ACETATOS TM 31 Seleccao Dos Materiais

T T e e c c n n o o ll o o g g ii a a D D o o s s M M a a tt e e rr ii a a ii s s
Seleco de Materiais
SELECO DE MATERIAIS
Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais
Seleco de Materiais
FUNO
MATERIAL
FORMA
PROCESSO
Seleco de Materiais
Estrutura tpica do projecto (aplicado Aeronutica)
Seleco de Materiais
Engenharia do Produto
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN (SYSTEM) SYSTEM PROCESS RECOMPOSITION Process Trades PRELIMINARY DESIGN (PARAMETER) Product Trades PRELIMINARY DESIGN (PARAMETER) SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION
COMPONENT PROCESS RECOMPOSITION
Process Trades
INTEGRATED PRODUCT PROCESS DEVELOPMENT
Product Trades
COMPONENT FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION
DETAIL DESIGN (TOLERANCE) Process Trades PART PROCESS RECOMPOSITION MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Product Trades
DETAIL DESIGN (TOLERANCE)
PART FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION
Preliminary Design
Seleco de Materiais
100% Todays Design Process Future Design Process
st o C
ledg e
Knowledge About Design Design Freedom Cost Committed
Kn ow led ge
Co
st
5 0%
Evoluo do Projecto do Produto
Kno w
Free dom
Freedom
0% Concept Analysis and Detail Design Prototype Development Redesign Product Release
Seleco de Materiais
COMPUTER-INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ENGINEERING METHODS TOP-DOWN DESIGN DECISION SUPPORT PROCESS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING METHODS
7 M&P TOOLS AND QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT (QFD)
ESTABLISH THE NEED
REQUIREMENTS & FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
PRODUCT DESIGN DRIVEN
PROCESS DESIGN DRIVEN
DEFINE THE PROBLEM
SYSTEM DECOMPOSITION & FUNCTIONAL ALLOCATION
ESTABLISH VALUE
ROBUST DESIGN ASSESSMENT & OPTIMIZATION
GENERATE FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVES
SYSTEM SYNTHESIS THROUGH MDO
EVALUATE ALTERNATIVE ON-LINE QUALITY ENGINEERING & STATISTICAL PROCESS SYSTEM ANALYSIS & CONTROL
MAKE DECISION
Seleco de Materiais
Importncia relativa no tempo
Seleco de Materiais
1. ETAPA: Elaborar lista das propriedades requeridas
Exemplo: O material necessita ser leve (baixa densidade); O material necessita ser rgido (elevado mdulo de elasticidade); O material necessita ser mecanicamente resistente (elevada tenso de rotura); O material necessita ser resistente corroso (no pode ser ferroso excepto ao inoxidvel); O material necessita ser transparente (s pode ser polimrico); Preo (quanto menor, melhor).
Seleco de Materiais
2. ETAPA: Atribuir pesos s propriedades requeridas (1 5)
Propriedade: O material necessita ser leve; O material necessita ser rgido; O material necessita ser mecanicamente resistente; O material necessita ser resistente corroso; O material necessita ser transparente; Preo. Peso: 5 4 4 3 5 2
Seleco de Materiais
3. ETAPA: Elaborar uma triagem dos materiais que cumprem os requisitos
Exemplo: Munir-se de documentao sobre as propriedades dos materiais, referentes aos atributos em anlise; Excluir de imediato todos aqueles que no cumprem minimamente os requisitos; Elaborar a lista dos no rejeitados; Caso seja extensa (mais de 12 materiais), promover uma pr-seleco pelos atributos mais exigentes, excluindo todos aqueles que no apresentarem propriedades mdias ou elevadas nesses atributos.
Seleco de Materiais
4. ETAPA: Atribuir notas (0 10) s propriedades patenteadas por cada material, relativamente a cada atributo em anlise
Exemplo: Para cada propriedade, cotar cada material de 0 a 10, considerando 10 o melhor e 0 o pior.
Seleco de Materiais
5. ETAPA: Conjugao de classificaes e SELECO
Exemplo: Para cada material, multiplicar a cotao pelo peso relativo a esse atributo; Elaborar o somatrio das cotaes relativas a cada material; Seleccionar os 3 melhores; Dissecar a anlise desses 3 melhores materiais, analisar a viabilidade de implementao e... Decidir.
Seleco de Materiais
Exemplo de matriz de seleco
Propriedade A Peso de A Propriedade B Peso de B Propriedade C Peso de C Peso de D Propriedade E Peso de E TOTAL Propriedade D
XA YA
Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Material 4 8 6 4 5 9
XB YB
4 9 5 5 6
XC YC
7 6 3 8 6
XD YD
5 8 5 7 7
XE YE
6 5 2 9 6
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a prseleco: Primeira abordagem
Steels Cast irons Al-alloys
Metals
Cu-alloys Ni-alloys Ti-alloys Alumina Si-Carbide PE, PP, PC PA (Nylon)
Ceramics, glasses
Soda-glass Pyrex
GFRP CFRP
Polymers, elastomers
Butyl rubber Neoprene
Composites
KFRP Plywood
Polymer foams Metal foams
Woods
Foams
Ceramic foams Glass foams
Natural materials
Natural fibres: Hemp, Flax, Cotton
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a prseleco: Primeira abordagem
1000 Ceramics 100 Youngs modulus E, (GPa) Composites 10 Woods Metals 1 Foams 0.1 Elastomers 0.01 0.1 10 1 Density (Mg/m3) 100 Polymers
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Primeira abordagem
FA M LIA
C E R M IC O S A O S V ID R O S LIG AS AL M ET AIS LIG AS C U P O LM E R O S LIG AS TI
EL AS T M ER O S
C LA SSE
SU B -C L A SSE 1000
M EM BR O
5005-O
A TR IBU TO
D E N S ID AD E
2000
5005-H 4
M D U LO R E S IS T N C IA
3000
5005-H 6 TE N AC ID AD E
4000
5083-0
C O N D U TIV I.-T E X P AN S O -T
5000
5083-H 2 R E S IS TIV ID AD E
LIG AS N I C O M P S ITO S LIG AS ZN
6000
5083-H 4
C U S TO CORROSO
7000
5154-0 O X ID A O
8000
5154-H 2
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Densidade
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Mdulo de Elasticidade
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Mdulo de Elasticidade
Low alloy steel
1000
WC BC SiC Alum ina
High carbon steel Stainles s steel Ti-alloys
Al-SiC Com posite CFRP
Youngs modulus (GPa) Young's Modulus (GPa)
100
10
C u-alloys Zn-alloys Al-alloys Mg-alloys
Glas s Ceram ic Ac etal, PO M Polyester, rigid PS ABS PC PP PTFE Ionom er EVA PUR PE Silica glas s Soda-Lim e glas s KFRP GFR P Plyw ood
0 .1
0 .0 1
Polyurethane
1 e -0 0 3
Natural Rubber (NR ) Neoprene
Metals
1 e -0 0 4 M a te ri a l s:\M E T A L S
Polymers
M a te ri a l s:\P O L Y M E RS
C eram ics & glass

M a te ri a l s:\CE RA M ICS a n d G L A S S E S
C om posites
M a te ri a l s:\CO M P O S IT E S
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Condutividade Trmica
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Coef. de Expanso Trmica
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Mdulo de Elasticidade vs Densidade
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Resistncia vs Densidade
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Mdulo de Elasticidade vs Resistncia
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Mdulo de Elasticidade vs Custo x Densidade
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a prseleco: Resistncia Corroso vs Meios de Ataque
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Resistncia vs Custo Relativo
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a pr-seleco: Tenacidade vs Resistncia
Cuidado Tenaz
Frgil
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a prseleco: Custo / Kg
Seleco de Materiais
Como iniciar a prseleco: Custo / Kg do material acabado
Seleco de Materiais
Mate rial kg /m
3
De ns ity ,
lbm/in 3
Metals Aluminum and its alloys a 0. 097 2. 7 x 10 3 0. 11 Aluminum tin 3. 1 x 10 3 0. 36 Babbitt, lead-based white metal 10. 1 x 10 3 0. 27 Babbitt, tin-based white metal 7. 4 x 10 3 8. 6 x 10 3 0. 31 Brasses 0. 27 7. 5 x 10 3 Bronze, aluminum 0. 32 Bronze, leaded 8. 9 x 10 3 0. 31 Bronze, phosphor (cast)b 8. 7 x 10 3 0. 23 Bronze, porous 6. 4 x 10 3 0. 32 8. 9 x 10 3 Copper 0. 34 9. 5 x 10 3 Copper lead 0. 27 7. 4 x 10 3 Iron, cast 0. 22 6. 1 x 10 3 Iron, porous 7. 8 x 10 3 0. 28 Iron, wrought 0. 065 1. 8 x 10 3 Magnesium alloys 0. 28 7. 8 x 10 3 Steels c 0. 24 Zinc Alloys 6. 7 x 10 3 P o ly me rs Acetal (polyformaldehyde) 0. 051 1. 4 x 10 3 Nylons (polyamides) 0. 041 1. 14 x 10 3 Polyethylene, high density 0. 034 0. 95 x 10 3 Phenol formaldehyde 0. 047 1. 3 x 10 3 Rubber, naturald 1. 0 x 10 3 0. 036 0. 065 Rubber, silicone 1. 8 x 10 3 Ce ramic s Alumina (Al2 O3 ) 3. 9 x 10 3 0. 14 1. 7 x 10 3 Graphite, high strength 0. 061 2. 9 x 10 3 Silicon carbide (SiC) 0. 10 3. 2 x 10 3 Silicon nitride (Si3 N 4 ) 0. 12 a Structural alloys b Bar stock typically 8. 8 x 103 kg/m3 (0. 03lbm/in3. ) c Excluding refractory steels d Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais Mechanical rubber
Densidade dos Materiais
Seleco de Materiais
Mate rial Mo dulus o f Elas tic ity , E GPa Mps i Me tals 9. 0 Aluminum 62 10. 2 Aluminum alloys a 70 9. 1 63 Aluminum tin 4. 2 29 Babbitt, lead-based w hite metal 7. 5 52 Babbitt, tin-based w hite metal 14. 5 100 Brasses 17. 0 117 Bronze, aluminum 14. 1 97 Bronze, leaded 16. 0 110 Bronze, phosphor 8. 7 60 Bronze, porous 18. 0 124 Copper 15. 8 109 Iron, grey cast 24. 7 170 Iron, malleable cast 23. 1 159 Iron, spheroidal graphiteb 11. 6 80 Iron, porous 24. 7 170 Iron, w rought 5. 9 41 Magnesium alloys 28. 4 196 Steel, low alloys 29. 0 200 Steel, medium and high alloys 28. 0 193 Steel, stainless c 30. 7 212 Steel, high speed 7. 3 50 Zinc alloys d P o ly m e rs Acetal (polyformaldehyde) 0. 39 2. 7 N ylons (polyamides) 0. 28 1. 9 Polyethylene, high density 0. 13 0. 9 Phenol formaldehydee 1. 02 7. 0 0. 0006 0. 004 Rubber, naturalf C e ram ic s Alumina (Al2 O3 ) 56. 6 390 3. 9 27 G raphite 65. 3 450 Cemented carbides 65. 3 450 Silicon carbide (SiC) 45. 5 314 Silicon nitride (Si3 N 4 ) a Structural alloys b Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais For bearings c Precipitation-hardened alloys up to 211 G pa (30 Mpsi).
Mdulo de Elasticidade dos Materiais
Seleco de Materiais
Material Metals Aluminum and its alloysa Aluminum tin Babbitt, lead-based white metal Babbitt, tin-based white metal Brasses Bronze Bronze, porous Copper Copper lead Iron, cast Iron, porous Iron, wrought Magnesium alloys Steels Zinc alloys Polymers Acetal (polyformaldehyde) Nylons (polyamides) Polyethylene, high density Phenol formaldehydee Rubber Ceramics Alumina (Al2 O3 ) Graphite, high strength Cemented carbides Silicon carbide (SiC) Silicon nitride (Si3 N 4 ) a Structural alloys Pois s ons ratio, 0.33 ------0.33 0.33 0.22 0.33 --0.26 0.20 0.30 0.33 0.30 0.27 --0.40 0.35 --0.50 0.28 --0.19 0.19 0.26
Coeficiente de Poisson dos Materiais
Seleco de Materiais
Mate ri al Me tal s Aluminum Aluminum alloys, casta Aluminum alloys, silicon b Aluminum alloys, w roughtc Aluminum tin Babbitt, lead-based w hite metal Babbitt, tin-based w hite metal Brasses a Bronze, aluminum a Bronze, leaded Bronze, phosphor (cast) d Bronze, porous Copper a Copper lead Iron, grey cast Iron, spheroidal graphite Iron, porous Iron, w rought Magnesium alloys S teel, low alloys e S teel, medium S teel, stainless f Zinc alloys P o l y m e rs Acetal (polyformaldehyde) N ylons (polyamides) P olyethylene, high density P henol formaldehydee Rubber, naturalf C e ram ic s Alumina (Al2 O 3 ) g G raphite, high strength S ilicon carbide (SiC) S ilicon nitride (S i3 N 4 ) a At 100C b At 100C (~150 W/m-C at 25C) Th e rmal C o n du c ti v i ty , K t W / m - C B tu / f t- h rF 209 146 170 151 180 24 56 120 50 47 50 30 170 30 50 30 28 70 110 35 30 15 110 0. 24 0. 25 0. 5 --1. 6 25 125 15 --120 84 98 87 100 14 32 69 29 27 29 17 98 17 29 17 16 40 64 20 17 8. 7 64 0. 14 0. 14 0. 29 --0. 92 14 72 8. 6 ---
Condutividade Trmica dos Materiais
Seleco de Materiais
M ate ri al Li n e ar T h e rm al Ex p an s i o n C o e f f i c i e n t, a ( C ) -1 ( F ) -1 12. 8 x 10 -6 13. 3 x 10 -6 13. 3 x 10 -6 11 x 10 -6 13 x 10 -6 10. 6 x 10 -6 10. 0 x 10 -6 10. 0 x 10 -6 10. 0 x 10 -6 6. 1 x 10 -6 6. 7 x 10 -6 6. 7 x 10 -6 15 x 10 -6 6. 1 x 10 -6 9. 5 x 10 -6 6. 1 x 10 -6 15 x 10 -6 (33-56) x 10 -6 (6-44) x 10 -6 50 x 10 -6 56 x 10 -6 70 x 10 -6 (14-22) x 10 -6 (44-67) x 10 -6 62 x 10 -6 103 x 10 -6 2. 8 x 10 -6 0. 8-2. 2 x 10 -6 2. 4 x 10 -6 1. 8 x 10 -6 M e tal s 23 x 10 -6 Aluminum Aluminum alloys a 24 x 10 -6 Aluminum tin 24 x 10 -6 Babbitt, lead-based w hite metal 20 x 10 -6 Babbitt, tin-based w hite metal 23 x 10 -6 Brasses 19 x 10 -6 Bronzes 18 x 10 -6 Copper 18 x 10 -6 Copper lead 18 x 10 -6 Iron, cast 11 x 10 -6 Iron, porous 12 x 10 -6 Iron, w rought 12 x 10 -6 Magnesium alloys 27 x 10 -6 b S teel, alloy 11 x 10 -6 S teel, stainless 17 x 10 -6 S teel, high speed 11 x 10 -6 Zinc alloys 27 x 10 -6 P o l y m e rs Thermoplastics c (60-100) x 10-6 Thermosets d (10-80) x 10 -6 Acetal (polyformaldehyde) 90 x 10 -6 N ylons (polyamides) 100 x 10 -6 P olyethylene, high density 126 x 10 -6 e P henol formaldehyde (25-40) x 10 -6 Rubber, naturalf (80-120) x 10 -6 Rubber, nitrile g 34 x 10 -6 Rubber, silicone 57 x 10 -6 C e ram i c s 5. 0 x 10 -6 Alumina (Al2 O 3 ) h G raphite, high strength 1. 4-4. 0 x 10 -6 S ilicon carbide (S iC) 4. 3 x 10 -6 S ilicon nitride (S i3 N 4 ) 3. 2 x 10 -6 a S tructural alloys b Cast alloys can be up to 15 x 10 -6 /(C) c Typical bearing materials d 25 x 10 -6 (C) -1 to 80 x 10 -6 (C) -1 w hen reinforced Francisco J. G. Silva / e Mineral filled
f
Coeficiente de Expanso Trmica dos Materiais
Rafaela C. B. Casais
Seleco de Materiais
Classes de Materiais
Clas s Enginering alloys (the metals and alloys of engineering) Members Aluminum alloys Copper alloys Lead alloys Magnesium alloys Molybdenum alloys Nickel alloys Steels Tin alloys Titanium alloys Tungsten alloys Zinc alloys Engineering polymers Epoxies (the thermoplastics and Melamines thermosets of engineering) Polycarbonate Polyester Polyethylene, high density Polyethylene, low density Polyformaldehyde Polymethylmethacrylate Polypropylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Polyvinyl chloride Engineering ceramics Alumina (fine ceramics capable of Diamond load-bearing application) Sialons Silicon carbide Silicon nitride Zirconia Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais S hort name Al alloys Cu alloys Lead alloys Mg alloys Mo alloys Ni alloys Steels Tin alloys Ti alloys W alloys Zn alloys EP MEL PC PEST HDPE LDPE PF PMMA PP PTFE PVC Al2 O3 C Sialons SiC Si3 N 4 ZrO2
Seleco de Materiais
Classes de Materiais
Clas s Eng ineering co mpo s ites (the composites of engineering practice) A distinction is drawn between the properties of a ply (uniply) and a laminate (laminates) P o ro us ceramics (traditional ceramics, cements, rocks, and minerals G las s es (ordinary silicate glass) Wo o ds Separate clusters describe properties parallel to the grain and normal to it and wood products Elastomers (natural and artificial rubbers) Polymer foams (foamed polymers of engineering) Members Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer Glass-fiber reinforced polymer Kevlar-fiber reinforced polymer Brick Cement Common rocks Concrete Porcelain Pottery Borosilicate glass Soda glass Silica Ash Balsa Fir Oak Pine Wood products (ply, etc. ) Natural rubber Hard butyl rubber Polyurethanes Silicone rubber Soft butyl rubber Cork Polyester Polystyrene Polyurethane S ho rt name CFRP GFRP KFRP Brick Cement Rocks Concrete Pcln Pot B-glass Na-glass SiO2 Ash Balsa Fir Oak Pine Wood products Rubber Hard butyl PU Silicone Soft butyl Cork PEST PS PU
Seleco de Materiais
Custo dos Materiais

ACETATOS TM 31 Seleccao Dos Materiais

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ACETATOS TM 31 Seleccao Dos Materiais

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T T e e c c n n o o ll o o g g ii a a D D o o s s M M a a tt e e rr ii a a ii s s

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

COMPONENT PROCESS RECOMPOSITION

INTEGRATED PRODUCT PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

COMPONENT FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION

DETAIL DESIGN (TOLERANCE)

PART FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Evoluo do Projecto do Produto

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

7 M&P TOOLS AND QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT (QFD)

ESTABLISH THE NEED

REQUIREMENTS & FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

PRODUCT DESIGN DRIVEN

PROCESS DESIGN DRIVEN

DEFINE THE PROBLEM

SYSTEM DECOMPOSITION & FUNCTIONAL ALLOCATION

ROBUST DESIGN ASSESSMENT & OPTIMIZATION

GENERATE FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVES

SYSTEM SYNTHESIS THROUGH MDO

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Polymer foams Metal foams

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

LIG AS N I C O M P S ITO S LIG AS ZN

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

WC BC SiC Alum ina

High carbon steel Stainles s steel Ti-alloys

Al-SiC Com posite CFRP

Youngs modulus (GPa) Young's Modulus (GPa)

C u-alloys Zn-alloys Al-alloys Mg-alloys

Natural Rubber (NR ) Neoprene

C eram ics & glass

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Densidade dos Materiais

Mdulo de Elasticidade dos Materiais

Coeficiente de Poisson dos Materiais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Condutividade Trmica dos Materiais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Coeficiente de Expanso Trmica dos Materiais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

Francisco J. G. Silva / Rafaela C. B. Casais

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