Judicial Review and the Supreme Court- Chief Justice John Marshall established the courts

power and US constitutional law. This means that the Supreme Court can determine if a law written in congress is constitutional and therefore legal using the guidelines of the U.S. Constitution. Case Marbury v. Madison (1803) Question Would the Supreme Court require Madison to deliver Adams court appointments? Can Congress create Second Bank of U.S. and can a state tax it? Decision Madison should deliver, but power to issue writs of requirement in Judiciary Act is unconstitutional. Establishes Judicial Review Bank creation is necessary and proper for federal government to fulfill its duties. Unconstitutional for states to tax federal entities (agencies or departments). No, Constitutions commerce clause prohibits states from interfering with interstate or foreign business.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Could NY block a NJ ferry operator from their ports?

***Judicial Review: U.S. Constitution is supreme law of the land, so courts must nullify (cancel) laws deemed unconstitutional (violates the constitution).

Industrialization, Urbanization, and Innovations

Free enterprise system: U.S. economic System; protected property rights and featured minimal government regulation or taxation (principles of the Revolutionary Era); encouraged business creation, investment trade, and competition; created environment for fast economic growth in 19th century. Industrialization: Use of machines to make goods; factories concentrated production activities and the labor force at a single location; use of water power resulted in factories along rivers, mostly in New England.

Urbanization: movement of people from farms to cities, which grew poor, overcrowded and unsafe communities known as slums. Labor: cottage industry (individuals working in the homes) declined as the number of factories grew in response to costs. Working conditions were generally poor, dangerous, and often abusive. Example: about half the workers were woman and young children, working long hours in textile factories. Immigration: U.S. factory jobs attracted many immigrants (mostly Irish Catholics and Germans). Cities became racially diverse, and religious and racial discrimination were common.

Improvements in transportation (new roads, railroads, and canals) and improvements in communication (telegraph & mail service) grew national and international markets. Scientific innovations also contributed to growth: 1) Steamboat made travel faster, 2) cotton gin made removing seeds faster and cotton production increases (increasing slavery as well), 3) interchangeable parts made individual machine parts increasing production and making goods more affordable.

Judicial Review

1) How is the principle of checks and balances used by the Supreme Court?

Industrialization

1) How are industrialization, urbanization, and innovation connected?

2) Can you find a connection as to how industrialization, urbanization, and innovation have affected modern day America? Has it caused change? If so how?