o w e rt o o l sa n ds i m i l a r
equipment in top-notch working c o n d i t i o n ,w h e t h e rt h e yb e l o n gt oy o uo r the company. . N e v e ru s ee l e c t r i c a lc o r d sf o rh o i s t i n go r l o w e r i n gt o o l so rm a t e r i a l s . . K e e pm o v i n gp a r t so fap o w e rt o o l pointed away from your body. . N e v e rl e a v ear u n n i n gp o w e rt o o l u n a t t e n d e d .
G u a r d i n g
. M a k es u r et h ep r o p e rs a f e t yg u a r d sa n d
s h i e l d se x i s ta n da r ei np r o p e rw o r k i n g o r d e rb e f o r eo p e r a t i n ga n yp o w e rt o o l . . N e v e rr e m o v ea n yf a c t o r y i n s t a l l e d g u a r d s .
T u r n i n gP o w e rO f f
M a k es u r et h a tt h eo p e r a t i o n a ls w i t c ho n a n yp o w e rt o o lo ra p p l i a n c ei so f fb e f o r e : . P l u g g i n gt h et o o lo ra p p l i a n c ei n t oa n e l e c t r i c a lo u t l e to re x t e n s i o nc o r d .S u r p r i s e o ra c c i d e n t a ls t a r t u p sc a nb ed a n g e r o u s . . D i s c o n n e c t i n gt h et o o lo ra p p l i a n c e f r o mi t sp o w e rs o u r c e . . S e t t i n gt h et o o ld o w n . . A t t e m p t i n gr e p a i r so ra d j u s t m e n t s ,s u c h a sc l e a n i n ga n do i l i n g . . C h a n g i n gd r i l lb i t so rb l a d e s .
S A F E T YT I P
Always disconnect a tool from its power source before making any adjustments.
30
TOOLS
Electric Hand Tools

. S t a n do nad r ys u r f a c ew h i l eo p e r a t i n g
e l e c t r i c a lt o o l s . . K e e py o u rh a n d sd r ya ta l lt i m e sw h i l e o p e r a t i n ge l e c t r i c a lt o o l s . . U s et h et h r e e w i r et y p eo fe x t e n s i o n c o r d sf o rp o r t a b l ee l e c t r i ct o o l sa n d a p p l i a n c e s . . U s ee l e c t r i cp o w e rt o o l st h a ta r et h e a p p r o v e dd o u b l e i n s u l a t e dt y p eo r g r o u n d e dt y p e . G r o u n dF a u l tC i r c u i tI n t e r r u p t e r sd e t e c t l o wa m o u n t so fc u r r e n tl e a k i n gf r o m e l e c t r i c a lt o o l sa n dc o r d s .T h ei n t e r r u p t i o n o ft h eg r o u n df a u l ts h o u l do c c u rf a s te n o u g h t op r e v e n te l e c t r o c u t i o no faw o r k e r c o n t a c t i n gt h ec o r do rt o o l .T h e r e f o r e : . Always use GFCIs. . U s eG F C I sw i t he x t e n s i o nc o r d s .
W h a ta r et h e g e n e r a lg u i d e l i n e s f o rg r o u n d i n g ?
W h a ti st h e i m p o r t a n c eo fG F C I s ?
31
TOOLS
Powder-Actuated T o o l s
W h a ta r et h e g e n e r a lg u i d e l i n e s f o ru s i n gp o w d e r a c t u a t e dt o o l s ?
P o w d e r a c t u a t e dt o o l sc a nb ee x t r e m e l y d a n g e r o u si fm i s h a n d l e d ,s oa p p r o a c ht h e s e t o o l sw i t ht h es a m ec a u t i o na n dr e s p e c ta s y o uw o u l df i r e a r m s . . Wear eye protection when using powdera c t u a t e df a s t e n i n gt o o l s . . U s et h es a f e t yd e v i c e si n s t a l l e di nt h e t o o lb yt h em a n u f a c t u r e ra ta l lt i m e s . . U s eo n l yc a r t r i d g e sa n df a s t e n e r s s u p p l i e db yt h em a n u f a c t u r e ro ft h et o o l . . L o a dp o w d e r a c t u a t e df a s t e n i n gt o o l s j u s tb e f o r ey o ui n t e n dt of i r e ,n e v e ri n a d v a n c e . Y o um u s th a v et r a i n i n ga n dc e r t i f i c a t i o n f r o mam a n u f a c t u r e r sr e p r e s e n t a t i v et ou s e p o w d e r a c t u a t e df a s t e n i n gt o o l s .
I st h e r ea n y l i c e n s i n go r c e r t i f i c a t i o n i n v o l v e d ?
N O T I C E :
For more information and precautions on using powdera c t u a t e dt o o l s , refer to OSHA Safety and Health Standards for C o n s t r u c t i o n ,P a r t 1926.302(e).
32
MOTOR
VEHICLES/MECHANIZED
EQUIPMENT
Overview
. M a k es u r ey o ua r ep r o p e r l yl i c e n s e dt o o p e r a t ec o m p a n yv e h i c l e s . . U n d e r s t a n dt h a ty o ua r er e s p o n s i b l ef o r p a s s e n g e rs a f e t ya n dc a r g os t a b i l i t yw h i l e d r i v i n g . . O b e ya l ls p e e dl i m i ta n dt r a f f i cs i g n s . . A l w a y sw e a ry o u rs e a tb e l t . . E m p l o y e em u s to b t a i nc e r t i f i c a t i o nf r o m e m p l o y e rt oo p e r a t ef o r k l i f t s .
W h a ta r et h e d r i v e r s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ?
. Check equipment at the beginning of
e a c hs h i f tt ob es u r ei ti sf r e eo fd e f e c t s .
. K e e pt h ec a ba r e ac l e a r e do fd e b r i s ,s u c h
a sc a n s ,b o t t l e s ,o ro t h e ro b j e c t sw h i c h could become lodged under the brake p e d a l .
O p e r a t i n gG u i d e l i n e s
. L o a dp r o p e r l y ,w i t h o u to v e r l o a d i n go r
a l l o w i n gm a t e r i a lt op r o t r u d ef r o mt h e s i d e so fav e h i c l e . . C h o c kt h ew h e e l so fav e h i c l ep a r k e do n a ni n c l i n e . . O n l yr i d eo ra l l o wp e r s o n n e lt or i d ei n t h eb e do fat r u c kt h a ti se q u i p p e dw i t h s e a t sa n ds e a tb e l t s . . A l w a y st u r no f ft h em o t o rb e f o r e r e f u e l i n g .
B a c k i n gU p
. M a k es u r et h a tb a c k u pa l a r m se x i s ta n d o p e r a t ep r o p e r l yo na l lc o n s t r u c t i o n e q u i p m e n tw i t hl i m i t e dv i s i b i l i t y . . Use a f l a g m a nw h e nb a c k i n gu pav e h i c l e i nc o n g e s t e da r e a s .
33
MOTOR
VEHICLES/MECHANIZED
EQUIPMENT
C r a n e s ,H o i s t s ,E l e v a t o r s , and Conveyors
W h a ta r et h e g e n e r a lg u i d e l i n e s f o ru s i n gc r a n e s , h o i s t s ,e l e v a t o r s ,a n d c o n v e y o r s ?
Electricians do not usually provide or operate cranes, hoists, elevators, or conveyors. However, you will encounter this equipment at most construction sites, since it is used to move you and/or your materials. Therefore, you need to be familiar with the basic safety guidelines.
. Make sure that a knowledgeable
person supervises each unit to insure safe conditions and compliance with operational procedures. . Warn the operator immediately if you notice a crane or other such device approaching any overhead energized electrical wires. Act as a conscientious safety advisor. . Make sure that any part of a crane is at least ten feet from any power l i n e s .
P r o t e c t i n gY o u r s e l f
. Employees shall always stand
N O T I C E :
For more information on c r a n es i g n a l s ,s e e Crane Signals in the Appendix, pages 48-49.
firmly on the floor of the basket, and shall not sit or climb on the edge of the basket or use planks, ladders, or other devices for a work position. . Stay out from under lifting areas, load paths, or conveyors if they are not properly guarded for people working below. . Stay clear of cranes that rotate. . Never ride on material hoists. . Do not ride or use any machinery without permission from the o p e r a t o r .
34
MOTOR
VEHICLES/MECHANIZED
EQUIPMENT
A e r i a l L i f t s
A e r i a ll i f t sa r em e c h a n i c a lp l a t f o r m s commonly known as extendible booms, a r t i c u l a t i n gb o o m s ,s e r i a ll a d d e r s ,a n d v e r t i c a lt o w e r s .T h e ym a yb ev e h i c l e m o u n t e d ,e l e v a t e d ,o rr o t a t i n gp l a t f o r m s . E x a m p l e sa r es c i s s o r sl i f t s ,b u c k e tt r u c k s , J L G s ,l a d d e rt r u c k s ,e t c . O S H Ar e q u i r e ss p e c i f i ct r a i n i n gf o re a c h t y p eo fe q u i p m e n t .
W h a ta r ea e r i a ll i f t s ?
. T e s ta l lc o n t r o l se v e r yd a y ,b e f o r eu s i n g . . I n s u r et h a to v e r r i d ec o n t r o l sa r eo p e r a t e d
W h a ta r et h e g e n e r a lg u i d e l i n e s f o rw o r k i n gw i t h a e r i a l l i f t s ?
o n l yw h e nc o n d i t i o n sw a r r a n t .
. L o c kt h ep l a t f o r mi ns t o w e dp o s i t i o n
b e f o r em o v i n gt h et r u c ku p o nw h i c hi ti s mounted.
. A t t a c hy o u rf u l lb o d yh a r n e s sa n dl a n y a r d
system to the boom or basket. D on o tb e l to f ft oa d j a c e n ts t r u c t u r e s . S t a n di nt h eb a s k e t ,n o to ni t . D on o tw e a rc l i m b i n gs p i k e s . Do not use a ladder in a boom or b a s k e t .

. . . .
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SITUATIONS
Confined Spaces
W h a ti sd a n g e r o u s a b o u tw o r k i n gi na c o n f i n e ds p a c e ?
N O T I C E :
Types of confined spaces include but are not l i m i t e dt o : v e n t i l a t i o nd u c t s , pipelines, exhaust ducts, sewers, s t o r a g et a n k s , t u n n e l s , manholes, boilers, b i n s ,a n d underground u t i l i t yv a u l t s .
C o n f i n e ds p a c e sc a nb eap a r to fe v e r yw o r k s i t e .T h e ya r en o tm e a n tt ob eo c c u p i e d c o n t i n u o u s l y . T h ed e f i n i t i o no fac o n f i n e ds p a c ei s : 1 . L i m i t e dm e a n so fa c c e s so re x i t . 2 . Not meant for continuous human o c c u p a n c y . 3 . There is a known or unknown p o t e n t i a lh a z a r d . When work is performed in a manhole or u n v e n t e dv a u l t : .N oe n t r ys h a l lb ep e r m i t t e du n l e s sf o r c e d v e n t i l a t i o ni sp r o v i d e do rt h ea t m o s p h e r ei s f o u n dt ob es a f eb yt e s t i n gf o ro x y g e n d e f i c i e n c ya n dt h ep r e s e n c eo fe x p l o s i v e g a s e so rf u m e s . .W h e r eu n s a f ec o n d i t i o n sa r ed e t e c t e d ,b y t e s t i n go ro t h e rm e a n s ,t h ew o r ka r e as h a l l b ev e n t i l a t e da n do t h e r w i s em a d es a f e b e f o r ee n t r y . .P r o v i s i o n ss h a l lb em a d ef o ra na d e q u a t e c o n t i n u o u ss u p p l yo fa i r .
W h a ta r em y s a f e g u a r d s ?
N e v e re n t e rac o n f i n e ds p a c ew i t h o u t p r o p e rt r a i n i n ga n dt h er e q u i r e ds a f e t y equipment. Your employer must provide y o uw i t hac o n f i n e ds p a c ep r o g r a mt h a t i n c l u d e sg u i d e l i n e s ,t r a i n i n g ,a n dt h ep r o p e r p r o t e c t i v ee q u i p m e n ty o us h o u l dw e a r .
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SITUATIONS
Excavations and Trenching

. A l lt r e n c h e s ,s l o p e s ,a n ds h o r i n gs y s t e m s
must be approved by a competent person. . K e e pe x c a v a t i o n sb a r r i c a d e da ta l lt i m e s . . D e p o s i ts p o i ld i r ta tl e a s tt w of e e tf r o m t h ee d g eo ft h ee x c a v a t i o n . . N e v e rg od e e p e rt h a n5f e e tw i t h o u ta p r o t e c t i v es y s t e m( s h o r i n g ,s l o p i n g , benching o rat r e n c hb o xw o u l db e c o n s i d e r e dap r o t e c t i v es y s t e m ) .

I fs o i lc l a s s i f i c a t i o ni sn o tm a d e , t h e nt h es i d e so ft h ee x c a v a t i o n m u s tb es l o p e dt oa na n g l en o t s t e e p e rt h a no n ea n do n e h a l f h o r i z o n t a lt oo n ev e r t i c a l( 3 4 ) .
20' maximum
W h a ta r et h e g u i d e l i n e sf o r e x c a v a t i o n s ?
2' minimum
1 1/2
S e c u r i n gt h eS i t e
. S l o p eo rs h o r ee x c a v a t i o n st ot h ep r o p e r
a n g l ew h e nt h e ya r em o r et h a nf o u rf e e t d e e p . . A l w a y sh a v ea v a i l a b l el a d d e r so ro t h e r m e a n so fs a f ea c c e s sa n de g r e s s .
I n s p e c t i n g
. C h e c kt h ea i rq u a l i t yf o ro x y g e n
d e f i c i e n c yo re x c e s s ,a n do t h e rg a s e o u s c o n d i t i o n s . . C h e c ks h o r i n gd a i l y . . Check more often in wet weather. . I n s p e c te x c a v a t i o nw a l l sa f t e rr a i na n d s n o ws t o r m so ra f t e rf r e e z i n ga n dt h a w i n g .
N O T I C E :
F o ra d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n ,r e f e r to OSHA Safety and Health Standards for C o n s t r u c t i o n , Parts 1926.651.
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SPECIAL
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SITUATIONS
Gas Cylinders
W h a ta r et h e g e n e r a lg u i d e l i n e s f o rt r a n s p o r t i n gg a s c y l i n d e r s ?
M o v i n ga n dL i f t i n g
.W h e nh o i s t i n go x y g e na n da c e t y l e n e c y l i n d e r s ,s e c u r et h e mo nac r a d l e ,s w i n g b o a r d ,o rp a l l e t . .N e v e rh o i s to rt r a n s p o r tg a sc y l i n d e r s u s i n gm a i n t e n a n c eo rc h o k e rs l i n g s . .N e v e ru s et h ev a l v ep r o t e c t i o nc a pf o r l i f t i n gac y l i n d e r .
T r a n s f e r r i n gC o n t e n t s
N e v e ra t t e m p tt ot r a n s f e rc o m p r e s s e dg a s f r o mo n ec y l i n d e rt oa n o t h e r ,o rt o c o m p r e s sa c e t y l e n ei n t oac y l i n d e r .
W h a ta r et h e g e n e r a lg u i d e l i n e s f o rs t o r i n gg a s c y l i n d e r s ?
.C l o s eo u t l e tv a l v e st i g h t l ya n dr e p l a c et h e
v a l v ec a p sw h e nn o tu s i n gc o m p r e s s e dg a s c y l i n d e r s ,e v e nt h o u g ht h e ym i g h tb e c o n s i d e r e de m p t y . .S t o r ec o m p r e s s e dg a sc y l i n d e r si na n u p r i g h tp o s i t i o nw i t ht h ev a l v ee n du p . .D on o ts t o r ec o m p r e s s e dg a sc y l i n d e r si n g a n gb o x e s .
L o c a t i o n
S t o r ec y l i n d e r si nas a f e ,d r y ,a n dw e l l v e n t i l a t e dp l a c e ,w h e r et h e yw i l ln o tb e e x p o s e dt ot h eh e a tf r o ms t o v e s ,r a d i a t o r s , f u r n a c e s ,a n dd i r e c ts u n l i g h t .
O x y g e na n dA c e t y l e n e
S e p a r a t eo x y g e na n da c e t y l e n ec y l i n d e r s w h i c ha r en o ti nu s eb y : . Ad i s t a n c eo f2 0f e e t ,o r . Af i v ef o o th i g h ,h a l f h o u rf i r e r a t e dw a l l .
38 Electrical Workers Safety Handbook
SPECIAL
WORK
SITUATIONS
E l e c t r i c a lW o r k P r a c t i c e s
G e n e r a lM e t h o d sf o rS a f e t y
P r o t e c ty o u r s e l fw h e nw o r k i n go no rn e a r l i v ep a r t so fe l e c t r i c a lc i r c u i t sb yo n eo ft h e f o l l o w i n gm e t h o d s :
.D e e n e r g i z i n ga n dg r o u n d i n go ft h ec i r c u i t
w i t hp r o p e rl o c k o u tt a g o u tp r o c e d u r e s .
.G u a r d i n gt h ep a r tb yi n s u l a t i o n( a l l
i n s u l a t i n gm a t e r i a l sm u s th a v eav o l t a g e r a t i n g ) .C a r d b o a r dv o l t a g er a t i n gi s unknown! Energized open panels must be g u a r d e d .

.P e r s o n a lp r o t e c t i v ee q u i p m e n ta sf o l l o w s ; h a r dh a tw i t hp r o p e rv o l t a g er a t i n g , i n s u l a t e dg l o v e s( t e s t e d ) ,e y ea n df a c e p r o t e c t i o n ,f l a m er e s i s t a n tc l o t h i n g .
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SPECIAL
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SITUATIONS
E l e c t r i c a l I n s t a l l a t i o n s
P r o t e c ty o u r s e l fi na r e a sw h e r et h ee x a c t l o c a t i o no fu n d e r g r o u n de l e c t r i c a lp o w e r l i n e si su n k n o w nb yw e a r i n gi n s u l a t e d g l o v e sw h e nu s i n gj a c kh a m m e r s ,b a r s ,o r o t h e rh a n dt o o l st h a tc o u l dc o n t a c tt h e l i n e s .
.S u i t a b l eb a r r i e r sw i t hc o n s p i c u o u s
w a r n i n gs i g n so ro t h e rm e a n so fg u a r d i n g s h a l lb ep r o v i d e dt oi n s u r et h a tw o r k s p a c e f o re l e c t r i c a le q u i p m e n tw i l ln o tb eu s e da s ap a s s a g e w a yd u r i n gp e r i o d sw h e ne n e r g i z e d p a r t so fe l e c t r i c a le q u i p m e n ta r ee x p o s e d .
.S u f f i c i e n ts p a c es h a l lb ep r o v i d e da n d m a i n t a i n e di nt h ea r e ao fe l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n tt op e r m i tr e a d ya n ds a f e m a i n t e n a n c ea n do p e r a t i o no fs u c h equipment. .A t t a c h e dl o c k sa n dt a g sm a yo n l yb e
r e m o v e db yt h eE l e c t r i c i a nt h a tp l a c e d them.
.W o r k i n gs p a c e s ,w a l k w a y s ,a n ds i m i l a r l o c a t i o n ss h a l lb ek e p tc l e a ro fc o r d ss oa s n o tt oc r e a t eah a z a r dt oe m p l o y e e s .
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SITUATIONS
E l e c t r i c a li n s t a l l a t i o n sm a d ea c c o r d i n gt o the 1999 National Electric Code comply w i t hO S H A se l e c t r i c a ls t a n d a r d sf o r c o n s t r u c t i o n .I na d d i t i o n ,t h ef o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n sm u s tb em e tf o ra l le l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
G r o u n d i n gP r o g r a m
S i n c ea l lc o n s t r u c t i o ns i t e sm u s tf o l l o wa n a c c e p t a b l ep r o g r a mt op r o t e c te m p l o y e e s f r o mg r o u n df a u l th a z a r d s ,t h ee m p l o y e r s h o u l du s eg r o u n d f a u l tc i r c u i t i n t e r r u p t e r s .
G r o u n d F a u l tC i r c u i tI n t e r r u p t e r s
.A l l1 2 5v o l t ,s i n g l ep h a s e ,1 5 ,2 0 ,a n d
3 0 a m p e r er e c e p t a c l eu s e db yp e r s o n n e l s h a l lh a v eg r o u n d f a u l tc i r c u i ti n t e r r u p t e r p r o t e c t i o n .
.I far e c e p t a c l e ( s )i si n s t a l l e do re x i s t sa s p a r to ft h ep e r m a n e n tw i r i n go ft h eb u i l d i n g o rs t r u c t u r ea n di su s e df o rt e m p o r a r y e l e c t r i cp o w e r ,G F C Ip r o t e c t i o nf o r p e r s o n n e ls h a l lb ep r o v i d e d .T h eu s e so f c o r ds e t so rd e v i c e si n c o r p o r a t i n gl i s t e d G r o u n dF a u l tC i r c u i tI n t e r r u p t e rp r o t e c t i o n m u s tb eu s e dt oa c c o m p l i s ht h i s .
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SITUATIONS
A s s u r e dE q u i p m e n tG r o u n d i n g C o n d u c t o rP r o g r a m
. The employer shall establish and implement the program i ni n d u s t r i a le s t a b l i s h m e n t so n l y c o v e r i n ga l lc o r ds e t s ,r e c e p t a c l e sw h i c ha r e n o tp a r to ft h eb u i l d i n go rs t r u c t u r e ,a n d equipment connected by cord and plug which are available for use or used by employees. . A competent person must be assigned to implement the program. . A written description of the program must b ep o s t e da tt h ej o bs i t e . .T h ef o l l o w i n gt e s t ss h a l lb ep e r f o r m e do na l l c o r ds e t s ,r e c e p t a c l e st h a ta r en o tp a r to ft h e p e r m a n e n tw i r i n go ft h eb u i l d i n go rs t r u c t u r e , and cord-and-plug-connected equipment required to be grounded.
W h a ti sn e e d e dt o c o m p l yw i t hO S H A a n dt h eN E C ?
1 .All equipment grounding conductors shall b et e s t e df o rc o n t i n u i t ya n ds h a l lb ee l e c t r i c a l l y continuous. 2 .Each receptacle and attachment plug shall b et e s t e df o rc o r r e c ta t t a c h m e n to ft h e equipment grounding conductor. The equipment grounding conductor shall be c o n n e c t e dt oi t sp r o p e rt e r m i n a l . 3 .A l lr e q u i r e dt e s t ss h a l lb ep e r f o r m e d a .B e f o r ef i r s tu s eo ns i t e . b. When there is evidence of damage. c . Before equipment is returned to service f o l l o w i n ga n yr e p a i r s . d .A ti n t e r v a l sn o te x c e e d i n g3m o n t h s . . The tests required shall be recorded and m a d ea v a i l a b l et oa u t h o r i t yh a v i n gj u r i s d i c t i o n and the OSHA compliance officer.
42
SPECIAL
WORK
SITUATIONS
L i g h t i n g
. L a m p sf o rg e n e r a li l l u m i n a t i o nm u s tb e
p r o t e c t e df r o mb r e a k a g e .
. M e t a ls h e l ls o c k e t sm u s tb eg r o u n d e d . . P o r t a b l el i g h t i n gi nw e to rc o n d u c t i v e
l o c a t i o n s ,l i k et a n k so rb o i l e r s ,m u s tb ew i t h i n 1 2v o l t so rp r o t e c t e db yG F C I s . . Temporary lights must not be suspended by t h e i rc o r d s ,u n l e s st h e ya r ed e s i g n e dt h a tw a y .
E x t e n s i o nC o r d s
. E x t e n s i o nc o r d sm u s tb eo ft h et h r e e w i r e ,
h e a v yd u t yt y p e( S ,S T ,a n dS O ) .
. V i s u a li n s p e c t i o n so fe x t e n s i o nc o r d sa n d
c o r d p l u gc o n n e c t e de q u i p m e n tf o rd e f e c t s m u s tb ep e r f o r m e dd a i l y . . N e v e ru s ew o r no rf r a y e de l e c t r i c a lc o r d so r c a b l e s .
43
SPECIAL
WORK
SITUATIONS
Welding
W h a ta r em y r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ?
Y o u rr e s p o n s i b i l i t i e si n c l u d en o to n l y w e l d i n ga n dc u t t i n g ,b u ta l s op e r f o r m i n g repairs and maintenance work on welding m a c h i n e s .
N O T I C E :
See OSHA Safety and Health Standards for C o n s t r u c t i o n ,P a r t 1926.350-354, f o rs p e c i f i c regulations and welding safety. See Know Your F i r eE x t i n g u i s h e r s in the Appendix, pages 50-51.
When welding and cutting, you must have p r o p e rt r a i n i n ga n dw e a ra p p r o p r i a t e p r o t e c t i o ns u c ha s : . G o g g l e s ,h e l m e t s ,a p r o n s ,a n dg l o v e s . . Hard hats that will accommodate w e l d i n gs h i e l d s .
. S c r e e nw e l d i n go p e r a t i o n st op r o t e c t
w o r k e r sa n dp a s s e r s b yf r o mf l a s h e s . . Post someone to keep people away in the e v e n tt h a ty o ua r eu n a b l et os c r e e no rr o p e o f ft h ea r e ap r o p e r l y . . C o n t a i ns p a r k sa n ds l a gc r e a t e db y w e l d i n go rb u r n i n go p e r a t i o n s . . R e m o v ec o m b u s t i b l em a t e r i a l s .
L e a d sa n dH o s e s
. N e v e rr u nw e l d i n gl e a d so rb u r n i n gh o s e s t h r o u g hd o o r w a y s . . P r o t e c tw e l d i n gl e a d sa n db u r n i n gh o s e s b ys u s p e n d i n go rc o v e r i n g . . B es u r et h a ta na d e q u a t ef i r ee x t i n g u i s h e r i sn e a ra l lw e l d i n g ,b u r n i n g ,a n do p e nf l a m e o p e r a t i o n s . . S e c u r ec o n n e c t i o n s ,c o u p l i n g s ,a n d f i t t i n g s . . I n s p e c ta l lg a u g e s ,h o s e s ,l e a d s ,g r o u n d s , c l a m p s ,w e l d i n gm a c h i n e s ,t o r c h e s ,a n d s o l d e r e r sd a i l yb e f o r eu s i n g . . T u r no f fw e l d i n gm a c h i n e sa tt h ee n do f e a c hs h i f t .
W h a ta r et h e o p e r a t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d st o c o n s i d e rw h e n w e l d i n g ? 44
SPECIAL
WORK
SITUATIONS
Welding
G r o u n d i n g
. M a k es u r et h a ta l la r cw e l d i n go p e r a t i o n s
a r ea d e q u a t e l yg r o u n d e d .
. Never p e r f o r mw e l d i n go p e r a t i o n sf r o m
m e t a ll a d d e r s . . S t a n do nad r ys u r f a c ew h i l ew e l d i n g .
P r o p e re y e p r o t e c t i v e e q u i p m e n tt o p r e v e n te x p o s u r eo f p e r s o n n e ls h a l lb e p r o v i d e d .
E l e c t r o d eH o l d e r s
. C h e c kt h a tt h ee l e c t r o d eh o l d e r sa n d c o n n e c t i n gc a b l ea r ef u l l yi n s u l a t e d . . D on o tu s eal i g h th o l d e rf o rh e a v yw o r k . . Always remove welding rods from e l e c t r o d e s .
F i r eP r e v e n t i o n
P r o p e rp r e c a u t i o n s( i s o l a t i n gw e l d i n ga n d c u t t i n g ,r e m o v i n gf i r eh a z a r d sf r o mt h e v i c i n i t y ,p r o v i d i n gaf i r ew a t c h ,e t c . )f o rf i r e p r e v e n t i o ns h a l lb et a k e ni na r e a sw h e r e w e l d i n go ro t h e r h o tw o r k i sb e i n gd o n e . N ow e l d i n g ,c u t t i n g ,o rh e a t i n gs h a l lb ed o n e w h e r et h ea p p l i c a t i o no ff l a m m a b l ep a i n t s ,o r the presence of other flammable compounds, o rh e a v yd u s tc o n c e n t r a t i o n sc r e a t e saf i r e h a z a r d .
V e n t i l a t i o n
M e c h a n i c a lv e n t i l a t i o no ra i rl i n er e s p i r a t o r s s h a l lb ep r o v i d e dw h e nw e l d i n g ,c u t t i n go r h e a t i n g : .z i n c ,l e a d ,c a l c i u m ,m e r c u r y ,o r b e r y l l i u m b e a r i n g ,b a s e do rc o a t e dm a t e r i a l s i ne n c l o s e ds p a c e s . .s t a i n l e s ss t e e lw i t hi n e r t g a se q u i p m e n t . .i nc o n f i n e ds p a c e s . .w h e r ea nu n u s u a lc o n d i t i o nc a nc a u s ea n u n s a f ea c c u m u l a t i o no fc o n t a m i n a n t s .
S A F E T YT I P
Never use less t h a n# 1 0f i l t e r lenses when welding.
45
APPENDIX
Good and Bad Rigging Practices

D o u b l eS l i n g s
D o u b l es l i n g sm u s tb eu s e dw h e nh o i s t i n g 2o rm o r ep i e c e so fm a t e r i a lo v e r1 2f e e t l o n g .
Wrong
R i g h t
E y eB o l t s
L i f t i n go ne y eb o l t sf r o ma na n g l er e d u c e s s a f el o a dl i m i t sa sm u c ha s9 0 % .
V e r t i c a ll i f to n e y eb o l t
B a dP r a c t i c e
46
G o o dP r a c t i c e
APPENDIX
Good and Bad Rigging Practices

S u s p e n d i n gN e e d l e B e a m so rS c a f f o l d s
T h i sc a nb e n d f l a n g e sa n dc u t r o p e .
U s es p a c eb l o c k s a n dp a dc o r n e r s .
H o i s t i n gS t r u c t u r a l S t e e l
S t e e lc a nc u tr o p e .
S h a r pc o r n e r sa r e p a d d e d .
47
APPENDIX
Crane Signals
B a s i cM o v e m e n t s
H o i s t Load
Lower Load
Boom Up
Boom Down
Swing
C l a mB u c k e tS i g n a l s
Open
T e l e s c o p i n gB o o m
C l o s e
S h o r t e n Boom
C r a w l e ro rT r a c k S i g n a l s
E x t e n d Boom L o c kt h ec r a w l e ro n t h es i d ei n d i c a t e d b yr a i s e df i s t . . . T r a v e lo p p o s i t e c r a w l e rb e l ti n d i r e c t i o ni n d i c a t e d b yr e v o l v i n gf i s t T r a v e lb o t hc r a w l e r b e l t si nd i r e c t i o n i n d i c a t e db y r e v o l v i n gf i s t s
48
APPENDIX
Crane Signals
S t o pS i g n a l s
S t o p
Emergency S t o p
Dog E v e r y t h i n g
S l o wS i g n a l s
Make Movements S l o w l y
R a i s e L o a dS l o w l y
Lower L o a dS l o w l y
Lower Boom Slowly
R a i s e Boom Slowly
S e l e c t i n gS i n g l eo r M u l t i p l eR e e v e d L i n e s Lower
Boom and R a i s eL o a d M u l t i p l e or main l o a db y t a p p i n gh e a d b e f o r ed i r e c t i o n
R a i s e Boom and Lower Load S i n g l el i n e o rl i g h t l o a db y h o l d i n ge l b o w b e f o r es i g n a l i n g d i r e c t i o n

49
APPENDIX
Fire Extinguishers
notclass use this to e Use this to extinguish Do this of fire, but to cont of fire fires Do not use this to extinguish Special this extinguishin class of fire by recognized testin are required Class A Class B Class C Class
A
Water Type Stored Pressure
Types of Extinguishers Combustible Liquids Equipment Metals
Ordinary FlammableElectrical Combustib
Cartridge Operated
Water Pump Tank
Soda Acid Foam
Carbon Dioxide
Dry Chemical/Sodium or Potassium Bicarbonate Cartridge Operated
Stored Pressure Dry Chemical/ Multipurpose ABC Cartridge Operated
Stored Pressure
50
APPENDIX
Fire Extinguishers
Method of Range Operation
Upkeep
Types of Extinguishers
Water Type Pull Pin, Check Air Pressu 30' - 40' Squeeze Gauge Monthly Stored Pressure Handle Turn Upside Weigh Gas Cartri 30' - 40' Down & Add Water Annual Cartridge Operated Pump Pump Handle Water Pump Tank Turn Upside Down Turn Upside Down Discharge and Fi 30' - 40' with Water Annua if Required Discharge and Fi 30' - 40' with Water Annua Discharge and Re 30' - 40' Annually
Soda Acid Foam
Carbon Dioxide
Pull Pin, Weigh Semi-Annua 3' - 8' Squeeze Lever
Dry Chemical/Sodium or Weigh Gas Cartri Rupture Potassium Bicarbonate Cartridge,5' - 20'Check Dry Chemic Squeeze Lever Annually Cartridge Operated Pull Pin, Check Pressure a Squeeze 5' - 20'Dry Chemical Ann Handle Stored Pressure Dry Chemical/ Pull Pin, Check Pressure a Multipurpose ABC Squeeze 5' - 20'Dry Chemical Ann Handle Cartridge Operated Rupture Weigh Gas Cartri Cartridge,5' - 20'Check Dry Chemic Annually Squeeze Lever Stored Pressure
51
APPENDIX
Hazardous Materials Information

E x a m p l e so f C o n t a i n e rL a b e l i n g
HMIS
H a z a r d o u sM a t e r i a l sI d e n t i f i c a t i o nS y s t e m
HEALTH FLAMMABILITY REACTIVITY PERSONAL PROTECTION

4 3 2 1 0 S e v e r eH a z a r d S e r i o u sH a z a r d Moderate Hazard S l i g h tH a z a r d Minimal Hazard
3 2 1 B
T h el e t t e rt ot h er i g h to ft h ep e r s o n a l p r o t e c t i o nc a t e g o r yr e f e r st ot h ec o m b i n a t i o no fs a f e t ye q u i p m e n ty o us h o u l dw e a r . R e f e rt ot h eP e r s o n a lP r o t e c t i o nI n d e xo n t h ef o l l o w i n gp a g ef o re x a m p l e so fs a f e t y equipment and the combinations in which you should wear them.

APPENDIX
Personal Protection Index

A B C D E F G H I J K X
Key
Safety Glasses Splash Goggles Face Shield Dust Air Purifyi Vapor Air Purify Chemical Resista
Ask your supervisor for special
Full Chemical Re Supplied Air Respirator Chemical Resista Chemical Resistant Boots Combination Vapor/Dust Air Purifying Respirator
APPENDIX

NFPA
N a t i o n a lF i r eP r o t e c t i o nA s s o c i a t i o nL a b e l
H e a l t hH a z a r d
4D e a d l y 3E x t r e m eD a n g e r 2H a z a r d o u s 1S l i g h t l yH a z a r d o u s 0N o r m a lM a t e r i a l
F i r eH a z a r d F l a s hP o i n t s
oF 4B e l o w7 3 oF 3B e l o w1 0 0 oF 2B e l o w2 0 0 oF 1A b o v e2 0 0 0W i l ln o tb u r n
4 3 W
S p e c i f i cH a z a r d
O x i d i z e r A c i d A l k a l i C o r r o s i v e U s en ow a t e r R a d i a t i o nH a z a r d O X Y A C I D A L K C O R W
2
R e a c t i v i t y
4M a yd e t o n a t e 3S h o c ka n dh e a tm a yd e t o n a t e 2V i o l e n tc h e m i c a lc h a n g e 1U n s t a b l ei fh e a t e d 0S t a b l e
54
APPENDIX

A N S I
A m e r i c a nN a t i o n a lS t a n d a r d sI n s t i t u t eL a b e l
PROPANE GAS
DO NOT SMOKE WHEN GAS IS PRESENT AVOID BREATHING FUMES OR VAPOR DO NOT TAKE INTERNALLY
N a m eo fp r o d u c t P r e c a u t i o n a r y m e a s u r e s S i g n a lW o r d S t a t e m e n to fh a z a r d s I n s t r u c t i o n s i n c a s e o fc o n t a c to r e x p o s u r e P r e c a u t i o n a r y m e a s u r e s N F P Al a b e l R e c o m m e n d e df i r e e x t i n g u i s h i n g m e t h o d
DANGER
HEAVY CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR CAN CAUSE "SMOTHERING." FLAMMABLE. EXPLOSIVE.
USE IN VENTILATED AREA CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR OF OVER 2 1/2 PER CENT PRESENTS AN EXPLOSION HAZARD KEEP AWAY FROM HEAT, SPARKS, AND OPEN FLAME DO NOT DROP OR STRIKE CONTAINER.
ANTIDOTE:
IN CASE OF EXPOSURE, REMOVE PATIENT TO AN UNCONTAMINATED AREA GET MEDICAL ATTENTION KEEP PATIENT WARM AND QUIET
PERSONAL PROTECTION REQUIRED:

Wear Full Protective Equipment
Hazard Identification Extinguishing Method
4 1 0
STOP FLOW OF GAS USE WATER TO PROTECT MEN & COOL CONTAINERS USE WATER SPRAY OR FOR FOR LARGE FIRE FOR SMALL FIRE DRY CHEMICAL OR CO.
55
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
U r g e n tC a r e
G e n e r a lD i r e c t i o nf o rF i r s tA i d
While help is being summoned, do the f o l l o w i n g : 1 .M i n i m i z ei n j u r y-m o v ev i c t i mo n l yi f n e c e s s a r yf o rs a f e t yr e a s o n s . 2 .C o n t r o ls e v e r eb l e e d i n g . 3 .M a i n t a i na no p e na i r w a ya n dg i v eR e s c u e B r e a t h i n go rC P Ri fn e c e s s a r y . 4 .T r e a tf o rs h o c k .
U r g e n tC a r e
B l e e d i n g
F i r s tA i d : 1 .D i r e c tp r e s s u r ea n del e v a t i o n : . P l a c ed r e s s i n ga n da p p l yd i r e c tp r e s s u r e d i r e c t l yo v e rt h ew o u n d ,t h e ne l e v a t ea b o v e t h el e v e lo ft h eh e a r t ,u n l e s st h e r ei s e v i d e n c eo faf r a c t u r e . 2 .A p p l yp r e s s u r eb a n d a g e : . W r a pb a n d a g es n u g l yo v e rt h ed r e s s i n g . 3 .P r e s s u r ep o i n t s . I fb l e e d i n gd o e s n ts t o pa f t e rd i r e c t p r e s s u r e ,e l e v a t i o n ,a n dt h ep r e s s u r e b a n d a g e ,c o m p r e s st h ep r e s s u r ep o i n t . . A r m :U s et h eb r a c h i a la r t e r y-p u s h i n g t h ea r t e r ya g a i n s tt h eu p p e ra r mb o n e . . L e g :A p p l yp r e s s u r eo nf e m o r a la r t e r y , p u s h i n gi ta g a i n s tt h ep e l v i cb o n e . N o s e b l e e d : . T oc o n t r o la n o s e b l e e d ,h a v et h ev i c t i m l e a nf o r w a r da n dp i n c ht h en o s t r i l st o g e t h e r u n t i lb l e e d i n gs t o p s .
56
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
P o i s o n i n g
S i g n a l s :V o m i t i n g ,h e a v yl a b o r e db r e a t h i n g , s u d d e no n s e to fp a i no ri l l n e s s ,b u r n so r o d o ra r o u n dt h et i p so ft h em o u t h ,u n u s u a l b e h a v i o r . F i r s tA i d : I fy o ut h i n ks o m e o n eh a sb e e np o i s o n e d , c a l ly o u rp o i s o nc o n t r o lc e n t e ro rl o c a l emergency number and follow their d i r e c t i o n s . I fc o n s c i o u s :
. C a l lP o i s o nC o n t r o la n dt r yt oi d e n t i f y
T h eA m e r i c a nR e d C r o s s
t h ep o i s o n . . B ep r e p a r e dt oi n f o r mp o i s o nc e n t e ro f t h et y p eo fp o i s o n ,w h e ni n c i d e n to c c u r r e d , victims age, symptoms, and how much p o i s o nm a yh a v eb e e ni n g e s t e d ,i n h a l e d , a b s o r b e do ri n j e c t e d . I fun c o n s c i o u so rn a u s e o u s : 1 .P o s i t i o nv i c t i mo ns i d ea n dm o n i t o rv i t a l s i g n s( i . e .p u l s ea n db r e a t h i n g ) . 2 .C a l lP o i s o nC o n t r o la n di d e n t i f yp o i s o n . 3. DO NOT give anything by mouth.
57
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
U r g e n tC a r e
S h o c k
S i g n a l s :C o o l ,m o i s t ,p a l e ,b l u i s hs k i n ,w e a k r a p i dp u l s e( o v e r1 0 0 ) ,n a u s e a ,r a t eo f b r e a t h i n gi n c r e a s e d ,a p a t h e t i c . F i r s tA i d : 1 .M a i n t a i no p e na i r w a y ,h a v ev i c t i ml i e down. 2. Maintain normal body temperature ( 9 8 . 6 ) ,i ft o oh o t ,c o o ld o w n ,a n di ft o o c o l d ,u s eb l a n k e t s ,o v e ra n du n d e r ,t ow a r m t h ev i c t i m .
B u r n s
S i g n a l s :S m a l l ,t h i n( s u r f a c e )b u r n so rl a r g e , t h i nb u r n s :r e d n e s s ,p a i n ,a n ds w e l l i n g . D e e pb u r n s :b l i s t e r s ,d e e pt i s s u ed e s t r u c t i o n ,c h a r r e da p p e a r a n c e . F i r s tA i d : 1 .S t o pt h eb u r n i n g-p u to u tf l a m e so r r e m o v et h ev i c t i mf r o mt h es o u r c eo ft h e b u r n . 2 .C o o lt h eb u r n-r u no rp o u rc o o lw a t e r o nb u r n ,i m m e r s ei fp o s s i b l e .C o o lu n t i l p a i ni sr e d u c e d . 3 .C o v e rt h eb u r n-U s ed r y ,s t e r i l ed r e s s i n g a n db a n d a g e . 4 .K e e pv i c t i ma sc o m f o r t a b l ea sp o s s i b l e f r o mb e i n gc h i l l e do ro v e rh e a t e d .
58
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
B u r n s
C h e m i c a lb u r n-m u s tb ef l u s h e dw i t hl a r g e a m o u n t so fw a t e ru n t i lE M Sa r r i v e s . E l e c t r i c a lb u r n-m a k es u r ep o w e ri st u r n e d o f fb e f o r et o u c h i n gt h ev i c t i m .
U r g e n tC a r e
E l e c t r i c a lS h o c k
S i g n a l s :U n c o n s c i o u s n e s s ,a b s e n c eo f b r e a t h i n ga n dp u l s e . F i r s tA i d : 1. TURN OFF THE POWER SOURCE Call EMS. (DO NOT approach victim u n t i lp o w e rh a sb e e nt u r n e do f f . ) 2. DO NOT move a victim of electrical i n j u r yu n l e s st h e r ei si m m e d i a t ed a n g e r . 3 .A d m i n i s t e rr e s c u eb r e a t h i n go rC P Ri f n e c e s s a r y . 4 .T r e a tf o rs h o c k . C h e c kf o ro t h e ri n j u r i e sa n dm o n i t o rv i c t i m u n t i lm e d i c a lh e l pa r r i v e s .
59
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
U r g e n tC a r e
F r o s t b i t e
S i g n a l s :F l u s h e d ,w h i t e ,o rg r a ys k i n .P a i n . T h en o s e ,c h e e k s ,e a r s ,f i n g e r s ,a n dt o e sa r e m o s tl i k e l yt ob ea f f e c t e d .P a i nm a yb ef e l t e a r l ya n dt h e ns u b s i d e .B l i s t e r sm a ya p p e a r l a t e r . F i r s tA i d : 1 .C o v e rt h ef r o z e np a r t .L o o s e nr e s t r i c t i v e c l o t h i n go rb o o t s . 2 .B r i n gv i c t i mi n d o o r sA S A P . 3. Give the victim a warm drink. (DO N O Tg i v ea l c o h o l i cb e v e r a g e s ,t e ao rc o f f e e . ) 4. Immerse frozen part in warm water ( 1 0 2 1 0 5 ) ,o rw r a pi nas h e e ta n dw a r m blankets. DO NOT rewarm if there is a p o s s i b i l i t yo fr e f r e e z i n g . 5. Remove from water and discontinue warming once part becomes flushed. 6 .A f t e rt h a w i n g ,t h ev i c t i ms h o u l dt r yt o m o v et h ei n j u r e da r e aal i t t l e . 7 .E l e v a t et h ei n j u r e da r e aa n dp r o t e c tf r o m f u r t h e ri n j u r y . 8. DO NOT rub the frozen part. DO NOT break the blisters. DO NOT use extreme or d r yh e a tt or e w a r mt h ep a r t . 9 .I ff i n g e r so rt o e sa r ei n v o l v e d ,p l a c ed r y , s t e r i l eg a u z eb e t w e e nt h e mw h e n b a n d a g i n g .
60
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
H y p o t h e r m i a
S i g n a l s :L o w e r e db o d yc o r et e m p e r a t u r e . P e r s i s t e n ts h i v e r i n g ,l i p sm a yb eb l u e ,s l o w s l u r r e ds p e e c h ,m e m o r yl a p s e s .M o s tc a s e s o c c u rw h e na i rt e m p e r a t u r e sr a n g ef r o m 3 0 5 0 o rw a t e rt e m p e r a t u r ei sb e l o w7 0 F . F i r s tA i d : 1. Move victim to shelter and remove wet c l o t h i n gi fn e c e s s a r y . 2 .R e w a r mv i c t i mw i t hb l a n k e t so rb o d y t o b o d yc o n t a c ti ns l e e p i n gb a g . 3 .I fv i c t i mi sc o n s c i o u sa n da b l et os w a l l o w , g i v ew a r ml i q u i d s . 4. Keep victim warm and quiet. 5. DO NOT give alcoholic beverages, or b e v e r a g e sc o n t a i n i n gc a f f e i n e . C o n s t a n t l ym o n i t o rv i c t i ma n dg i v eR e s c u e B r e a t h i n ga n dC P Ri fn e c e s s a r y .
U r g e n tC a r e
61
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
U r g e n tC a r e
H e a tE x h a u s t i o n / H e a tS t o k e
S i g n a l s : . H e a tE x h a u s t i o n :P a l e ,c l a m m ys k i n , p r o f u s ep e r s p i r a t i o n ,w e a k n e s s ,n a u s e a , h e a d a c h e . . H e a tS t r o k e :H o t ,d r y ,r e ds k i n ,n o p e r s p i r a t i o n ,r a p i da n ds t r o n gp u l s e ,h i g h b o d yt e m p e r a t u r e( 1 0 5 ) .T h i si sa n i m m e d i a t el i f et h r e a t e n i n ge m e r g e n c y . F i r s tA i d : 1 .G e tt h ev i c t i mo u to ft h eh e a t . 2 .L o o s e nt i g h tc l o t h i n go rr e s t r i c t i v e c l o t h i n g . 3 .R e m o v ep e r s p i r a t i o ns o a k e dc l o t h i n g . 4 .A p p l yc o o l ,w e tc l o t h st ot h es k i n . 5 .F a nt h ev i c t i m . 6 .I fv i c t i mi sc o n s c i o u s ,g i v ec o o lw a t e rt o d r i n k . 7 .C a l lf o ra na m b u l a n c ei fv i c t i mr e f u s e s w a t e r ,v o m i t s ,o rs t a r t st ol o s ec o n s c i o u s n e s s .
62
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
R e s c u eB r e a t h i n g
1 .C h e c kt h ev i c t i m . . T a pa n ds h o u t- A r ey o uo k a y ? ,t os e ei f t h ep e r s o nr e s p o n d s . . I fn or e s p o n s e : 2. Call EMS. 3 .C a r ef o rt h ev i c t i m . S t e p1 :L o o k ,l i s t e na n df e e lf o rb r e a t h i n g f o ra b o u t5s e c o n d s .I ft h ep e r s o ni sn o t b r e a t h i n go ry o uc a n tt e l lS t e p2 :P o s i t i o nv i c t i mo nb a c k ,w h i l e s u p p o r t i n gh e a da n dn e c k . S t e p3 :T i l th e a db a c ka n dl i f tc h i n . S t e p4 :L o o k ,l i s t e n ,a n df e e lf o rb r e a t h i n g f o ra b o u t5s e c o n d s . . I fn o tb r e a t h i n g S t e p5 :G i v et w os l o wg e n t l eb r e a t h s . S t e p6 :C h e c kp u l s ef o r5t o1 0s e c o n d s . S t e p7 :C h e c kf o rs e v e r eb l e e d i n g . 4 .G i v er e s c u eb r e a t h i n g . . I fp u l s ei sp r e s e n tb u tp e r s o ni ss t i l ln o t breathing S t e p1 :G i v eo n es l o wb r e a t ha b o u te v e r y5 s e c o n d s .D ot h i sf o ra b o u t1m i n u t e( 1 2 b r e a t h s ) . S t e p2 :R e c h e c kp u l s ea n db r e a t h i n ga b o u t e v e r ym i n u t e . . C o n t i n u er e s c u eb r e a t h i n ga sl o n ga s p u l s ei sp r e s e n tb u tp e r s o ni sn o tb r e a t h i n g . 5. Begin Cardiopulmonary R e s u s c i t a t i o n ( C P R ) . I ft h e r ei sn op u l s ea n dn ob r e a t h i n g .
Electrical Workers Safety Handbook 63 U r g e n tC a r e
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
U r g e n tC a r e
C h o k i n g
1 .C h e c kt h ev i c t i m . W h e na na d u l ti sc h o k i n g : S t e p1 :A s k , A r ey o uc h o k i n g ? I fv i c t i m c a n n o tc o u g h ,s p e a k ,o rb r e a t h e ,i sc o u g h i n g w e a k l yo ri sm a k i n gh i g h p i t c h e dn o i s e s Step 2: Shout, HELP! Step 3: Phone EMS for help. Send s o m e o n et oc a l lf o ra na m b u l a n c e . S t e p4 :D oa b d o m i n a lt h r u s t s : A .W r a py o u ra r m sa r o u n dt h ev i c t i m s w a i s t .M a k eaf i s t .P l a c et h u m b s i d eo ff i s t a g a i n s tm i d d l eo fa b d o m e nj u s ta b o v et h e n a v a l .G r a s pf i s tw i t ho t h e rh a n d . B .G i v eq u i c k ,u p w a r dt h r u s t s .R e p e a tu n t i l o b j e c ti sc o u g h e du po rp e r s o nb e c o m e s u n c o n s c i o u s .
64
APPENDIX
F i r s tA i d
C h o k i n g
I fv i c t i mb e c o m e su n c o n s c i o u s ,l o w e r v i c t i mt ot h ef l o o r . S t e p5 :D oafi n g e r sw e e p-L i f tj a wa n d t o n g u e ,d oaf i n g e rs w e e pt or e m o v e o b s t r u c t i o n . S t e p6 :O p e na i r w a y-T i l th e a db a c ka n d l i f tc h i n . S t e p7 :A t t e m p tt og i v eb r e a t h s .W i t h h e a dt i l t e db a c ka n dc h i nl i f t e d ,p i n c hn o s e s h u t .G i v et w os l o wb r e a t h sf o r1 -2 s e c o n d se a c h . I fa i rw o n tg oi n S t e p8 :G i v eu pt o6a b d o m i n a lt h r u s t s . . P l a c eh e e lo fo n eh a n da g a i n s tm i d d l eo f v i c t i m sa b d o m e nj u s ta b o v et h en a v a l . . P l a c eo t h e rh a n do nt o po ff i r s th a n d . . P r e s si n t oa b d o m e nw i t hu pt of i v eq u i c k u p w a r dt h r u s t s . . R e p e a tb r e a t h s ,t h r u s t s ,a n ds w e e p su n t i l b r e a t h sg oi no rv i c t i ms t a r t st ob r e a t h e .
U r g e n tC a r e
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APPENDIX
Important Job Site Information
J o b s i t e T e l e p h o n eN u m b e r L o c a t i o n F o r e m a n sn a m e F o r e m a n sh o m en u m b e r C o m p a n yp h o n en u m b e r L o c a t i o n o f f i r s t a i d k i t
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ___________________________ __________________________ ___________________________ __________________________ ________________________________ ___________________________
L o c a t i o n o f f i r e e x t i n g u i s h e r
______________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________
N a m e ( s ) o f f i r s t a i d t r a i n e d _______________________________ p e r s o n n e l _______________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ L o c a t i o n o f r e s u s c i t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t _________________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________

APPENDIX
Important Job Site Information
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ H o s p i t a l ______________________________ A m b u l a n c e ____________________________ F i r eD e p a r t m e n t __________________________ ___________________________ __________________________ ___________________________ __________________________ ________________________________ ___________________________ ______________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________
APPENDIX
Notes
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______________________________ ____________________________ _____________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ _____________________________ ________________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________
APPENDIX
Notes
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______________________________ ____________________________ _____________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ _____________________________ ________________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________
APPENDIX
Notes
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______________________________ ____________________________ _____________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ _____________________________ ________________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________

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