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Educational Research
Educational Research
Educational Research
Educational research has been designed to investigate practices
The overall aim of educational research is to provide teachers, clinicians, managers and learners with systematically obtained information that helps to improve the quality of the learning process.
Educational Research
The difference between doing educational research and other
Action Research
Action research is a form of investigation designed for use by
Action Research
Action research is a natural part of teaching. Teachers are continually observing students, collecting data and changing practices to improve student learning and the classroom and school environment. Action research provides a framework that guides the energies of teachers toward a better understanding of
Action Research
Action Research is a fancy way of saying let's study what's
Action Research
Action research is the term which describes the integration of
(18901947).
Action Research
Action (change) + Research (investigation)
When something goes wrong with your lessons, what do you do? If you think about what you are doing and make a change, you are doing Action Research!!!
Characteristics
of Action Research
Characteristics of AR:
1. Action researchers take action. 2. AR always involves two goals. 3. AR is interactive.
Action researchers are not merely observing something happening; they are actively working at making it happen.
The action researchers engage in both making the action happen and stand back from the action and reflect on it as it
It requires an ability to work with dynamic complexity, which describes how a system is complex because of multiple causes and effects.
Hence, knowledge and skills in the dynamics of organizational change are necessary.
6. AR requires an understanding of the ethical framework. In AR, ethics involves authentic relationships between the action researcher and the members of the client system as to how
7. AR can include all types of data gathering methods. AR does not preclude the use of data gathering methods from
It refers to the knowledge the action researcher brings to the research project.
AR should not be judged by the criteria of positive science, but rather within the criteria of its own terms.
Approaches in Research
Qualitative approach:
The approach usually associated with the social constructivist paradigm which emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality.
It is about recording, analysing and attempting to uncover the deeper meaning and significance of human behaviour and
Qualitative approach:
It can describe events, persons and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data.
Qualitative approach:
Concerned with collecting and analysing information in as
many forms.
Qualitative research is empirical research where the data are not in the form of numbers. (Punch, 1998: 4)
Qualitative approach:
Qualitative implies a direct concern with experience as it is `lived' or `felt' or `undergone' ... Qualitative research, then, has the aim of understanding experience as nearly as possible as its participants feel it or live it. Ely et al (Sherman and Webb ,1988)
Quantitative approach:
Involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn.
Quantitative approach:
Quantitative research consists of those studies in which the data concerned can be analysed in terms of numbers.
Quantitative approach:
Concerned with the collection and analysis of data in numeric form. It tends to emphasize relatively large-scale and representative
Quantitative research is empirical research where the data are in the form of numbers.
Qualitative Approach
-Inductive or bottom up Scientific method
Quantitative Approach
-Deductive or top down
-Generate new hypotheses and theory -Test hypothesis and theory with data. from data collected. -Description -Description -Explanation -Prediction -Narrow-angle lens -Testing specific hypotheses
Focus
-Examine the breath and depth of phenomenon to learn more about them. - Study behaviour in its natural
Nature of study
environment or context.
Qualitative Approach
-Collect narrative data using semi or
unstructured instruments (open-
Quantitative Approach
-Collect numeric data using structured and
validated instruments (close-ended survey items, rating scales, measurable behaviours)
Form of data
collected
documents)
-Words, images, themes, and Nature of data categories -Numeric variables
Qualitative Approach
-Narrative report including contextual description, categories, themes, and Form of final report supporting respondent quotes.
Quantitative Approach
-Statistical report including correlations, comparisons of means, and statistically significant findings.
Adapted from: Johnson & Christensen. (2004). Educational Research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixes approaches, 2nd ed. Boston: Ally: Bacon.
Research Ethics
Authorship
Plagiarism
Peer review
Conflicts of interest
Research misconduct
Data management
Authorship
Authorship is the process of deciding whose names belong on a research paper. In many cases, research evolves from collaboration and
Authorship
Can I be a co-author?
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of passing off somebody elses ideas, thoughts, pictures, theories, words or stories as your own.
Plagiarism
Types of plagiarism: i. Intentionally take a passage word-for-word, put it in their own work, and do not properly credit the original author.
Plagiarism
The Indiana University provides the following advice to avoid plagiarism. A researcher
i.
ii. Paraphrases another persons words, either oral or written. iii. Uses another persons idea, opinion or theory. iv. Borrows facts, statistics, or other illustrative material, unless the information is common knowledge.
Plagiarism
To avoid unintentional or accidental plagiarizing of another persons work, use
i.
Cite all ideas and information that is not your own and/ or is not common knowledge.
ii. Always use quotation marks if you are using someone elses words. iii. At the beginning of a paraphrased section, show that what comes next is someone elses original idea (example: these bullet points start out by saying the information originated with Northwestern University). iv. At the end of the paraphrased section, place the proper citation.
Peer review
Peer review is the process in which the author submits a written manuscript or article to a journal for publication and the journal editors distributes the article to experts working in the same, or similar, scientific discipline. The process involves the following:
1.
2.
3.
Peer review
The peer review process seldom proceeds in a straight line.
Conflicts of interest
Conflict of interest arise when a persons (or an organizations) obligations to a particular research project conflict with their personal interests or obligations. A researcher should attempt to identify potential conflicts in order to confront those issues before they have a chance to do harm or damage. If exist, then the objectivity of the
5
i. ii.
Data management
The ethical and truthful collection of reliable data. The ownership and responsibility of collected data.
iii. Retaining data and sharing access to collected data with colleagues and the public.
Research misconduct
Research misconduct is the process of identifying and reporting unethical or unsound research. Its components are as follow:
Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment or process, or changing or omitting data or results. Plagiarism is the appropriation of another persons idea, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
Research misconduct
Any person who knows that research is being conducted unethically should raise his or her concerns to the appropriate authorities, whether that person is involved in that research or not.
Respect for persons Informed consent Respect for persons Privacy and confidentiality
ii.
offering the opportunity to ask questions and to withdraw at any time from the
research. 2. Comprehension researcher must adapt information to be understandable to every participants.
3. Voluntariness inform consent can be neither coerced nor improperly pressured from
any participant.
We are undertaking an action research project to study my own practice as a lecturer(s) in the TESL degree course at IPGKBL Kuching Sarawak Malaysia 2012. This ethics statement is to assure you that we will observe good ethical practice throughout the research.
This means that: Written ethical permission will be secured before the research commences; Confidentiality will be observed at all times, and no names or identifying personal features will be revealed during the study; Participants will be kept informed at all times and will have access to the research report before it is published;
We will report only that which is in the public domain and in accord with Malaysian
Law; All participants have the right to withdraw from the research at anytime and all data relating to them will be destroyed.
Your signature_________________ Contact information: IPGKBL Campus Kuching English Department, Jabatan Bahasa Dr. Jeff Hawkins: Jeffhawk776@gmail.com
exhibition purposes or for use as pets are provided human care and
treatment; (2) to assure the human treatment of animals during transportation in commerce; and (3) to protect the owners of
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Questions:
1. Why is it important for teachers to do educational research? 2. What must we do to avoid plagiarism in writing a research article? 3. What is research ethics and why is it important? 4. What are the importance of informed consent? 5. Why action research is regarded as an interactive process?
references
David Coghlan & Teresa Brannick. (2005: 11-13). Doing Action Research In Your Own Words. London: SAGE Publications.
Glenda Nugent, et al. (2012: 4). A Practical Guide to Action Research for Literacy Educators. Washington: Global Operations Unit.
University of Minnesota. (2003: 8-35). A Guide to Research Ethics. University of Minnesota: Center for Bioethics. Alzheimer Europe. (n.d). The Four Main Approaches. Assessed on 2013, 23rd December, at http://www.alzheimer europe.org/Research/Understanding-dementia-research/Types-of research/The-four-main-approaches Christina Hughes. (n.d). Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Social Research. Assessed on 2013, 23rd December, at http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/academicstaff/chu ghes/hughesc_index/teachingresearchprocess/quantitativequalitativ e/quantitativequalitative/
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