PHOTON SCATTERING 71

In the rst line we introduced a convergence factor exp(t

) with >0.
After the integration we will let 0. This procedure damps the rapid
oscillations of the integrand when the integration variable t

. Math-
ematicians might have something to say about exchanging integration and
taking the limit, but physicists plough ahead and see what happens. When
we let t
1
and 0, Equation (2.85) becomes
e
i(

+E
I
E
A
)t
i(

+E
I
E
A
)
(2.86)
Likewise we get for the integral over t

in the second term of Equation (2.84)

_
t
t
1
dt

e
i(+E
I
E
A
)t

=
e
i(+E
I
E
A
)t
i( +E
I
E
A
)
(2.87)
Again, we note the structure of Equation (2.86) and Equation (2.87) when
comparing them.
We substitute Equation (2.86) and Equation (2.87) in Equation (2.84)
to get

2
c
(2)
f
(t) =
_

e
m
_
2
4
2V

1
i

I
_
_
B

(k) p

I
__
I

(k

) p

A
_
E
I
E
A
+

+
_
B

(k

) p

I
__
I

(k) p

A
_
E
I
E
A

_
e
i(E
B
+

E
A
)t
(2.88)
This expression is of order e
2
, just as Equation (2.77) is. According
to Equation (1.85) we must add this result for
2
c
(2)
f
(t) to the result
Equation (2.77) for c
(1)
f
(t) to get c
f
(t) to order e
2
(second order in perturba-
tion theory). We then integrate over time from t
1
(at which time the system
is in the state

i
_
) to t to get c
f
(t) = c
(1)
f
(t) +
2
c
(2)
f
(t) in the same manner
as done with Equation (1.95) in Section 1.3. Remember c
(0)
f
(t) = 0. Note
that Equation (2.77) and Equation (2.88) have the same time dependence
in their exponentials as they should, because the integration over time will
give -functions that impose energy conservation and the arguments of
the two should therefore be the same. We have the integral, common to
Equation (2.77) and Equation (2.88)
_
t
2
t
1
dt e
i(E
B
+

E
A
)t
(2.89)
We let t
1
and t
2
+and use Equation (1.98) to get
_
+

dt e
i(E
B
+

E
A
)t
= 2 (E
B
+

E
A
) (2.90)