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64

SCATTERING

Harmonic Perturbation is given by the last two terms of the Hamiltonian Equation (1.77) e 2 2 e H1 (t) = A p + A (2.58) m m with A given by Equation (1.30) A(x, t) = 4 V 1
k,

2k

[a (k) eikx (k) + a (k) eikx (k)]

(2.59)

We closely follow the procedure used in Section 1.4 to obtain the transition probability. The ket in Equation (2.57) has a photon that is not there in the bra, so we need to select terms in Equation (2.58) that annihilate a single photon. Such terms are present only in the rst term of Equation (2.58), while the second term changes the number of photons by 0 and 2. The term proportional to a (k) in A p is summed over k but only the term whose values of k and are equal to the ones of the initial photon, listed in the ket, survives. That term has a time dependence exp(it) leading to a in the -function in Equation (2.57). We obtain dw = 2 B; p 4 e V m
2

1 2k

a (k) eikx (k) p A; k,

(EB + Ee EA ) (EB + Ee EA ) (2.60) Compare this expression with Equation (1.114) for (spontaneous) emission. The only differences are the sign in the exponent of the exponential, the absence of complex conjugation of (k), and the sign of in the -function. The reader should follow the arguments leading to opposite signs for in Equation (1.110) and Equation (2.60) to see that conservation of energy comes out automatically. We want to let the operator p work backward on the bra B; p . This can be done because (k) p commutes with exp(ik x). This can be seen as follows ( is a test function) p eikx = i pi eikx 1 ikx e = i i xi 1 1 = i (iki )eikx + i eikx i i xi = k eikx + eikx p = eikx p (2.61) = 2 4 V e m 1 B; p eikx (k) p A 2k
2

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