68

SCATTERING

binding energy of the constituents of the target (Rayleigh scattering), elastic scattering with photon energies much larger than the binding energy (Thomson scattering), and inelastic scattering where the incoming and outgoing photons have different energies (Raman scattering). Here, elastic scattering means that the incoming and outgoing photons have equal energy which, because of conservation of energy, implies that A and B stand for an atom in the same state. We shall see that in photon scattering both the A p and A2 terms in Equation (2.58) contribute, the rst one in second order in perturbation theory and the second one in rst order. These two contributions are of the same order in e, the electrons charge, and that indicates the need to consider both terms and sum them. The A p term does not contribute in rst order because, as we know from our earlier work on spontaneous emission and the photo-electric effect, it changes the number of photons by 1. It contributes in second order because, as we will show in the next section, it involves H1 (t) twice, just what is required to have the A p annihilate one photon and create another one. We start with the calculation to rst order with the A2 term and use Equation (1.94) c f (t) = i f H1 n ei(Ef Ei )t
(1)

(2.74)

where Ef and Ei are the eigenvalues of H0 , the time-independent large part of the Hamiltonian relevant to the atom. The kets i for the initial state and for nal state f are given by i = A; k, and H1 (t) = [e2 /(2m)] A2 so c f (t) = i B; k ,
(1)

f = B; k ,

(2.75)

e2 A(x, t)A(x, t) A; k, ei(EB EA )t 2m

(2.76)

Note that both factors A are evaluated at the same space-time point. For the matrix element to be non-zero we must pick out from the product A(x, t) A(x, t) products a (k)a (k ) and a (k )a (k). These are accompanied by exp(it) (k) exp(+i t) (k ) and exp(+i t) (k ) exp(it) (k) respectively. We get c f (t) = i = i
(1)

e2 4 1 i( )t B A ei(EB EA )t 2 (k ) (k) e 2m 2 V e2 4 1 i(EB EA + )t BA (k ) (k) e 2m V (2.77)

We make the dipole (or long wavelength) approximation (k k ) x 1, see Section 1.4, so we set exp[i(k k ) x] = 1. The last factor 2 in the rst