PROBLEM: A mammography service examined 327 patients during the third calendar quarter of 1996.

719 films were exposed during this period, eight of which were repeats. What is the repeat rate? . = 719.8 100% = 1.1% ANS: 1.1% PROBLEM: If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to side at its widest point, and its image on chest radiograph measures 14.7 cm, what is the magnification factor? SOLN:= = 14.712.5= 1.18 ANS: 1.18 PROBLEM: A radiographic single-phase unit installed in a private office has a maximum capacity of 100 milliseconds of 120kVp and 500mA. What is the power rating? SOLN: = (0.7) = (0.7) 1000 (500)(120)

= 42 ANS: 42 kW

1000

PROBLEM: Find the potential generated if blood flowing in a vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts a magnetic field of 250 G. Assume a volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm per second. SOLN:

50 (175 . )(250 )

50 (0.9 )

= 309 ANS: 309 uV PROBLEM: Given the energy level of 6.624x10-18 J imparted to an electron stream by an X-ray device, calculate the frequency in MHz = 6.624 10 =6.624 10 =1010 MHzSOLN: ANS: 1010 MHz

PROBLEM: For the given parameters, determine the energy per bit-to noise power density ratio. C = 10e12W, fb = 60 kbps, N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W, B = 120 kHz SOLN:

= 10 log 10 120

= 10 log ANS: 22.2 dB

1.2 10

60

PROBLEM: A signal at the input to a mu-law compressor is positive with its voltage one-half the maximum value. What proportion of the maximum output voltage is produced? SOLN: ln(1+ = ln(1+ ln(1+ ) (255)(0.5 ) ) )

== 0.876 ln(1+255) ANS: 0.876Vmax PROBLEM: A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12000 frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of 10000 bits. What is the throughput of this network? SOLN: 12000 = 10000

2 Mbps 60

ANS: 2 Mbps PROBLEM: A telephone subscriber line must have an SNRdB above 40. What is the minimum number of bits? SOLN: SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40 n = 6.35 ANS: 6.35 PROBLEM: An IPv4 has an address space of how many? SOLN: 232 = 4294967296 ANS: 4294967296 PROBLEM: A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using a time slot of 2 bits, determine the frame duration. SOLN: The link carries 50,000 frames/sec The frame duration = 1/50,000 The frame duration = 20 s ANS: 20 s PROBLEM: Determine the Hamming distance for the codewords ( 10101, 11001) SOLN: 10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 (presence of two 1) ANS: two

PROBLEM: A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses 1024 colors, how many bits are needed to send the complete contents of a screen? SOLN: 1,200 x 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb 1024 colors requires 10 bits 210= 1024 ANS: 12 Megabits PROBLEM: A line of sight radio link operating at a frequency of 6GHz has a separation of 40km between antennas. An obstacle in the path is located 10km form the transmitting antenna. By how much must the beam clear the obstacle? SOLN:

1 = 10.4 = 10.4 6(10+30) R = 11.6m ANS: 11.6m ( 1+ 2) 10 30

PROBLEM: Determine the wavelength of a 4 GHz signal. SOLN:= ANS: 0.075m PROBLEM: The channel capacity of a 5 kHz bandwidth binary system is ____ bits/s. Assuming no noise. SOLN: ANS: 10,000 PROBLEM: Determine the peak frequency deviation for a binary FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of 51 kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps. SOLN:= 2

= 49

51

= 1 ANS: 1 kHz

PROBLEM: For a PCM system with a maximum analog frequency of 4 kHz, determine the minimum sample rate. SOLN:= 2 = 2(4 ) = 8

ANS: 8 kHz PROBLEM: An interest rate of 10% compounded continuously is desired of an investment of P15,000. How many years will be required to recover the capital with the desired interest if P2,500 is received each year? SOLN: A=Pert 15,000 = 15,000e0.10t-2500tt = 9.375 years ANS: 9.375 years PROBLEM: Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 16-bit quantizing. SOLN: DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16) DR = 98.08 Db ANS: 98.08 dB PROBLEM: Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM signal. SOLN: A 64-QAM signal means that there are 6 bits per signal element since 26 = 64. Therefore, baud rate = 72000/6 baud rate = 12000 baud

ANS: 12000 baud PROBLEM: A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable amount of echo. SOLN: VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB VNL = 0.8 dB ANS: 0.8 dB

PROBLEM: We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4KHz.What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal using AM? Ignore FCC regulations for now. SOLN: BW = 2 x 4 KHz = 8 KHz ANS: 8 KHz PROBLEM: We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz, what is the bandwidth if we modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulations. SOLN: An FM signal requires 10 times the bandwidth of the original signal. BW=10x4 = 40 MHz ANS: 40 PROBLEM: For PCM system with the following parameters determine the minimum number of bits used. Maximum analog frequency= 4 kHz, maximum decoded voltage=2.55, Minimum dynamic range = 199.5 SOLN:= ( . ) = 7.63 =8 ANS: 8 PROBLEM: Find the maximum dynamic range for linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing SOLN: DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m) DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8) ANS: 49.92 dB PROBLEM: An attempt is made to transmit base band frequency of 30 kHz using a digital audio system with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency would result? SOLN: fa = fs fm = 44.1 kHz 30 kHz fa = 14.1 kHz ANS: 14.1 kHz PROBLEM: Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel that has a S/N of 1023?

SOLN: The telephone channel has a bandwidth of about 3KHz C= BW log2 (1+ S/N) =3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023) =30000 b/s ANS: 30,000 b/s PROBLEM: Calculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit audio with sampling rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per sample. SOLN: D = fsm D = 30 x 103 x 14 D = 420 x 103 b/s D = 420 Kb/s ANS: 420 Kb/s PROBLEM: Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1. SOLN: x8 + x7 + x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 +x + k 10 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

ANS: 100001011 PROBLEM: Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK signal, what is the baud rate? SOLN: baud rate = bandwidth 6000 Hz = 6000 Hz ANS: 6000 Hz PROBLEM: Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16-QAM signal. SOLN: bit rate = baud * 4 2000 * 4 = 8000 bps ANS: 8000 bps PROBLEM: A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A signal is transmitted down this line using a four level code. What is the maximum theoretical data rate?

SOLN: C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4) C = 18 kbps S/N = antilog (40/10) = 10000 C = Blog2(1+S/N) C = (4.5x103)log2(1+10000) C = 59.795 kbps Since both results are maxima, we take the lesser of the two, 18 Kbps... ANS: 18 kbps PROBLEM: Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing. SOLN: DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB DR = 49.92 dB ANS: 49.92 dB PROBLEM: The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a 200kHzchannel, with a channel data rate of 270.883 kbps. Calculate the frequency shift between mark and space. SOLN: fm - fs = 0.5fb = 0.5 (270.833 kHz) = 135.4165 kHz ANS: 135.4165kHz PROBLEM: For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km on coaxial cable with a velocity factor of 0.66. What is the propagation delay? SOLN: T = d/(Vf*c) T = 2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s) T =12.6 s ANS: 12.6s PROBLEM: A signal at the input to a -Law compressor is positive, with its voltage one-half the maximum value. What proportion of the maximum output voltage is produced? SOLN: ( (( ). )) Vo = Vo Vo =0.876Vo

ANS: 0.876Vo PROBLEM: A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable amount of echo SOLN: VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8 ANS: 0.8 dB PROBLEM: How long does it take to dial the number 784-3745 using pulse dialing with .5s inter digit time? SOLN: 0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5 (6x0.5) = 6.8s ANS: 6.8s PROBLEM: We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 MHz. What is the bandwidth modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulation. SOLN: BW = 10 x 5MHz = 50MHZ ANS: 50 MHz PROBLEM: An attempt is made to transmit a baseband frequency of 25 kHz using digital audio system with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency would result? SOLN:fa = fs - fm fa = 44.1kHz 25kHz fa = 19.1kHz ANS: 19.1kHz PROBLEM: The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in terms of dBm. If the receiver is receiving 200 mW, what is the corresponding dBm of this signal? SOLN: dBm for 200 mW = 10 log (200mW/1mW) = 23 dBm ANS: 23 dBm

PROBLEM: An antenna with a noise temperature of 75 Kelvin is connected to a receiver input with a noise temperature of 300 K. Given the reference temperature T0 = 290 K, find the noise figure of the system. SOLN: The total noise temperature of the antenna and receiver is: NTtot = 75+ 300 = 375. The noise temperature is given by: NT T 0 NR 1where: NT noise temp, NR = Noise ratio Rearranging the above to find NR gives: NR = (375/290) +1 = 2.29 The Noise figure is the decibel equivalent of the noise ratio, such that: NF = 10 log NR = 3.6 dB ANS: 3.6 dB PROBLEM: The modulation index of an AM radio station is 0.75. If the carrier power is 500W, what is the total transmitted power? SOLN: The modulation index m is related to the total transmitted power Pt by: m2

Pt Pc 1

2 Where: Pt = total transmitted power, Pc = carrier power ANS: 641 W PROBLEM: An FM transmitter system is using a 1MHz crystal oscillator to generate a very stable 108MHz final carrier frequency. The output of the crystal oscillator is fed to a x36 multiplier circuit then mixed with a 34.5 MHz signal. The sum output of the mixer is filtered out, while the difference is fed to another multiplier in order to generate the final carrier frequency. What is the multiplier value?

SOLN: Basic Block Diagram of the FM carrier generator: 1 MHz carrier > x 36 > Mixer > Multiplier > 108MHz carrier First Multiplier output: 1MHz x 36 = 36 MHz Mixer output: 36MHz + 34.5 MHz = 70.5MHz (filtered output) 36MHz 34.5 MHz = 1.5 MHz (difference fed to the next multiplier) Multiplier stage: Output = 108MHz Output = 1.5MHz x n N = 108/1.5 = 72 ANS: 72 PROBLEM: Determine the worst-case output S/N for a narrowband FM receiver with deviation maximum of 10 kHz and a maximum intelligence frequency of 3 kHz. The S/N input is 3:1. SOLN: = sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad = x fi = 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz The S/N will be: 10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10 ANS: 10 PROBLEM: Determine the time taken for a signal to travel down a 10 m transmission line, if its velocity factor is 0.7. SOLN: T= L / (Vf x Vc) T= 10 m /((0.7)(3x108 m/s)) T= 47.6 ns ANS: 47.6 ns PROBLEM: The maximum voltage standing wave of an RG-11/U foam coaxial cable is 52 V and its minimum voltage is 17 V. How many percent of the incident power is the reflected power? SOLN: 2 = Pr/Pi = SWRSWR ; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin

= 52/17 = 3.05 = (3.05 1)/( 3.05 +1) = 0.51 Thus : 2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26 The reflected power is 26 % of the incident power ANS: 26% PROBLEM: Determine the phase-shift represented by a 75 ns delay of a 4 MHz signal to a 75-ft cable with a dielectric constant of 2.3. SOLN: = 360 td / T T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns = 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees ANS: 108 degrees PROBLEM: The modulated peak value of a signal is 125V and the unmodulated carrier value is 85V. What is the modulation index? SOLN: m = Em/ Ec Emax = Ec + Em Em = EmaxEc = 125 85 = 40 V m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47 ANS: 0.47 PROBLEM: The total transmitted power of an AM broadcast transmitter with a carrier power of 50kW when modulated 80 percent is: SOLN: Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2) Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2) Pt = 66,000 W Pt = 66kW ANS: 66kW PROBLEM: The input to an FM receiver has a S/N of 2.8. What is the frequency deviation caused by the noise if the modulating frequency is 1.5 kHz and the permitted deviation is 4 kHz?

SOLN: = fm = sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652 = (0.3652)(1.5 kHz) = 547.8 Hz ANS: 547.8 Hz PROBLEM: Calculate the gain (relative to an isotropic) of a parabolic antenna that has a diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of 60% and operates at a frequency of 4 GHz. SOLN: G = 2 D2/ 2 = 3x108/ 4 MHz = 0.075 m G = 0.6 2(3)2 0.0752G= 9474.8 G = 10 log 9474.8 G = 39.8 dBi ANS: 39.8 dBi

PROBLEM: By how much should two antennas be separated for space diversity in the 11 GHz band? SOLN: 8m

200 3x10 200c d 200 f 9 11x10 s ANS: 5.5 m PROBLEM: What is the phase velocity of a rectangular waveguide with a wall separation of 3 cm and a desired frequency of operation of 6 GHz? SOLN: s 5.5m

= =2 =13 10 156

3 10 2 (0.03 )

=5

=5.43 10

ANS: 5.43 x 108 m/s PROBLEM:A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose that there is an obstacle midway between the transmitter and receiver. By how much must the path between the towers clear the obstacle in order to avoid diffraction at a frequency of 11 GHz? SOLN: = 17.32 = 17.3222.5((22).5) = 17.5211 45= 10.51

ANS: 10.51 m

PROBLEM: How far from the transmitter could a signal be received if the transmitting and receiving antennas where 40 m and 20 m, respectively, above level terrain? SOLN:

= 17 +

17

= 17(40) = 44.5 ANS: 44.5 km

17(20)

PROBLEM:An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much power is dissipated in the load? SOLN:

Pout 1W

851.14mW

0.7 antilog 10

SWR 1 0.5 SWR 1 PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35mW ANS: 638 mW PROBLEM:An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much power returns to the source? SOLN:

1W Pout antilog 10 SWR 1 0.5 SWR 1 PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35mW 0.7 851.14mW

Preflected Pout 2 212.78mW 212.78 mW Preturned 26 534.49 W antilog 10 ANS: 5.43 x 108 m/s

PROBLEM: The moon orbits the earth with a period of approximately 28 days. How far away is it? Assume circular orbit. SOLN:

2 =2

= ( 2 = 28

= = 28 +6400) 4 10 = ( +6400)

= 384,000 ANS: 384 Mm PROBLEM: What is the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an Earth station if the angle of elevation is 300? SOLN: = ( +) ( )

= 39000 ANS: 39000 km

= (6400+36000)

(6400cos30 ) 6400 30

PROBLEM: A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 ohms and a loss resistance of 5 ohms, measured at the feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency. SOLN: Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) Efficiency = 93% ANS: 93% PROBLEM: Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit 500 km above the earths surface. SOLN: 4x1011 Formula : v d 6400

where : v = velocity in meters per second

d = distance above earths surface in km

4x1011 v (500 6400) = 7.6 km/s

ANS: 7.6 km/s PROBLEM: Find the orbital period of a satellite in a circular orbit 36,000 km above the earths surface if the earths radius is 6400 km. SOLN: Formula : Cv where: T = orbital periodC = circumferencev = orbital velocity C = 2 r = 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) C = 266.4 x 106 m 4x1011 v T (36,000 6400) C v 266.4x106 m 3.07x103 m /s 3.07km/s 24hrs

T = 1440 minutes ANS: 1440 mins PROBLEM: Calculate the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an earth station where the angle of elevation is 30 . (earths radius = 6400 km, height of satellite above earth is 36 X 103 km) SOLN: Formula : d (r h)2 (rcos )2 rsin

d = distance to the satellite in km r = radius of the earth in km (6400 km) h = height of satellite above equator ( 36 x 103 km) = angle of elevation to satellite at= antenna(6400+3610site ) (6400 30) 6400 30 d = 39,000 km

ANS: 39,000 km PROBLEM: The output power of an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the power loss in transmission line is around 10 W and the antenna has a power gain of 6 dB, what is the ERP of the station in kW? SOLN: GANT = 6 dB = 4 ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 ERP = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW ANS: 19.96 kW PROBLEM: Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel 9. SOLN: fNLB = 174 + (N 7)6, using Arithmetic Progression f9LB = 174 + (9 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 = 174 + 12 = 186 MHz, low band frequency of channel 9 fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz, visual carrier frequency of channel9 ANS: 187.25 MHz PROBLEM: At NTSC standard, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz. What is the equivalent line period? SOLN: fH = 15734.264 Hz H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264 H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556 usec ANS: 63.556 usec PROBLEM: For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital modulation, what is the ideal RF bandwidth? SOLN: For a 64-QAM, the total number of symbol combinations is 64 symbols and the number of bits to produce this is n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits BW = 6 MHz ANS: 6 MHz

PROBLEM: What is the wavelength of a radio signal travelling at a frequency of 220 MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon foam as its dielectric, r = 2? SOLN: c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106 m/sec velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (r) = 1 / sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c Therefore the velocity of the radio signal in the coaxial line is vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) = 212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x 106 m/sec approx.) so that the wavelength of the signal is = vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 = 0.963636 m or 0.96 m approx. ANS: 0.96 m PROBLEM: What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon (r2 = 2) medium of a radio wave from air (r1 = 1.0) if its angle of incidence is 45? SOLN: Using Snells Law Sqrt (r1) sin i = Sqrt (r2) sin rSqrt (1) sin 45 = Sqrt (2) sin r r = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45) / Sqrt (2)] = sin-1 (0.5) = 30 ANS: 30 PROBLEM: An ionosphere layer also termed as absorption layer because it absorbs most of the frequencies above 100 kHz is known as the layer. SOLN: The D layer has a critical frequency in the order of 100 kHz. Even MF band frequencies are absorbed by this layer during sky wave propagation particularly in AM and SW radio broadcasting. ANS: D PROBLEM: As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength Classifications, what is the classification of Super High Frequency? SOLN: SHF band: 3 GHz 30 GHz max = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m = 100 cm min = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m = 1 cm

SHF band wavelength classification is ranging from 1 cm to 100 cm. Therefore it is centimetric wave. ANS: centimetric PROBLEM: What is the critical frequency of a layer if the maximum value of electron density is 2 x 106 per cm3? SOLN: Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3 fc= 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012) fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx. ANS: 13 MHz PROBLEM: A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere. The maximum virtual height of the layer is 110 km. at the midpoint of the path and the critical frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance between the radio stations is 500 km, what is the suitable value for the optimum working frequency? Use flat terrain analysis. SOLN: For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25 angle of incidence MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25 = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Secant Law OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx. ANS: 8.4 MHz PROBLEM: The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its radiation resistance is 30 . What is the value of its loss resistance? SOLN: = Rd/(Rd + Rloss) 0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss) 0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 or 6.58 approx. ANS: 6.58 PROBLEM: A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelength. What is the designated band of stations frequency?

SOLN: c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 11 m = c / f f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within 3 30 MHz range designated as HF band ANS: HF PROBLEM: What is the total radio horizon distance between an 80 ft transmitting station and a 20 ft receiving station? SOLN: dRH (TOT)dRH (TOT)dRH (TOT) =sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR) =sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20) =18.97 mi ANS: 18.97 mi PROBLEM: A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50 meters from a test antenna whose directive gain is 2.15 dB. How much power was fed into the test antenna? SOLN: From Inverse Square Law, PD = PR/4d2 PR = PD x 4d2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the radiated power GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64 PR = PFED x GANT PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or 3 W approx. ANS: 3 W PROBLEM: A CDMA mobile measures the signal strength from the base as -100 dBm. What should the mobile transmitter power be set to as a first approximation, considering - 76 dB at mobile power contol? SOLN: PT = -76 dB - PRWhere: PT = transmitted power in dBm PR = received power in dBm

PT = -76 dB - PR PT = -76 dB (-100dBm) PT = 24 dBm PT = 250 mW ANS: 250 mW PROBLEM: A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable amount of echo. SOLN: VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB Where: VNL = minimum required via net loss in dB t = time delay in ms for propagation one way along line VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB VNL = 0.2 X 2 + 0.4 VNL = 0.8 dB ANS: 0.8 dB PROBLEM: A group of filters has 1/3 octave of spacing. If the initial frequency is 25 Hz, what is the next frequency available for the filter? SOLN:f2 = 2x f1 where x = 1/3, fraction of an octave f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz ANS: 31.5 Hz PROBLEM: + 26 dBu is how many volts? SOLN: V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 Volts ] 26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] 26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3 Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V Voltage = 15.5 V ANS: 15.5 V

PROBLEM: Determine the sound power in Watts produced by the banks alarm if a by-stander heard the alarm at a sound pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The by-stander is 100 ft away from the bank. SOLN: PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8 PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dB-PWL137.68 = 10 log W + 120 W = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10] W = 58.65 Watts ANS: 58.65 W

PROBLEM: A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL at 1 meter distance and input electrical power of 1 W. How loud is the SPL at distance of 20 meters if this speaker is driven to 10 W of electrical power? SOLN: SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given) SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log (20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPLSPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log (10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL ANS: 69 dB-SPL PROBLEM: Determine the radio horizon for a transmit antenna that is 200 m high and a receiving antenna that is 100 m high SOLN: D = 17ht + 17hr D = 17(200) + 17(100) D = 99.5 km ANS: 99.5km PROBLEM: Calculate the beam width between nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz. Note: such reflectors are often used at that frequency as antennas outside broadcast television microwave links. SOLN:2x = 140x . 0= 0=3.50

ANS: 3.50 PROBLEM: An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with another glass with a refractive index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What numerical aperture does the fiber have? SOLN: By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is: = (n1-n2)/n1 = (1.55-1.51)/1.55 = 0.0258 By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be: NA =n1(2) NA =1.55*(2)(0.0258)+ NA = 0.352 ANS: 0.352

PROBLEM: An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with another glass with a refractive index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What is the acceptance angle? SOLN: By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is:=(n1-n2)/n1 =(1.55-1.51)/1.55=0.0258 By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be: NA=n1(2) =1.55*(2)(0.0258)+ = 0.352 By equation (20.8), the acceptance angle is:0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6 ANS: 20.6 PROBLEM: For a single-mode optical cable with 0.25-dB/km loss, determine the optical power 100km from a0.1-mW light source. SOLN: P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)] =(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)

=0.316W

P(dBm)= 10log( . . ANS: -35dBm

) = -35dBm

PROBLEM: For an optical fiber 10km long with a pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km, determine the maximum digital transmission rates for return-to-zero. SOLN: Fb= =20Mbps ANS: 20Mbps PROBLEM: For an electronic device operating at a temperature of 17C with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the thermal noise power in dBm.

SOLN: N = KTB T(kelvin) = 17C + 273 = 290 K N = (1.38 x 10-23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4 x 10-17 W B = 1 x 104 Hz N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17/0.001) = -134 dBm ANS: -134dBm PROBLEM: A 300 resistor is connected across the 300 antenna input of a television receiver. The bandwidth of the receiver is 6MHz, and the resistor is at room temperature .Find the noise voltage applied to the receiver input. SOLN:4 VN = = (4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 )) =5.4 x 10-6 V

=5.4 V ANS: 5.4 V PROBLEM: The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100W and the noise power is 1 W. At the output, the signal power is 1W and the noise power is 30mW. What is the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio? SOLN: (S/N)p = 100W/ 1W =100 (S/N)o = 1W /0.03W = 33.3 NF (ratio) =100 /33.3 = 3 ANS: 3 PROBLEM: It is desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz bandwidth at ambient temperature. Calculate the receivers sensitivity. SOLN: S = Sensitivity = -174dBm + NF + 10logf + desired S/N S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000)+15 S = -98 dBm ANS: -98dBm

PROBLEM: A Satellite receiving system includes a dish antenna ( Teq = 35 K) connected via a coupling network (Teq= 40 K) to a microwave receiver (Teq=52 K referred to its input). What is the noise power to the receivers input over a 1-MHz frequency range? SOLN: PN = KTf PN = 1.38 x 10-23(35+40+52)(1)PN = 1.75 x 10-15 W ANS: 1.75 x 10-15 PROBLEM: The noise voltage produced across a 50 is input resistance at a temperature of 302C with a bandwidth of 6 MHz is ______. SOLN:4 VN = VN = (4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)) VN = 2.24V

ANS: 2.24V PROBLEM: Determine the worst-case output S/N for a broadcast FM program that has a maximum intelligence frequency of 5 kHz. The input S/N is 2 SOLN: = x fi = 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz 75 kHz /2.5 kHz = 30 ANS: 30 PROBLEM: A 50 ohms transmission line is connected to a 30 ohm resistive load. Calculate the reflection coefficient. SOLN: Ref Coeff = (30 50)/(30 + 50) Ref Coeff = 0.25 ANS: 0.25 PROBLEM: Items purchased from a vendor cost Php 20 each, and the forecast for next years demand is 1,000 units. If it costs Php 5 every time an order is placed for more units and the storage cost is Php 4 per unit per year, what quantity should be order each time? SOLN: Q = (2DS/H) = ((2(1000)(5))/4) Q = 50 units Where: D = Demand S = Ordering cost H = Storage cost/holding cost ANS: 50 units PROBLEM: Two products, X and Y, both require processing time on machines I and II. Machine I has 200 hours available, and machine II has 400 hours available. Product X requires one hour on machine I and four hours on machine II. Product Y requires one hour on machine I and one hour on machine II. Each unit of product X yields PhP 10 profit and each units of Y yields PhP 5 profit. What is the Linear Programming Model for this problem. SOLN:

Let X = number of units of product X to be produced. Y = number of units of product Y to be produced. Max Profit = PhP 10X +PhP 5Y Subject to: X + Y 200: Capacity of Machine I 4X + Y 400: Capacity of Machine II X , Y 0: Nonnegativity Constraints ANS: Max Profit = PhP 10X +PhP 5Y Subject to: X + Y 200 4X + Y 400 X , Y 0 PROBLEM: A project has been defined to contain the following list of activities, along with their required times for completion Activity Time (days) Immediate Predecessors

B,C

11

B,C

12

E,D

What is the completion time of the whole project?. SOLN: ANS: 25 days PROBLEM: Here are the monthly data for the past 8 months. From these data, wha t are the forecasts for the following 4 months using linear regressio n? Period Actual

300

540

885

580

416

760

1191

760

SOLN: y = a + bx Where y = the dependent variable a = the intercept b = the slope of the line x = the independent variable

a y - bx

xy nx y x2 nx 2

a = 361

b = 70.67

equation: y = 361 + 70.67x ANS: 9th--997, 10th- 1067.67, 11th 1138.33, 12th 1209 PROBLEM: A hole is to be punched out of plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. Compute the maximum thickness of plate from which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. SOLN: t = 2.5(50) / 4(40) = 0.781 inches ANS: 0.781 in PROBLEM: A hole is to be punched out of plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. If the plate is 0.25 inches thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.

SOLN: D = 4(0.25)(40) / 50 = 0.800 inches ANS: 0.800 in PROBLEM: A large pipe, called a penstock in hydraulic work, is 1.5 m in diameter. It is composed of wooden staves bound together by steel hoops, each 300 sq. Millimetre in cross-sectional area, and is used to conduct water from a reservoir to power a house. If the maximum tensile stress permitted in the hoops is 130 MPa, what is the maximum spacing between hoops under a head of water of 30 m? SOLN: (1000)(9.81)(30)(1.5)L = 2(300x10^-6)(130x10^6)L = 177 mm ANS: 177 mm PROBLEM: At what angular velocity will the stress in a rotating steel ring equal to 150 MPa if its mean radius is 220 mm? The density of the steel is 7.85 Mg/m^3. SOLN: = (1/0.22)(150x10^6 / 7850)^(1/2) = 628 rad/s ANS: 628 rad/s PROBLEM: A pipe carry steam at 3.5 MPa has an outside diameter of 450 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the pipe and a flat plate use to cap the end. How many40-mm-diameter bolts must be used to hold the cap on if the allowable stress in the bolts is 80 MPa, of which 55 MPa is the initial stress? SOLN: N = (3.5x10^6)(0.45 2x0.01)^2 / [(0.04^2)(8855)x10^6] = 16.18 round up N = 17 ANS: 17 PROBLEM: A pipe carry steam at 3.5 MPa has an outside diameter of 450 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the pipe and a flat plate use to cap the end. Whatcircumferential stress is developed in the pipe? SOLN: = (3.5)(450 2x10) / [2(10)] = 75.3 MPa ANS: 75.3 MPa

PROBLEM: A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 sq. Meters and a length of 150 m is suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m^3 and E = 200x10^3 MN/m^2, find the total elongation of the rod. SOLN: = *(7850)(9.8)(150^2) / 2(200X10^9)+ + *(20000)(150)(1000^2) / 300(200X10^9)+ = 54.3 mm ANS: 54.3 mm PROBLEM: A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of cast iron 5 mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.8 mm in the length of 2m. For steel E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron E = 100 GPa SOLN: P = *(/4)(0.05^2)(200x10^9)(0.0008)/2+ + *(/4)(0.06^2 -0.05^2)(100x10^9)(0.0008)/2] P = 192 kN ANS: 192 kN PROBLEM: A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed to 80 MPa when twisted through 4 degrees. Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter. SOLN: r = (80)(5) / *(4)(/180)(83000)+ = 69 mm d = 2(69) = 138 m m ANS: 138 mm PROBLEM: A solid steel shaft is not to twist through more than 3 degrees in a 6 m length when subjected to a torque of 12 kN.m. What maximum shearing stress is developed? Use G=83GPa. SOLN: (/4)d^4 = (12000)(6) / *(3)(/180)(83x10^9)+ d = 114 mm = 16(12000) / *(.114)^3+ = 41.3 MPa ANS: 41.3 MPa PROBLEM: What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through more than 3 degrees in a 6 m length when subjected to a torque of 12 kN.m? Use G=83GPa. SOLN:

(/4)d^4 = (12000)(6) / *(3)(/180)(83x10^9)+ d = 114 mm ANS: 114 mm PROBLEM: A steel rod 2.5 m long is secured between two walls. If the load on the rod is zero at 20 degree Celsius, compute the stress when the temperature drops to -20 degrees Celsius. The crosssectional are if the rod is 1200 sq. mm, coefficient of linear expansion = 11.7 um/(m-deg.C), and E = 200 GPa. Assume that the walls are rigid.

SOLN: = (200x10^9)(11.7x10^-6)(20 - -20) = 93.6x10^6 Pa = 93.6 MPa ANS: 93.6 MPa PROBLEM: Determine the maximum shearing stress in a helical steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20 mm- diamter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm when tha spring is supporting a load of 2 kN. Use G = 83 GPa. SOLN: m = 80/10 = 8 = *16(2000)(0.08) / (0.02)^3+x,*4(8)-1]/[4(8)-4] + (0.615/8)} = 120.6 MPa ANS: 120.6 MPa PROBLEM: Determine the elongation in a helical steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20 mmdiamter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm when tha spring is supporting a load of 2 kN. Use G = 83 GPa. SOLN: = 64(2000)(0.08^3)(20) / [(83x10^9)(0.02^4)] = 98.7 mm ANS: 98.7 mm PROBLEM: Three grams of sulphur dissolved in 200 g of naphthalene C10H8, was found decreasing the

freezing point of the solvent to 0.72 SOLN: g- mole = . . ANS: 135.61 g/mole

:C. Find the molecular weight of the solute. (Kf C10H8 = 6.9

:C/molar)

= 135.61 grams/mole

PROBLEM: Consider H3AsO3, Arsenic acid (H=1.01,As=74.9,O=16.0).How many mole is 1kg of H3AsO3? SOLN: H3AsO3 = 3(1.01 g/mol) + 74.9 g/mol + 3(16.0 g/mol) = 125.93 g/mol moles H3AsO3 = (1kg)(1 mol/125.93g) = 7.94 moles H3AsO3 ANS: 7.94 moles PROBLEM: Calculate the molar concentration of a solution that contains 15g of potassium hydroxide in 225ml of solution. SOLN: 15 g KOH 1 mol KOH 1000 ml soln mol KOH

ANS: 1.2 M

225 ml soln

56 g KOH

1 L soln

= 1.2

L soln

PROBLEM: Calculate the ratio of the rate of diffusion of hydrogen to the rate of diffusion of oxygen. How fast does hydrogen diffuse than oxygen? Given: Density of oxygen is 0.0899 g/L and the density of oxygen is 1.43 g/L. SOLN: Rate of diffusion: Rate of diffusion of hydrogen

Rate of diffusion of oxygen

Hydrogen

Rate of diffusion = 1.43 g/L Rate of diffusion = 0.0899 g/L 0.3001.20 = 4 ANS: Four PROBLEM: What is the volume of 1 moles of a gas at 2 atm and 273 K? SOLN: V= 224 L x (n/1mol) x (1atm/2atm) =11.2L ANS: 11.2L

Oxygen

PROBLEM: What is the mass in kilograms of 10.5 gal (39.7 L) of gasoline with a specific gravity of 0.82. SOLN: Specific gravity of gasoline is 0.82 Density = 0.82 times the density of water Density= specific gravity x density of water =(0.82)(0.997) = 0.82 g/mL V=39.7L = 39700 mL M= D x V =(0.82)(39700) =33 kg ANS: 33 kg PROBLEM: Calculate the volume (in Litres) occupied by 7.40g of NH3 at STP (Standard Temperature, and Pressure) SOLN: Recognizing that 1mole of an ideal gas is equal top 22.4L at STP and using the molar mass of NH3 (17.03g) V = 7.40g NH3 x (1 mol NH3 / 17.03g NH3) x (22.4L /1 mol NH3) = 9.73L ANS: 9.73L

PROBLEM: A 466g sample of Water is Heated from 8.50C to 74.60C. Calculate the amount of Heat Absorbed (in Kilo Joules) by the Water. SOLN: q= ms t =(466g)(4.184 J/g C)(74.60C 8.50C) =129 KJ ANS: 129 KJ PROBLEM: A silicon chip used in an integrated circuit of a microcomputer has a mass of 5.68mg. How many silicon (Si) atoms are present in this chip? SOLN: 5.68mg Si x 1.22x1020atoms ANS: 1.22x1020atoms PROBLEM: Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in atm) exerted by 1.82 moles of gas in a steel vessel of volume 5.43L at 45C. SOLN: P = (nRT)/V P = ((1.82mol) (0.0821L.atm/K.mol) (45+273K))/5.43 P = 8.75 atm ANS: 8.75 atm PROBLEM: A bottle of certain ceramic tile cleanser, which essentially a solution of hydrogen chloride, contains 130g of HCl and 750g of water. What is the percent by mass of HCl in this cleanser? SOLN: %solute = (mass solute/ mass solution) x 100 %solute = (130g/(130g + 750g)) x 100 %solute = 14.8% ANS: 14.8% PROBLEM: In the atmosphere, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to produce nitric acid, which contributes to (1g Si /1,000 mg Si) x 1mol Si /28.08 g Si) x (6.022x1023 /1 mol Si)=

pollution by acid rain: 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) -----> 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) How many grams of HNO3 are produced for every 1.0mol of NO2 that reacts? The molecular weight of HNO3 is 63.0amu. SOLN: 1.0mol NO2(2mol HNO3/3mol NO2)(63g HNO3/1mol HNO3)=42g HNO3ANS: 42 g HNO3 PROBLEM: The position x of an experimental rocket moving along a long rail is measured to be x(t) = (4m/s)t + (7m/s2)t2 + (5m/s3)t3 (0.35m/s4)t4 over the first 10s of its motion, where t is in seconds and x is in meters. Find the velocity of the rocket for the first 10 seconds. SOLN: v = dx/dt = (4m/s) + (14m/s2)t + (15m/s3)t2 (1.4m/s4)t3Substituting t = 10 s, gives

v = 244 m/s ANS: 244m/s PROBLEM: Early in the nineteenth century, James Watt invented the steam engine. In order to convince people, who relied heavily on horses for mechanical work, he demonstrated how useful his steam engine was by utilizing a horse that lifted water from a well over a certain period of time and called the corresponding power expended one horsepower. Assume that water has a mass density of 1.0 x 103 kg/m3, that the well was 20m deep, and that the horse worked for 8 hours. How many liters of water did the horse raise from the well? Use the following constants: 1 hp = 746 Watts, g = 9.8 m/s2. SOLN: The work done of the tension in lifting a mass of water is given by: W=mgy where W = work, m = mass = pV, y = distance, V = volume, p= mass density,

The power is given by: Vg y P = work /time, t Substituting all values, we get for V 746W 8hx3600s / h 2 3

V=

1x103 kg / m3 9.8m / s2 20m

1.1x10

Since 1 m3 = 103 L, then V = 1.1 x 105L. ANS: 1.1 x 105 L PROBLEM: An investor has an option to purchase a tract of land that will be worth P20,000 in seven years. If the value of the land increases at 9% each year, how much should the investor be willing to pay now for this property? SOLN: P F 1 n1 i = F(P/F,i%, n) P = P20,000(P/F,9%,7) = P10,940.68 ANS: P10,941 PROBLEM: Suppose that you make 12 equal annual deposits of P2,000 each into a bank account paying 8% interest per year. The first deposit will be made one year from today. How much money can be withdrawn from this bank account immediately after the 12th deposit?

SOLN: FA (1 ii)n 1 =P2000(F/A,8%,12) P37,954.25 ANS: 37,954 PROBLEM: What is the effective rate of interest if P1000 is invested at a nominal rate of 15% compounded quarterly? SOLN: 0.15 4 ieff 1 4 ANS: 15.86% PROBLEM: A man purchased a house for P425,000. In the first month that he owned the house, he spent P75,000 on repairs and remodeling. Immediately after the house was remodeled, he was offered P545,000 to sell the house. After some consideration, he decided to keep the house and have it rented 1 15.86%

for P4,500 per month starting two months after the purchase. He collected rent for 15 months and then sold the house for P600,000. if the interest rate was 1.5% per month, how much extra money did he make or lose by not selling the house immediately after it was remodeled? SOLN: Ans P545,000 P4,500(P / A,1.5%,15) P600,000(P / F,1.5%,15) = P5,015 ANS: P5,000 PROBLEM: On the day his grandson was born, a man deposited to a trust company a sufficient amount of money so that the boy could receive five annual payments of P20,000 each for his college tuition fees, starting with his 18th birthday. Interest at the rate of 12$ per annum was to be paid on all amounts on deposit. There was also a provision that the grandson could elect to withdraw no annual payments and receive a single lump amount on his 25th birthday. The grandson chose this option. How much did the grandfather deposit? SOLN:

PP20,000(P / A,12%,5)(P / F,12%,17) =P10,500 ANS: P10,500 PROBLEM: A man bought an equipment costing P30,000 payable in 12 quarterly payments, each installment payable at the beginning of each period. The rate of interest is 24% compounded quarterly. What is the amount of each payment SOLN: P30,000 A(1 P / A,8%,12 1) A P3,685.96 ANS: P3,700 PROBLEM: A telecommunication company purchased an equipment for P53,000 and paid P1,500 for freight and delivery charges to the job site. The equipment has a normal life of 10 years with a tradein value of P5,000 against the purchase of a new equipment at the end of the life. Determine the annual depreciation cost by the sinking fund method. Assume interest at 6.5% compounded annually. SOLN: CO P53,000 P1,500 P54,500

CL P5,000 d P54,500 P5,000 F / A,6.5%,10 ANS: P3.,668 PROBLEM: A plant bought a machine for P200,000 and used it for 10 years, the life span of the equipment. What is the book value of the machine after 5 years of use? Assume a scrap value of P20,000. Use double declining balance method. SOLN: C5 P200,00(1 102 )5 P65,536 ANS: P65,536 PROBLEM: A certain support stand design to carry downward loads. Compute the stress in the square shaft at the upper part of the stand for a load of 27,000 lb. The line of action of the applied of the applied load is P3,668

centered on the axis on the shaft, and the load is applied through a thick plate that distributes the force to the entire cross section of the stand. SOLN: FA 272.25,000inlb2 12,000 inlb2 12,000 psi ANS: 12,000psi PROBLEM: A common bar suspended from certain support has axial load of 10kN. If the bar has a cross section of 20mm2, find the stress experience by the bar. SOLN: 10,000N

20x10 6 m2 500MPa ANS: 500MPa PROBLEM: Assume that a 25-mm diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 125 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 130 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 65 MPa for shearing of the rivet. Determine the minimum thickness of each plate. SOLN: V

d2 4 V

65M 4

(25mm)2

V P 31.91kN b P dt A P t 31.91kNkN P

db [125mm 8mm 25mm 8mm] 31.91kPa

(25mm)130M 39.89MPa

t 9.82mm ANS: 40MPa

PROBLEM: A cylinder pressure vessel is fabricated from plates which have a thickness of 20mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 3.5m. Determine the maximum internal pressure which can be applied if the stress in the steel is limited to 150MPa. SOLN:

tD 2t 150MPa (450mm) 2(25mm)16.67MPa ANS: 16.67MPa PROBLEM: The wall thickness of a 3ft-diameter spherical tank is 4/17 in. Calculate the allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited to 9000 psi. SOLN: pD4t 9000 p(4 12in) 4(4/17in) p 176.47 psi ANS: 176.47psi PROBLEM: A steel bar 40mm in diameter and 3m long is surrounded by a shell of cast iron 6mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.95 mm in the length of 2m. For steel E=300GPa, and for cast iron, E=150GPa. SOLN: PL

AE P(2m) 0.8 10 3m AE 0.95 10 3 P(3)

(40mm)2300G [(52mm)2(40mm)2]150G

4 P 160.57kN ANS: 161kN

PROBLEM: A steel rod 3.5m long is secured between two walls. If the load on the rod is zero at 30C, compute the stress when the temperature drops to -30C. The cross sectional area of the rod is 1200mm2, =11.7um/(mC), and E=200GPa. SOLN: LT AEPL L T AEPL T E TE (11.7 )(30 30)(200G) 140.4MPa ANS: 140MPa PROBLEM: A steel shaft 3ft long that has a diameter of 5in is subjected to a torque of 14kipft. Determine the maximum shearing stress. G=12x106 psi. SOLN: TL 14k(12)(3x12) 180

(5)4 JG 0.47 32 12x106

ANS: 0.47 PROBLEM: What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through more than 4 in a 6m length when subjected to a torque of 13kN-m? What max shearing stress is developed? G=85 GPa SOLN: TL

JG 13k(6) 4x 4 (d ) 180 d 107.57mm ANS: 107.6mm 32 85x109

PROBLEM: Determine the elongation in a helical steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20-mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 90 mm when the spring is supporting a load of 2.5kN. Use G=83 GPa. SOLN: 64(2.5k)(90mm)3 (20) 4 175mm 83GPa(20mm) ANS: 175mm PROBLEM: A carnot heat engine receives 500KJ of heat per cycle from a high-temperature source at 600 C and rejects heat a low temperature sink at 40C. Determine the thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine. 1 TL 1 T (40 273)K (600 273)K

H SOLN: 0.6415(64.15%) ANS: 64.15% PROBLEM: A piston cylinder device contains a liquid-vapor mixture of water at 400K. During a constant pressure process, 700 KJ of heat is transferred to the water. As a result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes. Determine the entropy change of the water during this process. SOLN: S QT 700400kJK 1.75 kJK ANS: 1.75kJ/K PROBLEM: Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 22C. Determine the total rate of heat transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.2 m2 and 33C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/m2.=0.95 and =5.67x10-8W/m4-K4 SOLN:

Qconvection hA(Ts Tf ) =5 mW2 C (1.2m2 )(33 22) C =66W Qradiation A(Ts4 Tsurr4 ) = 0.95(5.67x10 8 W )(1.2m2 ) m4 K4 [(33 274)4 (22 273)4 ]K 4 = 77.2W Qtotal 66W 77.2W 143.2W 143.2J / s

ANS: 143.2J/s PROBLEM: A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m3 of air at 110kPa and 80C. The air is now compressed to 0.2 m3 in such a way that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Determine the work done during this process. SOLN: W (110kPa)(0.8m3 )ln( 0.2 1kJ )( 0.8 1kPa m3 W 122kJ ANS: -122kJ PROBLEM: Determine the mass of the air in a room whose dimensions are (5x6x7) cm at 105 kPa and 27C. R is .287 kPa-m^3/(kg-K) SOLN: R' gas constant kPa m3 / kg K )

R'air 0.287 PV m R'T

105kPa(5x6x7m3 ) m kPa m3 / kg 0.287 K (27 273K ) m 256.1g ANS: 256.1 g

PROBLEM: Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 92MW. If the rate of waste heat rejection to a nearby river is 45MW, determine the net power output and the thermal efficiency for this heat engine.

SOLN: QH 92 MJs QL 45 MJs 1 QL 1 45

QH 920.5109 (51.09%) ANS: 51.09% PROBLEM: The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained at 4C by removing heat from it at a rate of 300 KJ/min. If the required power input to the refrigerator is 3KW, determine the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator. SOLN: COP 300kJ / min 3kW COP 1.67 ANS: 1.67 PROBLEM: A 50 kg iron block at 80C is dropped into an insulated tank that contains 0.5 m3 of liquid water at 25C. Determine the temperature when thermal equilibrium reached. The specific heat of iron is 0.45kJ/kg-Cand for water is 4.18kJ/kg-C. SOLN: 0 50kg(0.45 kg )(T 80 C) kg C 2 0.5m3 (4.18 0.001m3 kg T2 25.6 C ANS: 25.6C PROBLEM: A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 850kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid loses 550kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 200kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel. kg C kJ )(T 25 C) 2 ( 1kW 60kJ / min )

SOLN: QUW 200kJ (U2 850kJ) 550kJ U2500kJ ANS: 500kJ PROBLEM: Three moles of an ideal gas are compressed slowly and isothermally from a volume of 5 to 1.5 ft3, at a temperature of 320K. How much work is done? SOLN: W nRT ln V2 V 1 W 3mol(8.317 J mol K W 9612.9J 9.61kJ ANS: -9.61kJ )(320K )ln 1.5 5

PROBLEM: A 4-in wall of fire brick, k=9 Btu/(ft2-hr-F/in), has one surface at 300F, the other at 90F. Find the heat conducted through the area of 2ft2 in 1 day. SOLN: Q kAt T L Q (9 Btu )(2 ft 2 ) ft 2 hr inF (24 hr ) 300 90 F in 4 Q = 22,680 Btu ANS: 22, 680Btu PROBLEM: If 80 g of iron shot at 100C is dropped into 200 g of water at 20C contained in an iron vessel of mass 50 g, find the resulting temperature. SOLN:

80(0.12)(T2 100) 200(1)(T2 20) 50(0.12)(T2 20) T224.6 C ANS: 24.6C

PROBLEM: When a 2lb of brass at 212F is dropped into 5lb of water at 35F, the resulting temperature is 41.2F. Find the specific heat of brass in Btu/lb-F. SOLN: Qlost Qgain Qbrass Qwater 2lb(C)(212F 41.2F) 5lb(1lbBtuF )(41.2F 35F) C 0.091 Btu lb F ANS: 0.091 PROBLEM: How much heat is necessary to raise the temperature of 0.80 kg of ethyl alcohol from 15C of its boiling point 78.3C? SOLN: Q mc t Q 0.8kg(0.6 gcalC ) (78.3 15) C Q 30kcal ANS: 30kcal PROBLEM: The weight-density of air at 32F and 29.92 in Hg pressure is 0.081 lb/ft3. What is its weightdensity, in lb/ft3, at an altitude where the pressure is 13.73 in Hg and the temperature is -40F? SOLN: PV PV

mT 1 P

mT 2 P

T1 29.92

T 2 13.73

0.081x273K 1 lb 2 0.044 ft3 ANS: 0.044

x233K 2

PROBLEM: A laboratory experiment was performed to determine the percent by mass of water in a hydrate. The accepted value is 36.0% water whose observed value has an error of 5.00%. Find the percent by mass of water. SOLN: 36% * 1.05 =37.8% ANS: 37.8% water PROBLEM: How many molecules of SOLN: 2From+the reaction, 2 ANS: 2 PROBLEM: What pressure must be applied to 225mL of gas at 1atm to reduce its volume to 100mL? SOLN: P1V1=P2V2 ANS: 2.25atm can be formed using 2 molecules of NO?

PROBLEM: How many moles of are present in 44.8L of at STP? SOLN: At STP, 1 mole will occupy 22.4L

ANS: 2.0moles PROBLEM: Suppose that energy Q is required to accelerate a car from rest to v, neglecting friction. How much added energy would be required to increase the speed from v to 2v? SOLN: Using the energy equation W=KE2 KE1 Q = 0.5mv2 0 - condition 1 W = 0.5m(2v)2 0.5mv2 - condition 2 W=2mv2 0.5mv2 = 3(0.5mv2) = 3Q ANS: 3Q PROBLEM: Suppose you want to store 1.00 J of electric potential energy in a volume of 1.00 m3 in vacuum. What is the magnitude of the required electric field? SOLN: u=1.00J/12 .00m2(13 =.00)1.00J/m3 == E=0.475 MV/m (a) ANS: E=0.475 MV/m PROBLEM: Material a is a water and material b is a glass with index of refraction 1.52. If the incident ray makes an angle of 60o with the normal, find the direction of the reflected ray. SOLN: According to law of reflection, ANS: = 60 = , hence if = 60 then = 60

PROBLEM: The wavelength of the red light from a helium-neon sensor is 633 nm in air but 474 nm in the aqueous humor inside our eyeballs. Calculate the speed of light in this substance. SOLN: Calculating the index of refraction, we have:

633 For the velocity of light in this index we have: = = 474 = 1.335 3.00 10 / 2.247 10

= 1.335

2.25 10 /

ANS: 2.25 10 /

PROBLEM: A spaceship moving away from Earth with speed of 0.900c fires a robot space probe in the same direction as its motion, with speed of 0.700c relative to the spaceship. What is the probes velocity relative to the Earth? SOLN: Using the equation of Lorentz velocity transformation, we have:

= 1++ 0.900 +0.700 = 1+(0.9)(0.7) ANS: 0.982 PROBLEM: The combined mass of car and passengers travelling at 72 km/hr is 1500kg. Find the kinetic energy of this combined mass. SOLN: = 0.982

=2 (1500 (2)(1

2 )(72 / )2(1000 / / 300 2)(3000 )2 / )2

= 300,000 ANS: 300kJ

PROBLEM: A mass of 5kg is 100m above a given datum where local g=9.75 m/sec2. Find the gravitational force in newtons and the potential energy of the mass w/ respect to the datum. SOLN:

(5 )(9.75 (1 = ANS: 48.75 N, 4875 J

/ / =

=2)(100 2)

) = 4875

5(91.75) = 48.75

PROBLEM: A pressure gage register 50 psig in a region where the barometer is 14.25 psia. Find the absolute pressure in Pa. SOLN: P = Patm + Pg = 14.25 + 50 P = 64.25 psia P = (64.25psia)(6894.8Pa/psi) P = 443 kPa

ANS: 443 kPa PROBLEM: During an isentropic process of 1.36 kg/sec of air, the temperature increases from 4.44 C to 115.6C. if Cp = . SOLN: H = mCpT = 1.36kg/s(1.0062kNm/kgK)(388.75-277.59K) = 152. kJ/s ANS: 152.2 kJ/s PROBLEM: The force of 600 N is the resultant of the forces F1 and 240 N acting as shown in the figure. Which of the following gives the value of F1. SOLN: F1X + 240(5/13) = 600 (4/5), F1X = 387.6923 N F1Y 240(12/13) = 600(3/5), F1Y = 581.5385 N F12 = (387.6923)2 + (581.5385)2, F1 = 698.9223 N =tan-1(581.5385/387.6923) = 56.310 ANS: 698.9223 N, 56.310 with respect to the horizontal PROBLEM: The coefficient of friction between the rope and fixed post is 0.30. The rope is wrapped only once around the post. Which of the following gives the minimum tension in the rope at pt A SOLN: 300/T = e0.4, T = 138.6873 N ANS: 138.6873 N PROBLEM: The resultant of the concurrent forces has a magnitude of 1200 N and acts through the origin and points x = 3m, y = 4m, z = 5m. Which of the following gives the x component of the resultant force SOLN: d2 = 32 + 42 -52, d = 7.0711 m Fx = 1200(3)/7.0711 = 509.1146 N ANS: 509.1146 N PROBLEM: From the speed of 100 kph, a car decelerates at the rate of 15 m/min/sec along a straight road. Which of the following gives the distance travelled at the end of 40 sec. SOLN: for a non-flow process, what is H?

V0 = 100kph x 1000 /3600 = 27.7778 m/s a = -15/60 mps2 = -0.25 mps2 s = 27.7778(40) + 0.5(-0.25)(40)2 = 911.112 m ANS: 911.112 m PROBLEM: The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis is defined by v = x4 + 2x3 3x2 where v is in m/s and x is in m. Which of the following gives the velocity when x = 2m. SOLN: v = 24 + 2(2)3 3(2)2 = 20 m/s ANS: 20 m/s PROBLEM: The block shown reaches a velocity of 10 m/s in 25 m starting from rest. Which of the following gives the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the ground. SOLN: 102 = 2a(25), a = 2 m/s2 Fx = max, 280 600 = (600/9.8)2, = 0.2626 ANS: 0.2626 PROBLEM: The normal acceleration of a particle on the rim of a pulley 10 ft in diameter is constant at 1200 fps2. Which of the following gives the speed of the pulley in rpm. SOLN: an = v2/r, 1200 = v2/5, v = 77.4597 fps v = r, 77.4597 = 5, = 15.4919 rad/sec*60/2 = 147.9371 rpm ANS: 147.9371 PROBLEM: A 350 N block is resting on a plane inclined at 300 with the horizontal is subjected to a constant force of 400 N acting parallel to the inclined plane. After the block has moved 3 m from rest, the 400 N force was removed. Coefficient of friction is 0.2. Which of the following gives the distance that the block will move further along the inclined plane until it stop. SOLN: WE equation: Fs = 0.5m(v2 v02) 400(3) -0.2(350sin 30)(3+x)-(350sin 30)(3+x) = 0.5 (350/9.8)(0-0)X = 2.714 m ANS: 2.714m

PROBLEM: The force system consist of a clockwise couple of 600 N-m plus a 300 N force directed to the right through the origin of x & y axes at x = 300. If the system is replaced by an equivalent single force, which of the following is its x and y intercept. SOLN: sin 30 = 2/x, x = 4m left of origin

tan 30 = y/x, y = 2.3094m above the origin ANS: 4 m left and 2.3094 below the origin PROBLEM: Calculate the efficiency of a transformer-coupled class A amplifier for a supply of 12 V and outputs of 6V.

SOLN:= Resulting in =

+ ( ) = 12

+6

= 18

( ) = 12 18 6

=6

% = 50 ANS: 12.5%

18 +6

% = 12.5%

PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier providing a 20-V peak to a 16- load (speaker) and a power supply of Vcc = 30 V, determine the circuit efficiency. SOLN: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) () 20

()=

= 16 = 1.25

= 2

( ) = 2(1.25

) = 0.796

)=

= (30

)(0.796

) = 23.9

(20 )

resulting efficiency of For( ) = ( % = ( ANS: 52.3% PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier using a supply of Vcc = 30 V and driving a load of 16, determine the maximum output power. 2 ) = 2(16 ) = 12.5 12.5 100% = 23.9 100% = 52.3%

SOLN: Maximum Maximum ( )= = ( ) ( )

( ) = 35.81 ANS: 35.81W

PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier using a supply of Vcc = 30 V and driving a load of 16, determine the transistor dissipation

SOLN: Maximum = 0.5 2 2(30 = 0.5 = 5.7 ANS: 5.7W PROBLEM: Calculate the efficiency of a class B amplifier for a supply of Vcc = 24 V with peak output voltages of VL (p) = 22 V. SOLN: % = 78.54 () 22 % = 78.54 ANS: 72% PROBLEM: Calculate the total harmonic distortion for the following amplitude components: fundamental amplitude of 2.5 V, second harmonic amplitude of 0.25 V, third harmonic amplitude of 0.1 V, and fourth harmonic amplitude of 0.05 V. SOLN: 24 = 72% % 16 ) = a

% = |0|.25||100% % = |2.5|100% = 10% % = 0|.1|100% % = 2|.5| 100% = 4% % =| |100% % = 02.5.05100% = 2%

% = + + 100% = (0.10) +(0.04) +(0.02) 100% % = 0.1095100% % = 10.95% ANS: 11% PROBLEM: Determine what maximum25 dissipation will be allowedfor an 80-W silicon transistor125(rated at25) if the reading is required above by a derating factor of 0.5W/ at case temperature of . SOLN: (125) (25) (125) (125) ANS: 30W PROBLEM:(25), A silicon= 0power.5/ transistor is operated with a heat sink W , and the mounting40 insulation= 200?has dissipated if the ambient temperature is SOLN: = (125 = 80 = 30 25)(0.5 100(0.5 /) /)

the transistor, rated at150 What maximum power can be ( = 1.5/. ).

= 0.6/

= +

40

200 = 0.5/ +0.6/ +1.5/

61.5 ANS: 61.5W PROBLEM: A dc voltage supply provides 50 V when the output is unloaded. When connected to a load, the output drops to 56 V. Calculate the value of voltage regulation. SOLN: % . .= 100%

% . .=

60 56 56 100%

% . .= 7.1% ANS: 7.1% PROBLEM: Calculate the ripple voltage of a full-wave rectifier with a 100-F filter capacitor connected to a load drawing to a load drawing 50 mA SOLN:( ) = 2.4100(50) = 1.2 ANS: 1.2V PROBLEM: Calculate the filter dc Voltage of a full-wave rectifier with a 100-F filter capacitor connected to a load drawing to a load drawing 50 mA if the peak rectifier voltage is 30 V. SOLN: = 4.17 4.17(50)

= 30

100

= 27.9

ANS: 27.9V PROBLEM: Calculate the ripple of a capacitor filter for a peak rectified voltage of 30 V, capacitor C= 100F, and a load current of 50 mA. =2.41 100% =2.4((50))100% 100 27.9 =4.3%SOLN: ANS: 4.3% PROBLEM: Calculate the input bias currents at the non-inverting and inverting terminal respectively of an op=amp having specified values of IIO = 5nA and IIB = 30 nA. SOLN: = 30 + IIB(positive)IB(positive)= 32.5 I = 30 IIB(negative)= 27.5 IIB(negative)

ANS: 32.5nA; 27.5nA PROBLEM: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp having specified values B1 = 1 MHz and AVD = 200 V/mV. SOLN: fC = f1 / AVD = 1 MHz / 200 V/mV fC = 5 Hz ANS: 5 Hz

PROBLEM: For an op-amp having a slew rate of SR = 2V/s, what is the maximum closed loop voltage gain that can be used when the input signal varies by 0.5 V in 10 s? SOLN:

ANS: 40 PROBLEM: Determine the output voltage of an op-amp for input voltages of Vi1 = 150 V and Vi2 = 140 V. The amplifier has a differential gain of Ad =4000 and the value of CMRR is 100. SOLN:

VD = ADVD (

=(4000)(10u) ( VD 1+ 1+

VD = 40 m (1.145) = 45.8 mV ANS: 45.8mV PROBLEM: If an amplifier with gain of -1000 and feedback of =-0.1 has a gain change of 20% due to temperature; calculate the change in gain of the feedback amplifier SOLN: 1 = . ( ) (20%)

= 0.2% ANS: 0.2% PROBLEM: A transistor has a collector current of 10mA and a base current of 40uA. What is the current gain of the transistor? SOLN: =10mA/40uA=50 ANS: 50 PROBLEM: A 2N3904 has VCE = 10V and IC = 20mA. What is the power dissipation? SOLN: PD=10V(20mA)=200mW ANS: 200mW

PROBLEM: A zener regulator has an input voltage that may vary from 22 to 30V. If the regulated output voltage is 12V and the load resistance varies from 140 to 10k, what is the maximum allowable series resistance? SOLN:= 2212 1 140 = 117 ANS: 117 PROBLEM: A zener regulator has an input voltage ranging from 15 to 20V and a load current ranging from 5 to 20mA. If the zener voltage is 6.8V, what is the maximum allowable series resistance? SOLN:= 15 6.8 = 410 20 ANS: 410 PROBLEM: A 2N5668 has VGS(off)=-4V and IDSS=5mA. What are the gate voltage and drain current at the half cutoff point? SOLN: = 4 =2

= 54 ANS: -2V;

2 = 1.25 1.25mA

PROBLEM: Determine the thermal voltage of a diode at 27C (common temperatures for components in an enclosed operating system) SOLN: Vt =kT/q Vt =(1.38x10-23J/K)(273+17)/1.6x10-19C Vt = 26mV ANS: 26mV PROBLEM: What is the knee voltage of a silicon diode at 75C? SOLN: (75-25)C*2.5mV/C = 0.125V

New Vknee = 0.7-0.125 = 0.575V ANS: 0.58V PROBLEM: At 20C, the reverse saturation current of a silicon diode is 10nA, what is its value when the temperature increases to 100C? SOLN: 100 C / 20C = 5 New Ireverse = 25(10nA)= 0.32uA ANS: 0.32uA PROBLEM: A silicon diode is in series with 1k resistor and a forward biasing voltage supply of 10V. If rd is 10, what is the anode to cathode current and voltage? SOLN: IF=(10-0.7)/(10+1k)=9.21mA VF=0.7+10(9.21mA=0.79V ANS: 9.21mA,0.79V PROBLEM: What is the wavelength of the light produced by an LED with an energy gap level of 1.43 eV? SOLN: =hc/Eg =(6.626x10-34Js*3x108m/s) /(1.43eV*1.6x10-19J/eV)= 869nm ANS: 869nm PROBLEM: SOLN: ANS: Convert PDF to Word