Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft.

. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abes top concern. These were slave states that hadnt left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to keep them happy. The border states never left. 2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cottons dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Toms Cabin had convinced the English people of slaverys horrors. 3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nations first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out. IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860 Election of 1860 was the election when Abraham Lincoln, the candidate for the Republican Party, won. However, after the election, the South seceded from the Union, bringing the nation close to Civil War. William Seward William Seward was the Secretary of State during Johnsons presidency. An ardent expansionist, he signed a treaty with Russia to purchase Alaska. Edwin M. Stanton Edwin M. Stanton was Abraham Lincolns Secretary of War during the American Civil War. His effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory. The Alabama The Alabama was one of the commerce-raiding warship built in Britain to aid the Confederacy. It was later destroyed by a stronger Union warship, but it already inflicted many damages to Yankee merchant ships. Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation was a proclamation issued after the Battle of Antietam on September 22, 1862, and it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states were now free. Trent Affair Trent Affair occurred late in 1861, when a Union warship cruising on the high seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe. This caused red-coated troops to march to Canada.

Merrimack and Monitor Merrimack and Monitor were the first two ironclads used in war. The Confederates used a former U.S. warship, the Merrimack, and put railroad rails around its sides. In response to this, the Union created the Monitor. Anaconda Plan Anaconda Plan was the Unions war strategy and it planned to form a naval blockade of the South, capture the Mississippi, split the Confederacy into two, take Texas, Arizona, and Louisiana, and capture the largest Confederate City, which was New Orleans and the capital, Richmond. The name of the plan derived from its Anaconda-like image. Border States Border States consisted of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and later West Virginia. The border group actually contained a white population more than half that of the entire Confederacy. Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri would almost double the manufacturing capacity of the South and increase by nearly half its supply of horses and mules. So it was essential to gain support of the Border states. Appomattox Appomattox was where Robert E. Lee surrendered to the General Ulysses S. Grant to end the Civil War. Lee accepted unconditional surrender after the devastating blow to Richmond city. Election of 1864 Election of 1864 was when Lincoln was reelected for his second term. During this Civil War time, however, Lincoln was so unpopular that the Republicans had to join with the War Democrats to gather the votes of the Border States. This caused Union Party to nominate Democrat Andrew Johnson as Vice President. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession 1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations? Uncontested secession would create new controversies. They had to decide the amount of national debt that southern states were responsible of. Also, they had to consider the portions of federal territories that southern states are responsible of. Lastly, they werent sure if the warfare would solve the slave issues. South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson 2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have? Lincoln notified the South Carolinians that an expedition would be sent to provision the garrison, though not to reinforce it. He promised no effort to throw in men, arms, and ammunition. But southern states saw this as an act of aggression and fired at Fort Sumter. This provided a cause for North to gather a troop. But it also caused Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee seceded from the Union.

Brothers Blood and Border Blood Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb 3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war? Any official statement of the Norths war aims was profoundly influenced by the teetering Border States. Lincoln was obliged to declare publicly that he was not fighting to free the blacks. In order to acquire southern Border States, Lincoln insisted repeatedly that his paramount purpose was to save the Union at all costs. Thus the war began not as one between slave soil and free soil, but one for the Union. The Balance of Forces Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson 4. What advantages did the South have? The North? When the war broke out, the South seemed to have great advantages. The confederacy could fight defensively behind interior lines, because they do not have to win the war to gain independence. Also, South had many talented officers, like Robert E. Lee and Thomas Stonewall Jackson. The southerners were accustomed to handle arms from boyhood. On the Northern hand, economy was the Norths greatest strength. The North was not only a huge farm but a sprawling factory as well. Yankees boasted about three-fourths of the nations wealth, including three-fourths of the thirty thousand miles of railroads. The North also controlled the sea and had more manpower. Dethroning King Cotton Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn 5. Why did King Cotton fail the South? King Cotton failed in part because of the lavishly productive years of 1857-1860. Enormous exports of cotton in those years had piled up surpluses in British warehouses. So Britain did not need cotton for about a year and a half. By then, Lincoln already announced the slave-emancipation policy and Britain were not going to demand a war to defend the slave owners of the South. Also, King Wheat and King Corn flourished in Northern area. And to Britain, unemployment for some seemed better than hunger for all. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Know: Trent, Alabama 6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War? The first major crisis with Britain came over the Trent affair in 1861 when a Union warship removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe from a British mail steamer. War preparations buzzed and red coated troops embarked for Canada. Also, another tension arose because Britain worked for Southern navy. Foreign Flare-Ups Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian 7. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War? John Laird and Sons in Great Britain were making warships for Confederates. The warships, possibly stronger than Alabama probably would have sunk the blockading squadrons and then brought northern cities under their fire.

President Davis Versus President Lincoln Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln 8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government? The Confederate government, like King Cotton, harbored fatal weaknesses. Its constitution, borrowing liberally from that of the Union, contained one deadly defect. Created by secession, it could not logically deny future secession to its constituent states. The North enjoyed the prestige of a long-established government, financially stable and fully recognized both at home and abroad. Lincoln, the inexperienced prairie politician, proved superior to the more experienced but less flexible Davis. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Know: Habeas Corpus 9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power? Congress was not in session when war erupted, so Lincoln gathered the reins into his own hands. Brushing aside legal objections, he boldly proclaimed a blockade. He arbitrarily increased the size of the Federal army, something that only congress can do under the constitution. He directed the secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation or security to three private citizens for military purposes, a grave irregularity contrary to the Constitution. He suspended the precious privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, so that anti-Unionists might be summarily arrested. Also, Lincolns regime arranged for supervised voting in the Border States. The federal officials also ordered the suspension of certain newspapers and the arrest of their editors on grounds of obstructing the war. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers 10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain. The provisions were grossly unfair to the poor. Rich boys could hire substitutes to go in their places or purchase exemption outright by paying $300. As in the North, slave owners or overseers with twenty slaves might also claim exemption in the Confederacy. The Economic Stresses of War Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation 11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South? The printing-press currency was inadequately supported by gold, and hence its value was determined by the nations credit. Greenbacks thus fluctuated with the fortunes of Union arms and at one low point were worth only 39 cents on the gold dollar. As revenue began to dry up, the Confederate government was forced to print blue-backed paper money with complete abandon. Runaway inflation occurred as Southern presses continued to grind out the poorly backed treasury notes, totaling in all more than $1 billion. Overall, the war inflicted a 9000 percent inflation rate on the Confederacy contrasted with 80 percent for the Union.

The North's Economic Boom Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix 12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North? The Civil War bred a millionaire class for the first time in American history. Newly invented laborsaving machinery enabled the north to expand economically. They produced vast surpluses of grain that, when sent abroad, helped dethrone King Cotton. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom 13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South. The South fought to the point of exhaustion and the suffocation caused by the blockade, together with the destruction wrought by invaders, took a terrible toll. Possessing 30 percent of the national wealth in 1860, the South claimed only 12 percent in 1870. Before the war, the average per capita income of Southerners was about two-thirds that of Northerners. The Civil War squeezed the average southern income to two-fifths of the Northern level, where it remained for the rest of the century.