Jessie Zhao Period: 1

Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abes top concern. These were slave states that hadnt left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to keep them happy. The border states never left. 2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cottons dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Toms Cabin had convinced the English people of slaverys horrors. 3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nations first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out. IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860 Republican - Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. Issues were slavery in the territories and Lincoln won. William Seward He was secretary of state under Johnson and Lincoln. He helped purchase Alaska as well as creating a secret police force. Edwin M. Stanton served as the secretary of war under Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. He refused to leave after Johnson fired him, thus starting the impeachment process. The Alabama flew confederate flags but manned by British, picked up weapons in Portugal, The Alabama sunk 34 Union warships. The great destroyer was finally sunk off the coast of France. Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln that freed the slaves in the Confederacy, but not in the Border states; really didnt do anything because the slaves were out of Lincoln's jurisdiction Trent Affair The incident in which a Union warship stopped a British steamer and removed two Confederate diplomats

Merrimack and Monitor The first two ships that was steam powered and had steel around the ships. Anaconda Plan battle plan drawn up by Winfield Scott to isolate Southern trade: 1. Suffocate the South through an oceanic blockade. 2. Free the slaves to undermine the Souths very economic foundations. 3. Cut the Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River. 4. Chop the Confederacy to pieces by marching through Georgia and the Carolinas. 5. Capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia. 6. Try everywhere to engage the enemys main strength and grind it to submission. Border States slave states left in the Union at the beginning of the Civil War Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland Appomattox Virginia site where Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865 Election of 1864 Lincoln wins the election of 1864 with Andrew Johnson as VP but is assonated by John Wilkes Booth and Johnson takes presidency in1865. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession 1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations? There would be controversies on splitting debt, more fugitive slaves, and how future territory would be divided because like Lincoln said, the nation geographically cant become two nations.

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson 2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have? Lincoln decided to inform the south that he was sending in ships full of supplies and not reinforcements to the fort but the south took it as an act of war. Brothers' Blood and Border Blood Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb 3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war? The border states were the only ones not to succeed, and the North needed them to keep some of the south attached to the union.

The Balance of Forces Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson 4. What advantages did the South have? The North? South: Goal: not get conquered Fighting for self determination Best generals ( Robert E. Lee.) Southern men were used to living outdoors and knew how to fight. Home field advantage North: Big population 2x the army than the south South had no navy of money were in the north railroads in the north Had the idea of America Lincoln was a great leader, better than Davis. Dethroning King Cotton Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn 5. Why did King Cotton fail the South? They had a one crop economy so they had trouble making food and clothes for soldiers. Also, foreign nations like Britain and France already had surplus of cotton so there was no need for them to fight with the south and also they were anti-slavery.

The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Know: Trent, Alabama 6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War? The Union took their ships because it was transporting goods to the south. Britain threatened war but Lincoln settled it. Because Britain had a surplus of cotton and they were an anti-slavery country they had no reason to join the south.

Foreign Flare-Ups Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian 5. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War? Laird Rams, Irish-americans invading Canada, led to conflicts with GB.

President Davis Versus President Lincoln Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln 8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government? Their constitution was the same as the Unions, leaving succeesion against the constitution, and their government had flaws considering it was new compared to the North's widely used government. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Know: Habeas Corpus 9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power? Lincoln increased the size of the American army, something congress could only do. Directed the secretary of state to raise money.

Volunteers and Draftees: North and South Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers 10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain. both the North and the South could pay for someone to fight in their place. wealthy plantation owners had most to gain in war and had the most to lose in the war. owned 20 or more slaves didn't have to fight

The Economic Stresses of War Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation 11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South? Inflation, national banking act, greenbacks were the effect. Lincoln also made the national bank after Jackson killed the BUS.

The North's Economic Boom Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix 12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North? the north stopped becoming dependent on 'king cotton' and they started exporting wheat and corn

A Crushed Cotton Kingdom 13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South. King cotton failed, which was the only economic support and their land and railroads were destroyed .

Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quickvictory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on the Peninsula at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the Souths back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the Union Party made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, You dont change horses midstream. 4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS Draft riots of 1863 July 1863, north, just after the Battle at Gettysburg. People loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. The riot lynched several African Americans and burned down black homes, businesses, and even an orphanage. Only the arrival of the federal troops halted the violence Charles Frances Adam the U.S. minister to England during the Civil War who kept the pressure on the British government to pay for destroyed shipping. Sherman's March sherman left atlanta and led his troops to the sea. they ate off and used the land and destroyed that which they did not use. 60 miles wide desolation. used this to break the confederate's materials, but also break morale and the will of the southern people by destroying towns along the way. Clement L. Vallandigham Denounced war, imprisoned, banished to South & then returns to Ohio illegally an anti-war democrat who criticized lincoln as a dictator, called him "king abraham". he was arrested and exiled to the south., prominent copperhead who was an ex-congressman from ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the confederacy Andrew Johnson Vice president to Lincoln but was out into presidency in 1865 after Lincolns death.

John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln in 1865

C.S.S. Alabama escaped to Portuguese Azores, took on weapons and crew from Britain, but never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South. Built in Britain and wreaked havoc on Northern shipping until it was finally sunk in 1864. National Banking Act The banking system was used to create the sale of government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency. The system could purchase government savings bonds and money to back the bonds. The National Banking Act was made during the Civil War, and was the first real step taken toward a singular, unified banking system since jackson killed the bus Union Party The Union party included all of the Republicans and the war Democrats. It excluded the copperheads and peace Democrats. It was formed out of fear of the republican party losing control. It was responsible for nominating Lincoln. GUIDED READING Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson 1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South? for the south, victory would bore them with over confidence for the war. for the north, it showed they need to buckle down, for the war wasn't going to be a one punch victory.

"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan 2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war. Total war, and devastating the south by burning down city's and cutting off supplies. Also by having a superior economy and government.

The War at Sea Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor 3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway? They were going in to the technically succeeded south and messing with their supplies.

The Pivotal Point: Antietam 4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?" This battle could have been the last battle the north would fight if they two soldiers did not find Lees note. This battle stopped the south from gaining foreign aid and helped Lincoln release the emancipation proclamation. This can also be considered the turning point of the war.

A Proclamation Without Emancipation Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region 7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain. This proclamation released slaves in southern states, states that had succeed from the nation and not slaves from the Border States that were loyal to the nation. Lincoln couldnt afford to lose the Border States and he hoped that slaves from the south would join the union to be free.

Blacks Battle Bondage Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow 8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess. The African Americans represented what the north was fighting for and to have them in the army inspired people to join and fro southern salves to join as well.

Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address 1. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle? Union victory meant that the Southern cause was doomed it was the turning point of the war.

The War in the West Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg 10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general. Grant as a general he was ruthless, creating a new war strategy that killed everything in his way.

Sherman Scorches Georgia Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea 11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South? Sherman destroyed everything in his way and cut off supplies making many starve. He fought and killed people who had nothing to do with the war just because they were southerners.

The Politics of War Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham 12. Describe Lincolns political difficulties during the war. Lincoln had to hold the union together during the war and there were people like the Copperheads that constantly gave him headaches. He also had to do things like the emancipation proclamation that wasnt in his power to enforce to make sure that the nation stayed together.

The Election of 1864 Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta 14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory? I think the fact that the vice president was a southern helped with his victory and that he put the nation back together.

Grant Outlasts Lee Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse 15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army? Grant uses total war because he knows that at the end of the day, he had more men than Lee. Grant knows that he can afford more dead men than Lee.

The Martyrdom of Lincoln Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe 16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain. It was bad because although the south was happy at first that he died, they soon realized that only Lincoln would treat the southerners with kindness in the reconstruction. They realized too late that no other president would be better than Lincoln in the reconstruction of the nation.

The Aftermath of the Nightmare Know: Lost Cause 17. What was the legacy of the Civil War? The legacy of the Civil war was that it proved to the Americans that a Democracy could survive and that the idea of the principles can long endure. And although many people died, it finally abolished slavery and it inspired countries like GB to start a democracy of there own.

Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not? I disagree, because no matter how many compromises there could have been the North and the South would have eventually clash over slavery issues. By going into this war, is answered the question that the nation is strong enough to handle anything and that the principles it is founded by can survive for the years to come. Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, What to do with the southern states? The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South. 2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the Norths stipulations were met. 3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress. 4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery. 5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their ownsouthern whites reasserted their power. GUIDED READING The Problems of Peace Know: Reconstruction 1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain. The quote talks about the devastation and sad state of the continental South of the United States at the end of the civil war. Life, property and land were destroyed in the war. Freedmen Define Freedom Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association 2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?

The Emancipation Proclamation allowed freed blacks to join the US military and during the war 200,000 blacks, many ex-slaves joined the army and had a significant impact on the outcome of the war. The Freedmen's Bureau Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard 3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau. On paper at least, the bureau was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency. It was to for example, authorize to settle former slaves on forty-acre tracts but instead it expelled blacks from towns and cajoling them into signing labor contracts to work for their former masters. Johnson: The Tailor President Know: Andrew Johnson 4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson. Strengths: Intelligent, able, forceful, and gifted with homespun honesty. He was devoted to duty and to the people; he was a dogmatic champion of states rights and the Constitution. Weakness: Did not understand the north, misfit in the presidents chair, people in the south distrusted him, a democrat who had never been accepted by the republicans and a president who was never elected to the office. He was the wrong man in the wrong place at the wrong time. Presidential Reconstruction Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans 5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans? Johnson rejected the Radical program of harsh, lengthy Reconstruction and instead appointed his own governors and tried to finish reconstruction by the end of 1865. Johnson favored conciliatory policies towards the South and a rush to reincorporate the former Confederate states back into the union without due regard for freedmen's rights. The Radical Republicans opposed. The Baleful Black Codes Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage 6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down? Slaves were freed with the Thirteenth Amendment but they still didn't not have citizenship. All former slave states took advantage of this and passed the Black Codes to provide freedmen with limited second-class civil rights and no voting rights. Congressional Reconstruction 7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)

Northerners refused to seat the southerners when came back to the union because they were afraid that the southerners would try to bring back slavery. Another reason was that the north enjoyed the power they had in congress during the reconstruction. They didnt want the south to come in and change the rules since slaves were now free and counted as five-fifths of a person. Johnson Clashes with Congress Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment 8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response? The republicans passed laws and tariffs and acts that favored there side since many southerners were kicked out from congress. Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson 9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire? He gave speeches against the North/black Johnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle; he generally supported Democrats but his speeches were poorly received. The Republicans won in a landslide, capturing enough seats to override Johnson's vetoes. Only the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky voted for Democrats Republican Principles and Programs Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans 10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans? Johnson rejected the Radical program of harsh, lengthy Reconstruction and instead appointed his own governors and tried to finish reconstruction by the end of 1865. Johnson favored conciliatory policies towards the South and a rush to reincorporate the former Confederate states back into the union without due regard for freedmen's rights. The Radical Republicans opposed. Reconstruction by the Sword Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule 11. Describe military reconstruction. This act sought to rebuild the governments of the southern states using the governments of the northern states as examples. It was also implemented to ensure that the civil rights of the free blacks in the South by requiring the states in the South to include the rights of free blacks in their constitutions. No Women Voters Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment 12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?

A larger number of women disguised themselves and enlisted in the service, for one cause or other, than was dreamed of. Entrenched in secrecy, and regarded as men, they were sometimes revealed by accident. They lived the same as men in a terrible enviroment. They never received the recognition due to them. The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers 13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement? The blacks formed their own community and started to vote for their own delegates. Many blacks started to own land and construct black churches. The white southerners didn't like it and forced m any of them to sign work contracts with their former masters. The Ku Klux Klan Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise 14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down? The Jim Crow laws were laws mandated racial segregation in public, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. This led to a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton 15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson? They falsely accused him of maintaining a harem of dissolute women. They tried to impeach him for high crimes and misdemeanors by charging him with various violations of the Tenure of Office Act.

A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens 16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office? The radicals failed because they couldn't provide evidence and when voting day came, a margin of one vote failed to impeach Johnson.

The Purchase of Alaska Know: William Seward, Russia 17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway. Russia had been friendly to the north during the civil war and the territory was filled with furs, fish, and gold, and it might yet pan for oil and gas. So the country bought Alaska.

The Heritage of Reconstruction 18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction. The republicans were able to bring back the nation and abolish slavery once and for all. Although things could have gone smoother, the republicans had their nation back and also got Alaska in the process.