70

SCATTERING

Now consider B; k , A(x, t) p I I A(x , t ) p A; k, (2.83)

The state I can contain either 0 or 2 photons because A(x , t ) changes the number of photons by 1 depending upon which one of the two terms in A(x , t ) is selected. To get an intermediate state with zero photons, we select from Equation (2.83) a (k ) (k ) exp(+i t) from the rst matrix element and a (k) (k) exp(it ) from the second matrix element. To get an intermediate state with two photons, we select a (k) (k) exp(it) from the rst matrix element and a (k ) (k ) exp(+i t ) from the second matrix element. We use again the dipole (or long wavelength) approximation and set exp[(k k ) x] = 1 and Equation (2.82) becomes
(2) f (t) = (i)2 2 c t t1

e m

4 2V

B (k) p eit I
I

+i t dt I A ei(EB EI )t ei(EI EA )t (k ) p e

+ (i)2
t t1

e m

4 2V

+i t I B (k ) p e I

dt I (k) p eit A ei(EB EI )t ei(EI EA )t

(2.84)

Note the structure of the two terms, it is easy to spot errors when comparing them. We want to integrate this result over t and it is tempting to set all integration limits to and + as we did in Section 1.3 to get Equation (1.99). This would be incorrect here because the upper integration limit t of the integral over t is itself an integration variable when integrating c 2 (t). When doing the integral over t , the value of t should be kept xed f at an arbitrary nite value and should not be set to innity before the integration of t is completed. So consider the integral over t in the rst term of Equation (2.84)
t t1

dt ei( +EI EA )t = = =

t t1

dt et ei( +EI EA )t
t t1

et ei( +EI EA )t + i( + EI EA ) et+i( +EI EA )t

+ i( + EI EA )

et1 +i( +EI EA )t1

(2.85)