Steve Goddard

Contents

Topic Page
Trigonometry 2
Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates and Radian 9
measure
Sinusoidal Functions 12
Trigonometric Identities 16
Bibliography 19

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 Steve Goddard

Analytical Methods – Assignment 2

Trigonometric Methods

Trigonometry

1. A 4.2m long ladder is placed against a perpendicular pylon with its

foot 60cm from the pylon.

1.1 Determine how far up the pylon the ladder reaches

a 2 +0.62 = 4.2 2
a 2 +0.36 =17 .64
a 2 =17 .28
a = 17 .28
a = 4.156 m

1.2 Calculate how far the top of the ladder rises when the foot of
the ladder is moved 20cm towards the pylon

a 2 +0.4 2 = 4.2 2
a 2 +0.16 =17 .64
a 2 =17 .48
a = 4.18

So the top of the ladder rises:

4.18 – 4.156 = 0.024m

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 Steve Goddard

2. From a point on horizontal ground a surveyor measures the angle of

elevation of a church spire as 20°. He moves 50m closer to the church
and measures the angle of elevation as 25°. Calculate the height of the
spire.
P
P

25°
R 20°
S
Q
x 50

Equation 1

In triangle PQS

h
Tan 20 ° =
x + 50

Hence h = tan 20 °( x + 50 )

i.e. h = 0.3639 ( x + 50 )

Equation 2
h
In triangle PQR, Tan 25 ° =
x

Hence h = tan 25 °( x ) , i.e. h = 0.4663 x

Equating equation 2 and 2 gives:

0.3639 ( x +50 ) = 0.4663 x

0.3639 x +(0.3639 )( 50 ) = 0.4663 x

(0.3639 )( 50 ) −(0.4663 −0.3639 ) x

18 .195 = 0.1024 x

18 .195
x= =177 .685
0.1024

From equation 2,

Height of the building h = 0.4663 x = 0.4663 (177 .685 ) = 82 .854 m

3. Solve the triangle ABC given that: C = 90 °, A = 35 ° and

AC = 5mm

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 Steve Goddard

35°
A
C 5mm

θ = 180 ° − 90 ° − 35 ° = 55 °
So to find BC:

Tan 35 x 5mm = 3.501

And to find the hypotenuse (BA):

52 +3.501 2 = BA 2 = 37 .257

37 .257 = 6.103

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 Steve Goddard

4. A ship, X, sails at a steady speed of 50km/hr in direction W 30° N (i.e.

A bearing of 300° from port). At the same time another ship, Y, leaves
port at a steady speed of 40km/hr in a direction N 20° E (i.e. a bearing of
20°). Determine their distance apart after 15hrs.

First of all I worked out how far each ship had traveled by multiplying their speed
by time.

Ship 1 travels = 50Km/hr x 15 Hrs = 750Km

Ship 2 travels = 40Km/hr x 15Hrs = 600Km

60 b
0

c
C

75
0 a
B

Using the cosine rule: c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab Cos C

So:

c 2 = 750 2
+600 2
−2(750 ×600 ) cos C

−562500 +360000 −900000 ×0.1736

= 922500 −156240 = 766220

I then square-rooted this to find c

c = 875.362 Km

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 Steve Goddard

5. An aero plane is sighted due east from a radar station at an elevation

of 50° and a height of 5,000m Later it is sighted at an elevation of 45°
and a height of 2500m in a direction of E 70° S.

5.1 If it is descending uniformly, find the angle of decent

B
A
2500m

5000m
θ

H
b
3

H
3

5000m a

A B c 2500m
H
A H
1 H1 2
H
B
2

50

O
45
O

O
H
3

H H
1 2
70
1

O
Calculations

Firstly I worked out length AO and OB.

5000
AO = = 4195 .498
Tan 50

2500
OB = = 2500
Tan 45
Next from these Lengths I worked out the hypotenuse of each triangle H1 and H2.

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 Steve Goddard

H 1 = 5000 2
+ 4195 .498 2
= 42598025 = 6526 .716

H2 = 2500 2
+ 2500 2
= 12500000 = 3535 .533

Using the Cosine rule I calculated H3

H 3 2 = 6526 .716 2 + 3535 .533 2 − ( 2 × 6526 .716 × 3535 .533 × cos 70 ) =39313498.56

Square Root the answer to give H3

H 3 = 39313498 .56 = 6270 .047

I need to work out θ so in order to simplify things these are my essential

calculations.

B
A
2500m

θ
2500m
6270.04
b
7

To work out θ I used the SOH-CAH-TOA method and used SOH

2500
= 0.398
6270 .047

θ = Sin −1 = 23 .498

23.498 is the angle of decent.

This problem can be solved a number of ways such as firstly solving the length AB
using Pythagoras’s theorem and then using TOA to work out the angle.

2500
= 0.434776
5750 .086
Eg.

θ = Tan −1
= 23 .498

5.2 Find the speed of the aero plane if the time between observations is
40s

Speed = Distance over time but first of all I converted the units:

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 Steve Goddard

I calculated 40 seconds in hours

40 ÷ 3600 = 0.011 Hrs

From this I used the normal speed equation

6270 .047
Speed = = 570 .042 Km / h
0.011

Or keeping unconverted in seconds

6270 .047
Speed = = 156 .751 m / s
40

6. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of two concurrent

and coplanar forces of 30N and 50N when the angle between them is
55°. State the direction of the resultant relative to the 50N force.

.
x

30N 50N

55
°

x 2 = 30 2 + 50 2 − ( 2 ×30 ×50 ×Cos 55 )

x 2 =1679 .271

x = 40 .978

Therefore

40 .978 30
≡
Sin 55 SinR

30 Sin 55
SinR = = 0.599
40 .978

R = 36 .848

Resultant of 40.978 N at 36.848 degrees from the 50 N force.

Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates and Radian Measure

7. Change the following to polar co-ordinates:

Illustrate your answer with a diagram (-2.2, 5.5)

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 Steve Goddard

Y
P

5. r
5

θ
a

0
2.2 X

From Pythagoras theorem r = 2.2 2 +5.5 2 = 5.92368

−1 5 .5
By trigonometric ratios a = tan = 68 .19859 or 1.19028 rad
2 .2

Hence θ = 180 − 68 .19859 = 111 .80141 °

Or θ = π −1.19028 = 1.95131 rad

Hence the position of point P in polar co-ordinates form is (5.923, 111.801) or

(5.923, 1.951)

8. Change the following to Cartesian co-ordinates:

Illustrate your answer with a diagram (6.4, 2.27

rad)

θ=2.27
rad

A
0

R= 6.4

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 Steve Goddard

x = r cos θ = 6.4 cos 2.27 = −4.1197

This corresponds to the length OA in the diagram.

y = r sin θ = 6.4 sin 2.27 = 4.898

This corresponds to the length AB in the diagram.

Thus (-4.119, 4.898) in Cartesian coordinates corresponds to the polar

coordinates (6.4, 2.27 rad)

9. Convert the following between degrees and radians as appropriate:

9.1 30°

1° = 0.0174

So:

30 x 0.0174 = 0.523

9.2 90°

90 x 0.0174 = 1.566

π
9.3 rads
3

π
= 1.047 Rad
3

1.047 x 57.295 = 59.987°

9.4 0.838 rads

0.838 x 57.295 = 48.0132°

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 Steve Goddard

10. A train is traveling at 108km/h and has wheels of diameter 80cm.

Determine:

10.1 The angular velocity of the wheels in both rad/s and rpm

Linear velocity v = 108 km/h

km m 1 h
= 108 ×1000 × = 30 m / s
h km 3600 s

800
Radius of the wheel = = 400 mm
2
= 0 .4 m

From the equation v = ω r , from which,

v 30
Angular velocity ω = =
r 0.4
= 75 Rad/s
And

ω = 2πn Where n is in rev/s

ω 75
Meaning angular speed n = = rev/s
2π 2π

75
= 60 × Rev/min
2π

= 716 .19 Rev/min

10.2 The number of revolutions made by one of the wheels if the speed
remains constant for 2.7km and there is no slipping

s
Since v = then the time taken to travel 2.7km i.e. 2700m at a constant speed
t
of 30m/s is given by:

s 2700 m
Time t = = = 90 s
v 30 m / s

Since the wheel is rotating at 716.19 rev/min, then in 90/60 minutes it makes:

90
716 .19 rev / min × min = 1074 .285 Revolutions
60

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 Steve Goddard

Sinusoidal Functions

11. Solve the following in the range 0° to 360°:

Cos −1 (−0.678 ) = 0

Cos −1 (0.678) = 47.312

The solutions of Cos-1 (-0.678), between 0 & 360 degrees are: 132.69 and 227.31

180 – 47.312 = 132.69 and 180 + 47.312 = 227.31

12. The voltage, v, in an alternating current circuit at any time, t,

(seconds) is given by:

 π
v = 100 Sin  200 πt + volts
 4

Determine:

12.1 The amplitude, periodic time, frequency and phase angle (in
degrees)

Amplitude = 100 V

Angular Velocity, ω = 200 π

2π 2π 1
Hence periodic time, T = = =
ω 200 π 100

= 0.01 s Or 10 ms

1 1
Frequency, f = = = 100 Hz
T 0.01

π  180 
Phase Angle = rad = 0.785rad = 0.785 × 
4  π 

= 45 ° Lagging v = 100 Sin (200πt)

12.2 The voltage when t = 0

v =100 Sin (0 −0.785 )

=100 Sin ( −45 °)

= −70 .71 V

12.3 The voltage when t = 5ms

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 Steve Goddard

 5 
v =100 Sin 200 π 3 −0.785 
 10 

=100 Sin ( 2.356 ) =100 Sin 135 .436 °

= 70 .17 V

12.4 The time when the voltage first reaches 50v

When v = 50 then 50 = 100 Sin ( 200 πt −0.785 )

50
= Sin (200 πt − 0.785 )
100

50
Hence ( 200 πt − 0.785 ) = arcsin
100

= 30° or 0.522 rad

200πt = 0.522 + 0.785

= 1.307

Hence when v = 50v

1.307
Time, t = = 2.0801 ×10 −3 seconds
200 π

13. A complex voltage waveform, v, is comprised of a 141.4v rms

fundamental voltage at a frequency of 200 Hz, a 40% third harmonic
π
component leading the fundamental voltage at zero time by rads and
4
π
a 20% fifth harmonic component lagging the fundamental by rads .
3
13.1 Write down an expression for the voltage, v

Voltage = 141.4 V (rms). So the maximum value or amplitude is: 2 (141 .4) =
200

If the fundamental frequency is 200Hz then angular velocity

ω = 2πf = 2π 200 = 400 π Rads/s

Hence fundamental voltage of V = 200 sin( 400 πt )

The third harmonic component has an amplitude equal to 40% of 200 V i.e. 80

The frequency of the third harmonic component is 3 × 200 = 600 Hz so:

ω = 2π 600 = 1200 π
π
Hence third harmonic voltage is represented by V = 80 sin( 1200 πt + )
4
The fifth harmonic has an amplitude equal to 20% of 200 V i.e. 40

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 Steve Goddard

The frequency of the fifth harmonic component is: 5 × 200 = 1000 Hz

So: ω = 2π × 1000 = 2000 π

π
Hence the voltage of the fifth harmonic is shown as V = 40 sin( 2000 πt − )
3
Overall

 π  π
V = 200 sin ( 400 πt ) + 80 sin 1200 πt +  + 40 sin  2000 πt − 
 4  3

13.2 Plot the resulting complex waveform for v over one cycle of the
fundamental waveform.

300
The data used for this graph can be found on the next page.

Spreadsheet Formula

A1 = Time
B1 = Fundamental Voltage = 200*SIN(400*PI()*A3*0.001)
C1 = Third Harmonic = 80*SIN(1200*PI()*A3*0.001+PI()/4)
D1 = Fifth Harmonic = 40*SIN(2000*PI()*A3*0.001-PI()/3)
E1 = Total Voltage = B3+C3+D3

200
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 Steve Goddard

Time Fundamental Third Fifth Total

(ms) voltage Harmonic Harmonic Voltage
21.9275263
0 0 56.56854249 -34.64101615 4
82.2175510
0.1 25.06664671 73.42037005 -16.26946572 4
138.014969
0.2 49.73797743 79.96052483 8.316467633 9
178.621165
0.3 73.62491054 75.27046152 29.72579302 1
196.140496
0.4 96.35073482 60.00888557 39.78087581 2
188.517306
0.5 117.5570505 36.31923998 34.64101615 6
0.6 136.9094212 7.528665065 16.26946572 160.707552
123.466892
0.7 154.1026486 -22.31928848 -8.316467633 4
90.1072277
0.8 168.8655851 -49.03256429 -29.72579302 9
72.3251725
0.9 180.9654105 -68.85936216 -39.78087581 2
76.5552198
1 190.2113033 -79.01506725 -34.64101615 6
102.114643
1.1 196.4574501 -78.07334096 -16.26946572 5
141.755367
1.2 199.6053457 -66.16644594 8.316467633 4
184.364468
1.3 199.6053457 -44.96667023 29.72579302 5
218.786866
1.4 196.4574501 -17.45145931 39.78087581 6
237.367076
1.5 190.2113033 12.5147572 34.64101615 6
237.958189
1.6 180.9654105 40.72331326 16.26946572 5
223.761518
1.7 168.8655851 63.21240099 -8.316467633 5
201.200350
1.8 154.1026486 76.82349485 -29.72579302 4
176.773502
1.9 136.9094212 79.64495717 -39.78087581 5
154.196556
2 117.5570505 71.28052194 -34.64101615 2
132.986218
2.1 96.35073482 52.90494923 -16.26946572 3
109.040411
2.2 73.62491054 27.09903362 8.316467633 8
76.9509097
2.3 49.73797743 -2.512860726 29.72579302 3
33.0756912
2.4 25.06664671 -31.77183125 39.78087581 8
2.5 -6.43149E-14 -56.56854249 34.64101615 -21.9275263
2.6 -25.06664671 -73.42037005 16.26946572 -82.217551
2.7 -49.73797743 -79.96052483 -8.316467633 -138.01497
2.8 -73.62491054 -75.27046152 -29.72579302 -178.621165
2.9 -96.35073482 -60.00888557 -39.78087581 -196.140496
3 -117.5570505 -36.31923998 -34.64101615 -188.517307
3.1 -136.9094212 -7.528665065 -16.26946572 -160.707552

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 Steve Goddard

3.2 -154.1026486 22.31928848 8.316467633 -123.466892

3.3 -168.8655851 49.03256429 29.72579302 -90.1072278
3.4 -180.9654105 68.85936216 39.78087581 -72.3251725
3.5 -190.2113033 79.01506725 34.64101615 -76.5552199
3.6 -196.4574501 78.07334096 16.26946572 -102.114643
3.7 -199.6053457 66.16644594 -8.316467633 -141.755367
3.8 -199.6053457 44.96667023 -29.72579302 -184.364468
3.9 -196.4574501 17.45145931 -39.78087581 -218.786867
4 -190.2113033 -12.5147572 -34.64101615 -237.367077
4.1 -180.9654105 -40.72331326 -16.26946572 -237.958189
4.2 -168.8655851 -63.21240099 8.316467633 -223.761518
4.3 -154.1026486 -76.82349485 29.72579302 -201.20035
4.4 -136.9094212 -79.64495717 39.78087581 -176.773503
4.5 -117.5570505 -71.28052194 34.64101615 -154.196556
4.6 -96.35073482 -52.90494923 16.26946572 -132.986218
4.7 -73.62491054 -27.09903362 -8.316467633 -109.040412
4.8 -49.73797743 2.512860726 -29.72579302 -76.9509097
4.9 -25.06664671 31.77183125 -39.78087581 -33.0756913
21.9275263
5 1.2863E-13 56.56854249 -34.64101615 4

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 Steve Goddard

Trigonometric Identities

1
14. Show that: Sin 2θ = (1 − Cos 2θ ) and explain where this would be
2
useful

If Cos 2θ = Cos 2θ − Sin 2θ

And Cos 2θ + Sin 2θ = 1

Then:

Cos 2θ = 1 − Sin 2θ

Cos 2θ = (1 − Sin 2θ ) − Sin 2θ

∴Cos 2θ =1 + 2 Sin 2θ

(1 −Cos 2θ)
∴ = Sin 2θ
2

This equation is useful with integrating when calculating RMS values.

15. Solve the following in the range: 0° to 360 ° 5Sin 2 x + 3Sin x = 4

Rearranging the equation to make the answer equal to zero would 5Sin 2 x +3Sin x −4 = 0
give me:

Now that the equation is in this format I can easily apply the quadratic formula:

So: a = 5, b = 3 and c = -4

− 3 ± 3 2 − 4(5 × −4) − 3 ± 9.433

Sinx = =
2 ×5 10

+ Sinx = 0.6433
- Sinx = -1.2433

Therefore the values in the range 0° to 360 ° are:

X = 40°038’ and 139°962

 π
16. Solve the following for values: 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π 5Sin θ −  = 8Cosθ
 6

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 Steve Goddard

 π  8 cos θ
Sin θ −  =
 6 5

Sin ( A − B ) = SinACosB − SinBCosA

8Cos θ π
= Sin θ Cos Cos θ
5 6

Divide by Cos θ

8
= 0.866 Tan θ − 0.5
5

Tan θ = 1.715
ϑ = 59 .75 °

Or 1.043 radians

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 Steve Goddard

17. Express the equation: 5.5Cos t + 7.8Sin t

17.1 In the form R Sin (t+α) and hence

7.8Sin (t ) +5.5Cos (t ) = RSin (t +α)

= R[ Sin (tCos α +Cos (t ) ×Sin α)]

= ( RCos α) Sin (t ) +( RSin α)Cos (t )

Equating co-efficients:

7.8
Cos α =
R
5.5
Sin α =
R

7.8 2 +5.5 2 = 9.544

so ,

7.8Sin (t ) +5.5Cos (t ) = 9.544 Sin (t +α)

RSin α = 5.5

RCos α = 7.8

5.5
Tan α =
7.8

α = 0.614 radians

7.8Sin (t ) + 5.5Cos (t ) = 9.544 Sin (t + 0.614 )

17.2 Solve, for values 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π 5.5Cos t + 7.8 Sin t = 4.5

4.5  4.5 
9.544 Sin (t + 0.614 ) = 4.5 = Sin ( t + 0.614 ) = = t + 0.614 = Sin −1  
9.544  9.544 

 4.5 
∴t = Sin −1   − 0.614
 9.544 

t = 27 .517 °,152 .48 °

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 Steve Goddard

Bibliography

www.google.com

John Bird – Higher Engineering Mathematics

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