Librodeestadística

-IJ=@ IJE?= F=H= @A *=?DE AH=J @A +EA ?E=I @A = 5= K@ O 6A?
C=
1-5 *=D = @A + @E ,AF=HJ= A J @A =JA JE?=I
2H B
AI I *A=J 5EHLA J
@E?A CA AH=
! ) CK =I J=I I >HA A HECA DEIJ HE? @A = -IJ=@ IJE?= +K= @ = -IJ=@ IJE?= IA D=?A ?E= ,ELAHI I IEC E ?=@ I @A J H E -IJ=@ IJE?= " # #
1 -IJ=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= K E@E A IE

6=> =I O CH
! " # $ % & 2 > =?E O KAIJH= J @ AIJ=@ IJE? > AJ @A = -IJ=@ IJE?= +=H=?JAHAI AIJ=@ IJE? I 6=> =I @A BHA?KA ?E=I /H ? I AIJ=@ IJE? I 6EF I @A @EIJHE>K?E AI @A BHA?KA ?E=I - AH?E?E I @A JA = A@E@=I @A ?A JH= E =?E A@E= =HEJ JE?= IE F A A@E= =HEJ JE?= F @AH=@= ! A@E= = " @= # A@E= CA JHE?= $ A@E= ?K=@H JE?= % A@E= =H E?= A@E@=I @A F IE?E +K=HJE AI @A?E AI O FAH?A JE AI A J I ?A JH= AI A@E@=I @A @EIFAHIE ! 4A? HHE@ H= C ! ,AILE=?E A@E= HAIFA?J = = ! ! 8=HE= = ! " ,AILE=?E J FE?= ! # ,AILE=?E ?K=HJ E?=
$
% & & ' '
? I AIJ=@ IJE? I
2=H
AJH I AIJ=@ IJE? I
&
' '
A@E=
! ! " " " " #
,1+- /- -4) ! $ ,AILE=?E FAH?A J E?= ' ! % 8=HE=> A JEFE ?=@= A@E@=I @A =IE AJH = " + A ?EA JA @A =IE AJH = A@E@=I @A =FK J= EA J ?KHJ IEI # + A ?EA JA @A =FK J= EA J ?KHJ IEI - AH?E?E I @A JA = # # # # $ $ $
" # $
11
-IJ=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= >E@E A IE

! ! !! !" !# 4A =?E AIJ=@ IJE?= O HA =?E BK ?E ,EIJHE>K?E AI >E@E A IE = AI A@E@= @A = ? HHA =?E 4ACHAIE - AH?E?E I @A JA =
!
!!
!! !" !" !# !#
! ,EIJHE>K?E
AI >E@E A IE
= AI 6A H = @A = ? HHA =?E
=
111
" +
" " "! "" "# "$ "% "& "' # # #! #" ##
+ ?K
@A FH >=>E E@=@AI
"
"
" "! "! "! "" "" "# "# "# # # #! #" #$
8=HE=?E AI 8=HE=?E AI ? HAFAJE?E AH I B=?J HE= AI 2AH KJ=?E AI 2AH KJ=?E AI ? HAFAJE?E AH I ? >E =J HE I + >E =?E AI + >E =?E AI ? HAFAJE?E - AH?E?E I @A JA = -NFAHE A J I = A=J HE I FAH=?E AI ? IK?AI I + ?AFJ @A FH >=>E E@=@ 2H >=>E E@=@ ? @E?E =@= - AH?E?E I @A JA =
>E =J HE=
# 2H >=>E E@=@
#
18 ,EIJHE>K?E
$ ,EIJHE>K?E
$ $ $! $"
AI @A FH >=>E E@=@
$#
$$
$$ $% $% $&
8=HE=> A = A=J HE= ,EIJHE>K?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ @EI?HAJ= 2=H AJH I @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @EI?HAJ= ,EIJHE>K?E >E E=
AI @EI?HAJ=I
,1+- /- -4) $# $$ $% $& $' % % %! %" %# %$ + ?K @A FH >=>E E@=@AI A K = @EIJHE>K?E >E E= .K ?E AI @A FH >=>E E@=@ O @A @EIJHE>K?E >E E= 2=H AJH I @A K = @EIJHE>K?E >E E= ) KIJA @A K ? K J @A @=J I = K = @EIJHE>K?E >E - AH?E?E I @A JA = ,EIJHE>K?E AI @A FH >=>E E@=@ ? JE K=I = @EIJHE>K?E H = = @EIJHE>K?E H = AIJ @=H )FH NE =?E @A = >E E= F H = H = ) KIJA @A K ? K J @A @=J I = K = H = - AH?E?E I @A JA =
! $& $& $& $' $'
E=
% ,EIJHE>K?E
AI ?
JE K=I
%$
%$ %% %& %& %' %'
1 JH @K??E
) CK =I J=I I >HA A -IJ=@ IJE?=
=I E K @=?E F=H= HAF=HJEH
HECA DEIJ HE? @A =
= FHE AH= = EBAIJ=?E AIJ=@ IJE?= @A = DK = E@=@ = A ? JH= I A +DE = - A = !& =@+ A - FAH=@ H ;= = @= D=?AH K ?A I AI = K= AI @A E > EC=>= = HA= E =H JH=>= I ?A I= AI I >EA AI GKA IA D=> = E>H=@ @A =I EI =I
- A 1 FAHE 4 = AH= BHA?KA JAI I ?A I I J= J @A FAHI =I ? @A >EA AI ? A @A HAF=HJEH >EA = =F E?=?E @A I E FKAIJ I 5E @K@= = CK = A ?A I I B= I BKA A H@A =@ F H ?J=LE )KCKIJ A = A GKA =?E AIK?HEIJ - = -@=@ A@E= +=H =C O /KE AH A + GKEIJ=@ H H@A =H HA= E =H JH=>= I @A AIJ=@ IJE?= I >HA IKI F IAIE AI J= J =JAHE= AI ? FAHI = AI I FHE AH I JH=>= I AIJ=@ IJE? I A -IF= = I )>@ A K GKA ?K JEL=H AIJ= ?EA ?E= - !"& @@+ =I + HJAI @A ) ?= HA>= F=H= = AIJ= @A>E@ I = ) D= A 11 O AI O J=I @A
= @= HA= E =H F=@H
I J=H@A I 4AOAI +=J E? I H@A = A FHE AH A F=@H AH= @A IKI I >EJ I
= EA J CA
- FHE AH FHA?KHI H @A = AIJ=@ IJE?= J= O ? IA A JEA @A D O A @ = AI IE @K@= = CK = A E C I /4) 6 $ $%" 7JE E = @ @=J I @A CH ? I >JA E@ I A =I F=HH GKE=I @A @HAI AI ?=F= @A B H K =H AOAI @A L= E@A K ELAHI= O AIJE =H = F > =?E BKJKH= @A @HAI I @EI? FK I @A /4) 6 2-66; O 575 1 +0 IEA J= AIJK@E=H I BA A I @A =I=I =I >=IAI F=H=
- A IEC :811 @A B H = F=H= A = 2=I?= O .AH =J E E?E= A ? ?K @A FH >=>E E@=@AI JH=J= @ @A HAI LAH FH > A =I @A KAC I F = JA=@ I F H A ?=>= AH ,- -4 "
,1+- /- -4)
- A IEC :8111 )?DA M= %' %% E JH @K?A = F= =>H= -IJ=@ IJE?= EA ?E= @A =I ? I=I GKA FAHJA A?A = -IJ=@ = = @ -IJ=@ = J @ GKA AI K = I ?EA@=@ ?ELE O = F= I A GKA A = D=>EJ= ? GKA IA A ?KA JH= @A =?JEL O @A ABA?JEL = -IJ=@ IJE?= IA ?KF= @A I BA A I GKA FKA@A B=L HA?AH @ABA @AH = FH IFAHE@=@ @A K -IJ=@ = F JE ?= A IA = ? @A>A IAH I -IJ=@ I O = -IJ=@ IJE?= ANF E?= ? I HA= A JA - A IEC :1: IA @AI=HH = I F=H AJH I K E B H =?E BHA?E@= F H K I @=J I AIJ=@ IJE? I HE? I GKA HAIK A =
I JH=>= I @A /=KII *AH KE E =F =?A O *AIIA K EAH @=@ O = AIJK@E=H ? K J= A JA - =IJH 3KAJA AJ HA= E E F HJ= JAI =F E?=?E
= 2H >=>E E
AI @A = -IJ=@ IJE?=
- JHA = AI @A IEC :1: O FHE ?EFE I @A IEC :: 2A=HI /= J O .EIDAH BKAH ? IE@AH=@ I HAIFA?JEL= A JA I F=@HAI @A = E BAHA ?E= AIJ=@ IJE?= HACHAIE O ? HHA =?E O JA H = @A = E LAIJEC=?E
+K= @
1 @E=I
= -IJ=@ IJE?= IA D=?A
?E=
- FHE AH F= I GKA ?HA= K HC= EI ?E= @AFA @EA JA @A -IJ=@ F=H= I JH=>= I AIJ=@ IJE? I AI 5KA?E= GKA A %#$ ?HA= = + EIE @A - -IF= = A &#$ IA ?HA= = + EIE /A AH= @A = -IJ=@ IJE?= O A '"# IA ?HA= A 1 IJEJKJ =?E = @A -IJ=@ IJE?= 1 -
!
,E??E =HE 4)-
,ELAHI I IEC E ?=@ I @A J H E
-IJ=@ IJE?=
+EA ?E= HA?KA J @A = F > =?E @A I HA?KHI I =JKH= AI A E @KI JHE= AI @A JH ? @A ?K= GKEAH JH= = EBAIJ=?E @A K -IJ=@ FH LE ?E= FKA> ? =IA AJ? ! +EA ?E= GKA KJE E = ? K J I @A @=J I K HE? I F=H= >JA AH E BAH A ?E=I >=I=@=I A A ? ?K @A FH >=>E E@=@AI HA =JEL I = K CHKF @A E @ELE@K I
=H KIIA + K J @A @=J I @A >IAHL=?E K E@=@AI 5KA A KI=HIA A F KH=
= FHE AH= @A E?E =JA JE?= GKA IA @E @A AIJ=@ IJE?= BKA 7 ? K J @A @=J I K HE? I I >HA ?K= GKEAH ?KAIJE FHAIA J=@ I A J=> =I @A B H = IEIJA JE?= /A AH= A JA I =?AFJ= ? -IJ=@ IJE?= -I = +EA ?E= )F E?=@= GKA IA ?KF= @A AIJK@E @A I J @ I O FH ?A@E EA J I F=H= HA? CAH ? =IE ?=H HAIK EH = = E =H @=J I O D=?AH E BAHA ?E=I ?EA J ?=I = F=HJEH @A J= AI @=J I
2=HJA 1
-IJ=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= K E@E A IE =
+=F JK
6=> =I O CH
+

? I AIJ=@ IJE? I
JA E@ I @A JA =
2 > =?E O KAIJH= J @ AIJ=@ IJE?
! " # $ %
> AJ @A = -IJ=@ IJE?= +=H=?JAHAI AIJ=@ IJE? I 6=> =I @A BHA?KA ?E=I /H ? I AIJ=@ IJE? I AI @A BHA?KA ?E=I
6EF I @A @EIJHE>K?E

,A E?E ,A ,A E?E E?E
2 > =?E
?E EA J
KAIJH=
= ? K J B H =@ F H J @ I @A IAA A
J I ?KO ? F > =?E
5A = = F > =?E
5A @A
I E JAHAI=
E = E @ELE@K = ?=@= K
I A A A J I @A K =
= F > =?E
! 5A @A
?
E = KAIJH= = K IK>? K J E EJ=@ ANJH= @ @A > AJ @A HA@K?EH A ?= F @A ANFAHEA ?E=I KAIJH= IA D=?A ANJA IEL=I
J= =I FH FEA@=@AI GKA IA >JEA A @A = = J @= = F > =?E
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5
&

J @ AIJ=@ IJE?
2 = JA= EA J @A FH > A = 4A? CE@= @A @=J I
= 5A A??E @A = E B H =?E GKA AI ? LA EA JA >JA AH F=H= = HAI K?E @A FH > A = > - A??E @A = B H = A = GKA IA L= = >JA AH @E?D= E B H =?E A => H=?E @A A ?KAIJ=I I @A I ?A I I I @A I @A FE E ? 5A A??E @A I E @ELE@K I = I GKA IA AI L= = FA@EH E B H =?E J ? E?=I @A KAIJHA F > =?E O KAIJH=
! " 4A?KA J @A 5 JAIEI I @=J I >JA E@ I O FHAIA J=?E ? I 2=H AJH I O HA =?E AI @A I @=J I HC= E =?E
= - => H=?E > - => H=?E

#
@A J=> =I @A CH
4AIK A @A = E B H =?E
= >
$ )
A@E@=I @A ?A JH= E =?E A@E@=I @A @EIFAHIE EIEI @A = @EIJHE>K?E A@E@=I @A B H = A@E@=I @A ? JH=I A@E@=I =K @A FH >=>E IJE? ?A JH=?E
= > ?
% &
)@A?K=?E
1 BAHA ?E= AIJ=@ IJE?=
= -IJE =?E > + JH=IJA @A DEF JAIEI

' 6 = @A @A?EIE AI O FHA@E??E AI
!
K
> AJ @A = -IJ=@ IJE?=

= -IJ=@ IJE?= JEA A F H > AJ A @AI=HH @A J ? E?=I F=H= A ? ?E EA J HE? @A K ? K J = AIJ=@ IJE?= IA @ELE@A A @ I H= =I FHE ?EF= AI
-IJ=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= ?KO

? K J
> AJ AI AN= E =H
I E @ELE@K I @A K KAIJH=
-IJ=@ IJE?= E BAHA ?E= F H = GKA

IA I=?= ? ? KIE
A@E= JA A AIJK@E @A K = AI L E@=I F=H= = J J= E@=@
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5
'
"
,A E?E ,A
+=H=?JAHAI AIJ=@ IJE? I

" 5A = = ?=H ?JAH AIJ=@ IJE? = ?K= GKEAH ?=H=?JAH IJE?= >
I E @ELE@K I @A K = F > =?E
IAHL=> A @A
E?E " 5A @E?A GKA K ?=H ?JAH AI ?K= EJ=JEL =JHE>KJ IE IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H @A B H = K HE?= AI @A?EH IE AI A HAIK J=@ @A K = A@E@= ?=I ? JH=HE IA @E?A GKA A ?=H ?JAH AI ?K= JEJ=JEL L=HE=> A =I L=HE=> AI =I HAFHAIA J=HA I F H AJH=I =O I?K =I X, Y, Z, . . . ,A E?E " ! 5A @E?A GKA K = L=HE=> A AI @EI?HAJ= IE I HAI =EI =@ I - ?=I ? JH=HE IA @E?A GKA = L=HE=> A AI ? FKA@A J =H J @ I I L= HAI @A K E JAHL= ,A ,A
=JHE>KJ FKA@A J =H L= JE K= = I=>AH IE @= E@=@AI @A K
E?E
" " 5A = = @=J = ?=@= K = @A =I @EIJE J=I
E?E " # 5A = = L= H = ?=@= K = @A I @EIJE J I F IE> AI HAIK J=@ I @A K = L=HE=> A +=@= K @A I L= HAI @A K = L=HE=> A IA HAFHAIA J= F H xi =I L= HAI ? HHAIF @EA JAI = L=HE=> AI ? JE K=I IKA A ANFHAI=HIA =CHKF=@ I A E JAHL= I -IJ I E JAHL= I IA @A E = ? =IAI - AIJ= ?=I IA = = =H?= @A ? =IA = FK J A@E @A ?=@= ? =IA O IA HAFHAIA J= F H xi 2H F IE?E
? JE K= =
" 5E [a, b] HAFHAIA J= K = ? =IA @A L= HAI @A K = L=HE=> A

=H?= @A ? =IA xi IA ?= ?K = =I
xi = a+b 2
#
,A
6=> =I @A BHA?KA ?E=I
E?E # 5A = = BHA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= @A @=J i IE @A K =JHE>KJ @A L= H xi @A K = L=HE=> A @EI?HAJ= @A = ? =IA i IE = @A L= HAI @A K = L=HE=> A ? JE K= O IA HAFHAIA J= F H ni = AH @A LA?AI GKA IA HAFEJA A K HA?KA J AIJ=@ IJE? AH J J= @A @=J I @A K =JHE>KJ @A L= HAI @A K = L=HE=> A ? J= @ =I F IE> AI HAFAJE?E AI A K HA?KA J HAFHAIA J=HA I F HN 2H F IE?E ,A # 5A LAHE ?=
ni = N
E?E # - =I L=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I K = LA H@A =@ I I L= HAI =I ? =IAI @A B H = ?HA?EA JA IA = = BHA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= =?K K =@= ? H HAIF @EA JA = L= H i IE = = ? =IA i IE = O IA HAFHAIA J= F H Ni =
i
Ni =
k=1
nk
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

L= H @A = L=HE=> A @A @=J I N
>IAHL=?E
# = BHA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= =?K K =@= ? HHAIF @EA JA =

= = JE = ? =IA @A L= HAI @A>A ? E ?E@EH ?
JE A J J=
,A
E?E # ! 5A = = BHA?KA ?E= HA =JEL= @A @=J i IE @A K =JHE>KJ @A L= H xi @A K = L=HE=> A @EI?HAJ= @A = ? =IA i IE = @A L= HAI @A K = L=HE=> A ? JE K= O IA HAFHAIA J= F H fi = ? ?EA JA
fi = ni N
2H F IE?E
#
5A LAHE ?=
fi = 1
E?E # " - =I L=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I K = LA H@A =@ I I L= HAI =I ? =IAI @A B H = ?HA?EA JA IA = = BHA?KA ?E= HA =JEL= =?K K =@= ? HHA IF @EA JA = L= H i IE = = ? =IA i IE = O IA HAFHAIA J= F H Fi =
i
,A
Fi =
k=1
fk
L= H @A = L=HE=> A
>IAHL=?E
#
= BHA?KA ?E= HA =JEL= =?K K =@= ? HHAIF = = JE = ? =IA @A L= HAI @A>A IAH
@EA JA =
JE
>IAHL=?E # ! =I BHA?KA ?E=I HA =JEL=I J= J IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H A B H = @A BH=??E A B F E?= F H K = BHA?KA ?E= HA =JEL= ANFHAI=@= A B F H?A J= A @A J J= @A @=J I ? HHAIF @EA JA = @E?D L=HE=> A
IACKEH I 6
IE F AI ? =?K K =@=I H = @A?E = 5E IA K JE H = @A?E = IA >JEA A A =JHE>KJ @A L= HAI @A = I F=I I =
2H F IE?E
# ! ) C HEJ
F=H= =CHKF=H A E JAHL= I
= I? AH @A E JAHL= I I = N IE N AI K ?K=@H=@ FAHBA?J > [ N ] + 1 IE N AI K ?K=@H=@ FAHBA?J

Rango I
Rango = V alor M aximo V alor M inimo
) F EJK@ @A ?=@= E JAHL=
$
/H
? I AIJ=@ IJE? I
I IECKEA JAI CH ? I AIJ=@ IJE? I
5A AIJK@E=H
,E=CH= = @A >=HH=I
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

0EIJ CH= = 2 C @A BHA?KA ?E=I
,E=CH= = @A IA?J HAI 2EH /H E@AI @A F > =?E ? A AIFEH=
%
,A
6EF I @A @EIJHE>K?E
AI @A BHA?KA ?E=I
E?E % = =HA I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A BHA?KA ?E=I @A JEF 1 = =GK =I A =I ?=@= L= H @A = L=HE=> A =F=HA?A K = I = LA 5K JH=J= EA J AIJ=@ IJE? IA HA@K?A = HAFHAIA J=H I @=J I @A = AH= H@A =@= ,A E?E % = =HA I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A BHA?KA ?E=I @A JEF 11 = =GK =I A =I GKA = CK @A I L= HAI @A = L=HE=> A =F=HA?A I @A K = LA 7IK= A JA I F ? I I L= HAI @A = L=HE=> A O A ?= >E IA @EIF A @A K?D=I >IAHL=?E AI 2=H= IK AIJK@E IA HAFHAIA J= H@A = @ I @=J I A J=> =I @A BHA?KA ?E=I ,A E?E % ! = =HA I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A BHA?KA ?E=I @A JEF 111 = =GK =I A =I GKA IA @EIF A I @=J I @A B H = =CHKF=@= +K= @ A AH @A >IAHL=?E AI O A @A L= HAI AI KO CH= @A GKA CA AH= A JA ?KHHA A =I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A L=HE=> A ? JE K= IA HA= E = K = F=HJE?E @A ?= F @A L=HE=?E @A = L=HE=> A A E JAHL= I @A ? =IA @A ECK= @EBAHA JA = F EJK@ O IA HA= E = =I ? HHAIF @EA JAI J=> =I @A BHA?KA ?E=I
&
- AH?E?E I @A JA =
- AH?E?E 7 B=>HE?= JA @A J H E I @AIA= D=?AH K ? JH @A ?= E@=@ 2=H= A HA? CA K @A ?=@= J H E I B=>HE?=@ I O = = E = - ? K J @A J H E I = = E =@ AI F > =?E KAIJH= F H GK - AH?E?E
7 ?= FAIE F IAA % C= E =I 2=H= FH >=H = A ?=?E= @A K KAL JEF @A = E A J I =I FAI= = J @=I = JAI O @AIFK I @A I LAE JA @ =I GKA @KH= A JH=J= EA J - ? K J @A AI=I % C= E =I AI F > =?E KAIJH=
- AH?E?E ! +K
= JAHE H GK
AI A ?=H ?JAH IA A??E =@ A = F > =?E @A FH > A = -I ?K= EJ=JEL ?K= JEJ=JEL @EI?HAJ ?K= JEJ=JEL ? JE K F H
- AH?E?E " 2 = JA= K FH > A = A A GKA
I E @ELE@K I @A = F > =?E = = = E =H IA= A JE@=@AI >= ?=HE=I O A ?=H ?JAH AIJK@E=@ IA= A AH @A ?KA J=? HHA JEIJ=I +K F @H IAH = F > =?E
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5
- AH?E?E # 7 B=>HE?= JA @A L=I I @A LE@HE GKEAHA AIJK@E=H = HAIEIJA ?E=
GKA FHAIA J= = = H JKH= - FH ?A@E EA J ? IEIJA A I AJAH I = FHAIE AI F=K =JE = A JA ?HA?EA JAI D=IJ= GKA IA F=HJA 2KA@A D=?AH A AIJK@E I >HA = F > =?E @A>A I=?=H K = KAIJH= 2 H GK
- AH?E?E $
I J=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= J=
J @ I KJE E =@ I A A A AH?E?E I HA =JEL I = = AI = = E BAHA ?E= O I @A A AH?E?E 4= = = HAIFKAI
- AH?E?E % 5A D= A ?KAIJ=@ =
/ AH AH 0 $ $ # ! ?KHI & ! " # " % & $
I =K I @A K ?A JH 7 = @A =I FHA CK J=I AI A JEF @A A?JKH= GKA FHA AHA 0A =GK =I HAIFKAIJ=I @EIJE CKEA @ ?KHI O IAN @A A ?KAIJ=@ 0 & # " & $ $ ?KHI ' " " " ! $ " ! 0 " & " " ?KHI $ " ' ! & % & + 7 0 ! # ! # " $ ! + 7 # & & $ # & !
EJAH .= J +EA ? .E?? ,ELK +EA LA 2 E LA AIJ . J LA =I ,E=HE I J 4ALEI ,AF 4ALEI + H= JH=I =@=
# $
2=H= HAI LAH =I IECKEA JAI FHACK J=I ? FE= = J=> = A F=FA =F=HJA @A = @ DKA? I F=H= D=?AH IK =I F=H?E= AI + AL K?E = = = ?E = = A?JKH= ? IE?= = F=I=H I = I -I @A?EH GK FH F H?E @A I = K I @A JEA A = ?E = = EJAH=JKH= ? IE?= ; @A +K AI I =I A?JKH=I A = = A F H?A J= A +K AI I =I GKA IKBHA A - ?K I L=HE=?E @A =I I KAIJH= A HAF=HJ @A = F > =?E ' "" % ! % $ % % '! " % '% $ % # % '" !$ % &% % " % '# !" % $% $ % "% '$ '% #% & % &% A @A A =I IA ? J= I A =K A J
= A@=@
) = LEIJ= @A = J=> = IA = = =IFA?J I E JAHAI= JAI O AIJ @E= I 0= JA KAL=I FHACK J=I O HAIF
- AH?E?E & =I IECKEA JAI J=> =I

-IF= = K E?EFE I 0=IJ= # D= ,A # = ,A = I @A ' # % &% % '% ' "& % ! % % %
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5
!
K E?EFE I @A D=> E AI
' & $ %
' ' ' %
' !%
'! ! $%
'" # '%
'# & %
'$ ! " %
- 51 % GKA =F=HA?A A = FHE AH= ?=IE = @A = J=> = FHE AH= IEC E ?= GKA A ' A 51 % @A I AIF= AI LEL = A K E?EFE I @A D=IJ= # D=>EJ= JAI = IK = @A I AH I @A = FHE AH= ? K = AI # & ' -H= @A AIFAH=H AIJA HAIK J=@ 5K = =I @A I ? K =I O ANF E?= = GK IA @A>A I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I 2 @A I @A?EH GKA A ' I @A = K E?EFE I @A A I @A # D=>EJ= JAI EJ=@ @A I AIF= AI LEL = A
EH= = IACK @= J=> = 3K IEC E ?= A & $ @A = FHE AH= ?=IE = -I CE? GKA I AH I @A =I IK?AIEL=I ?=IE =I IA= ?=@= LA I CH= @AI A EH= = FHE AH= = O @E ? K E?EFE I FAGKA I D= AL K?E =@ = FH F H?E @A AIF= AI
+= ?K = ?K J I AIF= AI D=> = A ' A K E?EFE I @A D=IJ= # D=>EJ= JAI 0= JH J= J F=H= I @A I = I O >IAHL=H I GKA A AH J J= IA A ?KA JH= HA =JEL= A JA AIJ=>E E =@ += ?K = A AH @A AIF= AI GKA LEL = A K E?EFE I @A I @A D=>EJ= JAI A ?=@= K @A AIJ I = I O >IAHL= A AIFA?J=?K =H =K A J GKA IA D= E@ FH @K?EA @ AH @A ?EK@=@AI @A AIA J= = J= >E =K A J = = = + ? HAJ= A JA D=> = $ A ' A '! O " A '# += ?K = A J= = A@E @A AI=I ?EK@=@AI A ?=@= K @A AIJ I = I
- AH?E?E ' $! " & " "% %& $ &!
K = CH= >=HHE=@= I $' # ' ! !" % ' &#
AH @A FAHI &! # %# !! ' !! '! &# !% !& '$ $! % '!
=I GKA LELA A ?=@= K '! % ! "! '' $' $ & %! !' %! %" %$ $ & # $ $ " &$ ' % '" " ' '% && % !!
@A " ! ' &% &" %% ##
I F HJ= AI @A # % #$ '& " ' "!
5A JH=J= @A K = L=HE=> A @EI?HAJ= 5E A >=HC A DA?D @A GKA D=O= K = C= = J= CH= @A @A L= HAI @A $ = #$ =? IA = GKA IA =CHKFA A E JAHL= I O IA I AJ= = K JH=J= EA J ? IE @A K = L=HE=> A ? JE K= IA JH=J=H= 2 H AI 4AF=HJA I & @=J I A I E JAHL= I
(60, 76]; (92, 108]; (108, 124]; (124, 140]; (140, 156]
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5
"
IJHKOA K = J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I O A DEIJ CH= = ? HHAIF @EA JA
- AH?E?E - A CH ? IA
I @= A ?=@= = A AH J J= @A F=H=@ I O A AH @A I GKA A JHA A I HA?E>A =OK@= + JAIJ= IE =I IECKEA JAI = H =?E AI I LAH@=@AH=I B= I=I AH J J= @A F=H=@ I D= E@ =K A J= @ AH @A F=H=@ I GKA HA?E>A =OK@= D= E@ =K A J= @
- =K A J @A AH J J= @A F=H=@ I @A '&" = '&# AI @A =FH NE =@= A JA K 6 % = FH F H?E @A F=H=@ I IE IACKH @A @AIA F A AI FH ?JE?= A JA = = A '&! GKA A '&" '&# AI A = ? =O H FH F H?E @A F=H=@ I ? EI
IACKH @A @AIA F A
2KAIJ GKA I @=J I @A '&# I D=IJ= K E = =I ?= JE@=@AI IA D=>H @KF E?=@
FH >=> A A JA = =?=>=H =
- AH?E?E 6EF I @A FEH E@AI @A F > =?E 5AC A FAH = FEH E@A FKA@A BHA?AH A JHA JH=I =I IECKEA JAI B H =I F=C @= >K > O =I @A FEGKA =I JEA AI A A CH ? =I FA?K E=HE@=@AI @A =I ? HHAIF @EA JAI F > =?E AI IA @AI?HE>A = ? JE K=?E A JH H@A
) 1 @E?= K = F > =?E GKA A = C F H = GKA IA FH @K?A K = @EI E K?E @AIFK I IA HA?KFAH= * 4AFHAIA J= K = F > =?E I?A I @A = =J= E@=@ + 4AFHAIA J= K = F > =?E A J D= IKBHE@ = CK = ?HEIEI BKAHJA @A IKI ABA?JEL I @A = ?K=
A FH ?AI @A A LA A?E EA J @A>E@ = @A LA ? K = =J= E@=@ A AL=@=
)I ?E= ?=@= @AI?HEF?E ? K = CH ?= 5E JA @E?A GKA =I F > =?E AI @A 5KA ?E= E? O 75) HAIF @A = AI I JHAI JEF I ?K ?HAAI GKA ? HHAIF @AH = ?=@= ?K=
- AH?E?E
= CH ?= ! ? HHAIF @EA JA = = ? E J CH= = HAFHAIA J= I @A KLE= O A F C =I JA FAH=JKH=I ) = LEIJ= @A = CH ?= ? BA??E =I J=> =I ? HHAIF @EA JAI 4AFHAIA J= @A B H = IE 5A>=IJE @A EI = ! "# . % !# ! ) % " !# # # )
=J C = @A 5ALE = A DEI @A BHA?KA ?E=I HAFHAIA J= = @A B H = =FH NE =@= E =H = ? E =J C = @A 5= 5 ! # , # #
!
' &
% '
@ @A = IACK @= = HAFHAIA J= = JA FAH=JKH= ANFHAI=@= A F KLE IE@=@ ANFHAI=@= A
+ O = JAH?AH= =
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5
#
- AH?E?E ! @A %$ O = @A F=H A AIA =
AH J J= @A F=H=@ I A -IF= = = = @A '&# BKAH ' +K BKA A
= AI @A '&" BKA @E?A @A =K A J
2910000 100 = 107, 14 2716000 ,A?E I GKA A =K A J @A F=H D= IE@ @KH= JA A = '&# @A 7, 14 % 6= >E IA @E?A GKA A F=H D= =K A J=@ % " FK J I >EA @A %" 5E A AH @A F=H=@ I = = @A '&$ D= IE@ !"% ?K AI A @E?A @A =K A J @A F=H @KH= JA A = '&$
- AH?E?E " = ? JE =?E

= GKA CKH= A %# . & ) %
A@E= @A @ =H A FJ=I BKA @KH= JA A = = IECKEA JA J=> = %# %# $& ) $" 5 $' $ $
'&# , #$
&!
0= = CH ?= GKA HA A A = AL K?E @A AIJ= IAHEA JA F H= F C @A BHA ?KA ?E=I +K AI A @E?A @A L=HE=?E @A A AH = BA>HAH ; @A BA>HAH = =H ; @A =H = =>HE
- AH?E?E #
"& . "
E AI @A @ =HAI "
I E CHAI I F H JKHEI A -IF= = @KH= JA '&# D= IE@ I HA A =@ I A = IECKEA JA J=> = ) #" $ $$ ) 5 ' ' #
, #
0= = CH
?= ? HHAIF
@EA JA E D= ANFAHE A J=@ '&! # '&" " =I IECKEA JAI IK>E@=I '&$ !
- AH?E?E $ - I= =HE
) @E?A @A 5K>E@=
'&#
5E A I= =HE E = = AI @A '& AH= @A & FJ=I ?K IAH = = = @A ?=@= K @A I = I '&! '&" '&# '&$ +K IAH A @E?A @A =K A J @A '&! = '&$ 2=H= >JA AH @ELE@A A I= =HE E = = @A '&$ A JHA & FJ=I GKA AH= A I= =HE E = ? EA @A '&! + FHKA>= GKA A HAIK J=@ ? E ?E@A ? A FH @K?J 1, 05 1, 24 1, 10 1, 13
- AH?E?E % 0= K DEIJ CH= = GKA HAFHAIA JA =I AIJ=JKH=I A

"!# I @=@ I 6= = I @ # $ #$ &$ $ #! $" & $& '#! % &$ %$ #% & &#
AJH I @A
&" $
&& '
2=H= A =I ?E= = ?=@= L= H K E JAHL= @A " ? ?A JH=@ A A FK J GKA =F=HA?A A = J=> = 2 H A A F = # A ? HHAIF @A A E JAHL= # #" AJ?
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5
$
- AH?E?E & 6A A
-@=@ I @ # '
I = IECKEA JA @EIJHE>K?E # ! #
@A A@=@AI @A K = F > =?E # # ! % ! " !$ " &"
# &#
>IAHL= GKA I E JAHL= I I @A = EI = CEJK@ 6A EA @ AIJ A ?KA J= =CH F= I A E JAHL= I @A = I F=H= I I = ?E= I FKA@AI HAF=HJEH I &" E @ELE@K I A ?K=JH F=HJAI ECK= AI FKAI IE = HAFHAIA J=?E FKA@A IAH A C= I= 0= A DEIJ CH= = ? HHAIF @EA JA
- AH?E?E ' 7 ?EAHJ @ = FKIEAH
F H 68 K = FA ?K = = =I D O K @A>=JA = =I ! D 5A D= A ?KAIJ=@ = !& FAHI =I - HAIK J=@ IA HA A = A = IECKEA JA J=> = 8EAH FA ?K = LEAH FA ?K = 8EAH @A>=JA &% I KAIJH= = CK I @A LEAH @A>=JA % !& JA E@ I HA =?E =@ I
" I?
- AH?E?E = J=> = "

? = A ECH=?E
A -IF= =
EH= =JA J= A JA = J=> = O ANF E?= A IEC E ?=@ @A I AH I 2 H AA F GK IEC E ?= I AH I a11 = 5368; a17 = 28475; a74 = 91064; a77 = 386827 2=H= AIJK@E=H C >= A JA I @AIJE I @A I A ECH= JAI ANFHAI= I @A = JE = ? K = A J= J I F H ?EA J @A J J= AH I
2=I= = F H?A J= AI @A IKI ? HHAIF @EA JAI J J= AI I @=J I @A =I HAIJ= JAI ? K =I + F=H= ? I @A = ? K = @A J J= AI O ANJH=A = CK =I ? IA?KA ?E=I GKA HA =?E A =I FHABAHA ?E=I @A I KC=HAI @A @AIJE ? A J= = @A KC=H @A FH ?A@A ?E=
- AH?E?E - K = HAIE@A ?E= D=O &# = ?E= I #' BK =
$ JEA A =BA??E AI FK =HAI 2AH I D=O ! GKA =K GKA BK A JEA A =BA??E AI FK =HAI 0= K = J=> = @A ? JE CA ?E= O =LAHECK= +K J I D=O GKA BK A O JA C= =BA??E AI FK AI FK AI FK =HAI =HAI =HAI
3K FH F H?E 3K FH F H?E
@A BK =@ HAI JEA A =BA??E @A
BK =@ HAI JEA A =BA??E
- AH?E?E
1 JAHFHAJ= =I IECKEA JAI J=> =I AIJ=@ IJE?=I # 5A HA AHA = I FHE AH I # I HJA I @A = JAH = 2HE EJEL= 3K IEC E ?= A ?=@= K = I @ I AH I AI?HEJ I A ?=@= ?=IE = +K BKA = ? >E =?E C= =@ H= @A = JE = IA = = ; @A = = JAHE H ;
+)2 67
6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5
%
- AH?E?E ! = J=> = $
I KAIJH= = A ?=?E= @A = CK I AGKEF I @A >= ?AIJ -IJ J =@= @A K FAHE @E? @AIFK I @A = $= H =@= @A ?= FA =J '&# &$ +=@= AGKEF FHAIA J= JHAI FH F H?E AI K = F H ?=@= JEF @A JEH -IJ=I FH F H?E AI LEA A @=@=I A B H = @A BH=??E F H A A F $ #! IEC E ?= $ ?= =IJ=I CH=@=I @A #! E JA J I 5A =@LEAHJA = CK I AHH HAI 2 H A A F IE A *=H?A = A ?AIJ "# ?= =IJ=I @A ! FK J I @A O $ @A FK J IK FK JK=?E J J= @A>AH = IAH
45 3 + 210 2 + 61 1 = 616
A J= J GKA A
= J=> =
CKH= $&
EI
?KHHA ? AI @A
A HAIJ @A
I AGKEF I
+ HHECA A JK ?K=@AH
=I FK JK=?E
I ?K=JH FHE AH I AGKEF I
2=H= AI I EI I ?K=JH AGKEF I IKF ? HHA?J=I =I FK JK=?E AI O @ E ?= A AH @A ?= =IJ=I @A ! FK J I @A @A @A B H = GKA = KIJA I @=J I + FHKA>= F=H= AI I ?= ?K =@ I += ?K = EI I ?K=JH AGKEF I IE I KC=HAI I F H?A J= AI AIJ >EA K CKE
I @=J I GKA B= J= A
=H?=@ I ?
+=F JK
2=H
+

AJH I AIJ=@ IJE? I
JA E@ I @A JA =
A@E@=I @A ?A JH= E =?E
= > ? @ A B C
A@E= =HEJ A@E= =HEJ A@E= = @= A@E= CA A@E= =H
JE?= IE F A JE?= F @AH=@=
JHE?= E?=
A@E= ?K=@H JE?=
A@E@=I @A F IE?E
= +K=HJE AI @A?E AI O FAH?A JE AI >

! A J I ?A JH= AI A@E@=I @A @EIFAHIE
= 4A? HHE@ > ,AILE=?E ? 8=HE= = @ ,AILE=?E A ,AILE=?E B ,AILE=?E

"
H= C A@E= HAIFA?J = = J FE?= ?K=HJ E?= FAH?A J E?= ' A@E=
C 8=HE=> A JEFE ?=@=

A@E@=I @A =IE AJH = &
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
'
= + A ?EA JA @A =IE AJH =

# A@E@=I @A =FK J= EA J ?KHJ IEI ?KHJ IEI
= + A ?EA JA @A =FK J= EA J
A@E@=I @A ?A JH= E =?E
7 = A@E@= @A ?A JH= E =?E FH A@E AI A L= H GKA AI ?=F= @A HAFHA IA J=H J @ I I @=J I @A K = @EIJHE>K?E AIJ=@ IJE?=

5
A@E= =HEJ
JE?= IE F A
JEA A IA JE@ F=H= L=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I
,A
E?E ,=@= K = L=HE=> A AIJ=@ IJE?= X IA @A A IK A@E= =HEJ JE?= IE F A O IA HAFHAIA J= F H X ? A ? ?EA JA A JHA = IK = @A J @ I I @=J I O A AH J J= @A A I
xi
- @EIJHE>K?E
AI @A JEF 1 X =
N xi ni
i
- @EIJHE>K?E
AI @A JEF 11 X =
N xi ni
i
@EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 111 X = N =H?=I @A ? =IA @A I E JAHL= I @A ? =IA
@A xi HAFHAIA J=
=I
6A HA =

=
A@E= =HEJ
JE?= ?K F A =I IECKEA JAI FH FEA@=@AI IJ= JA C J= AI GKA Y =
,=@=I @ I L=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I X, Y O K = ? CX IA JEA A Y = CX ,=@=I @ I L=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I X, Y O K = ? X + C IA JEA A Y =X +D
IJ= JA C J= AI GKA Y =
,=@=I JHAI L=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I X, Y, Z J= AI GKA Z = X + Y IA JEA A

Z =X +Y
"
- J @= @EIJHE>K?E AIJ=@ IJE?= IA LAHE ?= GKA = IK = @A =I @AILE=?E @A J @ I I @=J I HAIFA?J = = A@E= =HEJ JE?= AI K = AIJ AI
(xi X )ni = 0
i
AI
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
A@E= =HEJ
JE?= F
@AH=@=
- @AJAH E =@=I @EIJHE>K?E AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I AI J HE GKA J @ I I L= HAI @A = L=HE=> A JEA A = EI = E KA ?E= O F H A = ?=@= L= H IA A =IEC = K ? A ?EA JA @EBAHA ?E=@ H = =@ FAI GKA HAFHAIA J=HA I F H pi
,A
E?E 5A = = A@E= =HEJ JE?= F @AH=@= @A = L=HE=> A X GKA J = L= HAI x1 , x2 , . . . , xN ? FAI I HAIFA?JEL I p1 , p2 , . . . , pN O HAFHAIA J= I F H Xp = AH xi pi
Xp =
i
pi
i
!
,A
A@E= =
E?E ! 5A = = A@E= = @A K = @EIJHE>K?E O IA @AIEC = F H M e = AH J= GKA H@A =@ I I @=J I @A B H = ?HA?EA JA @A?HA?EA JA = EJ=@ I E BAHE HAI = @E?D AH O = JH= EJ=@ I IKFAHE HAI = @E?D AH 2=H= ?= ?K =H = A@E= = @A K = @EIJHE>K?E IA FH ?A@A =I
- @EIJHE>K?E IJHKOA = J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I N =>I KJ=I =?K K =@=I ? HHAIF @EA JA = = @EIJHE>K?E O IA ?= ?K = 2 N = 5E D=O K L= H ?KO= BHA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= =?K K =@= IA= ECK= = 2 A@E= = M e IA ?= ?K = ? = A@E= =HEJ JE?= @A IJA O A IECKEA JA - ?=I ? JH=HE = A@E= = M e IAH A FHE AH L= H ?KO= BHA?KA ?E= N =>I KJ= =?K K =@= IKFAHA = 2 - @EIJHE>K?E IJHKOA = J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I =>I KJ=I N =?K K =@=I ? HHAIF @EA JA = = @EIJHE>K?E O IA ?= ?K = - FHE AH 2 N E JAHL= ?KO= BHA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= =?K K =@= IKFAHA ECK= A = AI A 2 = =@ E JAHL= A@E= 5KF C= I GKA AIJA E JAHL= AI A @A AN JHA I Li1 , Li - J ?AI = A@E= = M e IA ?= ?K = ? = B H K=
N Ni1 M e = Li1 + 2 ai ni
AI @A JEF 1
@A JEF 11 5A ?
AI @A JEF 111 5A ?
"
-I K F=H
@=
AJH =@A?K=@ J= J F=H= L=HE=> AI ? F=H= =JHE>KJ I
,A
EC = F H M o ?
E?E
" 5A @A A =
@= @A K = @EIJHE>K?E AIJ=@ IJE?= O IA @AI A L= H @A = L=HE=> A = GKA ? HHAIF @A =O H BHA?KA ?E=
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
- @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 1 IJA ? IAH = K = @=
?AFJ ?=HA?A @A E JAH I FKAI ?=@= L= H
- @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 11 7 = LA ? IJHKE@= = J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I =>I KJ=I = @= LA @H @=@= F H A L= H L= HAI = =I GKA ? HHAIF @= =O H BHA?KA ?E= - AIJ=I @EIJHE>K?E AI FKA@A D=>AH I @A K = @= ?=I A A GKA IA = = @EIJHE>K?E AI >E @= AI JHE @= AI . . . IE >EA IA =? IJK >H= = @A?EH GKA = @EIJHE>K?E ?=HA?A @A @= ?K= @ FHAIA J= I @A @ I - @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 111 5A = = E JAHL= @= = =GKA = GKA ? HHAIF @A =O H BHA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= 5KF C= I GKA @E?D E JAHL= JEA A @A ANJHA I Li1 , Li O GKA J @ I I E JAHL= I I @A ECK= = F EJK@ a - AIJA ?=I = @= AI K L= H IEJK=@ @A JH @A AIJA E JAHL= O IA ?= ?K = ? = B H K= ni+1 M o = Li1 + a ni1 + ni+1
#
,A
>JA E@ =I
A@E= CA
# 5A = =
JHE?=
A@E= CA JHE?= O IA @AIEC = F H G = AH
E?E
- @EIJHE>K?E
AI @A JEF 1
G=
x1 x2 xN
- @EIJHE>K?E
AI @A JEF 11 O 111
N
G=
nk n2 1 xn 1 x2 xk ; n1 + n2 + + nk = N
$
,A E?E
A@E= ?K=@H JE?=

$ 5A = =
A@E= =HEJ A@E= ?K=@H JE?= O IA @AIEC = F H C = = H= JE?= @A I ?K=@H=@ I @A I L= HAI @A = L=HE=> A
?K=@H=@= @A = 5A ?= ?K = =I
- @EIJHE>K?E
AI @A JEF 1
N
C=
x2 1
x2 2
+ + N
x2 N
x2 i =
i=1
- @EIJHE>K?E
AI @A JEF 11 O 111
N
C=
x2 1 n1
x2 2 n2
+ + N
x2 k nk
x2 i ni =
i=1
; n1 + n2 + + nk = N
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
%
,A
? @A =
A@E= =H
A@E= =HEJ JE?= @A
E?=
E?= O IA @AIEC = F H H = L= H HA? FH I L= HAI HA? FH ? I @A = L=HE=> A 5A ?= ?K = =I
N
N i=1
E?E
% 5A = = A@E= =H
AI @A JEF 1
H=
- @EIJHE>K?E
N = 1 1 1 + + + x1 x2 xN
1 xi
- @EIJHE>K?E
H=
AI @A JEF 11 O 111
N
N i=1
N = 1 1 1 n1 + n2 + + nk x1 x2 xk
1 ni xi
; n1 + n2 + + nk = N
6A HA =
- JHA I @EIJE J I JEF I @A
A@E=I IA LAHE ?= = IECKEA JA HA =?E
A@E@=I @A F IE?E

,A
+K=HJE AI @A?E AI O FAH?A JE AI

I JHAI
E?E I ?K=HJE AI IA HAFHAIA J= F H Qp ; p = 1, 2, 3 O I AH I GKA @ELE@A = = @EIJHE>K?E A ?K=JH F=HJAI ECK= AI
- @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 1 Q1 AI A L= H J= GKA A 25 % @A I @=J I I = JAHE HAI = O A 75 % HAIJ= JA I F IJAHE HAI - IACK @ ?K=HJE Q2 ? E ?E@A ? = A@E= = O A JAH?AH ?K=HJE Q3 IAF=H= A 75 % @A I @=J I = JAHE HAI = @A 25 % F IJAHE HAI =
N 2N N 3N - @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 11 5A ? IE@AH= I L= HAI , = , 4 4 2 4 O IA >IAHL= I L= HAI @A = L=HE=> A F=H= I GKA IA ECK= = IKFAH= AIJ I AH I A = ? K = @A BHA?KA ?E=I =>I KJ=I =?K K =@=I
- =I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 111 5A= Li1 , Li A E JAHL= A A GKA IA A ?KA JH= A ?K=HJE Qp -IJA E JAHL= IA @AJAH E = FH ?A@EA @ ECK= GKA A =I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 11 - J ?AI A ?K=HJE Qp IA ?= ?K = ? = B H K= pN Ni1 a i ; p = 1 , 2, 3 Qp = Li1 + 4 ni
,A
KALA
E?E
I @A?E AI IA HAFHAIA J= F H Dp ; p = 1, 2, . . . , 9 O I AH I GKA @ELE@A = = @EIJHE>K?E A @EA F=HJAI ECK= AI
- @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 1 D1 @A = = JAHE HAI = K 10 % @A K 20 % AJ? + AH= @A AIFAH=H D5 = M e
I @=J I D2
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
N 2N 9N - @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 11 5A ? IE@AH= I L= HAI , ,..., O 10 10 10 IA >IAHL= I L= HAI @A = L=HE=> A F=H= I GKA IA ECK= = IKFAH= AIJ I AH I A = ? K = @A BHA?KA ?E=I =>I KJ=I =?K K =@=I
- =I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 111 5A= Li1 , Li A E JAHL= A A GKA IA A ?KA JH= A @A?E Dp -IJA E JAHL= IA @AJAH E = FH ?A@EA @ ECK= GKA A =I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 11 - J ?AI A @A?E Dp IA ?= ?K = ? = B H K= pN Ni1 Dp = Li1 + 10 ai ; p = 1, 2, . . . , 9 ni
,A
I
LA J= O KALA
E?E
I FAH?A JE AI IA HAFHAIA J= F H Pp ; p = 1, 2, . . . , 99 O I AH I GKA @ELE@A = = @EIJHE>K?E A ?EA F=HJAI ECK= AI
- @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 1 P1 AI A L= H J= GKA A 1 % @A I @=J I I = JAHE HAI = O A 99 % HAIJ= JA I F IJAHE HAI - JAH?AH FAH?A JE P3 IAF=H= A 3 % @A I @=J I = JAHE HAI = @A 97 % F IJAHE HAI = -LE@A JA A JA P50 = D5 = Q2 = M e
N 2N 99N - @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 11 5A ? IE@AH= I L= HAI , ,..., 100 100 100 O IA >IAHL= I L= HAI @A = L=HE=> A F=H= I GKA IA ECK= = IKFAH= AIJ I AH I A = ? K = @A BHA?KA ?E=I =>I KJ=I =?K K =@=I
- =I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 111 5A= Li1 , Li A E JAHL= A A GKA IA A ?KA JH= A FAH?A JE Pp -IJA E JAHL= IA @AJAH E = FH ?A@EA @ ECK= GKA A =I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A JEF 11 - J ?AI A FAH?A JE Pp IA ?= ?K = ? = B H K=
pN Ni1 100 Pp = Li1 + ai ; p = 1, 2, . . . , 99 n1
A J I ?A JH= AI
= F=H
,A
E?E
" 5A = = AJH AIJ=@ IJE?

k =
A J ?A JH= @A H@A k O IA HAFHAIA J= F H k

(xi X )k ni
A A L= H @A
>IAHL=?E
+K= J
N =O H IA= A H@A k @A A J I E KOA A J ? HHAIF @EA JA I L= HAI KO = A =@ I @A = A@E=
Xk
!
?
A@E@=I @A @EIFAHIE
=I A@E@=I @A @EIFAHIE @A K = @EIJHE>K?E AIJ=@ IJE?= IA ? HHAIF @A ?K= GKEAH F=H AJH GKA E@= = FH NE E@=@ = A = EA J ANEIJA JA A JHA I @=J I
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
"
!
,A E?E
4A? HHE@
H= C
A ?E= A JHA
! 5A = = HA? HHE@ H= C O IA HAFHAIA J= F H Re = = @EBAH I L= HAI NE O E @A = L=HE=> A AI @A?EH

Re = xmax xmin
!
,A
,AILE=?E
A@E= HAIFA?J = =
A@E=
E?E ! 5A @A A = @AILE=?E A@E= HAIFA?J = = A@E= @A K = = A@E= =HEJ JE?= @A I L= HAI L=HE=> A X O IA HAFHAIA J= F H DX ? =>I KJ I @A =I @AILE=?E AI @A I @=J I HAIFA?J = IK A@E= =HEJ JE?= 8EA A @=@= F H = B H K = |xi X |ni DX = N
!!
,A
8=HE=
E?E ! ! 5A @A A = L=HE= = @A K = @EIJHE>K?E ? = A@E= =H EJ JE?= @A I ?K=@H=@ I @A =I @AILE=?E AI @A I @=J I HAIFA?J = IK A@E= =HEJ JE?= 5A HAFHAIA J= F H 2 O LEA A @=@= F H = B H K =
=
2
(xi X )2 ni N
6A HA =
! 5A LAHE ?=
2 = X 2 X 2 = 2
2
!"
,A
,AILE=?E
J FE?=
E?E ! " 5A = = @AILE=?E J FE?= O IA HAFHAIA J= F H = = H= ?K=@H=@= F IEJEL= @A = L=HE= = AI @A?EH = + 2
= @AILE=?E J FE?= = =@= J= >E @AILE=?E ?K=@H JE?= A@E= @AILE=?E AIJ @=H AI = A@E@= @A @EIFAHIE I BHA?KA JA A JA KJE E =@= 7IK= A JA K = @EIJHE>K?E AIJ=@ IJE?= IA IKA A ?=H=?JAHE =H @A K @ =>HALE=@ E @E?= @ I = A JA I L= HAI @A IK A@E= O @A IK @AILE=?E J FE?=
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
!#
,A
,AILE=?E
?K=HJ E?=
E?E ! # 5A = = @AILE=?E ?K=HJ E?= HA? HHE@ IA EE JAH?K=HJ E? @A K = @EIJHE>K?E O IA @AIEC = F H DC ? = EJ=@ @A = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA I ?K=HJE AI JAH?AH O FHE AH = I=>AH
DC = Q3 Q1 2
!$
,A
,AILE=?E
FAH?A J E?= '
E?E ! $ 5A = = @AILE=?E FAH?A J E?= ' HA? HHE@ IA EFAH ?A J E? ' @A K = @EIJHE>K?E O IA @AIEC = F H DP1090 ? = EJ=@ @A = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA I FAH?A JE AI LA J= O @EA = I=>AH
DP1090 = P90 P10 2
!%
8=HE=> A JEFE ?=@=
+K= @ IA GKEAHA ? F=H=H @ I @EIJHE>K?E AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I @ I A@E@=I GKA IA= = A@E= =HEJ JE?= O = @AILE=?E J FE?= AI A?AI=HE A E E =H = E KA ?E= @A AIJ=I @ I A@E@=I ?K= IA D=?A ? IE@AH= @ K KAL= L=HE=> A F=H= ?=@= K = @A =I @EIJHE>K?E AI = ? F=H=H GKA IA = = L=HE=> A JEFE ?=@=
,A
E?E ! % 5A= X K = L=HE=> A AIJ=@ IJE?= @A A@E= X O @AILE=?E J FE ?= 5A @E?A GKA K = L=HE=> A AIJ=@ IJE?= Z IA ? HHAIF @A ? = L=HE=> A X JEFE ?=@= IE X X Z= 6A HA =
Z=0 (Z ) = 1
5E Z AI K = L=HE=> A AIJ=@ IJE?= JEFE ?=@= A J
?AI
"
"
,A
AH
A@E@=I @A =IE AJH =

+ A ?EA JA @A =IE AJH =
" 5A = = ? A ?EA JA @A =IE AJH = O IA HAFHAIA J= F H 1 =
1 = 3 3
E?E
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
#
#
,A E?E
A@E@=I @A =FK J= EA J
+ A ?EA JA @A =FK J= EA J
AH
2 = 4 3 4
?KHJ IEI
?KHJ IEI
?KHJ IEI O IA HAFHA
IA J= F H 2 =
# 5A = = ? A ?EA JA @A =FK J= EA J
- AH?E?E I @A JA =
- AH?E?E =I AIJ=JKH=I @A I KC=@ HAI @A >= ?AIJ @A ?K=JH AGKEF I JEA A I F=H AJH I GKA KAIJH= = IECKEA JA J=> = O =I CH ?=I GKA IA FH F H?E = A = CH ?= % )I ?E= = ?=@= CH ?= A F=H @A F=H AJH I ? HHAIF @EA JA
-GKEF x '& # '% '& !' '! "$ '! " & EI = !O
- AH?E?E
=I @EIJHE>K?E AI @A = CH ?= & JEA A J @=I A =I = A@E= # =FH NE =@= A JA 5E A >=HC IKI @AILE=?E AI J FE?=I I " +K AI = @A ?=@= ?K=
- AH?E?E
! =I @AILE=?E AI J FE?=I @A =I ?K=JH @EIJHE>K?E AI @A = CKH= 'I ! " ! # $ & +K ? HHAIF @A = ?=@= K = +K AI = A@E= @A J @=I A =I - AH?E?E " 5A D= DA?D K EI AN= A A @ I ? =IAI ) O * @A " =K I ?=@= K = =I J=I A@E=I @A ?=@= ? =IA O IKI @AILE=?E AI J FE?=I I xA = 6; A = 1 xB = 6; A = 3 O =I CH ?=I ? HHAIF @EA JAI AIJ A = CKH=
)IEC = = @EIJHE>K?E ?E @A * = JH= @A = ? =IA ) = K = @A =I JHAI CH ?=I O = @EIJHE>K
- K = @A =I ? =IAI D=O # IKIFA I I O $ I >HAI= EA JAI A = JH= # IKIFA I I O I >HAI= EA JA +K AI = ? =IA ) O ?K AI = ? =IA * - GK ? =IA D=>H I J=I ? FHA @E@=I A JHA # O %
- AH?E?E
I @=@ I 6= = I @
# = IECKEA JA J=> = ANFHAI= =I AIJ=JKH=I A ?A J AJH I @A "!#

# $ #$ &$ $ #! $" & $& '#! % &$ %$ #% & &# &" $ && '
0= A DEIJ CH= = ? HHAIF -IJE = =
@EA JA = AIJ I @=J I J FE?=
A@E= O = @AILE=?E
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
+K J I I @=@ I JEA A IK AIJ=JKH= A A E JAHL= J I A A E JAHL= (x 2, x + 2 ) += ?K = A F H?A J= A @A I @=@ I F=H= ?=@= E JAHL= ,A?E 2 ) I A ,A?E ) I A
(x , x + )
+K
@A =F=HJ=@ = JAHE H
I GKA I I @=@ I GKA JEA A IK AIJ=JKH= A A E JAHL= (x + , x + = J I +K J I I @=@ I = J I D=O A J J= 3K F H?A J= A IKF I GKA I I @=@ I GKA JEA A IK AIJ=JKH= A A E JAHL= (x 2, x >= I +K J I I @=@ I >= I D=O A J J= 3K F H?A J= A IKF
- AH?E?E
IK =
IJ I I
$ 5A D=
= =@ @ I @=@ I LA?AI O ?=@= LA IA D= = I HAIK J=@ I 5K =I ! " # $ % & ' 8A?AI ! & ' ' $ ! $ "
J=@
,A GK JEF @A L=HE=> A IA JH=J= += ?K = x, )LAHECK= A F H?A J= A @A L= HAI >JA E@ I A A E JAHL= (x , x + ) O A (x 2, x + 2 )
- AH?E?E
% += ?K = x, A = @EIJHE>K?E @A A@=@AI IECKEA JA O =LAHECK= A F H?A J= A O ?= ?K = A F H?A J= A =FH NE =@ @A E @ELE@K I GKA D=O A A E JAHL= (x , x + ) O A (x 2, x + 2 )
-@=@AI ! ! " " # # $ $ % % & & ' ' @A FAHI &# # % !$ ' =I
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
&
- AH?E?E
AH @A FAHI
& += ?K =
I F=H AJH I x, @A = @EIJHE>K?E =I GKA LELA A K = CH= >=HHE=@= 1 JAHL= I $ %$ %$ ' ' & & " " " " #$ .HA?KA ?E=I ! & ' %
F H F HJ= AI @A
>J A E JAHL= (x , x + ) O ?KA J= I L= HAI GKA D=O A ?A J= A IKF A @A J J= 0= EI ? (x 2, x + 2 )
3K F H I @ =I # A CH=@ I
- AH?E?E ' =I JA FAH=JKH=I J =@=I A @ I ?EK@=@AI ) O * @A ?=@= AI @A K @AJAH E =@ = = =I @A = = = = I ?A J CH=@ I

. ) ) ! # " ' " $ # ' $ " * # ! ! ' ' !% !& ! # $
) 5 , += ?K = = JA FAH=JKH=
A@E= O = @AILE=?E
J FE?= A ?=@= K = @A A =I AH @A I A AN
- AH?E?E
6EH= I IK?AIEL= A JA K = A@= O = J= I A = = EA J I GKA A?AIEJ= I D=IJ= >JA AH = FHE AH= ?=H= 4A= E = FAHE A J LA?AI ? I IECKEA JAI HAIK J=@ I
= A A GKA I= A ? ! " # $ % += ?K = x, @A LA?AI GKA D= ?KHHE@ #! " $ !
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
'
- AH?E?E
A A A A A
= @EIJHE>K?E = @EIJHE>K?E = @EIJHE>K?E = @EIJHE>K?E = @EIJHE>K?E
+= ?K = = += ?K = = ! += ?K = = " += ?K = = # += ?K = =
@A A AH?E?E @A A AH?E?E
A@E= = & A@E= = '
I ?K=HJE AI O I ?K=HJE AI O I ?K=HJE AI O I ?K=HJE AI O I ?K=HJE AI O
I ?A JE AI " % O ' I ?A JE AI " % O ' I ?A JE AI " % O ' I ?A JE AI " % O ' I ?A JE AI " % O '
- AH?E?E - AH?E?E - AH?E?E - AH?E?E - AH?E?E
A@E= = @A A AH?E?E ! A@E= = @A A AH?E?E ! A@E= = @A A AH?E?E !!
$ =I AIJ=JKH=I @A I ? F A JAI @A JHAI AGKEF I E B= JE AI @A >= ?AIJ ) * O + IA @EIJHE>KOA IAC =I CH ?=I @A = CKH= O ? I F=H AJH I GKA =F=HA?A A = EI = CKH= 3K CH ?= ? HHAIF @A = ?=@= AGKEF - AH?E?E % 5=>A I GKA A K = ? =IA = ?= E ?=?E A@E= @A K AN= A D= IE@ # O = @AILE=?E J FE?= # - AI= EI = ? =IA F=H= JH AN= A = ?= E ?=?E A@E= D= IE@ J= >E # O = @AILE=?E J FE?= 5E K = K D= >JA E@ K & A A FHE AH AN= A O K % # A A IACK @ GK J= JA F=HA?A I AHEJ HE= 2 H GK - AH?E?E
= CK I @A A
& - K = B >HE?= @A J H E I IA
I O IA >JEA A % ' ' ! ! & ! ' & ' ! ' & ' $ & ' J= = CH
E@A = ' & " ! # %
CEJK@ A & ! '
@A
&
0= K = J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I HAFHAI O = @AILE=?E J FE?=
?= A JA O ?= ?K = =
A@E=
0= K = KAL= J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I =CHKF= @ I L= HAI =I @A % = ' @A = O @A ! = # 4AFHAI J= = CH ?= A JA O ?= ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E J FE?= += ?K = =I A JA A F A@E= =I I ?K=HJE AI O A ?A JE ' F=H= A C @A BHA?KA ?E=I =?K K =@=I @A = = CEJK@ " ? I @A K = ? =IA LEA A @=@=I A D= FHALE=
3K ?A JE ? HHAIF
- AH?E?E
= IECKEA JA J=> =
' =I AIJ=JKH=I @A I " = K
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
!
1 JAHL= I #& # $! # $! # $& # $& # %! # %! # %& # %& # &! # &! # && #
)K # " $ !
+= ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E J FE?= , A L= H @A = 3K ?A JE ? HHAIF @A = K = AIJ=JKH= @A & ?
A@E= = O
I ?K=HJE AI
- AH?E?E
) = =H JHAI @=@ I @EIJE J I FKA@A @=HIA 6 6 6 = 216 HAIK J=@ I F IE> AI 1 =CE A I GKA JEH= I $ LA?AI JHAI @=@ I O GKA IA @EAH= AN=?J= A JA J @=I O ?=@= K = @A =I $ F IE>E E@=@AI @EIJE J=I - AIJA ?=I =I IK =I @A =I JHAI FK JK=?E AI IA @EIJHE>KEH = =I
x fi
!
" !
# $
$
% #
&
' #
%
%
#
!
" #
#
$ $
% !
&
4AFHAIA J= AIJ= @EIJHE>K?E += ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E
A@E= JA K @E=CH= = @A >=HH=I J FE?=
+= ?K = I E JAHL= I (x , x + ) O (x 2, x + 2 ) O A F H?A J= A @A HAIK J=@ I A ?=@= K EA JA
- AH?E?E
I FAI I @A " = K 1 JAHL= I !# # " # " # "' # "' # #$ # #$ # $! # $! # % # % # %% #
I @A K = ? =IA IA @EIJHE>KOA @A IECK )K ! ' ! I
4AFHAI
J= = CH
?= A JA O AIJE = x, I @A =
+= ?K = K HE?= A JA x, O >J A F H?A J= A @A ?DE? I GKA D=O A E JAHL= I (x , x + ) O (x 2, x + 2 ) += ?K = = A@E= = O I ?K=HJE AI O AIJE = A ?A JE GKA ? HHAIF ?=@= K = @A =I IECKEA JAI A@E@=I " C # C $ C % C
- AH?E?E
AIJK@E=H IK @KH=?E
K = B >HE?= @A > >E =I IA >IAHL=H @A A =I F=H= O IA >JKLEAH I IECKEA JAI HAIK J=@ I
+)2 67
2)4
-64 5 -56), 561+ 5
!
0 H=I @A @KH=?E ! ! " " # # $ $ % % & 4AFHAIA J= CH ?= A JA A L= H @A x,
@A > % $ "' $ " !
>E =I
A@E= JA K DEIJ CH= = @A BHA?KA ?E=I O AIJE = O =I BHA?KA ?E=I @A I
0= K = J=> = ? =I =H?=I @A ? =IA @A ?=@= E JAHL= O ?= ?K = ? AN=?JEJK@ x, >J A F H?A J= A @A > >E =I ?KO= @KH=?E E JAHL= I (x , x + ) O (x 2, x + 2 )
AIJ A ?=@= K
4AFHAIA J= A F C @A BHA?KA ?E=I =?K K =@=I >J I >HA = A@E = = I ?K=HJE AI I ?A JE AI % O ' O @E GK ?A JE AI ? HHAIF @A = I L= HAI # O #%#
2=HJA 11
-IJ=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= >E@E A IE =
+=F JK
,EIJHE>K?E AI >E@E A IE = AI 6A H = @A = ? HHA =?E

+

JA E@ I @A JA =
4A =?E AIJ=@ IJE?= O HA =?E AI >E@E A IE = AI BK ?E = ,EIJHE>K?E
! "
A@E@= @A = ? HHA =?E 4ACHAIE
!
,A
4A =?E
AIJ=@ IJE?= O HA =?E
BK ?E
E?E ! 5A @E?A GKA A JHA @ I L=HE=> AI ANEIJA K = HA =?E BK ?E = IE = ?=@= L= H @A K = @A =I L=HE=> AI = =@= L=HE=> A E @AFA @EA JA A ? H HAIF @A K O K I L= H @A = JH= L=HE=> A = =@= L=HE=> A @AFA @EA JA ,A E?E ! 5A @E?A GKA A JHA @ I L=HE=> AI D=O K = HA =?E ? HHA =?E IE = ?=@= L= H @A K = =I L=HE=> AI A FKA@A ? HHAIF K L= H @A = JH= L=HE=> A ,A
AIJ=@ IJE?= @AH I @A
E?E ! ! 5A @E?A GKA K = ? HHA =?E A JHA @ I L=HE=> AI AI F IEJEL= IE = A@E@= GKA =K A J= I L= HAI @A K = =K A J= I L= HAI GKA A ? HHA IF @A @A = JH= 5A @E?A GKA K = ? HHA =?E A JHA @ I L=HE=> AI AI AC=JEL= IE = A@E@= GKA =K A J= I L= HAI @A K = @EI E KOA I L= HAI GKA A ? HHAIF @A @A = JH=
!!
+)2 67
! ,15641*7+1
-5 *1,1 - 51
) -5 6- 4 ) ,- ) + 44- )+1
!"
!
,A
J
,EIJHE>K?E
= @ I
AI >E@E A IE
= AI
@A A I IA A
E?E
5A= K ? K J @A n E @ELE@K I ) ?=@= K A@E@=I (xi , yi ) ) ? K J @A L= HAI

{(xi , yi ); i = 1, 2, . . . , n}
IA A = = @EIJHE>K?E
>E@E A IE
= @A =I L=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I (X, Y )
,A
?E
>E@E A IE
E?E
= HAFHAIA J=?E A K @E=CH= = ?=HJAIE= @A K = @EIJHE>K = IA = = K>A @A FK J I @E=CH= = @A @EIFAHIE >E@E A IE
,A ,A
E?E ! ! 5A = = ?A JH @A CH=LA@=@ @A K = @EIJHE>K?E = (X, Y ) = FK J (X, Y ) E?E ! " ) LA?AI = K>A @A FK J I IA = HA?J= IA = = HA?J= @A HACHAIE >IAHL=?E
A IEC
@= = K = HA?J= ) AIJ=
? E ?E@A ? @EIJHE>K?E
! !
- ?=H ?JAH ?HA?EA JA

@A = ? HHA =?E = HA?J= @A HACHAIE
@A?HA?EA JA @A = HA?J= @A HACHAIE ANEIJA JA A JHA =I L=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I F=I= F H A ?A JH @A CH=LA@=@ @A K =
>IAHL=?E
!!
,A
A@E@= @A = ? HHA =?E

>E@E A IE = 5A = = ? L=HE
n
E?E ! ! 5A= (X, Y ) K = @EIJHE>K?E = = O IA HAFHAIA J= F H XY = F=H AJH
(xi X )(yi Y ) XY =
i=1
6A HA = ! ! 5A= (X, Y ) K = @EIJHE>K?E >IAHL=?E

? ?
>E@E A IE
= 5A LAHE ?=
XY = XY X Y
!! - IEC F IEJEL AC=JEL @A = ? L=HE= = ? E ?E@A A ?=H ?JAH ?HA?EA JA @A?HA?EA JA @A = HA?J= @A HACHAIE O F H J= J A JEF F IEJEL AC=JEL @A = ? HHA =?E
E A= A JHA =I L=HE=> AI IA @E?A GKA =I
XY = 0 ANEIJA ? HHA =?E L=HE=> AI I E ? HHA =@=I
,A
?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E
E?E
!!
5A= (X, Y ) K = @EIJHE>K?E >E@E A IE = 5A = = ? A E A= O IA HAFHAIA J= F H XY = AH

XY = XY X Y
+)2 67
! ,15641*7+1
-5 *1,1 - 51
) -5 6- 4 ) ,- ) + 44- )+1
!#
6A HA = ! !
5A= (X, Y ) K = @EIJHE>K?E IECKEA JAI FH FEA@=@AI

1 XY 1 XY > 0 ? HHA =?E XY < 0 ? HHA =?E
>E@E A IE
5A LAHE ?=
=I
F IEJEL= AC=JEL=
XY = 0 L=HE=> AI E ? HHA =@=I
) A@E@= GKA =K A J= A L= H =>I KJ A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E IA =IA A = = K>A @A FK J I = = HA?J= @A HACHAIE
!"
IE
4ACHAIE
@A Y I >HA X JEA A @A A?K=?E >E@E A IE = = HA?J= @A HACHA
XY 2 (x X ) X
6A HA = ! " 5A= (X, Y ) K = @EIJHE>K?E

yY =
!#
- AH?E?E I @A JA =
- AH?E?E ! - ?=@= K
@A I IECKEA JAI ?=I I @A>AI @A?EH IE A JHA =I @ I L=HE=> AI GKA IA ?EJ= D=O HA =?E BK ?E = HA =?E AIJ=@ IJE?= ? HHA =?E O A AIJA JE ?=I E @E?=H IE AI F IEJEL= AC=JEL= -IJ=JKH= A@E= @A I F=@HAI AIJ=JKH= A@E= @A I DE I CEJK@ = ?= =@= -IF= = 6A FAH=JKH= = = GKA ?= A J= L K A @A ANF HJ=?E @E?A @A MD ? 2AHI I K = >=HH= @A DEAHH ?
L K A @A E F HJ=?E AH @A
HJ= E@=@ E B= JE
@E? I F H ?=@= D=>EJ= JAI
IK E@ I A ?=@= ?=I= @KH= JA A AH ? IJA @A HA?E> @A = K =I GKA LELA A ?=@= ?=I= ? IJA @A HA?E> @A = K = E =H = EC= AH @A F=HJE@ I FAH@E@ I
KC=H GKA ?KF= =
- AH?E?E !
HA =?E HA =?E
)IEC = I L= HAI '# " % O = I ? A ?EA JAI @A ? H @A =I @EIJHE>K?E AI >E@E A IE = AI @A = CKH= @A =I @EIJHE>K?E AI >E@E A IE '% O = I ? A ?EA JAI @A ? H = AI @A = CKH=
- AH?E?E ! ! )IEC = I L= HAI !" % - AH?E?E ! "
I AH I "% ' O '% I I L= HAI =>I KJ I @A I ? A ?EA JAI @A ? HHA =?E @A =I @EIJHE>K?E AI >E@E A IE = AI @A = CKH= ! )IEC = = ?=@= ?K= = IKO= ?= >E= @ A IEC ?K= @ ? LA C=
+)2 67
! ,15641*7+1
-5 *1,1 - 51
) -5 6- 4 ) ,- ) + 44- )+1
!$
- AH?E?E ! # =I ? HHA =?E AI ? HHAIF @EA JAI = =I IAEI @EIJHE>K?E AI @A

= CKH= " I HAIFA?JEL= A JA "$ JA E@= A JA O =IEC = = ?=@= ?K IK L= H '" ' $! H= =I @A
- AH?E?E ! $ +K=JH

KC=@ H=I @A >= ?AIJ D= DA?D = = EA J I = ?= =IJ= @A K = @EIJ= ?E= @A JH I @AI@A O =I IK?AIEL= A JA D=IJ= & - ?=@= ?=I IA D= = J=@ A AH @A A ?AIJAI ) * + , ' % ! $ " & ! $ % ' " " " ' # $ $ " % % " & ! #
7 = @EIJHE>K?E >E@E A IE = F=H= = KC=@ H= ) FKA@A ? IEIJEH A =I ?E=H = @EIJ= ?E= = GKA IA FH @K?A I = = EA J I O A AH @A ?= =IJ=I ? IACKE@=I 5A >JEA A I F=HAI @A L= HAI ' @AI@A K AJH ' A ?AIJAI ! $ AJ? 4AFHAIA J= CH ?= A JA I & FK J I @A = @EIJHE>K?E ? HHAIF @EA JA = = KC=@ H= ) JH= = = HA?J= @A HACHAIE O AIJE = A L= H @A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E
- AH?E?E ! % 0=
EI GKA A A A AH?E?E = JAHE H F=H= =I KC=@ H=I * + O , - = CK I @A AIJ I ?=I I FKA@AI =IACKH=H GKA = ? HHA =?E AI ? =H= A JA I @ >E GKA A I @A I
- AH?E?E ! &
>IAHL= A ?K= GKEAH FAHE @E? = ? =IE ?=?E BKJ> IJE?= @A FHE AH= @ELEIE O AIJE = JH=I HAFHAIA J=H = K>A @A FK J I ? HHAIF @EA JA ? IAH A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E A JHA A FKAIJ A = ? =IE ?=?E O A AH @A C AI = B=L H
- AH?E?E ! ' 0= - AH?E?E !

AH?E= AI
EI F=H= = HA =?E O = @EBAHA ?E= @A C AI = B=L H O C AI A ?
A JHA A FKAIJ A JH=
= ? =IE ?=?E
I IECKEA JAI # F= IAI I I GKA I BKAHJAI ? -IF= = >EA F H E F HJ=?E -NF = -IF= = 1 F = -IF= = 75) )A ! .H= ! 1 C " "
= JEA A HA =?E AI ? >EA F H ANF HJ=?E # 1J= $ #
I AH I @A = FHE AH= = IEC E ?= A KC=H GKA ?KF= 4= E C K @E= F H IK ANF HJ=?E = -IF= = 75) AI A F= I GKA I ANF HJ= = -IF= = = IACK @= = ANFHAI= A KC=H GKA ?KF= F H IK ELA @A E F HJ=?E @A -IF= = .H= ?E= AI A F= I GKA I E F HJ= = -IF= = 4AFHAIA J= = K>A @A FK J I O JH= = = HA?J= @A HACHAIE 3K F @H =I @A?EH @A = ? HHA =?E F IEJEL= AC=JEL= CH= @A A@E= = ?=IE K = +K @A I IECKEA JAI L= HAI JA F=HA?A A I =@A?K=@ F=H= A = '& % ! % ''
+)2 67
! ,15641*7+1
-5 *1,1 - 51
) -5 6- 4 ) ,- ) + 44- )+1
!%
- AH?E?E !
>IAHL= AIJ= J=> = -IF %" ! 0 & $ /HA &% ! 1J= '" ! $ 1H '" % .H= # "
@ @A HJ 0=> $" = I
+ CKH= = K>A @A FK J I O @E ?K @A I IECKEA JAI L= HAI JA F=HA?A GKA FKA@A IAH ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E & #$ ! ! " %% ''
- AH?E?E ! += ?K = K
JHE>K?E ? HHAIF
x y
HE?= A JA A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E @EA JA = = IECKEA JA J=> = ! " " $ # " $ # % % & % ' '
@A = @EI
- AH?E?E ! ! =I AIJ=JKH=I @A ?DE?=I O =I @A IKI HAIFA?JEL=I

xi yi
=@HAI I %& %
#& $!
$ ##
$" $
$# $
$& $"
$' #&
% %#
% $'
%" $$
4AFHAIA J= 6H= = = HA =?E
I L= HAI
A@E= JA K = K>A @A FK J I O AIJE = A L= H @A ? A ?EA JA @A ? H
= HA?J= @A HACHAIE
+= ?K = x, y, x , y , xy O F=HJEH @A A I >J A L= H @A xy O = A?K=?E @A = HA?J= + F H= I ? I GKA >JKLEIJA = = AI @A =
- AH?E?E ! " = IECKEA JA J=> = HA =?E = A

EI = = A A IEIJA = FAHE @E? ' &$ += #" 6E "# -A A J =J ,A I (g/cm2 )
AH =J E? @A L=HE I FAH @ " ? IK @A IE@=@ # % .A $ % && + % &% E & &&
AJ
8 ! #$
4AFHAIA J= I FK J I ?= ?K = A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E O JH= = = HA?J= @A HACHAIE ) F=HJEH @A A = AIJE = = @A IE@=@ @A ?H +H ?KO AH =J E? AI " O D= JH J= J ? = @A AI?= @E 5? @A AH =J E?
J= - ?=@= K @A I IECKEA JAI A AH?E?E I IA @= K = J=> = GKA ? HHA IF @A = K = @EIJHE>K?E >E@E A IE = += ?K = A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E O = A?K=?E @A = HA?J= @A HACHAIE @A ?=@= K = @A A =I - AH?E?E ! # ,EIJHE>K?E
>E@E A IE = ! # = ! " % # & $ & % & & & " % " & # " $ " $ $ % " J=I A =JA JE?=I J=I A .E I B =
- AH?E?E ! $ ,EIJHE>K?E
+ =IE ?=?E 2K J I /= =@ I
>E@E A IE !
+)2 67
! ,15641*7+1
-5 *1,1 - 51
) -5 6- 4 ) ,- ) + 44- )+1
!&
- AH?E?E ! % ,EIJHE>K?E
+ =IE ?=?E 2K J I - F=J=@ I
>E@E A IE % %
= ! = ! % = ! = = ! ! ! " # $ % & ! " ! # $ ! % " & ! ! " # # $ $ " % $ & # " # # % $ % " & % " ' # $ $ % ' & $
- AH?E?E ! & ,EIJHE>K?E
>E@E A IE "
+ =IE ?=?E 2K J I 2AH@E@ I
- AH?E?E ! ' ,EIJHE>K?E
>E@E A IE
C @E=HE I @A K = IKIJ= ?E= ) )K A J @A FAI C A K AI
- AH?E?E ! ,EIJHE>K?E
>E@E A IE
C @E=HE I @A K = IKIJ= ?E= * )K A J @A FAI C A K AI
- AH?E?E ! ,EIJHE>K?E
>E@E A IE
C @E=HE I @A K = IKIJ= ?E= + )K A J @A FAI C A K AI
- AH?E?E !
= =HC= EA J I
,A K
KA A IA ?KA C= #
FAI=I O IA ! $ !
>JEA A ' # $#
I IECKEA JAI # &
=I= @A = FAI= C ) =HC= EA J FH @K?E@ ?
4AFHAIA J= I FK J I JH= = = = HA?J= @A HACHAIE O AIJE = A L= H @A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E += ?K = A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E O = A?K=?E @A = HA?J= @A HACHAIE O ? F H= I ? I GKA >JKLEIJA = -IJE = GK = =HC= EA J I IA FH @K?EH = ? C=H FAI=I @A C ! C O # C + @A => A IAH I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I
- AH?E?E ! !
>IAHL= = IECKEA JA J=> = @A L= HAI EC # "' &%! /D= "& # " 5E> "% #" #!$ =H "" #% &$' -?K " $ % )HC " % #$
1 @ =J -NF LE@ 4A ?=F
4AFHAIA J= = @EIJHE>K?E >E@E A IE = @E?A @A =J= E@=@ -NFA?J=JEL= @A LE@= = =?AH A@E= JA K = K>A @A FK J I += ?K = A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E O ANJH=A ? IA?KA ?E=I I ?E CE?=I @A HAIK J=@ 0= EI ? =I L=HE=> AI @E?A @A =J= E@=@ 4A J= FAH ? FEJ=
- AH?E?E ! " = J=> = =@ K J= FH F H?E = I C=IJ I A FK> E?E@=@ O =I ? H

HAIF @EA JAI LA J=I @A @ I A FHAI=I -IJK@E= = ? HHA =?E FK> E?E@=@ O LA J=I @A ?=@= K =
A JHA C=IJ I @A
+)2 67
! ,15641*7+1
-5 *1,1 - 51
) -5 6- 4 ) ,- ) + 44- )+1
!'
- F) - F*
/=IJ I FK> E 106 FJ=I 8A J=I 106 FJ=I 8A J=I 106 FJ=I A@E=I @A # )IJ $#

%
! ! '
" & I
# !' #
- AH?E?E ! # =I @EIJ= ?E=I

AH !' 8A % ! 6EA " =H #
I F = AJ=I = 5 $ KF # % 5=J ' #"
& 7H= ' '
' AF ! %
2 K !' #
5A D= J =@ ? K E@=@ = @EIJ= ?E= A JHA = 6EAHH= O A 5 = GKA IA = = K E@=@ =IJH E?= K = - GKE J KC=H AIJ ?KF=@ F H I =IJAH E@AI GKA F=H= AIJ I ABA?J I I ? IE@AH=@ I ? K F = AJ= I 4AFHAIA J= = K>A @A FK J I ? HHAIF @EA JA JH= = = HA?J= @A HACHAIE O ?= ?K = A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E 5E DK>EAH= K KAL F = AJ= I = @A 2 KJ = GK @EIJ= ?E= A K = AIJ=H = @A 5 6 = =I A@E@=I I >HA = HA?J= @A HACHAIE 3K CH=@ @A IACKHE@=@ F @H = I JA AH A AIJ I ? ?K I
- AH?E?E ! $ 2=H= AIJK@E=H = CK I ABA?J I @A = = JEJK@ K CHKF @A
LA AI = ?E =@ I = = E LAIJEC=?E ?EA J ?= D= AL=@ = ?=> K ANFAHE A J +=@= K @A A I D= =?K@E@ = K KC=H @EIJE J @A = EI = ? =H?= O D= >JA E@ A@E@=I I >HA ) JKH= A 2HAIE IJ I I = 2= 2K =J AJH I I >HA A IB HE?= A AI F H "& " % %& E KJ @A ANFAHE A J=@ H %! ! % &! ' & $&# & !"! $# &' ## ! $! & & $ &# &" #& ' I ! " %" %# ELA @A =H AH @A F = J=I @A K = ?EAHJ= AIFA?EA A K dam2 AH @A FK I=?E I HAIK J=@ &" %$ %"# %! %&
+ IE@AH= =I IECKEA JAI @EIJHE>K?E AI >E@E A IE = AI = = 2= = 2K 4AFHA IA J= ?=@= K = @A A =I A K @E=CH= = ?=HJAIE= A@E= JA = K>A @A FK J I JH= = = IK HA?J= @A HACHAIE O AIJE = IK ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E -BA?J = @AIFK I I ? ?K I @A B H = HECKH I= O ? F=H= I HAIK J=@ I -IJE = I >HA = ? HHAIF @EA JA HA?J= @A HACHAIE = FHAIE =J IB HE?= ? HHAIF @EA JA = @A = JKH=
- AH?E?E ! % ,E>K = = K>A @A FK J I O JH= = = HA?J= @A HACHAIE

@=J I @A = ? E =J C=A . " $ '! = + HK = % # " ) ! %& $$ ) & ! !& $!
F=H= AIJ I
6 + KLE= 0 H=I I
! '% !"
" $" &
% # '%
" !# !
5 & % &" &
$ ' !# #
! " &# &!
, # ! $
+)2 67
! ,15641*7+1
-5 *1,1 - 51
) -5 6- 4 ) ,- ) + 44- )+1
"
-IJK@E= = ? HHA =?E
A JHA
6A FAH=JKH= O KLE= 6A FAH=JKH= O D H=I @A I KLE= O D H=I @A I
- AH?E?E ! & ,A K
KA A ? C= I FAI=I +K= J =O H IA= = FAI= I IA AIJEH= A KA A = IECKEA JA J=> = I @= I FAI I ? C=@ I O I ? HHAIF @EA JAI = =HC= EA J I @A KA A =I= C ) =HC ? ! ' $ % ' $ !# # "! & # $ " % % %'
4AFHAIA J= I FK J I O JH= = = HA?J= @A HACHAIE H ''' += ?K = IK A?K=?E -IJE = A = =HC= EA J AIFAH=@ F=H= =I=I @A " C C # C !# C
2=HJA 111
+ ?K
@A FH >=>E E@=@AI
"
+=F JK
"
+
+

>E =J HE=
JA E@ I @A JA =
8=HE=?E 8=HE=?E AI AI ? HAFAJE?E
! " # $ % & + +
AH I B=?J HE= AI 2AH KJ=?E 2AH KJ=?E AH I ? >E =?E >E =?E AI AI ? HAFAJE?E
>E =J HE I AI AI ? HAFAJE?E
"
,A
8=HE=?E
AI
E?E " 5A= m, n N ? n m 5A = = L=HE=?E AI @A m A A A J I J =@ I @A n A n O IA HAFHAIA J= F H Vm,n = AH @A CHKF I GKA IA FKA@A B H =H ? I m A A A J I @A = AH= GKA
- ?=@= CHKF A JHA n A A A J I @EIJE J I , I CHKF I I @EIJE J I IE IA @EBAHA ?E= A = C @A ? ?=?E @A IJ I AA A J A A H@A
6A HA = " 5A= m, n N ?
nm - J
?AI
Vm,n = m (m 1) (m 1) (m n + 1)
"
+)2 67
" +
*1 )6 41)
"!
"
,A
8=HE=?E
AI ?
HAFAJE?E
HAFAJE?E @A m AH @A CHKF I
E?E " 5A= m, n N 5A = = L=HE=?E AI ? A A A J I J =@ I @A n A n O IA HAFHAIA J= F H V Rm,n = GKA IA FKA@A B H =H ? I m A A A J I @A = AH= GKA
- ?=@= CHKF A JHA n A A A J I HAFAJE@ I , I CHKF I I @EIJE J I IE IA @EBAHA ?E= A = C @A ? ?=?E @A IJ I
AA A J
A A
H@A
6A HA = "
5A= m, n N - J ?AI
V Rm,n = mn
"!
,A
AH I B=?J HE= AI
= = B=?J HE= @A n n B=?J HE= O IA
E?E " ! 5A= n N 5A HAFHAIA J= F H n! = AH
n! = n (n 1) (n 2) 2 1
6A HA = " ! 5A= n N 5A LAHE ?=

n! = n (n 1)!
=I IECKEA JAI FH FEA@=@AI
n! = n (n 1) (n 2) (r + 1) r!; r < n
""
,A
2AH KJ=?E
- ?=@= CHKF AIJ
AI
I n AA A J I E?= A JA A A H@A @A ? ?=?E @A
E?E " " 5A= n N 5A = = FAH KJ=?E AI @A n A A A J I O IA HAFHAIA J= F H Pn = I @EIJE J I CHKF I GKA IA FKA@A B H =H @A = AH= GKA
7 CHKF IA @EBAHA ?E= @A JH IKI A A A J I
6A HA = " " 5A= n N - J ?AI

Pn = n!
+ H =HE " "
5A= n N - J
?AI
Pn = Vn,n = n!
+)2 67
" +
*1 )6 41)
""
"#
2AH KJ=?E
AI ?
HAFAJE?E
,A E?E " # 5A= a, b, . . . , k, n N / a + b + + k = n 5A = = FAH KJ=?E AI ? HAFAJE?E @A n A A A J I @ @A A FHE AH A A A J IA HAFEJA a,b,...,k a LA?AI A IACK @ b LA?AI . . . A JE k LA?AI O IA HAFHAIA J= F H Pn = AH I @A CHKF I @EIJE J I GKA IA FKA@A B H =H ? I n A A A J I @A = AH= GKA
- FHE AH A A A J IA HAFEJA a LA?AI - IACK @ A A A J IA HAFEJA b LA?AI
...
JE
A A A J IA HAFEJA k LA?AI E?= A JA A A H@A @A ? ?=?E @A
7 CHKF IA @EBAHA ?E= @A JH IKI A A A J I
6A HA = " # 5A= n N - J ?AI

a,b,...,k Pn =
n! a!b! . . . k !
"$
,A
n =
AH I ?
E?E
AH
>E =J HE I
m n
" $ 5A= m, n N {0} / n m 5A @A A A
AH ?
>E =
J HE @A K AH=@ H m O @A H@A n IA HAFHAIA J= F H

m n = m! (m n)!n!
O IA AA m I >HA
FH FEA@=@AI
m 0 m m m 1 m n
6A HA = " $ 5A= m, n N {0} / n m 5A LAHE ?=

= 1; m N {0} = 1; m N {0} = 1; m N {0} = m mn ; m, n N {0}
=I IECKEA JAI
+)2 67
" +
*1 )6 41)
"#
"%
,A
>E =?E
AI
E?E " % 5A= m, n N {0} / n m 5A = = ? >E =?E AI @A m A A A J I J =@ I @A n A n O IA HAFHAIA J= F H Cm,n = AH @A CHKF I @EIJE J I GKA IA FKA@A B H =H ? m A A A J I @A = AH= GKA
- ?=@= CHKF A JHA n A A A J I @EIJE J I , I CHKF I I A H@A @A ? @EIJE J I IE IA @EBAHA ?E= A = C ?=?E A A A J FAH A
6A HA = " % 5A= m, n N {0} / n m - J ?AI

Cm,n = m n = m! (m n)!n!
6A HA = " %
5A= m, n N {0} / n m - J
Cm,n = Vm,n Pn
?AI
"&
,A
>E =?E
AI ?
HAFAJE?E
HAFAJE?E AH @A
E?E " & 5A= m, n N {0} 5A = = ? >E =?E AI ? @A m A A A J I J =@ I @A n A n O IA HAFHAIA J= F H CRm,n = CHKF I GKA IA FKA@A B H =H ? I m A A A J I @A = AH= GKA
- ?=@= CHKF A JH= n A A A J I HAFAJE@ I , I CHKF I I @EBAHA JAI IE IA @EBAHA ?E= A = C AA A J
6A HA = " & 5A= m, n N {0} - J ?AI

CRm,n = Cm+n1,n = m+n1 n = (m + n 1)! (m 1)!n!
"'

- AH?E?E I @A JA =
Vm,4 = 20Vm,2
- AH?E?E " 4AIKA LA = A?K=?E - AH?E?E "
+K J I AH I @A JHAI ?EBH=I IA FKA@A B H =H ? ! " # $ % & ' IE GKA IA HAFEJ= E CK = ?EBH= J=I >= @AH=I @EIJE J=I IA F @H
I @ CEJ I J= AI B H =H
- AH?E?E " ! = >= @AH= @A K F= I AIJ B H =@= F H JHAI BH= =I D HE

@A ECK= = ?DKH= O @EIJE J ? H +K ? I IEAJA ? HAI @A =H? EHEI I ?K=JH =IEA J I @A = FHE AH= IEA FHA HAIAHL=@ F=H= A @A AC=@
- AH?E?E " " ,A ?K J=I B H =I @EIJE J=I IA FKA@A IA J=H = K

= @A = ? =IA
I A ; IE A FHE AH FKAIJ AIJ
+)2 67
" +
*1 )6 41)
"$
- AH?E?E " # 4AIKA LA V Rx,2 + 5V Rx2,2 = 244

HIA IA KJE E = @ I I > I A FK J O = H=O= +K J I ?=H=?JAHAI @EBAHA JAI AI F IE> A >JA AH A A ?EJ=@ = B=>AJ J = @ ! " @A I I > I ?EJ=@ I
- AH?E?E " $ - A = B=>AJ
- AH?E?E " % +K J I
! " # $ % & ' FK@E
AH I @A JHAI ?EBH=I IA FKA@A B H =H ? @ IA HAFAJEH =I ?EBH=I >JA AH HAI K = LA +K
I @ CEJ I J I HA
- AH?E?E " & 5A = = JHAI @=@ I @A @EIJE J I ?

IK J=@ I @EIJE J I IA FKA@A
- AH?E?E " ' - K ?= FA =J
K @E= @A ?E? EI F=HJE?EF= ?K=JH AGKEF I GKA FAHJA A?A = -IF= = .H= ?E= ) A = E= A 1J= E= . H = J @=I =I F IE> AI ? =IE ?=?E AI @A J H A +K J=I D=O
- AH?E?E " 7
KC=@ H D=>EJK= @A GKE EA =I JEA A = ? H= =@= @A GKA A = FH NE = H =@= C= =H AGKEF I A ?=I= A F=J=H ! O C= =H A ?= F ? JH=HE +K J=I GKE EA =I @A>AH HA A =H F=H= =IACKH=HIA K F A = #
- AH?E?E " +
HAIFKAIJ= = K = K ?E @A JH=>= @A FHAIA J= FAH I =I F=H= ?K>HEH JHAI F = =I @A =@ E EIJH=JEL +K J I CHKF I @EBAHA JAI @A JHAI FAHI =I IA FKA@A B H =H
- AH?E?E "
J I A A F=
+K J I JHE CK I @EIJE J I IA FKA@A B H =H ? IE JHAI @A A I K ?= AIJ = E A=@ I

3Cx,3 5Cx,2 = 8Cx,1
?D FK
- AH?E?E " ! 4AIKA LA = A?K=?E
- AH?E?E " " 4AIKA LA =I IECKEA JAI A?K=?E AI

Vx,4 = 20Vx,2 (x > 3) Vx,1 + Vx,2 + Vx,3 = 26x 15Vx,x = 10Vx1,x1 Vm,5 = 6Vm,3 Vx,3 Vx,1 = 203 Vx+1,3 = 9Vx,2
- AH?E?E " # 4AIKA LA =I IECKEA JAI A?K=?E AI

V Rx,2 + 3V Rx1,2 = 73 V Rx,2 = 15V5,3 V Rx,2 + 5V Rx2,2 = 244
+)2 67
" +
*1 )6 41)
"%
V Rx,2 V Rx1,2 = 7
- AH?E?E " $ 4AIKA LA =I IECKEA JAI A?K=?E AI

Pn = 42Pn2 Pn = 24Vn,2 Px = P3 2Px 12Px + 5Px+1 = Px+2 Px+1 Px = 18 3Vx+2,3 5Vx+1,2 = P3 P2 42Px = 7Px+1 Vx,2 P4 = P2 Vx,4
4,3 12,2 3,4,2 ; P14 ; P9 - AH?E?E " % += ?K = P7
- AH?E?E " & 4AIKA LA =I IECKEA JAI A?K=?E AI

P4 Cx,3 = 3x Vx,2 4Vx,3 16Cx,2 = Vx,4 2C2x,x = 7C2x2,x1
- AH?E?E " ' 4AIKA LA =I IECKEA JAI A?K=?E AI

3Cx+2,3 = 5Cx+1,2 C2x,3 = 2C2x1,3 Cx,3 + 4Cx+1,3 + Cx+2,3 = 8
- AH?E?E " 5E F E ?= = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE

16 1 17 14 + + 16 2 17 15
- AH?E?E " += ?K = =I IECKEA JAI F JA ?E=I

(2 + x)5 (1 + 3x)6 (5 + 4x)7
+)2 67
" +
*1 )6 41)
"&
(4 x)7 (3 + x)6 (2 3x)9
- AH?E?E "
?E ? L ?= AI @A ?= AI @A
+K J=I F=HA =I @EIJE J=I @A L ?= AI IA FKA@A B H =H ? = AH= GKA IA FKA@= HAFAJEH
=I
- AH?E?E " ! +K J=I F=HA =I @EIJE J=I IA FKA@A B H =H ?

= AH= GKA IA FKA@= HAFAJEH
=I ?E ? L
- AH?E?E " " ,A ?K J=I B H =I @EBAHA JAI IA FKA@A ?K>HEH I FKAIJ I @A

FHAIE@A JA IA?HAJ=HE O JAI HAH @A K ? K> @A >= F IE> AI ?= @E@=J I ?AIJ I=>EA @ GKA D=O
- AH?E?E " # +K J I
? ? I @ CEJ I I @ CEJ I
AH I @A JHAI ?EBH=I IEC E ?=JEL=I IA FKA@A B H =H ! " # $ % & ' IE GKA IA HAFEJ= E CK = ?EBH=
- AH?E?E " $ +K J I - AH?E?E " % +
AH I @A JHAI ?EBH=I IEC E ?=JEL=I IA FKA@A B H =H ! " # $ % & ' IE GKA IA HAFEJ= E CK = ?EBH=
=I ?EBH=I ! " # ?K J I AH I @EIJE J I @A ?K=JH ?EBH=I IA FKA@A B H =H @A @ GKA = ?EBH= ?KFA IEA FHA A KC=H @A =I K E@=@AI
- AH?E?E " & +K J I
AH I @A JHAI ?EBH=I IA FKA@A B H =H ? =I ?EBH=I F=HAI " $ & IE GKA IA HAFEJ= E CK = +K J I JAH E = A $" +K J I D=>H GKA IA= =O HAI @A # +K J IK = J @ I I AH I @A JHAI ?EBH=I GKA IA FKA@A >JA AH
- AH?E?E " ' 5E IA AI?HE>A A

@A IE HAFAJE?E !"#$%&' IE @ I @A A ?
H@A ?HA?EA JA =I L=HE=?E AI @A ?K=HJ H GKA IA FKA@A B H =H ? =I ' ?EBH=I IEC E ?=JEL=I AI @A?EH GK KC=H ?KF= = L=HE=?E ! #" I ANJHA ?=H ?= J HAI @A K ? H I
- AH?E?E " ! ,A ?K J=I B H =I IA FKA@A ?

I JEA A GKA AIJ=H IEA FHA A "$&
- AH?E?E " ! +K J I
I @ CEJ I
AH I @A ?K=JH ?EBH=I @EIJE J=I IA FKA@A B H =H AI @A
- AH?E?E " ! 5KF EA @

A AH?E?E = JAHE H GK
H@A =@=I A H@A ?HA?EA JA =I FAH KJ=?E KC=H ?KF=H = FAH KJ=?E $ "&
- AH?E?E " !! + IE@AH= I AI?HEJ=I A H@A = B=> JE? =I FAH KJ=?E AI @A =I AJH=I = > ? @ A 3K KC=H ?KF= = FAH KJ=?E >@=?A +K AI =
FAH KJ=?E B H =H ? GKA ?KF= A KC=H # I @ CEJ I
- AH?E?E " !" +K J I
AH I @EIJE J I @A ?E ? ?EBH=I @EBAHA JAI IA FKA@A ! " # $ +K J I I A HAI @A $#
+)2 67
" +
*1 )6 41)
"'
- AH?E?E " !# +
@A JHAI = K !
KALA = K I @A K = ? =IA IA @AIA= B H =H JHAI AGKEF I I ?=@= K ,A ?K J=I = AH=I FKA@A D=?AHIA AH I HAIK J= I @ I F IE> AI =I ?EBH=I @A AH JEF I I IA
- AH?E?E " !$ 2AH KJ= @ @A J @ I

?K J I
- AH?E?E " !% +K J I
@A JHAI IA FKA@A B H =H ? >JEA A
AH I @A ?K=JH ?EBH=I @EIJE J=I GKA IA= I @ CEJ I ! " $ ?K J I FA J C
- AH?E?E " !& ) K EH ?E ? L HJE?AI @A K DAFJ C
- AH?E?E " !' - ?=@= FH CH= = @A H=@E @A K = A EI H= E JAHLEA A ?K=JH

?KJ HAI 5E K = ?=@A = @A H=@E @EIF A @A @EIJE J=I IA FKA@A FHAIA J=H K FH CH= = F= @A J= B H = GKA ?KJ HAI @A ?K
J=I B H =I
- AH?E?E " " +K J=I HA?J=I IA FKA@A JH= =H ? - AH?E?E " " ) K = HAK E
D=O JHAI FK J I = E A=@ I
FK J I IEJK=@ I A K
=?K@A ! FAHI =I 5A @A?E@A ? IJEJKEH ? E IE AI @A IAEI FAHI =I F=H= AIJK@E=H K ?EAHJ F = +K J=I ? EIE AI @EBAH A JAI IA FKA@A B H =H
- AH?E?E " "
+K J=I KC=@=I @EBAHA JAI IA FKA@A ?=HJ=I @A K = >=H= = @A " ?=HJ=I
>JA AH IE IA I=?=
?D
- AH?E?E " "! - ?K J I FK J I IA ? HJ=

F=H= A =I A JHA I =H? EHEI J
?D HA?J=I IE JHAI @A A =I I >E =HIA I IEAJA ? HAI @A
- AH?E?E " "" ,A ?K J=I

@
= AH=I FKA@A ? I @A JHAI A JHAI
- AH?E?E " "# ) K = HAK E

A JHA J @ I +K
=IEIJA % FAHI J I I= K@ I IA E JAH?= >E=H
=I O IA E JAH?= >E= I= K@ I
- AH?E?E " "$ 7 = > I= ? JEA A > =I @A @EIJE J J= =
@A =I ?K= AI ?E ? I ACH=I ?K=JH > = ?=I O JHAI H =I ,A ?K J I @ I IA FKA@A I=?=H K CHKF @A IAEI > =I GKA ? JA C= = A I K = @A ?=@= ? H
- AH?E?E " "% 0= = A

D=O @A KALA ?EBH=I
AH @A ?=FE? =I @A ?D ?EBH=I
+K
J I ?=FE? =I
- AH?E?E " "& ,A ?K J=I B H =I FKA@A ?

IKF A I GKA D=O @ I GKA ?KF= IEA FHA A JH A JE
?=HIA A = = K I IE EI FKAIJ K A FHE AH
- AH?E?E " "' ,A ?K J=I B H =I @EIJE J=I FKA@A IA J=HIA JHAI ?DE? I O @ I
?DE?=I A K = = @A >KJ=?=I @A K ?E A JA EA @ A ?KA J= GKA @ I ?DE? I K J I E @ I ?DE?=I K J=I
FKA@A AIJ=H
+)2 67
" +
*1 )6 41)
#
- AH?E?E " # - A >= GKAJA GKA IECKA = K = > @= IA IEA J= A

FHAIE@A ?E= ?D FAHI =I E ? KE@ I I IA FKA@A IA J=H @A B H = GKA I LE I LE I ,A ?K IA IAF=HA
= AI= J=I B H =I @EIJE J=I
- AH?E?E " # 5A JEA A J=H AJ=I I >HA =I GKA IA D= AI?HEJ
I AH I ! " # $ % & ' ,A ?K J=I B H =I @EBAHA JAI IA FKA@A H@A =H @A = AH= GKA A # O A $ IEA FHA AIJ K J I ; ?K J=I B H =I @EIJE J=I D=>H @A = AH= GKA A # O A $ AIJ K J I O FHA?EI= A JA A AIA H@A
- AH?E?E " # +
AJH=I ) - 1 O
?=@=I A H@A = B=> JE? J @=I =I FAH KJ=?E IA @AIA= I=>AH A KC=H GKA ?KF= = FAH KJ=?E
AI @A =I )1 -
- AH?E?E " #! 7 = IA?HAJ=HE= D= AI?HEJ ?=HJ=I @EHECE@=I = FAHI =I @EI
JE J=I O IKI ? HHAIF @EA JAI I >HAI ) = D H= @A AJAH =I ?=HJ=I A I I >HAI = = = F H JA B O IE =HIA L= E JH @K?EA @ = = =H =I ?=HJ=I A I I >HAI ,A ?K J=I B H =I @EIJE J=I F @H HA A =H I I >HAI - ?K J=I @A =I B H =I = JAHE HAI ?KHHEH GKA = ?=HJ= @EHECE@= = @ )H = @ /KAHH= AIJ A IK ? HHAIF @EA JA I >HA
- AH?E?E " #" KEI
HA?KAH@= A JA B @A ) = 5=>A GKA A FEA = F H JEA A JHAI @ I ! O JHAI ' +K J=I = =@=I @EBAHA JAI JA @H = GKA D=?AH ? NE F=H= ?= E =H = ) =
- AH?E?E " ## - K = K E@=@
E EJ=H D=O $ ?=FEJ= AI JA EA JAI # I=H CA J I O # ?=> I ,A ?K J=I = AH=I IA FKA@A IA A??E =H K CHKF @A ! ?=FEJ= AI % JA EA JAI # I=HCA J I O !$ ?=> I
- AH?E?E " #$ +
K CHKF @A = K I @A K ?KHI @A>A D=?AHIA JHAI AGKEF I @A ?K=JH FAHI =I ?=@= K F=H= =IEIJEH = JHAI ANF IE?E AI @EIJE J=I +K J=I B H =?E AI @EBAHA JAI FKA@A D=?AHIA
- AH?E?E " #% 2=H= D=?AH K = =FKAIJ= A =
JAH = 2HE EJEL= D=O GKA =H?=H ? ?HK?AI IAEI AH I @A FHE AH > GKA @ @A CKH= I AH I @A = "' ,A ?K J=I B H =I @EBAHA JAI K = FAHI = FKA@A =H?=H $ # "O ! AH I
+=F JK
2H >=>E E@=@
+

JA E@ I @A JA =
-NFAHE A J I = A=J HE I FAH=?E AI ? IK?AI I
! "
?AFJ @A FH >=>E E@=@ @E?E =@=
2H >=>E E@=@ ?
#
,A
-NFAHE A J I = A=J HE I
E?E # 7 ANFAHE A J IA @A E = = A=J HE IE AI F IE> A FHA @A?EH A HAIK J=@ = JAI @A IK HA= E =?E IEA @ F IE> A HAFAJEH A ANFAHE A J A =I EI =I ? @E?E AI E @A E@=I LA?AI ,A
? O
E?E # 5A = = AIF=?E KAIJH= @A K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE = K J @A J @ I I F IE> AI HAIK J=@ I @A = HA= E =?E @A @E?D ANFAHE A J IEC E ?=HA I F H E
@A
,A
K
E?E E?E
# ! 5A = = IK?AI A A A J= @A K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE = ?=@= I F IE> AI HAIK J=@ I @A ANFAHE A J # " 5A = = IK?AI @A K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE = ?=@= K K J I @A AIF=?E KAIJH=
@A
,A ,A
I IK>?
E?E # # 5A = = AIF=?E @A IK?AI I =I ?E=@ = K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE O I @A J= I F H P (E ) = ? K J @A J @ I I IK?AI I ? HHAIF @EA JAI = @E?D ANFAHE A J AIJ AI = ? K J @A J @ I I IK>? K J I @A AIF=?E KAIJH= P (E ) = {A / A E}
#
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
6A HA = # 5E E JEA A n A A A J I A J ?AI P (E ) JEA A 2n A A A J I

card(E ) = n card(P (E )) = 2n
,A
E?E # $ 5A @E?A GKA K IK?AI A IA D= LAHE ?=@ IE = HA= E =H A ANFAHE A J = A=J HE IA >JEA A ? HAIK J=@ K @A I IK?AI I A A A J= AI GKA ? F A A ,A ,A
AIF=?E
E?E E?E
KAIJH=
# % 5A = = IK?AI IACKH = GKA IA LAHE ?= IEA FHA AIJ AI = # & 5A = = IK?AI E F IE> A O IA HAFHAIA J= F H = GKA
IA
LAHE ?= K ?=
#
,A
FAH=?E
AI ?
IK?AI I
E?E # ,=@ I @ I IK?AI I A, B @A K EI ANFAHE A J = A=J HE IA @A A = K E @A A O B O IA HAFHAIA J= F H A B ? A IK?AI GKA IA LAHE ?= ?K= @ IA LAHE ?= A ?K= @ IA LAHE ?= B
,A E?E # ,=@ I @ I IK?AI I A, B @A K EI ANFAHE A J = A=J HE IA @A A = E JAHIA??E @A A O B O IA HAFHAIA J= F H A B ? A IK?AI GKA IA LAHE ?= ?K= @ IA LAHE ?= A O B IE K J A= A JA
IK?AI ? FHA GKA
,A
E?E
# ! ,=@ K IK?AI A @A K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE IA = = JH=HE @A A O IA HAFHAIA J= F H A = =GKA IK?AI GKA IA LAHE ?= IEA IA LAHE ?= A
A=A
6A HA = #
=E E =
,A
E = E ?
E?E
# " , I IK?AI I A, B @A F=JE> AI IE A B =

AOAI
EI
ANFAHE A J = A=J HE IA @A
+ H =HE # 6A HA = #
E ?
F=JE> AI
! 2H FEA@=@AI @A (P (E ), , ) 5A= A, B P (E ) 5A ?K F A =I IECKEA JAI FH FEA@=@AI AB =BA AB =BA A (B C ) = (A B ) C A (B C ) = (A B ) C AA=A AA=A AE =E AE =A A=A A= AA= AA=E A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C ) A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C ) AB =AB AB =AB
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
#!
?E
2 H ?K F EH AIJ=I FH FEA@=@AI IA @E?A GKA A ? K J P (E ) ? =I FAH= AI , JEA A AIJHK?JKH= @A CA>H= J= -IJ= @ I JE =I FH FEA@=@AI IA ? ?A ? AOAI @A ,A HC=
,A
E?E # # ,=@ I @ I IK?AI I A O B @A EI ANFAHE A J = A=J HE = = I @EBAHA ?E= @A A O B O HAFHAIA J= I F H A \ B = IK?AI GKA IA LAHE ?= ?K= @ IA LAHE ?= A O IA LAHE ?= B AI @A?EH
A\B =AB
,A
E?E # $ ,=@ I @ I IK?AI I A, B P (E ) = = I @EBAHA ?E= IE JHE ?= @A A O B O HAFHAIA J= I F H A B = IK?AI I GKA IA LAHE ?= ?K= @ IA LAHE ?= A O IA LAHE ?= B ?K= @ IA LAHE ?= B O IA LAHE ?= A AIJ AI
A B = (A \ B ) (B \ A)
#!
,A
?AFJ @A FH >=>E E@=@
E?E # ! + IE@AHA I K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE GKA IA D= HA= E =@ n LA?AI 5A = = BHA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= @A K IK?AI A =I ?E=@ = ANFAHE A J = A=J HE O HAFHAIA J= I F H n(A) = AH @A LA?AI GKA IA D= LAHE ?=@ A A =I n HA= E =?E AI @A EI ,A E?E # ! + IE@AHA I K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE GKA IA D= HA= E =@ n LA?AI 5A = = BHA?KA ?E= HA =JEL= @A K IK?AI A =I ?E=@ = ANFAHE A J = A=J HE O HAFHAIA J= I F H f r(A) = ? ?EA JA A JHA A AH @A LA?AI GKA IA D= LAHE ?=@ A A =I n HA= E =?E AI @A EI OA AH @A HA= E =?E AI @A ANFAHE A J AIJ AI n(A) f r(A) = n
HE GKA IA D= HAFAJE@ n LA?AI 5A ?K F A
A P (E ) 0 f r(A) 1 f r() = 0
6A HA = # ! 2H FEA@=@AI @A f r + IE@AHA
I K ANFAHE A J = A=J =I IECKEA JAI FH FEA@=@AI
! " # $
f r(E ) = 1 f r(A) = 1 f r(A) A B = f r(A B ) = f r(A) + f r(B ) A B = f r(A B ) = f r(A) + f r(B ) f r(A B )
6A HA = # !
AO @A = =H = BHA?KA ?E= HA =JEL= @A K IK?AI ?K= @ HA= E = I K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE K AH A AL=@ @A LA?AI JEA @A = AIJ= >E E =HIA A J H = K AH
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
#"
,A
E?E # ! ! ,A E?E BHA?KA ?E= EIJ= @A FH >=>E E@=@ 5A= A K IK?AI =I ?E=@ = K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE 5A = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA LAHE GKA A O IA HAFHAIA J= F H p(A) = AH A J H = ?K= JEA @A = AIJ=>E E =HIA = BHA?KA ?E= HA =JEL= @A A = HA= E =H A ANFAHE A J K AH A AL=@ @A LA?AI
,A E?E # ! " ,A E?E =NE JE?= @A FH >=>E E@=@ + IE@AHA I K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE ? AIF=?E KAIJH= E O IA= P (E ) A AIF=?E @A IK?A I I = = I FH >=>E E@=@ = J @= =F E?=?E
p : P (E ) [0, 1]
?K F EA @
0 p(A) 1 A P (E ) p(E ) = 1
A B = p(A B ) = p(A) + p(B )
) = JAH = (E , P (E ), p) IA A = = AIF=?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ JE? F=?E FH >=>E IJE? 5A ?K F A =I IECKEA JAI FH FEA@=@AI
AIF=?E FH >=>E I
6A HA = # ! ! 2H FEA@=@AI @A = FH >=>E E@=@ 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AI

p(A) = 1 p(A) A P (E ) p() = 0
! "
A B p(A) p(B ) A B = p(A B ) = p(A) + p(B ) p(A B )
#"
,A
2H >=>E E@=@ ?
@E?E
=@=
E?E # " 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AIF=?E FH >=>E IJE? 5A= A, B P (E ) = = I IK?AI A ? @E?E =@ = B O HAFHAIA J= I F H A/B = IK?AI ? IEIJA JA A GKA IA LAHE GKA A IKFKAIJ GKA IA D= LAHE ?=@ B ,A E?E # " 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AIF=?E FH >=>E IJE? 5A= A, B P (E ) ? p(B ) = 0 5A @A A = FH >=>E E@=@ @A A ? @E?E =@ = B O HAFHAIA J= I F H p(A/B ) ? p(A B ) p(A/B ) = p(B )
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
##
? ?E
,A
E?E # " ! 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AIF=?E FH >=>E IJE? 5A= A, B P (E ) p(B ) = 0 5A FKA@A AIJ=> A?AH K = KAL= @A E?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ ? @E =@= ? = =F E?=?E
p : P (E ) [0, 1] A p(A/B )
?K F EA @
0 p(A/B ) 1 A P (E ) p(E /B ) = 1
A1 A2 = p((A1 A2 )/B ) = p(A1 /B ) + p(A2 /B )
5A ?K F A
6A HA = # " 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AIF=?E FH >=>E IJE? 5A= A, B, C P (E )

p(A B ) = p(B ) p(A/B ) p(A B ) = p(A) p(B/A)
p(A B C ) = p(A) p(B/A) p(C/(A B ))
6A HA = # "
5A LAHE ?=
5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AIF=?E FH >=>E IJE?

p(A) = p(A/B ) p(B ) = p(B/A) p(A) = p(A/B ) p(B ) = p(B/A)
5A= A, B P (E )
,A
E?E # " " 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AIF=?E FH >=>E IJE? 5A= A, B, C P (E ) 5A @E?A GKA A O B I IK?AI I @AFA @EA JAI IE p(A) = p(B/A) 5A @E?A GKA A O B I IK?AI I E @AFA @EA JAI IE p(A) = p(A/B )
6A HA = # " ! 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AIF=?E FH >=>E IJE? 5A= A, B, C P (E ) 5E A, B I E @AFA @EA JAI A J ?AI p(AB ) = p(A)p(B ) 5E {A1 , A2 , , Ar1 , Ar } I E @AFA @EA JAI = A J ?AI
p(A1 A2 Ar1 Ar ) = p(A1 ) p(A2 /A1 ) p(Ar /(A1 A2 Ar1 ))
,A E?E # " # 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AIF=?E FH >=>E IJE? IK?AI I {Ai ; i = 1, 2, . . . , n} IA @E?A GKA B H = K IEIJA = ? IE LAHE ?= =I @ I IECKEA JAI ? @E?E AI

Ai Aj = , i = j ; i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n AI @A?EH F=JE> AI @ I = @ I
n
7 ? K J @A F AJ @A IK?AI I E ?
I IK?AI I I
Ai = E
i=1
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
#$
6A HA = # " " 6A HA = @A = FH >=>E E@=@ J J= 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AI

F=?E FH >=>E IJE? 5A= {Ai ; i = 1, 2, . . . , n} K IEIJA = ? IA= B P (E ) ? p(B ) > 0 - J ?AI
n
F AJ @A IK?AI I O
p(B ) =
i=1
p(Ai ) p(B/Ai )
6A HA = # " # 6A HA = @A *=OAI 5A= (E , P (E ), p) K AIF=?E FH >=>E I

JE? 5A= {Ai ; i = 1, 2, . . . , n} K IEIJA = ? ? p(B ) > 0 - J ?AI
p(Aj /B ) =
n
F AJ @A IK?AI I O IA= B P (E )
p(Aj ) p(B/Aj ) p(Ai ) p(B/Ai )

i=1
; j = 1, 2, . . . , n
##
- AH?E?E I @A JA =
J= - I KALA A AH?E?E I IECKEA JAI @E ?K AI A AIF=?E KAIJH= ? H HAIF @EA JA = = ANFAHEA ?E= = A=J HE= A ?KAIJE 5E AI EJ O JEA A F ? I A A A J I @E I J @ I 5E JEA A K?D I A A A J I @AI?H >A O @E A AH J J= ; IE AI E EJ @E IE AI ? JE K @EI?HAJ - AH?E?E # -NJH=A - AH?E?E #
@A ?=@= K -NJH=A I K = ?=HJ= @A K = >=H= = AIF= I K = ?=HJ= @A K = >=H= = AIF= I @ I ?=HJ=I @A K = >=H= = AIF= I@ I I JHAI I IAEI I IAEI I K A@=I @EIJE J=I O = A@=I @EIJE J=I O = A@=I @EIJE J=I O = A@=I @EIJE J=I O = J= J= J= J= =O= =O= =O= J= J= J= IA I A F= I A F= AH
- AH?E?E # ! -NJH=A - AH?E?E # " = = - AH?E?E # # = = - AH?E?E # $ = = - AH?E?E # % = = - AH?E?E # & = =

I= C= K # ) J= IA
I A HAIK J=@ I A HAIK J=@ I A HAIK J=@ IA AH @A ?=H=I
@=@ J= J=I LA?AI ? IA= A?AI=HE D=IJ= GKA AH @A JEH=@=I GKA D= DA?D B= J= HA= E =H @A K = ?E = F > E?= = J= I A JEA F GKA
- AH?E?E # ' - K JA B
A@E= A JHA @ I = =@=I
- AH?E?E # 7 C=J FAHIECKA = K H=J
IJA FKA@A DKEH F H ?K= GKEAH= @A I ?= A AI ) * + - ?=@= K @A A I FKA@A IAH ?= =@ ?= =@ . H = A AIF=?E KAIJH= - ? =I IAEI F IE>E E@=@AI GKA IA @= =IEC @ AI >HAI F H A A F = L= F H ) O AI ?= =@ > L= F H ) O AI ?= =@ AJ? ,AIEC = I IK?AI I L= F H ) L= F H * L= F H + AI ?= =@ AI ?= =@ A@E= JA I A A A J I @A E F H A A F L= F H )= {a, b}
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
#%
- AH?E?E # 2
!!
J @ I
I IK?AI I @A =I ANFAHEA ?E=I @A =I ANFAHEA ?E=I @A
I A AH?E?E I ! I A AH?E?E I !
- AH?E?E #
!# !$ O !%
+K
J I IK?AI I JEA A
- AH?E?E # ! 0= K I CH ? I A
I ?K= AI IA LA= ? =H GKA
(A B ) = A B
- AH?E?E # " ,A KAIJH= CH ?= A JA GKA

AB =AB
- AH?E?E # # ,A KAIJH= CH ?= A JA GKA

A (B A) = A
- AH?E?E # $ ,A KAIJH= CH ?= A JA GKA

A (B A) = A
- AH?E?E # % 6EH= K @=@ LA?AI = J= =I BHA?KA ?E=I @A ?=@= K = @A

=I ?=H=I O D= K @E=CH= = @A >=HH=I ? F=HA ? ?=H=I A A ?K= IA ?
=I BHA?KA ?E=I HA =JEL=I @A =I IAEI 1 = FH >=>E E@=@ = 0, 1666 6 I @EIJE J I HAIK J=@ I O IACKEH K )I >EA
- AH?E?E # & 6EH= LA?AI @ I @=@ I O = J= ?=@= LA = IK = @A =I FK

JK=?E AI >JA E@=I 0= = =I BHA?KA ?E=I HA =JEL=I @A HAFHAI J= =I A K @E=CH= = @A >=HH=I
- AH?E?E # ' 2=H= C= =H K = = @A ?=HJ=I @A>A

K H 3K FH >=>E E@=@ JA A I @A C= =H
I?
- AH?E?E # - K = >=H= = DA
GKA@= IA @=
P (rey ) = 0, 15 P (bastos) = 0, 3 P (?=HJ= GKA
I IKFHE E@ L=HE=I ?=HJ=I - JHA =I GKA =I IECKEA JA FH >=>E E@=@AI @A IAH ANJH= @=I
IA= E HAO E >=IJ I) = 0, 6
4A?KAH@= GKA P (A) = 1 P (A) -IJ A JHA A =I A HAO @A >=IJ I - ?=I = H =JEL @= IK FH >=>E E@=@ +K J=I ?=HJ=I GKA@=
- AH?E?E # )IEC = FH >=>E E@=@AI = I $ A A A J I @A E A AH?E?E " O ?= ?K = =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A I ?E ? IK?AI I = IA = =@ I 2 H A A F IE D=I =IEC =@ P (a) = 0, 2; P (b) = 0, 1 IAH
P (entreporA) = P ({a, b} = P (a) + P (b) = 0, 2 + 0, 1 = 0, 3
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
#&
- AH?E?E #
- K ?A JH D=O = K 7I= C=B=I KIA C=B=I +DE? I &% "!
I HAF=HJE@ I =I +DE?=I ! &%
5A A ECA = = =H K ?DE? ?DE?= KIA C=B=I KIA C=B=I
@A A
+K
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA=
IA= K = ?DE?= ?
C=B=I ?K AI = FH >=>E E@=@
5A A ECA = CKEA = = =H O A @E?A GKA AI K = ?DE?= @A GKA KIA C=B=I
- AH?E?E # ! - K = ? =H?= D=O @ I FAHE @E? I - FH CHAIEIJ= O - E> AH= 5A I=>A GKA A 55 % @A =I FAHI =I @A AI= ? =H?= AA - FH CHAIEIJ= 2 A 40 % AA - E>AH= O A 25 % AA E CK @A A I -NFHAI= A
BK ?E @A 2 O I IECKEA JAI IK?AI I AAH AAH I AAH I AAH = CK I @ I FAHE @E? I
@A
E>AH=
I @ I FAHE @E? I @A @A I@ I
2H CHAIEIJ=
AAH E CK AAH I K
I@ I I IK?AI I P, L, P L, P L, P L, L
+= ?K = =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A P, (L P ), (L P )
5=>A I GKA K = FAHI = AA - 2H CHAIEIJ= 3K FH >=>E E@=@ D=O @A GKA =@A I A= - E>AH= ; @A GKA A=
- AH?E?E # " - K = HAIE@A ?E= D=O &# = ?E= I @A
I GKA #' BK = O $ JEA A =BA??E AI FK =HAI 2AH I D=O ! GKA =K GKA BK A JEA A =BA??E AI FK =HAI 0= K = J=> = @A ? JE CA ?E= O =LAHECK= +K J I D=O GKA BK A O JA C= =BA??E AI FK AI FK AI FK =HAI =HAI =HAI
3K FH F H?E 3K FH F H?E
@A BK =@ HAI JEA A =BA??E @A
BK =@ HAI JEA A =BA??E
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
#'
3K FH F H?E
@A A BAH
I @A FK
BK =@ HAI 5A IA
- AH?E?E # # 7 = A ?KAIJ= HALA = GKA A 35 % @A I D=>EJ= JAI @A = =CK =

OA = ?=@A = 5-4 A 28 % = + 2- O A 10 % = >=I A EI H=I @A H=@E A ECA = = =H K @A AIJ I ?EK@=@= I +K +K +K
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA AI?K?DA = CK = @A AIJ=I A EI H=I @A H=@E AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA AI?K?DA E CK = @A A =I
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA AI?K?DA I = A JA K = @A =I @ I I @ I @=@ I +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A ?=@= K = @A =I EI = CA>H= -NFHAI= A
- AH?E?E # $ 6EH=
F IE> AI IK =I BK ?E @A A
- AH?E?E # % A, B, C I
I 5A HA= E = = CK @A
I IK?AI I
JHAI IK?AI I @A K = I JHAI @A I JHAI
IA HA= E = E CK 5A HA= E = I JHAI
5A HA= E = @ I @A 5A HA= E = = A
I JHAI I @ I @A I JHAI
@A IKI IAN I 2 H A A F 8 IEC E ?= GKA A =O H AI L=H O I JH I @ I K AHAI +K J I A A A J I JEA A A AIF=?E KAIJH= E ,AI?HE>A I IECKEA JAI IK?AI I ) = A H AI K AH * - =O H AI L=H - GK ? IEIJA A B
- AH?E?E # & - B= E E=I @A JHAI DE I IA AIJK@E= = @EIJHE>K?E
- AH?E?E # ' ) JEH=H JHAI @=@ I F @A
I >JA AH IK = ' @A IAEI B H =I @EI JE J=I {126, 135, 144, 225, 234, 333} O JH=I IAEI @A >JA AH IK = {136, 145, 226, 235, 244, 334} 5E A >=HC = ANFAHEA ?E= I @E?A GKA AI I B ?E >JA AH IK = GKA IK = ' 2 H GK -IJA FH > A = HAI LE /= E A A A IEC :811 = HAGKAHE EA J @A K KC=@ H A FH ?EFA @A 6 I?= =
- AH?E?E # ! 5A = = IE K J A= A JA ?K=JH =>E E@=@ @A >JA AH = A I K = ?=H=

-NFHAI= A@E= JA ) * O + A IK?AI ) * +
A@=I
+K
AI = FH >
- AH?E?E # ! 5A= ) * O + IK?AI I =H>EJH=HE I @A K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE

?KHHA AN=?J= A JA @ I @A
I IK?AI I A=
- AH?E?E # !
+K
=I AJH= @A = F= =>H= + )5- IA ? ?= = = =H O A AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA =I @ I L ?= AI GKA@A K J=I 4= = A@=I = =EHA
- AH?E?E # !! 5A HA= E = A ANFAHE A J = A=J HE @A = =H IK?AIEL= A JA ?K

=JH
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
$
+K +K
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH =
IK
JHAI ?HK?AI
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH @ I ?=H=I
- AH?E?E # !" 7 = ? =IA IA ?
F A @A LAE JA = K I O @EA = K =I = EJ=@ @A =I = K =I O = EJ=@ @A I = K I =FHKA>= =I =JA JE?=I += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = A ACEH K = FAHI = = = =H HAIK JA IAH )K )K = GKA =FHKA>= =I GKA IKIFA @= =I =JA =JA JE?=I JE?=I
- AH?E?E # !# 5A= A, B @ I IK?AI I J= AI GKA

P (A B ) = 3 2 1 ; P (B ) = ; P (A B ) = 4 3 4
+= ?K = P (A B ); P (B ); P (A) *A
- AH?E?E # !$ ,AJAH E = IE I
I IECKEA JAI ?=I I
P (A) =
F=JE> AI
E ?
F=JE> AI
I IK?AI I ) O
1 1 2 ; P (B ) = ; P (A B ) = 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 P (B ) = O 5 3
P (A) = 0; P (B ) =
- AH?E?E # !% ,A
P (A B ) =
I IK?AI I A O B IA I=>A GKA P (A) =
1 0= = P (A B ); P (A B ) 3
F=H +K LA?AI ?K
- AH?E?E # !& +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = = =H @ I @=@ I = IK = IA=

AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH = A I K $ = = =H K @=@ n
- AH?E?E # !' 5E = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA ?KHH= @ I IK?AI I = = LA AI p

AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = A IK @A I@ I ?KHH= 4= = = = IECKEA JA = H =?E 5E = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA ?KH 1 H= @ I IK?AI I = = LA AI A H GKA = IK = @A =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A = > I 2 3 F H IAF=H=@ FKA@A AN?A@AH @A 2
- AH?E?E # " 4=
- AH?E?E # " - K = KH = D=O > =I +=@= K = @A K ?

LAH@A O JEA A K AH
H > = ?
. H = K ?K=@H @A @ > A A JH=@= A A GKA =F=HA ?= = FH >=>E E@=@ @A ?=@= F=H @A ?=H=?JAHAI
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
$
+= ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A H LAH@A > = ? A K = KH = GKA ? JEA A ! > =I LAH@AI =H?=@=I ? K ! > =I LAH@AI =H?=@=I ? K > =I H =I =H?=@=I K = ? K O = JH= ? K > =I > = ?=I =H?=@=I ? K
+ FHKA>= GKA IA FKA@A =I FH >=>E E@=@AI >JA E@=I A A =F=HJ=@ = JAHE H IA FKA@A >JA AH IK = @ =I ? K =I @A ?K=@H B H =@ A A FHE AH =F=HJ=@ += ?K = J @=I =I FH >=>E E@=@AI ? ,E IE = CK @A @A I ?=H=?JAHAI H @E?E =@=I
LAH@A > = ? AI E @AFA @EA JA @A
- AH?E?E # " 5A D= IACKE@
= FEIJ= = ? ?DAI KJE EJ=HE I @KH= JA K = IJ I I @A JHAI =H?=I @EIJE J=I ) * O + 7 I D= JA E@ =??E@A JA IAHE )? O JH I )? 5A HAF=HJA IAC = J=> = IECKEA JA )? )? ) $# "'!# * '& + # '&# I IACKH= 2=H= A
+= ?K = ?K @A AIJ=I JHAI =H?=I D= HAIK J=@ IAH ? F=H= P (Ac/A), P (Ac/B ), P (Ac/C ) ? P (Ac) ,E IE = CK -NF E?= GKA IA= J CKH=I @A
I IK?AI I A, B, C AI E @AFA @EA JA @A Ac O @A no Ac
GKA IEC E ?= P (A/Ac) I ! ?=HJ=I @A K = >=H= = +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A HAA F = = EA
- AH?E?E # "! -NJH=A - AH?E?E # "" -NJH=A

= = 2# LA?AI - 2# LA?AI E 2= C -
I ?E ? LA?AI ?=HJ= @A K = >=H= = ? I NEJ - = I=?=H =I HAO += ?K =
- AH?E?E # "# 7 =LE

FH >=>E E@=@ @A @AIJHKEH @AIJHKO= A FKA JA
JEA A ?E ? > @A K > >=
>=I ,AIA= @AIJHKEH K FKA JA = 1 AI +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA 5
- AH?E?E # "$ 7 = KH = ) ? JEA A $ > =I > = ?=I O " ACH=I JH= KH = * ? JEA A # > = ?=I O ' ACH=I - ACE I K = KH = = = =H O ANJH=A I @ I > =I GKA HAIK J= IAH =I @ I > = ?=I 0= = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A = KH = A ACE@= D=O= IE@ = )
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
- AH?E?E # "% 6A A
I @ I KH =I 7 = @A A =I ? JEA A ! > =I = K AI " > =I > = ?=I O # > =I H =I EA JH=I GKA = IACK @= ? JEA A % > =I = K AI $ > =I > = ?=I O # > =I H =I -NJH=A I K = > = @A ?=@= KH = +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA= @A EI ? H ; = @A GKA IA= @A @EIJE J ? H
- AH?E?E # "& 7 = KH = ? JEA A # > =I > = ?=I O

> =I IE =H I A A ? H O IA @A = =F=HJA = IECKEA JA GKA IA ANJH=EC= IA= > = ?= +K
ACH=I 5A ANJH=A JHAI AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
- AH?E?E # "' 0=O AFE@A E= @A ? AH= + + IE@AH=
I ? K @A I J =I = @E=HHA= , 2AH AIJA I J = IA FHAIA J= J= >E A FAHI =I ? E J NE?=?E 1 A E ? KI A = CK =I GKA JA C= =@= IAHE =I FH >=>E E@=@AI I
P (D/C ) = 0, 99; P (D/I ) = 0, 5; P (D/N ) = 0, 004
5A @= I IECKEA JAI F H?A J= AI A % @A = F > =?E E J NE?=?E O A HAIJ '% # % =@= @A AI += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K = FAHI 7 = FAHI
JEA A ? AH= A # %
= A ACE@= = = =H JA C= @E=HHA=
= JEA A @E=HHA= += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA JA C= ? AH= AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA =I ?=HJ=I IA= I J=I O A =O AH
- AH?E?E # # 5E K J A= A JA IA I=?= @ I ?=HJ=I @A K = >=H= = AIF=

IA JEH= K @=@ +K @A @=@ IA= F=H
- AH?E?E # # - K = >=H= = @A " ?=HJ=I IA J

?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA =I JHAI IA= GKA = A I @ I @A A =I D=O=
= JHAI ?=HJ=I @EIJE J=I += AH I @EIJE J I EI ?K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A @ = @A = IA = =
- AH?E?E # # -I? CE@=I ?E ? FAHI =I = = =H

=?E@ A A
- AH?E?E # #! - K ?=
@A K =H =HE K= CK=H@= @AI H@A =@= A JA ! F=HAI @A ?= ?AJE AI > = ? I O " F=HAI @A ?= ?AJE AI H I JH ?= ? JEA A " ? H>=J=I > = ?=I ! H =I O = K AI 2=H= LAIJEHIA I=?= = = =H @A FHE AH ?= K F=H @A ?= ?AJE AI O @A IACK @ K = ? H>=J= 0= = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA I ?= ?AJE AI O = ? H>=J= IA= @A EI ? H
- AH?E?E # #" 7 FH @K?J AIJ B H =@ F H @ I F=HJAI ) O * - FH ?AI @A
B=>HE?=?E AI J= GKA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A K @ABA?J A ) AI $ O = FH >=>E E@=@ @A K @ABA?J A * AI % +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A FH @K?J IA= @ABA?JK I
- AH?E?E # ## 7 = KH = ? JEA A > =I > = ?=I $ ACH=I O " H =I 5E IA AN

JH=A ! > =I ? OK =H = HAA F = = EA J ?K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH
> = ?=I
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
$!
- AH?E?E # #$ 7 = KH = ) ? JEA A $ > =I > = ?=I O " ACH=I K = IACK @=

KH = * ? JEA A # > =I > = ?=I O ACH=I 5A IA A??E = K = KH = = = =H O @A A = IA ANJH=A @ I > =I IE HAA F = = EA J +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA= @A @EIJE J ? H
- AH?E?E # #% =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A GKA ?=@= K
@A I JHAI =LE AI ) * O + ?K F = IK D H=HE FHALEIJ I % & O ' HAIFA?JEL= A JA - ? F H J= EA J @A ?=@= =LE @AFA @A @A I JH I += ?K = =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A GKA ?K F = A D H=HE I JHAI =LE ) A AI I
I @ I @A A
- AH?E?E # #& 5A = = K @=@ HAFAJE@=I LA?AI O AIJ=

+K AI A AIF=?E KAIJH=
I E JAHAI=@ I A A AH @A JEH=@=I FHA?EI=I F=H= >JA AH K $ F H FHE AH= LA 5A FE@A
+K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A FHE AH $ IA >JA C= FHA?EI= A JA A I FJE = JEH=@=
- AH?E?E # #' , I KC=@ HAI =HH = = = LA @ I

AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = > I >JA C= A ?AH K = @ I 4= = @AJ= =@= A JA EI
A@=I ?=@= K +K AH @A ?=H=I IA= IJA
- AH?E?E # $ 7 = FEA = @A =HJE AH = @EIF A @A % >KIAI F=H= = ?= =H K

1 > AJEL - ?=@= @EIF=H = FH >=>E E@=@ @A = ?= =H AI 7 =>E E@=@ @A = ?= =H A > AJEL ? = C > I 1 @E?=?E += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A = ?= =H ?
+K E CK
AI = FH >
- AH?E?E # $ ,A K = >=H= = @A " ?=HJ=I IA J

E@=@ @A GKA IA= @A F= I @EIJE J I
= ?K=JH
0= = = FH >=>E
- AH?E?E # $ 5A JEA A @ I > I=I ) O *

O & ACH=I O = > I= * JEA A & > = ?=I O @ I > =I += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA =I @ I > =I IA= > = ?=I 7 = IA= > = ?= O = JH= ACH=
= > I= ) ? JEA A > =I > = ?=I ACH=I 5A J = K = > I= O IA I=?=
GKE =I ) * O + IA B=>HE?= FEA =I @A = EI = =JKH= A = - F H?A J= A @A FEA =I GKA HAIK J= @ABA?JK I=I A ?=@= GKE = AI HAIFA?JEL= A JA % % O ! % 5A A ? = ! FEA =I @A ?=@= GKE = O IA A ECA K = FEA = = = =H GKA HAIK J= IAH @ABA?JK I= +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA D=O= IE@ B=>HE?=@= A = GKE = ) 1 @E?=?E += ?K = FHALE= A JA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K = FEA = = = =H IA= @ABA?JK I=
- AH?E?E # $! - JHAI
+)2 67
# 24 *)*1 1,),
$"
- AH?E?E # $" 7 = ?= = ) ? JEA A
> =I > = ?=I O @ I H =I O JH= ?= = * ? JEA A ! > =I > = ?=I O @ I H =I 5A F=I= K = > = @A ) = * O @AIFK I IA ANJH=A K = > = @A * GKA HAIK J= IAH > = ?= += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = > = JH=I =@=@= D=O= IE@ > = ?= 1 @E?=?E += ?K = FHALE= A JA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = > = = IA= > = ?=
- AH?E?E # $# - ?EAHJ F= I @ @A = A BAH A@=@ : AI A @
E?= IA I=>A GKA K % @A = F > =?E F=@A?A @E?D= A BAH A@=@ 5A @EIF A @A K = FHKA>= F=H= @AJA?J=H = A BAH A@=@ FAH AI J J= A JA => A O= GKA @= F IEJEL= A ' % @A I ?=I I @A FAHI =I HA= A JA A BAH =I O J= >E @= F IEJEL= A A # % @A FAHI =I I= =I +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA AIJ I= = K = FAHI = = = GKA = FHKA>= A D= @=@ F IEJEL= 1 @E?=?E += ?K = FHALE= A JA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A K = FAHI = = = =H @A F IEJEL=
- AH?E?E # $$ 5A= ) O * @ I
J AI @A ?=HJ=I - ) D=O & H I O # AIF=@=I O A * " H I O % AIF=@=I 5=?= I @ I ?=HJ=I @A EI J O HAIK J= GKA = >=I I AIF=@=I 0= = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA =I D=O= I I=?=@ @A J * 1 @E?=?E += ?K = FHALE= A JA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH @ I AIF=@=I
- AH?E?E # $% ,A K = >=H= = @A " ?=HJ=I IA J

=>E E@=@ @A GKA =I ?=HJ=I IA= , I H I , I AIF=@=I @ I CKH=I
= @ I ?=HJ=I 0= = = FH >
- AH?E?E # $& 6A A
I K = KH = ? # > =I > = ?=I O # ACH=I 5=?= @ I > =I 0= = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA= K = @A ?=@= ? H A ?=@= K @A IECKEA JAI ?=I I ,AIFK I @A I=?=@= = FHE AH= > = = L LA = JAI @A ANJH=AH = IACK @= > = 5=?=@= = FHE AH= > = = @A = IACK @= I = E JH @K?EH A
I I
= > I= I =
I BKAH= O A JHA =I HAIJ= JAI ANJH=A
2=HJA 18
,EIJHE>K?E AI @A FH >=>E E@=@
$#
+=F JK
,EIJHE>K?E
+
8=HE=> A = A=J HE= ,EIJHE>K?E ! " # $ % & 2=H
AI @EI?HAJ=I
JA E@ I @A JA =
@A FH >=>E E@=@ @EI?HAJ=
AJH I @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @EI?HAJ= >E E= >E >E E= E=
,EIJHE>K?E + ?K .K ?E 2=H
@A FH >=>E E@=@AI A K = @EIJHE>K?E AI @A FH >=>E E@=@ O @A @EIJHE>K?E AJH I @A K = @EIJHE>K?E >E E=
) KIJA @A K ?
K J @A @=J I = K = @EIJHE>K?E
>E
E=
$
,A
8=HE=> A = A=J HE=
E?E $ 7 = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X AI K = BK ?E @A AIF=?E KAIJH= @A K ANFAHE A J = A=J HE A A ? K J @A I AH I HA= AI AIJ AI
X:E R X (A) = k R; A E
E?E $ 5A= X K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= 5A @E?A GKA X AI @EI?HAJ= O = HAFHAIA J= I A@E= JA K @E=CH= = @A >=HH=I IE I FKA@A J =H L= HAI =EI =@ I - ?=I ? JH=HE AI @A?EH IE X FKA@A J =H J @ I I L= HAI @A K ?EAHJ E JAHL= @A?E I GKA X AI K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ? JE K= O = HAFHAIA J= I A@E= JA K DEIJ CH= =
,A
$$
+)2 67
$ ,15641*7+1
-5 ,15+4-6)5
$%
,A E?E $ ! 7 = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @EI?HAJ= X IA = = @A *AH KE E O IA HAFHAIA J= F H X Be(p) IE I FKA@A J =H @ I F IE> AI L= HAI 7 @A A I IA @A E = NEJ O JEA A FH >=>E E@=@ p @A LAHE ?=HIA O A JH IA @A E = BH=?=I O JEA A FH >=>E E@=@ q = 1 p @A LAHE ?=HIA
$
,A
,EIJHE>K?E
@A FH >=>E E@=@ @EI?HAJ=
E?E $ = BK ?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X @EI? HAJ= AI = =F E?=?E GKA =I ?E= = ?=@= L= H xi @A = L=HE=> A IK FH >=>E E@=@ pi -IJ AI P [X = xi ] = pi = HAFHAIA J= I F H f (x) 5A JEA A A J ?AI
f (x) = P [X = x]
>IAHL=?E
-
=I ?
@E?E
i
AI @A = @A
pi = 1
E?E
= JAHE H IA JEA A
,A
E?E $ = BK ?E @A @EIJHE>K?E @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X @EI? HAJ= AI K = BK ?E GKA E@A = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X J A L= HAI A HAI ECK= AI GKA K @AJAH E =@ xi = HAFHAIA J= I F H F (x) - J ?AI F (x) = P [X x] = P [X = xi ] = pi
xi x xi x
$!
,A E?E
2=H J=
AJH I @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @EI?HA

A@E= @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X @EI?HAJ= O =
=
i
HAFHAIA J=
$ ! 5A = =
I F H = L= H
xi pi
,A
HAFHAIA J=
E?E
$!
5A = = L=HE= = @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X @EI?HAJ= O = I F H V = L= H

V =
i
(xi )2 pi =
i
2 x2 i pi
,A
E?E $ ! ! 5A = = @AILE=?E J FE?= @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X @EI? HAJ= O = HAFHAIA J= I F H = = H= ?K=@H=@= F IEJEL= @A = L=HE= = AIJ AI = V >IAHL=?E $ ! 5A LAHE ?=
V = 2
+)2 67
$ ,15641*7+1
-5 ,15+4-6)5
$&
$"
,A
,EIJHE>K?E
>E
E=
E?E $ " 5A @E?A GKA K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X @EI?HAJ= IECKA K = @EI JHE>K?E >E E= @A F=H AJH I n O p O IA HAFHAIA J= F H X B (n, p) IE X IA ? HHAIF @A ? K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @A *AH KE E @A FH >=>E E@=@ @A NEJ p O GKA IA HA= E =@ n LA?AI >IAHL=?E $ " 5A= X B (n, p) - J ?AI {xi ; i} = {0, 1, 2, 3 . . . , n}
$#
+ ?K @A FH >=>E E@=@AI A K = @EIJHE>K ?E >E E=

P [X = k ] = n k pk q nk
6A HA = $ # 5A= X B (n, p) - J ?AI
$$
F H
.K ?E AI @A FH >=>E E@=@ O @A @EIJHE>K?E >E E=

= BK ?E
qn n 1 pq n1
6A HA = $ $ 5A= X B (n, p)
8= H @A
P [X = k ] n 0
@A FH >=>E E@=@ @A X LEA A @=@=

... ... n k pk q nk ... ... n n pn
6A HA = $ $
F H
5A= X B (n, p)
F (x) =
= BK ?E
x i=1
@A @EIJHE>K?E
pi q ni
@A X LEA A @=@=
n i
$%
2=H
= np V = npq = sqrtV =
AJH I @A K = @EIJHE>K?E
>E
E=
6A HA = $ % 5A= X B (n, p) 5A LAHE ?=
npq
+)2 67
$ ,15641*7+1
-5 ,15+4-6)5
$'
$&
) KIJA @A K ? K J @A @=J I = K = @EI JHE>K?E >E E=

+= ?K = I = A@E= @A I @=J I O = ECK= = I = = A@E= @A K = JA HE?= >E E= B (n, p) AIJ AI = np ,AIFA = @ ?= ?K = I A L= H @A p + ? F=H= I = @EIJHE>K?E @A I @=J I >JA E@ I ANFAHE A J= = @EIJHE>K?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ JA HE?= B (n, p) 2=H= A A JA
2=H= AIJK@E=H IE K ? K J @A @=J I >JA E@ I ANFAHE A J= A JA IA = KI J= = K = @EIJHE>K?E >E E= B (n, p) IA =F E?= A IECKEA JA FH ?A@E EA J
+= ?K = J=
I =I BHA?KA ?E=I HA =JEL=I fi @A = @EIJHE>K?E
ANFAHE A
+= ?K = I =I FH >=>E E@=@AI P [X = k ] F=H= I L= HAI k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n A = B (n, p) += ?K = I =I @EBAHA ?E=I A L= H =>I KJ A JHA =I FH >=>E E@=@AI JA HE?=I O =I BHA?KA ?E=I HA =JEL=I 5E =I @EBAHA ?E=I I IK ?EA JA A JA FAGKA =I IK ?EA JA A JA CH= @AI =?AFJ= I HA?D= = I = DEF JAIEI @A GKA I @=J I IA = KIJ= = = >E E=
$'
- AH?E?E I @A JA =
@EA JA = = FK JK=?E J FE?= @A = @EIJHE>K?E @A FH > >JA E@= A A = = EA J @A K @=@
- AH?E?E $ += ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E

=>E E@=@ ? HHAIF
- AH?E?E $
5E IA JEH= @ I += ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E IF @EA JA
A@=I = =EHA F @A I >JA AH ?=H=I J FE?= @A = @EIJHE>K?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ ? HHA A@=I & LA?AI O = & !&# % F=H= I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I ? J= IA AH @A ?=H=I
- AH?E?E $ ! 6EH=
I@ I
+= ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E I @A A AH?E?E = JAHE H
J FE?= +
- AH?E?E $ " 7 ANFAHE A J ? IEIJA A JEH=H K =

D=IJ= GKA IA >JA C= ?=H= F H FHE AH= LA + HAIF @A = IK @EIJHE>K?E @A FH >=>E E@=@
xi pi
A@= HAEJAH=@= A JA F AJ= = IECKEA JA J=> = GKA ? H

1 2
1 4
"
4AFHAI
J= = CH
?= A JA
+)2 67
$ ,15641*7+1
-5 ,15+4-6)5
%
- AH?E?E $ # - K = > I= D=O > =I K AH=@=I ' > =I ?

O$? K JHAI 5=?= I K = > = O LA I GK +K AI = @EIJHE>K?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ J FE?= ! " # ! J FE?=
AH JEA A
K #?
+= ?K = =
A@E= O = @AILE=?E
- AH?E?E $ $ = @EIJHE>K?E
xi pi
@A FH >=>E E@=@ @A K IK?AI LEA A @=@= F H !
+K
J L= A p(3) += ?K = =
A@E= O = @AILE=?E
- AH?E?E $ % - K
A@AH D=O # A@=I K = @A # ? JE I @ I @A AKH O @ I @A AKH I 5=?= I K = A@= = = =H O = J= I IK L= H A AKH I -IJ=> A?A = @EIJHE>K?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ O ?= ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E J FE?=
- AH?E?E $ & 7 = A FHAI= D=?A K AIJK@E @A AH?=@ F=H= = =H K FH @K?
J ) K JH FH @K?J * 5AC A AIJK@E IE IA ? AH?E= E = ) JEA A = FH >= >E E@=@ & @A C= =H ! E AI O K = FH >=>E E@=@ @A FAH@AH E AI 5E ? AH?E= E = * JEA A K = FH >=>E E@=@ $ @A C= =H E AI O K = FH > =>E E@=@ " @A FAH@AH " E AI 3K FH @K?J ?HAAI GKA @A>A ? AH?E= E =H 2 H GK
- AH?E?E $ ' 5A = = JHAI

>JA E@=I 0= K = J=> = ? ?= ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E
A@=I = =EHA O IA ?KA J= A AH @A ?=H=I =I FH >=>E E@=@AI HAFHAI J= =I CH ?= A JA O J FE?= AH @A DE I ?= A JA O ?=
- AH?E?E $ -
=I B= E E=I ? @ I DE I IA >IAHL= A L=H AI 0= K = J=> = ? =I FH >=>E E@=@AI HAFHAI J= =I CH ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E J FE?=
- AH?E?E $ - =I B= E E=I ?
?K=JH DE I IA >IAHL= A AH @A DE =I 0= K = J=> = ? =I FH >=>E E@=@AI HAFHAI J= =I CH ?= A JA O ?= ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E J FE?=
- AH?E?E $ - K =F=H=J @A /= J
FAH@EC FAH@EC +K AI +K
J I =FH NE =@= A JA I? J=@
? " AC=H
=I @A J FAI @A = = ?=@= ?=IE AH
I ?=AH " @A
- AH?E?E $ ! - K =F=H=J @A /= J
AI O DA ' "$ '
DA I @A =@ ?=AH K J I GKA IA D= @AF IEJ=@ A ?=@= ?=IE AH # ' "" += ?K = A =F=H=J
J=I =I n @A J FAI ?HAAI GKA JA = A AIJA ?=I AH I ? >E =J HE I

n 0 ; n 1 ; ; n n
O?
F H= I ?
I GKA IA D=
>JA E@
+)2 67
$ ,15641*7+1
-5 ,15+4-6)5
%
- AH?E?E $ " 7 KAC
= = I$ A@=I O DA I @A =F IJ=H F H A AH @A ?=H=I GKA L= = I= EH 2 H GK AH =F IJ=H =I )F IJ=H ?KAIJ= # AK H I O IE C= =I JA @= AKH I ) ?=> @A $" F=HJE@=I ? EH JKI = =I =FH NE =@= A JA
- AH?E?E $ # +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA I= C= ! LA?AI ?=H= % = = EA

J I @A K = A@= ; " LA?AI ?=H= A ' = = EA J I
- AH?E?E $ $ += ?K =
7 3 ; 9 2 ; 100 99 ; 1000 1 ; 9 4 ;
- AH?E?E $ % - K = >=H= = IA = = CKH=I = =I ?=HJ=I )5 5 6) +) *) O 4-; 0=O FKAI " CKH=I F H ?=@= ?=HJ=I 2 H J= J = FH >=>E E @=@ @A ANJH=AH K = CKH= AI 2 CKH= " 4A= E = I = IECKEA JA ANFAHEA ?E= ANJH=A I K = ?=HJ= = EH= I O = @AL LA I = = O AIJ D=?A I # LA?AI
5A JH=J= @A K = @EIJHE>K?E
B (n, p)
+K
J L= A n O p
+= ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH E CK = CKH= = @A >JA AH = CK = CKH= O = @A >JA AH " CKH=I += ?K = x O O ANF E?= GK IEC E ?=
- AH?E?E $ & - K = @EIJHE>K?E

P (X = 3) P (X > 2) P (X 2) x;
B (10; 0, 2) ?= ?K =
- AH?E?E $ ' - K FH ?AI @A B=>HE?=?E

@ABA?JK I I I A F=GKAJ= @A GKA A K = ?= = D=O= E C
@A J H E I IA I=>A GKA A % I I A ?= =I @A # J H E I += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @ABA?JK I @ABA?JK I J IJ H E I
J H E
0=O= AN=?J= A JA K J H E 0=O= I @A J H E
I @ABA?JK I I
,=J I 0, 9850 = 0, 364; 0, 9849 = 0, 372; 0, 9848 = 0, 379 +K @ABA?JK I I D=>H F H J= J A@E A ?=@= ?= =
- AH?E?E $ - K = = @A F AH IA @= = ?=@= KC=@ H # ?=HJ=I O I FHACK J= I F H = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K KC=@ H JA C= CKH=I !" # 2 H GK IA JH=J= @A K = @EIJHE>K?E >E E=
+)2 67
$ ,15641*7+1
-5 ,15+4-6)5
- AH?E?E $ += ?K =
7 2 ; 11 3 1280 1 ; ; 55 0 400 3 ; ; 55 1 400 397 ; 55 2
- AH?E?E $
- K = @EIJHE>K?E 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 += ?K = = IK =
B (5; 0, 2) ?= ?K = P [X = K ] F=H= K =
0.P [X = 0] + 1.P [X = 1] + 2.P [X = 2] + + 5.P [X = 5]
O?
FHKA>= GKA A HAIK J=@ AI 5,0, 2 = 1 7 AN= A JEF JAIJ ? IJ= @A FHACK J=I ?=@= K = ? ?K=JH HAIFKAIJ=I I K = @A =I ?K= AI AI ? HHA?J= 7 = K ? JAIJ= = = =H +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA ? JAIJA ? HHA?J= A JA I @A ! FHACK J=I ?K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA ? JAIJA = = J @=I - AIJA AN= A K = K I=>A =I HAIFKAIJ=I = # FHACK J=I +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA HAIF @= >EA = I @A # >IAHL= GKA = ? ?AH =I HAIFKAIJ=I = # FHACK J=I I @A = = = =H JH=I # -I FKAI K = >E E= B (5; 0, 25)
- AH?E?E $ !
- AH?E?E $ " 7 = KH = ? JEA A ! > =I H =I O % LAH@AI 5A I=?= K = =

= =H IA = J= A ? H O IA LKA LA = += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH JHAI H =I A I @A ! H =I I @A ! H =I = CK = H = AJAH O IA HA= E = # LA?AI AIJ= ANFAHEA ?E=
- AH?E?E $ # - K = =?
JAH E =@ FH @K?J I )>HE I=I )>HE )>HE I I @ I ?= =I I JHAI ?= =I I ?= =I
A % @A =I ?= =I GKA IA HA?E>A @A K @A @ABA?JK I=I JEA A K ? JA E@ @ABA?JK I +K +K +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA =I @ I IA= @ABA?JK AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA @ I IA= @ABA?JK I=I AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA @ I IA= @ABA?JK I=I @A A AH?E?E = JAHE H A@E ?K J=I @A ?= =I
- AH?E?E $ $ - A = =?
@ABA?JK I=I F H J H E
+)2 67
$ ,15641*7+1
-5 ,15+4-6)5
%!
- AH?E?E $ % +K
?AI K = @AILE=?E A@= J FE?=
+K
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH # ?=H=I = = @ LA J=I ?=H=I IA >JEA A F H J H E A@E +K AI = I AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A $ DE I JHAI AH @A DE I
- AH?E?E $ & 7 = KH = ? JEA A " > =I > = ?=I O $ > =I ACH=I 5=?=
& LA?AI K = > = @AL LE @ = ?=@= LA GKA # IA= > = ?=I = = KH = +K
- AH?E?E $ ' +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A K = B= E E= ?

@A A I IA= L=H AI 0= = @EIJHE>K?E L=H AI O ?= ?K = = A@E= O = @AILE=?E ! ?E ? I += ?K = A AH @A FH >=>E E@=@AI @A J FE?=
- AH?E?E $ ! 5A = = K @=@ $ LA?AI
+K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH A@E @A ?E ? I >JA E@ I O = @AILE=?E J FE?= @A IA?=@ H IA= @A A@E A K JA
- AH?E?E $ ! 5E = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K ?EAHJ

BA?JK I AI @A # % ?K @A IA?=@ HAI +K
@A J I D=>H @ABA?JK I I F H J H E AI = @AILE=?E J FE?=
- AH?E?E $ ! - K JAIJ D=O FHACK J=I ?
?K=JH F?E AI @A HAIFKAIJ= @A =I GKA D=O GKA IA A??E =H K = 5E IA HAIF @A J J= A JA = = =H ?K AI A AH A@E AIFAH=@ @A HAIFKAIJ=I ? HHA?J=I +K AI = @AILE=?E J FE?=
- AH?E?E $ !! = FH >=>E E@=@ @A >JA AH ?=H= ?

AI ! O = = = @AILE=?E J FE?= I LA?AI +K AI A
K = ?EAHJ= A@= JHK?=@= AH AIFAH=@ @A ?=H=I ; =
- AH?E?E $ !" ,A
I =K I GKA ?EAHJ ?A JH FHAIA J= = AN= A @A 5A A?JELE@=@ ?=@= = IKA A =FH >=H A '# % 5E AIJA ?KHI L= = FHAIA J=HIA " = K I @A AIA ?A JH ?K J I =FH >=H F H J H E A@E =FH NE =@= A JA +K AI = @AILE=?E J FE?=
- AH?E?E $ !# 5A AIJE = GKA ?EAHJ D C FAH E?E I =?=>= ? = LE@= A A & % @A =I F = J=I A =I GKA IA =IEA J= += ?K = A L= H A@E AIFAH=@ @A HJ= E@=@ A K = F > =?E @A K E @A F = J=I E BA?J=@=I F H @E?D D C - AH?E?E $ !$ - K = AIJ=
KO K AH I= D=O J= J I ?DE? I ? ?DE?=I +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A K CHKF @A % FAHI =I B H =@ = = =H D=O= ! ?DE?=I ; = @A GKA D=O = A I ! ?DE?=I 2 H GK @A?E I GKA = AIJ= AI KO K AH I=
- AH?E?E $ !% 7 JEF @A FEA =I HAGKEAHA @A " I @=@KH=I 5A D=?A K ? JH

@A ?= E@=@ = @A AI=I FEA =I O IA >JEA A 5 @ @ABA?J 2EA =I $! I IECKEA JAI HAIK J=@ I ! # " &
#
5A = KIJ= AIJ I @=J I = K = >E E= 5E = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K = I @=@K H= BKAIA @ABA?JK I= AI @A ?K AI A AH AIFAH=@ @A FEA =I ? K = I @=@KH= @ABA?JK I=
+)2 67
$ ,15641*7+1
-5 ,15+4-6)5
%"
- AH?E?E $ !& - K = ?EK@=@ IA D= ? J=@ "'$ B= E E=I ?

J=I @A A =I =FH NE =@= A JA JEA A ?DE? I O ! ?DE?=I 6
# DE I +K AIA 2 L=H 2 DA >H=
#
- AH?E?E $ !' - K FH ?AI @A B=>HE?=?E
@A J HAI F=H= ? ?DAI O = JAI @A = HALEIE FHALE= = = LA J= = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K J H JA C= = C @ABA?J AI @A # - JHA ?K=JH J HAI IE HALEI=H ?= ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA D=O= E CK 0=O= = CK 0=O= @ABA?JK I
@ABA?JK I @ABA?JK I L=H E B= E E=I @A " DE I ?K J=I @A A =I
I @A K
- AH?E?E $ " ,A K J J= @A ?E ?
?=>A AIFAH=H GKA JA C= K DE
- AH?E?E $ " = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K =F=H=J @A 68 = JAI @A HALEI=H
IA= @ABA?JK I AI @A ) HALEI=H ?E ? =F=H=J I ?K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA E CK IA= @ABA?JK I ; = @A GKA D=O= K @ABA?JK I ; = @A GKA I ?E ? IA= @ABA?JK I I
- AH?E?E $ " 7 AN= A JEF JAIJ ? IJ= @A FHACK J=I GKA IA ? JAIJ= ?
51 5E IA HAIF @A ? F AJ= A JA = = =H +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A =?AHJ=H AN=?J= A JA # IE F=H= A D=O GKA ? JAIJ=H ? H
+K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A IKFAH=H HA?J= A JA & I
?E
J= 4A? ?A A ?=@= K @A I IECKEA JAI A AH?E?E I K = @EIJHE>K >E E= O @ I L= HAI @A n, p, x,

@A = = =H O JHAI I FHACK J= ?A I F=
- AH?E?E $ "! 7 AN= A JEF JAIJ ? IJ= @A # FHACK J=I ?=@= K = ?

HAIFKAIJ=I @A =I GKA I K = AI ? HHA?J= 5A HAIF IF HA AH @A FHACK J=I =?AHJ=@=I =I HAIFKAIJ=I @A FHACK J=I O HAIF F H ?K J=I @A A =I =?AHJ=H JAH JA C= A EI ?K F A=
- AH?E?E $ "" - A AN= A @AI?HEJ A A A AH?E?E = JAHE H K = K

@A =I HAIJ= JAI = = =H
? I FHACK J=
- AH?E?E $ "# = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K = FAHI = IK F=@HA O IK =>KA

I AI
2
1 365
= 7, 5 108
-NF E?= F H GK I FHACK J= GKA D=>H K = ?EK@=@ @A @ I
IF HA AH @A FAHI E AI @A D=>EJ= JAI
=I ?
AIJ= FH FEA@=@
+)2 67
$ ,15641*7+1
-5 ,15+4-6)5
%#
- AH?E?E $ "$ 7 = - AH?E?E $ "% = =

0=?A GKA ?
A@= IA = = " LA?AI
AH @A ?=H=I
I @=@ I FHAJA @EA @ GKA I= C= IAEIA I I IJ @KH= JA K = K = JEH=@= ?=@= ! IACK @ I AH @A LA?AI IACKEHA I FHAJA @E@ - K = B= E E= KAC= = "$ AH I FHA E =K GKA I @ I
- AH?E?E $ "& - % @A I >E AJAI @A JAH = HA?E>A = C

IA= A HAE JACH E @A A =I
- AH?E?E $ "' - % @A ?EAHJ=I I @=@KH=I I
@ABA?JK I=I O HALEI= AH @A I @=@KH=I @ABA?JK I=I GKA D=>H
- AH?E?E $ # 7 AN= A JEF JAIJ JEA A % FHACK J=I O ?=@= FHACK J= ?K=JH
HAIFKAIJ=I @EBAHA JAI I K = @A =I ?K= AI AI ? HHA?J= HAIF @AH ? HHA?J= A JA IE IA HAIF @A = = =H
AH @A A =I GKA IA
+=F JK
,EIJHE>K?E
+
,EIJHE>K?E
AI ?
JE K=I
JE K=I
JA E@ I @A JA =
AI @A FH >=>E E@=@ ? H = H = AIJ @A = >E @=H E= F H = H = H = = @EIJHE>K?E
! " #
= @EIJHE>K?E )FH NE =?E ) KIJA @A K ?
K J @A @=J I = K =
%
,EIJHE>K?E
AI @A FH >=>E E@=@ ?
JE K=I
,A E?E % 5A= X K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ? JE K= O f : [a, b] R ? JE K= 5A @E?A GKA f AI K = BK ?E @A @A IE@=@ =I ?E=@= = = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X IE

f (x) 0; x [a, b]
b
f (x) dx = 1
a
x2
P [x1 X x2 ] =
x1
f (x) dx
>IAHL=?E % =I FH FEA@=@AI GKA @A A = K = BK ?E @A @A IE@=@ f (x) @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ? JE K= X I E B H = HAIFA?JEL= A JA @A

= CH ?= @A f (x) AIJ A J @ IK @ FHA @E@= A JHA = CH E E F H A ?E = @A A A X O A A A X L= A HA= ? ?= @A = BK ?E
%$
+)2 67
% ,15641*7+1
-5 +
61 7)5
%%
- HA= ? FHA @E@= A JHA = CH ?= @A f (x) A A A X O @ I L= HAI x1 , x2 Dom(f ) L= A = P [x1 X x2 ]
JE K= K = BK ?E
,A
E?E
%
5A= X K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ? JE K= O f : [a, b] R ? @A @A IE@=@ @A X = BK ?E F : [a, b] R @A E@= F H

x
F (x) = P [X x] =
a
f (t) dt
IA = = BK ?E
@A @EIJHE>K?E
@A = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
JE K= X
f AI ?
F AI @EBAHA ?E=> A
>IAHL=?E
%
F AI = BK ?E
E JACH= =I ?E=@= = f + BK ?E
JE K=
6A HA = % 5A= X K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ? JE K= ?

f : [a, b] R - J
b
?AI
@A @A IE@=@
=
a b
xf (x) dx (x )2 f (x) dx =
a b
V =
a
x2 f (x) dx 2
=+ V
%
,A
= @EIJHE>K?E
H =
E?E % 5A= X K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ? JE K= ? BK ?E @A @A IE @=@ f (x) 5A @E?A GKA X IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E H = @A F=H AJH I O O IA HAFHAIA J= F H X N (, ) IE f (x) AI @A = B H =
f (x) =
1 x 2 1 e 2 ( ) 2
HE= X N (, ) IA ? =?JAH IJE?=I

Dom(f ) = R
>IAHL=?E
= CH ?= @A = BK ?E
?A ?
@A @A IE@=@ @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J ?= F= = @A /=KII O JEA A =I IECKEA JAI ?=H
-I IE
JHE?= HAIFA?J @A = HA?J= x = J= A A A A X : y = 0
6EA A K = =I J J= D HE
-I ?HA?EA JA A (, ) O @A?HA?EA JA A (, +) 6EA A K NE =>I KJ A A FK J

1 , 2
+)2 67
% ,15641*7+1
-5 +
61 7)5
1 1 I FK J I x , e 2 2
%&
1 1 , x + , e 2 2
6EA A @ I FK J I @A E HA= ?
ANE
FHA @E@= A JHA A A A X O = ?KHL= HA= AI 1 F H IAH K = BK ?E HA= AI 0, 6828 HA= AI 0, 9544 HA= AI 0, 9974 @A @A IE@=@
0, 5
- (, +) A - (, ) A
HA= AI 0, 5 O A (, +) A
HA= AI J= >E
- ( , + ) A - ( 2, + 2 ) A - ( 3, + 3 ) A
%!
,A
= @EIJHE>K?E
H = AIJ
@=H
E?E % ! 5A @E?A GKA K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ? JE K= X IECKA K = @EI JHE>K?E H = AIJ @=H H = JEFE ?=@= IE X N (0, 1) = L=HE=> A A J ?AI IA IKA A HAFHAIA J=H F H = AJH= Z >IAHL=?E % ! 5E Z N (0, 1) A J ?AI IK BK ?E
x2 1 f (x) = e 2 2
@A @A IE@=@ AI
O IA A ?KA JH= J=>K =@=
,A
=> A X = = FAH=?E - J
E?E
6A HA = % ! 5A= X N (, ) 5A = = JEFE ?=?E

Z= X
@A = L=HE
?AI Z N (0, 1)
%"
)FH NE =?E
@A = >E
E= F H =
H =
6A HA = % " 5A= X B (n, p) - J ?AI X FKA@A =FH NE =HIA F H K = L=HE
=> A = A=J HE= X N (np, npq ) IE n AI CH= @A O p, q AIJ KO FH NE =I = ?AH - CA AH= AIJ= =FH NE =?E AI L E@= IE np 5; nq 5
>IAHL=?E % " ) =FH NE =H K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= >E E= X @EI?HA J= F H K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= X H = ? JE K= AI A?AI=HE HA= E =H =I ? HHA??E AI @A ? JE KE@=@
P [X = k ] = P [k 0, 5 X k + 0, 5] P [X k ] = P [X k + 0, 5] P [X < k ] = P [X k 0, 5]
+)2 67
% ,15641*7+1
-5 +
61 7)5
%'
%#
) KIJA @A K ?
+= ?K = I =
K J @A @=J I = K =
J FE?=
H =
2=H= AIJK@E=H IE K ? K J @A @=J I >JA E@ I ANFAHE A J= A JA IA = KI J= = K = @EIJHE>K?E H = N (, ) =F E?= I A IECKEA JA FH ?A@E EA J A@E= O = @AILE=?E
+ F=H= I = @EIJHE>K?E @A I @=J I >JA E@ I ANFAHE A J= A JA ? = @EIJHE>K?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ JA HE?= @A = H = N (, ) 2=H= A
+= ?K = J=
I =I BHA?KA ?E=I HA =JEL=I fi @A = @EIJHE>K?E
ANFAHE A I @EI
+= ?K = I =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A I E JAHL= I A I GKA DA JHE>KE@ A HA? HHE@ P [xi X xi+1 ] A = N (, )
+= ?K = I =I @EBAHA ?E=I A L= H =>I KJ A JHA =I FH >=>E E@=@AI JA HE?=I O =I BHA?KA ?E=I HA =JEL=I O IE =I @EBAHA ?E=I I IK ?EA JA A JA FAGKA =I IK ?EA JA A JA CH= @AI =?AFJ= I HA?D= = I = DEF JAIEI @A GKA I @=J I IA = KIJ= = = H =
%$
- AH?E?E I @A JA =
- AH?E?E % =I AIJ=JKH=I @A " K AHAI IA @EIJHE>KOA IAC
= N (160, 8; 6, 4) += ?K = I L= HAI x 3, x 2, x , x + , x + 2, x + 3 4AF=HJA = =I " K AHAI =FH NE =@= A JA A I E JAHL= I @AJAH E =@ I F H AI I L= HAI
x 3 = 141, 6
HAI GKA " $ D=O A ! % @A " # % @A " I E JAHL= I

30
K AHAI K AHAI
x 2 = 148 - JHA " $ O "& D=O A
JE
= F H JK ?KA J= D=?EA @ A HAF=HJ A
(x 2, x ); (x , x),
- AH?E?E %
- K AIJ= GKA @A K = FEI?EB=?J H = IA D= J =@ K = KAIJH= @A ! JHK?D=I O IA D= A@E@ A ? = CEJK@ @A =I EI =I HAIK J= @ GKA IA @EIJHE>KOA IAC = N (26, 7) += ?K = @A B H = = C= = ? D=I DA?D A A A AH?E?E = JAHE H I L= HAI x 3, x 2, x AIJ=> A?A I E JAHL= I @A CEJK@ ? HHAIF @EA JAI O HAF=HJA =I ! JHK?D=I @A = KAIJH= A AI I E JAHL= I
- AH?E?E % ! - K = @EIJHE>K?E
P [Z = 2] P [Z 2] P [Z 2] P [Z 2]
N (0, 1) ?= ?K = =I IECKEA JAI FH >=>E E@=@AI
+)2 67
% ,15641*7+1
-5 +
61 7)5
&
P [Z 2] P [2 Z 2]
- AH?E?E % " - K = @EIJHE>K?E

P [0, 81 Z 1, 33] P [1, 33 Z 0, 81] P [0, 81 Z 1, 33] P [1, 33 Z 0, 81]
N (0, 1) ?= ?K = =I IECKEA JAI FH >=>E E@=@AI
- AH?E?E % # - K = @EIJHE>K?E
@=@AI
P [X 27] P [X 27] P [X 12, 5] P [15 X 20] P [17 X 30]
N (22, 5) ?= ?K = =I IECKEA JAI FH >=>E E
- AH?E?E % $
?K = ?K
J I @A A
I FAI I @A $ I @=@ I IA @EIJHE>KOA IAC I FAI= C E JAHL=

(80, 5; +) (; 50, 5) (; 59, 5)
= N (67, 5) +=
I @A & # A % C A
I E JAHL= C E JAHL=
I @A $ C
- JHA $
C O &
C I ANJHA
I E ? KE@ I KIE?= @= HAIK J=@ I GKA IA @EIJHE>KOA F H A ?K= = ?=@= FAHI = K J ? = @A I IECKEA JAI ? A J=HE I
- AH?E?E % % 7 JAIJ @A IA IE>E E@=@

N (65, 18) 5A GKEAHA D=?AH K >=HA FK JK=?E >JA E@= IA A =IEC = K
,KH @A
@ IE?=
2 ? IA IE> A = = H = 5A IE> A = = IE?=
-NJH= H@E =HE= A JA @ J=@ F=H= =
IE?=
+)2 67
% ,15641*7+1
-5 +
61 7)5
&
@A @ GKA D=O= HAIFA?JEL= A JA A ?=@= K @A I CHKF I K % K !# % K ! % K % O K # % @A J J= @A E @ELE@K I >IAHL=@ I - GK FK JK=?E AI F @H =I I EJAI A JHA I @EIJE J I CHKF I
- AH?E?E % & 5KF C=
I GKA = L=HE=> A GKA ANFHAI= A JEA F A AIAI GKA J=H@= A I= EH A FHE AH @EA JA = I E I AI N (7, 5; 1, 5) += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = K E A I= C= I @EA JAI 0=>EA @ ?K F E@ O= K = ) JAI @A + % I ?E ? AIAI AI AIAI AIAI
) JAI @A ?K F EH A FHE AH ,AIFK I @A D=>AH ?K F E@ $
- AH?E?E % ' - A FH ?AI @A B=>HE?=?E
@A K = FEA = E JAHLEA A @ I GKE =I = GKE = ) FH @K?A K J= =@H ?E @HE? O = GKE = * IA??E = =I FEA =I ? K CH I H @AJAH E =@ ) > I FH ?AI I I E @AFA @EA JAI - @E AJH @A J= =@H FH @K?E@ F H ) A AI N (23; 0, 5) - CH I H FH @K?E@ F H * A AI N (11, 5; 0, 4) += ?K = GK F H?A J= A @A FEA =I JEA A K J= =@H ? O " FHA @E@ A JHA #
- ?KA JH= A F H?A J= A @A FEA =I GKA JEA A K CH I H A JHA # O % 5KF EA @ GKA I I L E@=I =I FEA =I ?KO=I A@E@=I I =I @=@=I A I @ I =F=HJ=@ I = JAHE HAI ?= ?K = GK F H?A J= A @A FEA =I =?AFJ=> AI IA ? IECKA
J= 5A IKF A GKA =I
?KO=I AIJ=JKH=I A ? IAC = N (67, 5)
A@E@=I AIJ
@=@=I AN=?J= A JA K J @A I @=@ I = N (168; 8) O IKI FAI I A C C O & C AN=?J= A JA
- AH?E?E % - A AH?E?E I = JAHE HAI D= =F=HA?E@ K ?

IA @EIJHE>KOA IAC
3K F H?A J= A @A A 3K F H?A J= A
I FAI= A JHA $
E@A A JHA $ O & ?
AN=?J= A JA
2 @H I ? A A A AH?E?E = JAHE H K JEF E?=H =I FH >=>E E@=@AI F=H= >JA AH = FH F H?E @A I I @=@ I GKA ?K F A = >=I ? @E?E AI 6A A ?KA J= GKA AIJ=JKH= O FAI I E @AFA @EA JAI
- AH?E?E % = ?= E ?=?E
A@E= A K ?EAHJ AN= A BKA $ # O = @AILE=?E J FE?= $ 5E A FH BAI H L= = ?= E ?=H ? I >HAI= EA JA = % @A = ? =IA = F=HJEH @A GK J= IA ? IECKA
+)2 67
% ,15641*7+1
-5 +
61 7)5
&
- AH?E?E % += ?K = =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A =I IECKEA JAI @EIJHE>K?E AI >E
E= AI A@E= JA =FH NE =?E = = H = ? HHAIF @EA JA A J @=I A =I JA A ?KA J= A = KIJA @A A@E= K E@=@ GKA D=O GKA D=?AH = F=I=H @A K = @EI?HAJ= = K = ? JE K=
X B (100; 0, 1) += ?K = P [X = 10], P [X < 2], P [5 < X < 15] X B (1000; 0, 02) += ?K = P [X > 30], P [X < 80] X B (50; 0, 9) += ?K = P [X > 45], P [X 30]
- AH?E?E % ! 7 JAIJ ? IJ= @A FHACK J=I ?
?K=JH HAIFKAIJ=I FJ=JEL=I ?=@= K = 5E IA HAIF @A J J= A JA = = =H ?K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A =?AHJ=H # I FHACK J=I +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A =?AHJ=H A JHA # O %# FHACK J=I +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A =?AHJ=H A I @A # ; I @A %#
- AH?E?E % " = IECKEA JA @EIJHE>K?E

" K AHAI " += ?K = IK "$ # # "$ #$ ! % $ " "
? HHAIF $$ !"
@A = =I AIJ=JKH=I A ? % & %$ ' & #
@A
A@E= x O IK @AILE=?E
J FE?=
+= ?K = =I BHA?KA ?E=I =?K K =@=I >J AA F @ELE@EA @ =I = JAHE HAI F H " I F H?A J= AI =?K K =@ I 2 H 27 F=H= A IACK @ E JAHL= = 1, 93 % 14
6A EA @ A ?KA J= GKA A = J=> = = JAHE H I L= HAI @A = L=HE=> A I =I =H?=I @A ? =IA @A ?EAHJ I E JAHL= I F A ANJHA IKFAHE H @A @E?D I 146 + 151 E JAHL= I 2 H A A F A @A IACK @ E JAHL= AI = 148, 5 2 6EFE ?= I L= HAI = JAHE HAI HAIFA?J = A FHE AH =F=HJ=@ 2 H A A F
148, 5
I L= HAI @A x, >JA E@ I A
148, 5 160, 9 = 1, 92 6, 46
+= ?K = A % = FH >=>E E@=@ =?K K =@= D=IJ= ?=@= K @A I E JAHL= I 2 H A A F

P [X 148, 5] = P [Z 1, 92] = 2, 74 %
@A
I ANJHA
+ F=H= HAIJ @ I I F H?A J= AI =?K K =@ I A F HE?= O A = JA HE?= 2 H A A F

|1, 93 2, 74| = 0, 81
= @EIJHE>K?E
+)2 67
% ,15641*7+1
-5 +
61 7)5
&!
5A A??E = = =O H @A =I @EBAHA ?E=I O FHKA>= IE IKFAH= 136 = 3, 63 ,A?E@A A ? IA?KA ?E= IE IA HA?D= = 1400 @A H = E@=@ @A = @EIJHE>K?E @A F=HJE@=
AH
= DEF JAIEI
- AH?E?E % # =I AIJ=JKH=I @A I
EJ=H IA @EIJHE>KOA IAC = CH ?= #
I GKA =?K@A = D=?AH A IAHLE?E = ?KHL= O ?
+KA J= A AH @A ?K=@H=@EJ I GKA D=O >= I =FH NE =@= A JA
FHKA>= GKA
+= ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K I @=@ E@= A JHA & ? O ' ? 0= @A B H = =FH NE =@= L= H= @ A HA= >= = ?KHL= GKA D=O A AIA E JAHL= 3K F H?A J= A @A I @=@ I E@A $ ? A A E JAHL= #' # $ # -IJE = = A L= H @A x, ?=I @A = CKH= $ =I CEJK@ @A ?EAHJ=I FEA =I ) * A@E=I O =I @AILE=?E AI += ?K = A HA= >= = ?KHL=
- AH?E?E % $ 5A D= DA?D K AIJK@E I >HA =

O + >JA E @ IA =I CH J FE?=I >JA E@=I I
x1 = 5; 1 = 3, 5; x2 = 5; 2 = 1, 5; x3 = 7; 3 = 1, 5;
)IEC = = ?=@= CH @=@AI
?=
I F=H
AJH I =@A?K=@ I
- AH?E?E % % - K = @EIJHE>K?E
P [Z 1, 83] P [1, 5 Z 3, 71] P [Z 11] P [Z 4, 27] P [1, 5 Z 2, 5] P [Z = 1, 6] P [2, 71 Z 1, 83] P [1, 3 Z 2, 2]
- AH?E?E % & - K = @EIJHE>K?E

@=@AI
P [X 43]
+)2 67
% ,15641*7+1
-5 +
61 7)5
&"
P [40 X 55] P [30 X 40]
- AH?E?E % ' - K = @EIJHE>K?E

@=@AI
P [X 17] P [X 15] P [11 X 22] P [13, 5 X 17, 5]
I @A I F=GKAJAI @A = ?=H B=>HE?=@ I F H K = GKE = A F=GKAJ=@ H= IA @EIJHE>KOA N (965, 25) 3K FH F H?E @A F=GKAJAI FAI= C I +K= J I FAI= A I @A ' C
- AH?E?E % - FAI A CH=
- AH?E?E %
I ?= E AI GKA F=I= F H K = ?EAHJ= =KJ FEIJ= JEA A K = = JKH= A GKA IA @EIJHE>KOA N (3, 5; 0, 6) 5A ? IJHKOA K FKA JA I >HA = =KJ FEIJ= = K = = JKH= @A " " 3K F H?A J= A @A ?= E AI IA LAH E FA @E@ I = ?EH?K =H F H IJ=
2=H= ?=@= K = ?= ?= ?K = @ I L= HAI n.p O - ?=I = H =JEL @AJAH E = @= @ IK A@E= O IK @AILE=?E

B (100; 0, 1) B (200; 0, 88) B (200; 0, 03) B (1000; 0, 02) B (20; 0, 7) B (50; 0, 9)
- AH?E?E %
@A =I IECKEA JAI @EIJHE>K?E AI >E E= AI E @E n.q IE IA FKA@A =FH NE =H = K = H = ?K AI = @EIJHE>K?E H = ? HHAIF @EA JA J FE?=
- AH?E?E % ! = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K = ? F= @A ?HEIJ= IA H
F= ?K= @ AI JH= IF HJ=@= AI @A % 5E IA JH= IF HJ= ? F=I ?K AI A AH AIFAH=@ @A H JKH=I ; = @AILE=?E J FE?= +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA H F= ? F=I I
- AH?E?E % " - K = > I= D=O @ I
E > =I E > = ?=I O E ACH=I 5E I=?= I > =I ?K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA =I IA= > = ?=I ; = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = A I % IA= ACH=I 4AIK LA IKF EA @ GKA = ANJH=AH F ?=I > =I L=H = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A > = ?= ACH=
+)2 67
% ,15641*7+1
-5 +
61 7)5
&#
- AH?E?E % # 7 ?A JH @A A IA = = L= = FHAIA J=H AIJA ?KHI
" = K I = AN= A @A IA A?JELE@=@ O IA I=>A GKA A AIA ?A JH IKA A =FH >=H A '# % @A I FHAIA J=@ I +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA =FHKA>A I @A I @A
I @A ! I @A !# = K I
AIJ E BA?J=@= F H K = ?EL= AIFA?EA @A AI?=H=>= I O IA AIJE = GKA = F =C= = ? F A K E @A AIJ I E IA?J I 5A H ? = = F = J=?E ? K E IA?JE?E@= GKA IKA A =J=H = & % @A I FAH K@E?E= AI >E?D I +K AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA I >HALEL= # AI?=H=>= I A I ; = @A GKA I >HALEL= I @A ! ; = @A GKA I >HALEL= A JHA O AI?=H=>= I
- AH?E?E % $ 7 = CH= F = J=?E
- AH?E?E % % 5E = =
A A
I K @=@ AH @A ?E ? I >JA E@ I IA= A
E LA?AI ?K H GKA
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
- AH?E?E % & 7 =

A@= IA = = " LA?AI += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA AH @A ?=H=I @E AH= @A A I @A ; @A GKA @E AH= A I @A I @A >=?DE AH=J $ $# !# $# % $ >JA A % %# # I = IECKEA JA %# &
- AH?E?E % ' ) J= =H # = K

J=> = 1 JAHL= .HA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= 5 AJA = AIJ= @EIJHE>K?E ## $ !
= K JAIJ @A = =@
H = E@=@ J=@ $ H = " =I IK =I
- AH?E?E % ! 5A D=
5K = 8A?AI ! ! &
@=@ I LA?AI O IA D= = # $ % ' & $ ' !
" '
5A FKA@A HA?D= =H GKA AIJ= @EIJHE>K?E
FH LEA A @A K =

Librodeestadística

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Librodeestadística

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

-IJ=@ IJE?= F=H= @A *=?DE AH=J @A +EA ?E=I @A = 5= K@ O 6A?

1 -IJ=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= K E@E A IE

AJH I AIJ=@ IJE? I

! ! " " " " #

-IJ=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= >E@E A IE

! $& $& $& $' $'

%$ %% %& %& %' %'

HECA DEIJ HE? @A =

I J=H@A I 4AOAI +=J E? I H@A = A FHE AH A F=@H AH= @A IKI I >EJ I

= -IJ=@ IJE?= IA D=?A

,ELAHI I IEC E ?=@ I @A J H E

=H KIIA  + K J @A @=J I @A >IAHL=?E K E@=@AI 5KA A KI=HIA A F KH= 

-IJ=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= K E@E A IE =

J I ?KO ? F > =?E

J=    =I FH FEA@=@AI GKA IA >JEA A @A = = J @= = F > =?E

 6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

=  - => H=?E >  - => H=?E

1 BAHA ?E= AIJ=@ IJE?=

=  -IJE =?E >  + JH=IJA @A DEF JAIEI

> AJ @A = -IJ=@ IJE?=

-IJ=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= ?KO

-IJ=@ IJE?= E BAHA ?E= F H = GKA

A@E= JA A AIJK@E @A K = AI L E@=I F=H= = J J= E@=@

 6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

+=H=?JAHAI AIJ=@ IJE? I

 " " 5A = = @=J = ?=@= K = @A =I @EIJE J=I

 "  5E [a, b] HAFHAIA J= K = ? =IA @A L= HAI @A K = L=HE=> A

6=> =I @A BHA?KA ?E=I

 6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

 #  = BHA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= =?K K =@= ? HHAIF @EA JA =

IE F AI ? =?K K =@=I H = @A?E = 5E IA K JE H = @A?E = IA >JEA A A =JHE>KJ @A L= HAI @A = I F=I I =

F=H= =CHKF=H A E JAHL= I

= I? AH @A E JAHL= I I  = N IE N AI K ?K=@H=@ FAHBA?J > [ N ] + 1 IE N AI K ?K=@H=@ FAHBA?J

Rango = V alor M aximo V alor M inimo

) F EJK@ @A ?=@= E JAHL=

 6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

0EIJ CH= = 2 C @A BHA?KA ?E=I

,E=CH= = @A IA?J HAI 2EH /H E@AI @A F > =?E ? A AIFEH=

- AH?E?E  " 2 = JA= K FH > A = A A GKA

 6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

- AH?E?E  # 7 B=>HE?= JA @A L=I I @A LE@HE GKEAHA AIJK@E=H = HAIEIJA ?E=

I J=@ IJE?= @AI?HEFJEL= J=

J @ I KJE E =@ I A A A AH?E?E  I HA =JEL I = = AI = = E BAHA ?E= O I @A A AH?E?E 4= = = HAIFKAI

- AH?E?E  & =I IECKEA JAI J=> =I

 6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

K E?EFE I @A D=>  E AI

' ' ' %

- AH?E?E  ' $! "  &  " "% %& $ &!

K = CH= >=HHE=@= I $' # ' ! !" % ' &#

@A "  ! ' &% &" %%  ##

I F HJ= AI @A  #   % #$ '&  " ' "!

 6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

IJHKOA K = J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I O A DEIJ CH= = ? HHAIF @EA JA

2KAIJ GKA I @=J I @A '&# I D=IJ= K E = =I ?= JE@=@AI IA D=>H @KF E?=@

A FH ?AI @A A LA A?E EA J @A>E@ = @A LA ? K = =J= E@=@ A AL=@=

=J C = @A 5ALE = A DEI @A BHA?KA ?E=I HAFHAIA J= = @A B H = =FH NE =@= E =H = ? E =J C = @A 5= 5 ! # , # #

@ @A = IACK @= = HAFHAIA J= = JA FAH=JKH= ANFHAI=@= A F KLE IE@=@ ANFHAI=@= A

 6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

- AH?E?E  ! @A %$ O = @A F=H A AIA =

AH J J= @A F=H=@ I A -IF= = = = @A '&# BKAH ' +K BKA A

= AI @A '&" BKA @E?A @A =K A J

- AH?E?E  " = ? JE =?E

- AH?E?E  % 0= K DEIJ CH= = GKA HAFHAIA JA =I AIJ=JKH=I A

=H KIIA + K J @A @=J I @A >IAHL=?E K E@=@AI 5KA A KI=HIA A F KH=

J= =I FH FEA@=@AI GKA IA >JEA A @A = = J @= = F > =?E

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

= - => H=?E > - => H=?E

= -IJE =?E > + JH=IJA @A DEF JAIEI

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

" " 5A = = @=J = ?=@= K = @A =I @EIJE J=I

" 5E [a, b] HAFHAIA J= K = ? =IA @A L= HAI @A K = L=HE=> A

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

# = BHA?KA ?E= =>I KJ= =?K K =@= ? HHAIF @EA JA =

F=H= =CHKF=H A E JAHL= I

= I? AH @A E JAHL= I I = N IE N AI K ?K=@H=@ FAHBA?J > [ N ] + 1 IE N AI K ?K=@H=@ FAHBA?J

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

- AH?E?E " 2 = JA= K FH > A = A A GKA

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

- AH?E?E # 7 B=>HE?= JA @A L=I I @A LE@HE GKEAHA AIJK@E=H = HAIEIJA ?E=

J @ I KJE E =@ I A A A AH?E?E I HA =JEL I = = AI = = E BAHA ?E= O I @A A AH?E?E 4= = = HAIFKAI

- AH?E?E & =I IECKEA JAI J=> =I

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

K E?EFE I @A D=> E AI

' ' ' %

- AH?E?E ' $! " & " "% %& $ &!

K = CH= >=HHE=@= I $' # ' ! !" % ' &#

@A " ! ' &% &" %% ##

I F HJ= AI @A # % #$ '& " ' "!

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

2KAIJ GKA I @=J I @A '&# I D=IJ= K E = =I ?= JE@=@AI IA D=>H @KF E?=@

=J C = @A 5ALE = A DEI @A BHA?KA ?E=I HAFHAIA J= = @A B H = =FH NE =@= E =H = ? E =J C = @A 5= 5 ! # , # #

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

- AH?E?E ! @A %$ O = @A F=H A AIA =

AH J J= @A F=H=@ I A -IF= = = = @A '&# BKAH ' +K BKA A

= AI @A '&" BKA @E?A @A =K A J

- AH?E?E " = ? JE =?E

- AH?E?E % 0= K DEIJ CH= = GKA HAFHAIA JA =I AIJ=JKH=I A

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

I = IECKEA JA @EIJHE>K?E # ! #

- AH?E?E ' 7 ?EAHJ @ = FKIEAH

- AH?E?E = J=> = "

- AH?E?E - K = HAIE@A ?E= D=O &# = ?E= I #' BK =

6)* )5 ; /4 .1+ 5 -56), 561+ 5

= +K=HJE AI @A?E AI O FAH?A JE AI >

= 4A? HHE@ > ,AILE=?E ? 8=HE= = @ ,AILE=?E A ,AILE=?E B ,AILE=?E

H= C A@E= HAIFA?J = = J FE?= ?K=HJ E?= FAH?A J E?= ' A@E=

C 8=HE=> A JEFE ?=@=

= + A ?EA JA @A =IE AJH =

E?E I ?K=HJE AI IA HAFHAIA J= F H Qp ; p = 1, 2, 3 O I AH I GKA @ELE@A = = @EIJHE>K?E A ?K=JH F=HJAI ECK= AI

! 5A = = HA? HHE@ H= C O IA HAFHAIA J= F H Re = = @EBAH I L= HAI NE O E @A = L=HE=> A AI @A?EH

FAH?A J E?= '

# = IECKEA JA J=> = ANFHAI= =I AIJ=JKH=I A ?A J AJH I @A "!#

- AH?E?E ' =I JA FAH=JKH=I J =@=I A @ I ?EK@=@AI ) O * @A ?=@= AI @A K @AJAH E =@ = = =I @A = = = = I ?A J CH=@ I

A@E= = @A A AH?E?E ! A@E= = @A A AH?E?E ! A@E= = @A A AH?E?E !!

E@A = ' & " ! # %

CEJK@ A & ! '

' =I AIJ=JKH=I @A I " = K