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}}\par}{\phpg\posx1075\pvpg\posy643\absw4602\absh162 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20
\fs17 \cf0 Airfoil Aerodynamics Using Panel Methods, Working.nb \par
}
{\phpg\posx11061\pvpg\posy643\absw110\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 2
\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
equation plays an important role in the theoretical development of several f
ields including electrostatics and elastic mem\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 br
anes as well as fluid dynamics.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 To solve the problem of potential flow over a solid object, Laplace
's equation must be solved subject to the boundary
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 co
ndition that there be no flow across the surface of the object. This is us
ually referred to as the tangent-flow boundary
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 co
ndition. Additionally, the flow far from the object is required to be uniform.
The results of solving Laplace's equation
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 su
bject to tangent-flow boundary conditions provides an approximation of cruise co
nditions for an airplane.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-262 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Using a vector identity, the solution to this linear partial differential equa
tion can be written in terms of a integral over the
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 su
rface of the object. This boundary integral contains expressions for su
rface distributions of basic singular solutions to
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 La
place's equation. A linear combination of relatively simple singular solutions
to Laplace's equation is also a solution to
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 th
e differential equation. This superposition of simple solutions provides
the complexity needed for satisfying boundary
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 co
nditions for flow over objects of complex geometry. Panel methods are based on
this approach and are described in detail
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 by
Katz and Plotkin (4). Commonly used singular solutions for panel methods ar
e referred to as source, vortex and doublet
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 di
stributions. Analogies can be made to other fields of study. The velocity fi
eld induced by a point source is analogous to
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 th
e electrostatic field induced by a point charge. A doublet would be p

ositive and negative charges of equal strength in

\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 cl
ose proximity. The velocity induced by a line vortex is analogous to the magnet
ic field induced by a current-carrying wire.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 The basic solution procedure for panel methods consists of discretizi
ng the surface of the object with flat panels, and
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 se
lecting singularities to be distributed over the panels in a specified manner, b
ut with unknown singularity-strength parame\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 te
rs. Since each singularity is a solution to Laplace's equation, a li
near combination of the singular solutions is also a
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 so
lution to Laplace's equation. The tangent-flow boundary condition is re
quired to be satisfied at a discrete number of
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 po
ints called collocation points. This process leads to a system of linear algeb
raic equations to be solved for the unknown
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 si
ngularity-strength parameters. Details of the procedure vary depending
on the singularities used and other details of
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 pr
oblem formulation, but the end result is always a system of linear a
lgebraic equations to be solved for the unknown
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 si
ngularity-strength parameters.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Panel methods are applicable to two- and three-dimensional flows. For flow o
ver a two-dimensional object, the flat panels
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 be
come straight lines, but can be thought of as infinitely long rectangular panels
in the three-dimensional interpretation. For
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 tw
o-dimensional potential flow, the powerful technique of conformal mappin
g can also be used as a solution procedure.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Co
nformal mapping provides exact solutions for certain airfoil shapes, and is usef
ul for validating numerical models.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 This paper introduces a collection of three packages providing comput
ational tools for the formulation and solution of
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 st
eady potential flow over an airfoil. In addition to the packages and associate
d online help for functions defined, examples
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 of
model implementation and use are included. Each package is discussed
briefly. This is followed by an example of
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 st
ep-by-step implementation of a particular model for a small discretizat
ion number with intermediate results displayed.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Fi
nally, the steps are assembled into a module representing a particular model, an
d the lift and pressure distribution on an
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10073\absh9430 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ai
rfoil are computed. This software collection is available from The{\i Mathemat
ica} Journal. \par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy12748\absw5714\absh1766 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0 \fi79 \b \f1
0 \fs25 \cf0 Preliminaries

\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy12748\absw5714\absh1766 \sl-274 \par\b \f10 \fs25

\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Load}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 application}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 package}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 needed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 notebook. }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy12748\absw5714\absh1766 \sl-242 \par\b \f10 \fs25
\cf0 \fi777 {\f30 \fs16 Needs}{\fs16 @}{\f30 \fs16 "Aerodynamics`InfluenceCoeffi
cients2D`"}{\fs16 D }\par
}
\sect\sectd\pard\plain
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}}\par}{\phpg\posx1075\pvpg\posy643\absw4602\absh162 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20
\fs17 \cf0 Airfoil Aerodynamics Using Panel Methods, Working.nb \par
}
{\phpg\posx11061\pvpg\posy643\absw110\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 3
\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
Turn off spell checking to avoid messages when symbol names with minor spelling
differences are used.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 Off}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 General::spell,}{\b
\f30 \fs16 General::spell1}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-486 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi79 {\b \f10 \fs25 Nomenclature}{\b \f10 \fs25 and}{\b \f10 \fs25 Basic}{\
b \f10 \fs25 Equations}{\b \f10 \fs25 for}{\b \f10 \fs25 Airfoil}{\b \f10 \fs

25 Aerodynamics }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-274 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Much of the nomenclature associated with the theory of lift on an airfoil has
made its way into every-day vocabulary, but
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 so
me terms may be unfamiliar or have more specific meanings than occur in comm
on usage. Also, there are some basic
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 eq
uations used in the example problem that should be mentioned. An introductory
book on aerodynamics such as Anderson
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (5
) or Bertin and Smith (6) present the basic nomenclature and concepts associated
with the theory of flight.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 The term{\i airfoil} is used to denote the cross section, or profile, o
f a three-dimensional wing (see insert in Figure 2). The
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\
i chord}{\i line} of an airfoil is the straight line from the leading edge of t
he airfoil to the sharp trailing edge; the length of this line
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 is
referred as the chord of the airfoil and is denoted by{\i c}. The
{\i camber}{\i line} of an airfoil is the locus of points midway
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 be
tween the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil, measured perpendicular to the
camber line. When describing an airfoil
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 in
dimensionless variables and in a local coordinate system, the chord of the airf
oil is the segment of the x axis from 0 to 1.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Th
e{\i angle}{\i of}{\i attack} is the angle between the chord line of the airf
oil and the uniform onset velocity, and is denoted by{\f10 a}.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 In incompressible potential flow, the pressure is related to
the fluid speed by Bernoulli's equation,
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i28 {\f10 }{\f10 r}{\i Q }{\up006 \fs12 2}{\f10 +}{\i p}{\f10 =}{\f10 }{\f10
\i Q }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 su
bscript{\f10 } refers to conditions far from the airfoil. The dimension
less measure of pressure is the pressure coefficient,
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-204 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i1516 {\i \fs12 p}{\f10 \fs12 -}{\i \fs12 p}{\dn006 \f10 \fs9 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 de
fined by{\i C}{\f10
=}{\f10 } . Combining Bernoulli's equation
the pressure coefficient yields a simple
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-127 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i1447 {\f10 \fs12 }{\f10 \fs12 r}{\i \fs12 Q}{\fs9
2 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-158 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i6909 {\i \fs12 Q}{\up006 \fs9 2 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-161 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 eq
uation for the pressure coefficient in terms of the local speed of the fluid,{\i
C}{\i\dn006 \fs12 p}{\f10 =} 1{\f10 -}{\f10 } .
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-90 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \fi
6964 {\f10 \fs9 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-321 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i6196 {\f10 }{\f10 " }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Us
ing the aerodynamic sign convention, the{\i circulation} of the velocity field
{\i
Q} around a closed contour{\f10 *} is defined by the
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f

i1706 {\f10 }{\f10 " }

\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 li
ne integral{\f10 G}{\f10 =}{\f10 -}{\i
Q}{\f10 {\f63 \u8222\'3f}}{\f10
Z}. The lift force per unit length on an airfoil can be related to the circula
tion around the airfoil by
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-164 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 the Kutta Joukowski theorem{\f10 b}{\f10 =}{\f10 r}{\i Q}{\dn006 \f10 \fs1
2 }{\f10 G}. The aerodynamic sign convention used in the definition of circul
ation is chosen
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-252 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 so
that positive circulation leads to positive lift. The dimensionless measure f
or lift on an airfoil is the two-dimensional lift
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i5697 {\f10 }{\f10 \fs12
G }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 co
efficient,{\i c}{\f10 =}{\f10 } . If a dimensionless circulation
\f10 } , then the lift coefficient is simply twice the
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-115 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i6091 {\i \fs12 c}{\i \fs12 Q}{\dn006 \f10 \fs9 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-254 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 di
mensionless circulation. The{\i Kutta}{\i condition} summarizes the primary
viscous effect of the flow on the airfoil and estab\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 li
shes the circulation around the airfoil by the simple statement that th
e flow leaves the sharp trailing edge of the airfoil
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3031\absw10901\absh8415 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sm
oothly. \par
}
{\phpg\posx1166\pvpg\posy8754\absw91\absh174 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 2 \
par
}
{\phpg\posx2303\pvpg\posy8754\absw91\absh116 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 2 \
par
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{\phpg\posx1166\pvpg\posy8593\absw91\absh116 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 1 \
par
}
{\phpg\posx2303\pvpg\posy8581\absw91\absh128 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 1 \
par
}
{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy8592\absw8056\absh251 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 {\
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0 \fs17 point}{\f20 \fs17 in}{\f20 \fs17 the}{\f20 \fs17 flow}{\f20 \fs1
7 field,}{\f20 \fs17 and}{\f20 \fs17 the }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2186\pvpg\posy9285\absw91\absh115 \i \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs12 \c
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}
{\phpg\posx2563\pvpg\posy9313\absw69\absh180 \f20 \fs9 \cf0 \f20 \fs9 \cf0 1
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}
{\phpg\posx2896\pvpg\posy9382\absw85\absh103 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \par
}
{\phpg\posx7979\pvpg\posy9695\absw128\absh235 \i \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs12 \
cf0 Q \par
}
{\phpg\posx8176\pvpg\posy9673\absw55\absh118 \f20 \fs9 \cf0 \f20 \fs9 \cf0 2 \pa

r
}
{\phpg\posx2606\pvpg\posy10098\absw192\absh1167 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 {
\dn006 \fs12 * }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2769\pvpg\posy11216\absw91\absh127 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 b
\par
}
{\phpg\posx2157\pvpg\posy11339\absw91\absh127 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 b
\par
}
{\phpg\posx2517\pvpg\posy11391\absw566\absh173 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 r{\i
\f20 Q }
\par}{\phpg\posx2517\pvpg\posy11391\absw566\absh173 \sl-90 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 {\f20
\fs9 2 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2531\pvpg\posy11384\absw55\absh118 \f20 \fs9 \cf0 \f20 \fs9 \cf0 1 \p
ar
}
{\phpg\posx2947\pvpg\posy11401\absw55\absh118 \f20 \fs9 \cf0 \f20 \fs9 \cf0 2 \p
ar
}
{\phpg\posx2851\pvpg\posy11451\absw85\absh103 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \par
}
{\phpg\posx3033\pvpg\posy11423\absw73\absh115 \i \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs12 \
cf0 c \par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw5282\absh1615 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
Load{\i Mathematica} add-on packages needed for this notebook.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw5282\absh1615 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf0
\fi777 {\b \f10 \fs16 <<}{\b \f30 \fs16 Graphics`FilledPlot` }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw5282\absh1615 \sl-222 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf0
\fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 Needs}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 "LinearAlgebra`Matr
ixManipulation`"}{\b \f10 \fs16 D }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy13149\absw9903\absh969 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0 \fi79 \b \f10
\fs25 \cf0 Input Parameters
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy13149\absw9903\absh969 \sl-274 \par\b \f10 \fs25 \
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 example}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 airfoil}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 illustrating}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 implementation}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 panel}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 method}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 paper}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 member}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 NACA}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 four-dig
it }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy13149\absw9903\absh969 \sl-283 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 family}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 airfoils.}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 Specify}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identification}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 airfoil}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 angle}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 attack}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 degrees. }\par
}
\sect\sectd\pard\plain
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}}\par}{\phpg\posx1075\pvpg\posy643\absw4602\absh162 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20
\fs17 \cf0 Airfoil Aerodynamics Using Panel Methods, Working.nb \par
}
{\phpg\posx11061\pvpg\posy643\absw110\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 6
\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
panel length, in the direction of the outward unit normal to insure that these
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\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 do
ne in preparation for applying the tangent-flow boundary condition at collocatio
n points.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 rCollocation}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 AirfoilPa
nelPoints}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 rPanels}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f10 \fs1
6 +}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 101 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16
MultiplyByList}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 lengthPanels,}{\b \f30 \fs16 un
Panels}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-220 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 unPanels}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 AirfoilPanelN
ormals}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 rPanels}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ;
}
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-241 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Figure 1 shows the geometry of the discretized airfoil and the numbering conve
ntion for panels. The panels are straight-line
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 se

gments joining points on the airfoil contour, and panel normals are shown at pan
el midpoints with the panel number near
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 th
e head of the arrow. For an airfoil with thickness, the number of panels descr
ibing the airfoil is twice the discretization
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 nu
mber. This numbering of panels is referred to as the clockwise convent
ion. For a reference airfoil with no thickness
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (c
amber line), the number of panels is equal to the discretization numbe
r, and the convention is to number panels from
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 le
ading edge to trailing edge. The airfoil shape is plotted in a local coordinat
e system with origin at the leading edge of the
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10040\absh3224 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ai
rfoil with the x axis coincident with the chord line. Lengths are nondimensiona
lized using the chord of the airfoil,{\i c}. \par
}
{\phpg\posx2711\pvpg\posy5718\absw7757\absh113 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 F
igure 1. Panels and Panel Normals for NACA 4412 Airfoil Discretized to 6 Panels
\par
}
{\phpg\posx2402\pvpg\posy5975\absw308\absh113 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 0.
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{\phpg\posx6153\pvpg\posy9726\absw308\absh113 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 0.
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{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10315\absw9993\absh933 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
Also included in the online help for this package are examples of im
porting data files for individual airfoils defined by
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10315\absw9993\absh933 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 spe
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50014514500145145007ffd9
}}\par}{\phpg\posx1075\pvpg\posy643\absw4602\absh162 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20
\fs17 \cf0 Airfoil Aerodynamics Using Panel Methods, Working.nb \par
}
{\phpg\posx11061\pvpg\posy643\absw110\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 7
\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
Compute the velocity, velocity-potential and stream-function influence coeffici
ents at the field point due to the singularity
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 us
ing the package functions{\f30 \fs16 ICSourcePoint}.,{\f30 \fs16 IC}{\f10 \fs1
6 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 102 \\f Symbol }}}{\f30 \fs16 SourcePoint} and{\f30
\fs16 IC}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 121 \\f Symbol }}}{\f30 \fs16 So
urcePoint}.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-243 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 ic,}{\b \f30 \fs16 ic}{\b \f10 \fs16 {
\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 102 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f30 \fs16 ic}{
\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 121 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f10 \fs16 <}{\b \
f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 ICSourcePoint}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b
\f30 \fs16 rf,}{\b \f30 \fs16 rs}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f30 \f
s16 IC}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 102 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs1
6 SourcePoint}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 rf,}{\b \f30 \fs16 rs}{\b \f10 \f
s16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f30 \fs16 IC}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMB
OL 121 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 SourcePoint}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16
rf,}{\b \f30 \fs16 rs}{\b \f10 \fs16 D< }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-197 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi1545 {\f30 \fs16 x}{\f10 \fs16
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 1
73 \\f Symbol }}}{\f30 \fs16
z}{\f30 \fs16
Log}{\f10 \fs16 @}{\f
30 \fs16 x }{\up006 \f30 \fs11 2}{\f10 \fs16 +}{\f30 \fs16 z }{\up006 \f30 \f
s11 2}{\f10 \fs16 D}{\f30 \fs16
ArcTan}{\f10 \fs16 @}{\f30 \fs16 x,}{\f30 \f
s16 z}{\f10 \fs16 D }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-162 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i2335 {\f10 \fs16 {\f63 \u9168\'3f}}{\f30 \fs11
2}{\f30 \fs11
2}{
\f30 \fs16
4}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 112 \\f Symbol }}}
{\f30 \fs16
2}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 112 \\f Symbol
}} }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-147 \par\par\par\f20 \
fs17 \cf0 The velocity, velocity potential or stream function at{\i r}{\i\dn006
\fs12 f} would be obtained by multiplying the appropriate influence coeffi\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-252 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ci
ent by the strength of the source. Influence coefficients can also be thought
of as the velocity, velocity potential or stream
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fu
nction induced by a singularity of unit strength.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 The package InfluenceCoefficients2D contains over thirty functions for
velocity, velocity-potential and stream-function
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 in
fluence coefficients for source, vortex and doublet singularities commonly used
in two-dimensional panel methods. They
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3386\absw10106\absh3356 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 se
rve as a tool box for constructing numerical models for two-dimensional potentia
l flow. \par
}
{\phpg\posx1893\pvpg\posy4355\absw10139\absh1062 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 \f10 \fs16 \cf0

99 ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc = {\f63 \u9168\'3f}{\f63 \u9168\'3f}9c ccccc

ccccccccccccccccccccccccc ={\f30 ,} ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc{\f30 ,} cc
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc = \par
}
{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy4468\absw2783\absh1062 \f30 \fs16 \cf0 \f30 \fs16 \cf0
2{\f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 112 \\f Symbol }}}{\f10 H}x{\dn006 \fs11 2}{
\f10 +} z {\dn006 \fs11 2}{\f10 L}{\f10
{\f63 \u9168\'3f}} 2{\f10 {\fie
ld{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 112 \\f Symbol }}}{\f10 H}x{\f10
+} z{\f10 L }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1893\pvpg\posy1325\absw3186\absh2169 \b \f30 \fs16 \cf0 \b \f30 \fs16
\cf0 rf{\f10 =} MakeCartesianVectors{\f10 @}x, z{\f10 D }
\par}{\phpg\posx1893\pvpg\posy1325\absw3186\absh2169 \sl-197 \par\b \f30 \fs16 \
cf0 {\b0 \f10 8}{\b0 x}{\b0 \f10 <}{\b0 \f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 173 \\f S
ymbol }}}{\b0 \f10 8}{\b0 z}{\b0 \f10 < }
\par}{\phpg\posx1893\pvpg\posy1325\absw3186\absh2169 \sl-242 \par\b \f30 \fs16 \
cf0 rs{\f10 =} MakeCartesianVectors{\f10 @}0, 0{\f10 D }
\par}{\phpg\posx1893\pvpg\posy1325\absw3186\absh2169 \sl-197 \par\b \f30 \fs16 \
cf0 {\b0 \f10 8}{\b0 0 }{\b0 \f10 <}{\b0 \f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 173 \\f
Symbol }}}{\b0 \f10 8}{\b0 0}{\b0 \f10 < }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1195\pvpg\posy7884\absw9896\absh233 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs25
\cf0 Potential-Flow Model Using Vortex Panels of Linearly Varying Strength \par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10461\absw10062\absh1954 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf
0 The boundary condition that the velocity be everywhere tangent to th
e airfoil contour is discretized to require that the
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10461\absw10062\absh1954 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 v
elocity component normal to each panel at the collocation point be zero. Since
each vortex panel introduces two unknown
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10461\absw10062\absh1954 \sl-316 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 s
trength parameters, application of the tangent-flow boundary condition provides
{\i n}{\dn006 \fs12 panels} equations and 2{\i n}{\dn006 \fs12 panels} unk
nowns,
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10461\absw10062\absh1954 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 w
here{\i n}{\dn006 \fs12 panels} is number of panels describing the geometry of
the discretized airfoil. Continuity of circulation density from
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10461\absw10062\absh1954 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 o
ne panel to the next and the Kutta condition provide{\i n}{\dn006 \fs12 pa
nels} additional equations to complete a system of 2{\i n}{\dn006 \fs12 pa
nels} linear
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10461\absw10062\absh1954 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 a
lgebraic equations and 2{\i n}{\dn006 \fs12 panels} unknowns. To form a syst
em of equations in standard form, the terms involving unknowns
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10461\absw10062\absh1954 \sl-251 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 a
re collected on the left-hand-side of the system of equations and the known quan
tities are collected on the right-hand-side.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10461\absw10062\absh1954 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 T
he result can be written in block-matrix form. \par
}
{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12667\absw289\absh183 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs17
\cf0 a{\i0 \fs12 11 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2846\pvpg\posy12667\absw289\absh444 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs17
\cf0 a{\i0 \fs12 12 }
\par}{\phpg\posx2846\pvpg\posy12667\absw289\absh444 \sl-290 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 a
{\i0 \fs12 22 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx3455\pvpg\posy12957\absw91\absh162 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs17 \
cf0 s \par
}

{\phpg\posx4195\pvpg\posy12957\absw110\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 0

\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy8759\absw10160\absh1661 \b \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs2
1 \cf0 Step by step model formulation using coarse discretization
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy8759\absw10160\absh1661 \sl-263 \par\b \f10 \fs21
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 singularity}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 element}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 chosen}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
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varying}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 strength,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 provi
des}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 circulation }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy8759\absw10160\absh1661 \sl-158 \par\b \f10 \fs21
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 density}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 along}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0\i
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x}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 local}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coordinates,}{\b
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s17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 distance}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 from}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 "beginning" }\par
}
{\phpg\posx5078\pvpg\posy9726\absw165\absh116 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 0{
\i i }\par
}
{\phpg\posx5505\pvpg\posy9726\absw263\absh115 \i \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs12 \
cf0 i
i \par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy9893\absw6522\absh296 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 o
f the panel. Each singularity panel involves two unknown constants,{\f10 g}
and{\i s }{\i\dn006 \fs12 i}. \par
}
{\phpg\posx6818\pvpg\posy10012\absw165\absh116 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 0
{\i i }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy13181\absw9880\absh343 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
The symbols{\f10 g }{\dn006 \fs12 0} and{\i s} represent lists of the
unknown constant and linear strength parameters for the vortex panels,{
\i
a}{\dn006 \fs12 11 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy13465\absw8889\absh326 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
represents the projection of the panel influence coefficients associated with{\f
10 g}{\dn006 \fs12 0} on the unit normal vectors,{\i a}{\dn006 \fs12 12 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy13795\absw8242\absh267 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
projection of the panel influence coefficients associated with{\i s} on the uni
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}
{\phpg\posx9938\pvpg\posy13509\absw1149\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
represents the \par
}
{\phpg\posx9319\pvpg\posy13795\absw1748\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
represent terms in the \par
}
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i
\par}{\phpg\posx2323\pvpg\posy12364\absw79\absh1277 \sl-179 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 j \p
ar
}

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}
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zz
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\par
}
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}}\par}{\phpg\posx1075\pvpg\posy643\absw4602\absh162 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20
\fs17 \cf0 Airfoil Aerodynamics Using Panel Methods, Working.nb \par
}
{\phpg\posx11061\pvpg\posy643\absw110\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 8
\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10104\absh1008 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
equations imposing continuity of circulation density between panels and the Kut
ta condition, and{\i Q}{\i\dn006 \fs12 n} is the projection of the
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10104\absh1008 \sl-251 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fr
ee-stream velocity on unit normals at collocation points.

\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10104\absh1008 \sl-185 \par\par\f20 \fs17

\cf0 Use the block-matrix form to write the system of equations as{\i a }{\dn0
06 \fs12 11}{\f10 g}{\dn006 \fs12 0}{\f10 +}{\i a }{\dn006 \fs12 12}{\i s
}{\f10 =}{\f10 -}{\i Q}{\i \fs12 n} and{\i a }{\fs12 21}{\f10 g}{\fs12 0
}{\f10 +}{\i a }{\fs12 22}{\i s}{\f10 =} 0. Solve the latter \par
}
{\phpg\posx5054\pvpg\posy2544\absw6127\absh251 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 1
{\i \fs17 a}{\dn006 21}{\f10 \fs17 g }{\dn006 0}{\fs17 .}{\fs17
Substitut
e}{\fs17 this}{\fs17 into}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 former}{\fs17 system}{\fs17 of
}{\fs17 equations}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 eliminate}{\fs17 the }\par
}
{\phpg\posx8078\pvpg\posy2835\absw267\absh204 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 -{
\i \f20 a }\par
}
{\phpg\posx8951\pvpg\posy2804\absw162\absh145 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 -{
\f20 1 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
system of equations can be solved for the list of strength parameters{\f10 g}{
\dn006 \fs12 0}, and then the transformation is used to compute the
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \sl-251 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 li
st of slope parameters{\i s}.
All variables in the following formulation and
solution are dimensionless.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Compute the matrix of velocity influence coefficients and project them on the
panel normals.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 ic0,}{\b \f30 \fs16 ics}{\b \f10 \fs16
<}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 ICVortexLinear}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \f
s16 rCollocation,}{\b \f30 \fs16 rPanels}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ;}{\b
\f30 \fs16 a11}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 ic0.unPanels;}{\b \f30 \fs16
a12}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 ics.unPanels; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \sl-241 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Write the equations expressing the continuity of circulation density between p
anels, and the Kutta condition. The equation
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ex
pressing the Kutta condition is written to accommodate the different num
bering conventions for airfoils with thickness
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 an
d reference airfoils without thickness.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 a21}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 If}{\b \f10 \fs16
@}{\b \f30 \fs16 nPanels}{\b \f10 \fs16 m}{\b \f30 \fs16 2}{\b \f30 \fs16 ns,
}{\b \f30 \fs16 Module}{\b \f10 \fs16 @8}{\b \f30 \fs16 d}{\b \f10 \fs16 <}{\b
\f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f30 \fs16 d}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 DiagonalMatrix}
{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 Table}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 1.0,}{\b \
f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 nPanels}{\b \f10 \fs16 <DD}{\b \f30 \fs16 ; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \sl-252 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i1207 {\b \f30 \fs16 ReplacePart}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldi
nst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 d}{\b \f10 \fs16 +}{\b \f30 \fs16 R
otateLeft}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 d,}{\b \f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 0
,}{\b \f30 \fs16 1}{\b \f10 \fs16 <D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f30 \fs16 1.,}{\b \
f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 1,}{\b \f30 \fs16 1}{\b \f10 \fs16 <DD}{\b \f30 \f
s16 , }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3118\absw10095\absh5316 \sl-254 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
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}}\par}{\phpg\posx1075\pvpg\posy643\absw4602\absh162 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20
\fs17 \cf0 Airfoil Aerodynamics Using Panel Methods, Working.nb \par
}

{\phpg\posx11061\pvpg\posy643\absw110\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 9

\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1502\absw10007\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
requiring that the circulation density at the end of one panel be equal to the c
irculation density at the beginning of the next \par
}
{\phpg\posx3391\pvpg\posy1743\absw3669\absh236 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ,
where{\f10 d}{\i\dn006 \fs12 j} denotes the length of the{\i j }{\up006 \fs
12 th} panel. \par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1441\absw2343\absh1167 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
panel,{\f10 H}{\f10 g }{\dn006 \fs12 0}{\f10 L}{\i\dn006 \fs12 j}{\f10 +}{\f
10 d}{\i\dn006 \fs12 j}{\i s}{\i \fs12 j}{\f10 =}{\f10 H}{\f10 g }{\fs12
0}{\f10 L}{\f10 \fs12 +}{\fs12 1j }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
Compute the free-stream velocity at collocation points.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 qInf}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 ICUniformFlow}{\b
\f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 nPanels,}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
97 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-241 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Compute the components of the uniform flow normal to panels at collocation poi
nts.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 qnInf}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 qInf.unPanels; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-240 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Solve the system of equations for the list of constant parameters.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-243 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs
16 0}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 LinearSolve}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs
16 a11}{\b \f10 \fs16 +}{\b \f30 \fs16 a12.sFrom}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fld
inst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 0,}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldi
nst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 qnInf}{\b \f10 \fs16 D }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-196 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\f10 \fs16 8}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\
f30 \fs16 1.26787,}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\f3
0 \fs16 0.814616,}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\f30
\fs16 0.685836,}{\f30 \fs16 1.19696,}{\f30 \fs16 1.76145,}{\f30 \fs16 1.4182
8}{\f10 \fs16 < }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-262 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Use the transformation matrix to compute the list of slope parameters.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 s}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 sFrom}{\b \f10 \fs16
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 0.}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\
field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 0 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-198 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\f10 \fs16 8}{\f30 \fs16 0.90439,}{\f30 \fs16 0.359375,}{\f30 \fs16
13.0997,}{\f30 \fs16 3.8429,}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Sym
bol }}}{\f30 \fs16 0.91643,}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbo
l }}}{\f30 \fs16 0.296589}{\f10 \fs16 < }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-262 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 The lift coefficient for the airfoil can be computed using the Kutt
a-Joukowski theorem. Recall that the distribution of
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-157 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 circulation on a panel in local panel coordinates can be written as{\f10 g}{\
i\dn006 \fs12 i}{\f10 H}{\i x}{\i\dn006 \fs12 i}{\f10 L}{\f10 =}{\f10 g}{\f1
0
+}{\i s}{\i x} , where{\i x}{\i\dn006 \fs12 i} denotes the distance f
rom the

\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-252 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 le

ading edge of the panel. The contribution of each panel to the lift is computed
and the results summed over all panels.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-262 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 In terms of the dimensionless variables used in this example, the cont
ribution by each panel to the lift coefficient is just
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy3280\absw10103\absh5672 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 tw
ice the net circulation associated with the panel, which is obtained by integrat
ing the linear circulation density function, \par
}
{\phpg\posx7183\pvpg\posy8380\absw168\absh116 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 0{
\i i }\par
}
{\phpg\posx7610\pvpg\posy8380\absw263\absh115 \i \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs12 \
cf0 i
i \par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy9383\absw853\absh1167 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 D
{\f20 c} ={\f20 2} {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 32 \\f Symbol }} \par
}
{\phpg\posx1331\pvpg\posy9772\absw131\absh115 \i \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs12 \
cf0 l i \par
}
{\phpg\posx1883\pvpg\posy9582\absw171\absh335 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \fi52 \f10 \fs12 \
cf0 d{\i\dn006 \f20 \fs9 i }
\par}{\phpg\posx1883\pvpg\posy9582\absw171\absh335 \sl-187 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 {\f20
0 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2049\pvpg\posy9654\absw7918\absh897 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \fi2035 \f20 \fs1
2 \cf0 2
\par}{\phpg\posx2049\pvpg\posy9654\absw7918\absh897 \sl-130 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 {\f1
0 \fs17 g }{\i\dn006 i}{\f10 \fs17 H}{\i \fs17 x}{\i\dn006 i}{\f10 \fs17 L}{\f
10 \fs17 {\f63 \u8222\'3f}}{\i \fs17 x }{\i\dn006 i}{\f10 \fs17 =}{\fs17 2}
{\f10 \fs17 g}{\f10 \fs17
d}{\f10 \fs17 +}{\i \fs17 s}{\f10 \fs17 d}{\f
s17
.}{\fs17 Compute}{\fs17 contributions}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 each}{\fs17
panel}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 airfoil}{\fs17 lift}{\fs17 co
efficient. }\par
}
{\phpg\posx3251\pvpg\posy9772\absw365\absh116 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 0{
\i i}{\i
i }\par
}
{\phpg\posx3859\pvpg\posy9772\absw260\absh115 \i \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs12 \
cf0 i
i \par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2271\absw9294\absh1255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
Define the transformation matrix to compute the list of slope parameters ({\i s}
) from the list of constant parameters ({\f10 g}{\dn006 \fs12 0}).
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2271\absw9294\absh1255 \sl-226 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf0
\fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 sFrom}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Sy
mbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 0}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SY
MBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 Inverse}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 a22
}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 .a21; }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy11342\absw8210\absh2481 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
Sum the two terms for each panel to obtain the list of contributions of each pa
nel to the lift coefficient.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy11342\absw8210\absh2481 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f10 \fs16 {\f63 \u8710\'3f}}{\b \f30 \fs16 cl}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\
b \f10 \fs16 {\f63 \u8710\'3f}}{\b \f30 \fs16 clC}{\b \f10 \fs16 +}{\b \f10 \f
s16 {\f63 \u8710\'3f}}{\b \f30 \fs16 clL }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy11342\absw8210\absh2481 \sl-197 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf

0 \fi777 {\f10 \fs16 8}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\
f30 \fs16 1.04369,}{\f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\f3
0 \fs16 0.537678,}{\f30 \fs16 0.0734631,}{\f30 \fs16 0.434568,}{\f30 \fs16 1.
19069,}{\f30 \fs16 1.36226}{\f10 \fs16 < }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy11342\absw8210\absh2481 \sl-262 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 Sum the panel contributions to obtain the airfoil lift coefficient.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy11342\absw8210\absh2481 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 cl}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 Apply}{\b \f10 \fs1
6 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 Plus,}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\f63 \u8710\'3f}}{\b \f30 \fs16 cl}{\
b \f10 \fs16 D }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1893\pvpg\posy13653\absw795\absh127 \f30 \fs16 \cf0 \f30 \fs16 \cf0 1
.47962 \par
}
{\phpg\posx1893\pvpg\posy9934\absw6991\absh1591 \b \f10 \fs16 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs16
\cf0 8{\f63 \u8710\'3f}{\f30 clC,} {\f63 \u8710\'3f}{\f30 clL}< = 8{\f30 2.0}
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}{\f30 0}{\f30 lengthPanels,}{\f30 s
}{\f30 lengthPanels }{\up006 \f30 \fs11 2}<
\par}{\phpg\posx1893\pvpg\posy9934\absw6991\absh1591 \sl-198 \par\b \f10 \fs16 \
cf0 {\b0 88}{\b0 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b0 \f30 1.27085,}{
\b0 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b0 \f30 0.583826,}{\b0 {\fi
eld{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b0 \f30 0.197148,}{\b0 \f30 0.351648,}
{\b0 \f30 1.31919,}{\b0 \f30 1.43855}{\b0 <}{\b0 \f30 , }
\par}{\phpg\posx1893\pvpg\posy9934\absw6991\absh1591 \sl-237 \b \f10 \fs16 \cf0
\fi107 {\b0 8}{\b0 \f30 0.227159,}{\b0 \f30 0.0461477,}{\b0 \f30 0.270611,}{\b
0 \f30 0.0829194,}{\b0 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b0 \f30 0
.128503,}{\b0 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b0 \f30 0.0762807}{
\b0 << }\par
}
\sect\sectd\pard\plain
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840
{\phpg\posx0\pvpg\posy0\absw12240\absh15840 \overlay
{\*\shppict {\pict\jpegblip\picw612 \pich792
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145140051451401fffd9
}}\par}{\phpg\posx1075\pvpg\posy643\absw4602\absh162 \i \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \i \f20
\fs18 \cf0 Airfoil Aerodynamics Using Panel Methods, Working.nb \par
}
{\phpg\posx10960\pvpg\posy643\absw210\absh164 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 10
\par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f20 \fs18 \cf0
The computations in this section illustrate the process of model implementation
using a coarse discretization so that interme\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-285 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 di
ate results can be viewed. The discretization is too coarse to provide useful r
esults.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs18 \cf

0 Remove names from computer memory except those with values needed in the
subsequent section presenting an example
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-283 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 co
mputation of the pressure distribution and lift coefficient for a specified airf
oil using a larger discretization number.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs18 \cf
0 \fi782 {\b \f30 \fs16 Apply}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 Remove,}{\b \f30 \
fs16 Complement}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 Names}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30
\fs16 "Global`}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 42 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f
30 \fs16 "}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 "
id",}{\b \f30 \fs16 "nl",}{\b \f30 \fs16 "spacing",}{\b \f30 \fs16 "}{\b \f10
\fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 97 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 ",}{\b \f30 \fs
16 "}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 101 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16
"}{\b \f10 \fs16 <DD }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-413 \par\f20 \fs18 \cf
0 {\b \f10 \fs21 }{\b \f10 \fs21 Numerical}{\b \f10 \fs21 model}{\b \f10 \fs21
for}{\b \f10 \fs21 fine}{\b \f10 \fs21 discretization }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-263 \par\f20 \fs18 \cf
0 In the expression below, the individual steps for implementing the model in th
e previous section are collected into a module.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-285 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 Mo
st names for variables have been shortened for conciseness, but should be recogn
izable.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-244 \par\f20 \fs18 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbo
l }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 0,}{\b \f30 \fs16 s}{\b \f10 \fs16 <}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b
\f30 \fs16 Module}{\b \f10 \fs16 A8}{\b \f30 \fs16 a,}{\b \f30 \fs16 a11,}{\b
\f30 \fs16 a12,}{\b \f30 \fs16 a21,}{\b \f30 \fs16 a22,}{\b \f30 \fs16 ts}{\
b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f
30 \fs16 qInf,}{\b \f30 \fs16 qnInf,}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBO
L 103 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
100 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f10 \fs16 <}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f30 \fs16 rp}{\b \f10
\fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 AirfoilSurfacePoints}{\b \f10 \fs16 @ }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-275 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f
i1315 {\b \f30 \fs16 NACA4DigitAirfoil}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 id,}{\b \
f30 \fs16 NDiscretizeUnitSegment}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 nl,}{\b \f30 \
fs16 Layout}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 174 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f3
0 \fs16 spacing}{\b \f10 \fs16 DDD}{\b \f30 \fs16 ; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-184 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f
i4948 {\b \f10 \fs16 !!!!!!!!! }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-147 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f
i1099 {\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 100 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f10 \fs16
=}{\b \f30 \fs16 Drop}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 rp}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\fie
ld{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 RotateRight}{\b \f10 \fs16
@}{\b \f30 \fs16 rp}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f30 \fs16 1}{\b \f1
0 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ;}{\b \f30 \fs16 lp}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f10 \fs16
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 100 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 .}{\b \f10 \fs1
6 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 100 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 ;}{\b \f30 \fs16
np}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 Length}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 lp}{
\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-259 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f
i1099 {\b \f30 \fs16 un}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 AirfoilPanelNormals}{\
b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 rp}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ;}{\b \f30 \fs1
6 rc}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 AirfoilPanelPoints}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b
\f30 \fs16 rp}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f10 \fs16 +}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldi
nst SYMBOL 101 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 MultiplyByList}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b
\f30 \fs16 lp,}{\b \f30 \fs16 un}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-254 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f
i1099 {\b \f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 ic0,}{\b \f30 \fs16 ics}{\b \f10 \fs16 <}
{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 ICVortexLinear}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16

rc,}{\b \f30 \fs16 rp}{\b \f10 \fs16 D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ;}{\b \f30 \fs16 a11}{\
b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 ic0.un;}{\b \f30 \fs16 a12}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\
b \f30 \fs16 ics.un; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-252 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f
i1099 {\b \f30 \fs16 a21}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 If}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{
\b \f30 \fs16 np}{\b \f10 \fs16 m}{\b \f30 \fs16 2}{\b \f30 \fs16 nl,}{\b \f3
0 \fs16 Module}{\b \f10 \fs16 @8}{\b \f30 \fs16 d}{\b \f10 \fs16 <}{\b \f30 \fs
16 ,}{\b \f30 \fs16 d}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 DiagonalMatrix}{\b \f10
\fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 Table}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 1.0,}{\b \f10 \fs1
6 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 np}{\b \f10 \fs16 <DD}{\b \f30 \fs16 ; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-254 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f
i1420 {\b \f30 \fs16 ReplacePart}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\field{\*\fldi
nst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\b \f30 \fs16 d}{\b \f10 \fs16 +}{\b \f30 \fs16 R
otateLeft}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 d,}{\b \f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 0
,}{\b \f30 \fs16 1}{\b \f10 \fs16 <D}{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f30 \fs16 1.,}{\b \
f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 1,}{\b \f30 \fs16 1}{\b \f10 \fs16 <DD}{\b \f30 \f
s16 , }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy1622\absw10038\absh5780 \sl-252 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f
i1317 {\b \f30 \fs16 Module}{\b \f10 \fs16 @8}{\b \f30 \fs16 d}{\b \f10 \fs16 <}
{\b \f30 \fs16 ,}{\b \f30 \fs16 d}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30 \fs16 DiagonalMat
rix}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 Table}{\b \f10 \fs16 @}{\b \f30 \fs16 1.0,}{
\b \f10 \fs16 8}{\b \f30 \fs16 np}{\b \f10 \fs16 <DD}{\b \f30 \fs16 ; }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2536\pvpg\posy7174\absw5456\absh1012 \b \f30 \fs16 \cf0 \b \f30 \fs16
\cf0 ReplacePart{\f10 @}{\f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}d{\f10
+} RotateLeft{\f10 @}d,{\f10 8}0, 1{\f10 <D}, 0,{\f10 8}1, 1{\f10 <DDD}; \
par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy8699\absw10055\absh1147 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f20 \fs18 \cf0
The results of this computation are the singularity strength parameters for all
panels.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy8699\absw10055\absh1147 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs18 \cf
0 This model implementation has been validated by computing the results
for a van de Vooren airfoil for which an exact
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy8699\absw10055\absh1147 \sl-285 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 so
lution is known by the method of conformal mapping. Also, convergence and timi
ng studies have been performed and are
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy8699\absw10055\absh1147 \sl-283 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 av
ailable as online help documents in the software collection. \par
}
{\phpg\posx2215\pvpg\posy7426\absw6570\absh1476 \b \f30 \fs16 \cf0 \b \f30 \fs16
\cf0 a22{\f10 =} RotateRight{\f10 @}DiagonalMatrix{\f10 @}lp{\f10 DD}; ts{\f10
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}{\f10 =}{\f10 {\field{\*\fldinst
SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}Inverse{\f10 @}a22{\f10 D}.a21;
\par}{\phpg\posx2215\pvpg\posy7426\absw6570\absh1476 \sl-254 \b \f30 \fs16 \cf0
a{\f10 =} a11{\f10 +} a12.ts{\f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}
; qInf{\f10 =} ICUniformFlow{\f10 @}np,{\f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 97 \\f
Symbol }}}{\f10 D};
\par}{\phpg\posx2215\pvpg\posy7426\absw6570\absh1476 \sl-261 \b \f30 \fs16 \cf0
qnInf{\f10 =} qInf.un;{\f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}{\f10
=} LinearSolve{\f10 @}a,{\f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}qnIn
f{\f10 D};{\f10 8}{\f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}, ts{\f10 {
\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}}.{\f10 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103
\\f Symbol }}}{\f10 <E}; \par
}
{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10578\absw10062\absh2607 \b \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs
21 \cf0 Pressure and and lift coefficients
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10578\absw10062\absh2607 \sl-265 \par\b \f10 \fs21
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs18 Use}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 previously}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 computed}
{\b0 \f20 \fs18 influence}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 coefficients}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 to}{\b

0 \f20 \fs18 determine}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 pressure}{\b0 \f20
\fs18 coefficient}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 at}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 collocation}{\b0 \f20 \
fs18 points}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 using}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 Bernoulli's }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10578\absw10062\absh2607 \sl-283 \b \f10 \fs21 \cf
0 {\b0 \f20 \fs18 equation. }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10578\absw10062\absh2607 \sl-242 \par\b \f10 \fs21
\cf0 \fi777 {\f30 \fs16 cp}{\fs16 =}{\f30 \fs16 Module}{\fs16 @8}{\f30 \fs16
q,}{\f30 \fs16 qInf}{\fs16 <}{\f30 \fs16 ,}{\f30 \fs16 qInf}{\fs16 =}{\f30 \f
s16 ICUniformFlow}{\fs16 @}{\f30 \fs16 np,}{\fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 9
7 \\f Symbol }}}{\fs16 D}{\f30 \fs16 ;}{\f30 \fs16 q}{\fs16 =}{\f30 \fs16 qIn
f}{\fs16 +}{\f30 \fs16 ic0.}{\fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 103 \\f Symbol }}
}{\f30 \fs16 0}{\fs16 +}{\f30 \fs16 ics.s;}{\f30 \fs16 1}{\fs16 {\field{\*\f
ldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}}{\f30 \fs16 q.q}{\fs16 D}{\f30 \fs16 ; }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy10578\absw10062\absh2607 \sl-241 \par\b \f10 \fs21
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs18 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 surface}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 pressure}{
\b0 \f20 \fs18 distribution}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 the}{\b0 \f20
\fs18 airfoil}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 shown}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 b
elow}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 conventional}{\b
0 \f20 \fs18 manner}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs18 such}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
8 plots.}{\b0 \f20 \fs18
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}}\par}{\phpg\posx1075\pvpg\posy643\absw4602\absh162 \i \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \i \f20
\fs17 \cf0 Airfoil Aerodynamics Using Panel Methods, Working.nb \par
}
{\phpg\posx10960\pvpg\posy643\absw210\absh164 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 11
\par
}
{\phpg\posx3309\pvpg\posy1881\absw6322\absh334 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 F
igure 2. Pressure Coefficient for a NACA 4412 Airfoil,{\f10 {\field{\*\fldins
t SYMBOL 97 \\f Symbol }}}{\f10 =} 10.0
\par}{\phpg\posx3309\pvpg\posy1881\absw6322\absh334 \sl-208 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 \fi1
053 Discretization: 200 panels with HalfCosineSpacing \par
}
{\phpg\posx2385\pvpg\posy2286\absw245\absh157 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 {\
field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 45 \\f Symbol }}{\f30 6 }\par
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{\phpg\posx2385\pvpg\posy2939\absw245\absh157 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 {\
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{\phpg\posx7348\pvpg\posy3599\absw2587\absh401 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 P
anel Method, Upper Surface
\par}{\phpg\posx7348\pvpg\posy3599\absw2587\absh401 \sl-159 \par\f30 \fs14 \cf0
Panel Method, Lower Surface \par
}
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\par
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4 \par
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{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0
Lift and pitching moments can be computed from the pressure distribution. For
example, the lift coefficient is computed by
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i3324 {\f10 `}{\f10
` }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ap
proximating the integral,{\i c}{\f10 =}{\f10 -}{\i
C}{\i
n}{\f10 }{\f1
0 b}{\f10 {\f63 \u8222\'3f}}{\f10 Z}, where the integral is over the airfoil
contour,{\i C}
is the pressure coefficient,{\i
n }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f
i4245 {\f10 ` }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-179 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 is
the outward unit normal to the airfoil surface, and{\f10 b} is a unit vector p
erpendicular to the free-stream velocity in the direc\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-285 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ti
on of positive lift. The integral is approximated by considering the pressure co
efficient constant over each panel, comput\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-283 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 in
g the contribution to lift of each panel, and summing the results.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-242 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 clFromCp}{\b \f10 \fs16 = }
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6 ; }
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\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-198 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\f30 \fs16 1.70321 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-261 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 The lift can also be computed from the circulation distribution as described i
n the section on step-by-step model formulation.
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-243 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf
0 \fi777 {\b \f30 \fs16 clFromCirculation}{\b \f10 \fs16 = }

\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy7809\absw10881\absh4188 \sl-251 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f

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{\b \f10 \fs16 {\f63 \u8710\'3f}}{\b \f30 \fs16 clC}{\b \f10 \fs16 =}{\b \f30
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2}{\b \f30 \fs16 ;}{\b \f10 \fs16 {\f63 \u8710\'3f}}{\b \f30 \fs16 cl}{\b \f10
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{\b \f10 \fs16 {\f63 \u8710\'3f}}{\b \f30 \fs16 clL;}{\b \f30 \fs16 Apply}{\b
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s16 cl}{\b \f10 \fs16 DD }\par
}
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par
}
{\phpg\posx3419\pvpg\posy8166\absw55\absh115 \i \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs12 \c
f0 l \par
}
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f0 p \par
}
{\phpg\posx8649\pvpg\posy8166\absw91\absh115 \i \f20 \fs12 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs12 \c
f0 p \par
}
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.71006 \par
}
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par
}
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\f10 }c \par
}
{\phpg\posx7070\pvpg\posy7221\absw308\absh113 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 0.
6 \par
}
{\phpg\posx8457\pvpg\posy7221\absw308\absh113 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 0.
8 \par
}
{\phpg\posx9940\pvpg\posy7221\absw110\absh113 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 \f30 \fs14 \cf0 1
\par
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\cf0 \fi777 {\b0 \f30 \fs16 2.7534675 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-338 \par\par\b \f10 \f
s25 \cf0 \fi79 References
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-262 \par\b \f10 \fs25
\cf0 \fi100 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 (1)}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Sabersky,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 R.H
.,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Acosta,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 A.J.,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Hauptmann,}{
\b0 \f20 \fs21 E.G.,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Gates,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 E.M.,}{\b0 \f20 \
fs21 Fluid}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Flow,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 4th}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 ed.,}{\
b0 \f20 \fs21 Prentice}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Hall, }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-292 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0
\fi499 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 1999. }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-226 \par\b \f10 \fs25
\cf0 \fi100 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 (2)}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Hess,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 J.}{\b0
\f20 \fs21 L.,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Panel}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Methods}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
in}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Computational}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Fluid}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Dyna
mics,}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Annual}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Review}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 of}
{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Fluid }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-292 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0
\fi499 {\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Mechanics}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 ,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 vol.}{\b0
\f20 \fs21 22,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 pp.}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 255-274,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
1990. }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-226 \par\b \f10 \fs25
\cf0 \fi100 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 (3)}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Morse,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 P.M.,}
{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Feshbach,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 H.,}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Methods}{\b0\
i \f20 \fs21 of}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Theoretical}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Physics}{\b0
\f20 \fs21 ,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 McGraw-Hill}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Book}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
Company,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 1953. }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-225 \par\b \f10 \fs25
\cf0 \fi100 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 (4)}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Katz,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 J.,}{\b
0 \f20 \fs21 Plotkin,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 A.,}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Low-Speed}{\b0\i
\f20 \fs21 Aerodynamics}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 ,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 2nd}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
ed.,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Cambridge}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 University}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Pr
ess,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 2001. }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-226 \par\b \f10 \fs25
\cf0 \fi100 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 (5)}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Anderson,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 J.D
.,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Introduction}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Flight,}{\
b0 \f20 \fs21 3rd}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 ed.,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 McGraw-Hill}{\b0 \f20
\fs21 Book}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Company,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 1989. }

\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-226 \par\b \f10 \fs25

\cf0 \fi100 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 (6)}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Bertin,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 J.J.,
}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Smith,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 M.L.,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Aerodynamics}{\
b0 \f20 \fs21 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Engineers,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 3rd}{\b0 \f20 \f
s21 ed.,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Prentice-Hall,}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 1998. }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-227 \par\b \f10 \fs25
\cf0 \fi100 {\f20 \fs21 Richard}{\f20 \fs21 L.}{\f20 \fs21 Fearn }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-287 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0
\fi100 {\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Department}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 of}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Me
chanical}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 and}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Aerospace }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-292 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0
\fi100 {\b0\i \f20 \fs21 University}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 of}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Fl
orida }
\par}{\phpg\posx1115\pvpg\posy2049\absw10531\absh8669 \sl-292 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0
\fi100 {\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Gainesville,}{\b0\i \f20 \fs21 Florida }\par
}
\sect\sectd\pard\plain
}