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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GLOSSARY BIO3051 TERM

1. Nutrients 2. Carbohydrates

DEFINITION
Chemicals in food that help your body perform all its functions. Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; a major source of energy for your body. A type of sugar that provides fuel for work done by the body`s cells. A chain of many glucose molecules. A complex molecule constructed from amino acids. Twenty different kinds of building blocks of protein. Proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions without being consumed in the reactions. Molecules formed from fatty acids and glycerol that store energy in your body and help your body absorb fat-soluble vitamins; can be divided into saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats; also called lipids. Organic nutrients that regulate your body processes and perform chemical reactions. Inorganic nutrients, such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, copper, sodium, and zinc. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C; one dietary Calorie is equal to 1000 calories. A substance that is purified from foods and taken like a medicine to provide health benefits including disease prevention. A food that has health benefits, including disease, prevention, that are beyond the normal nutritional benefit of the food. Food that contain substances that support health and that may help to strengthen the body`s natural defence against disease. The act of eating or drinking. Is the process of breaking food down into molecules that are small enough for the body to absorb. Occurs in the small intestine, where the cells absorb small molecules. Is the process of removing from the digestive

3. Glucose 4. Glycogen 5. Protein 6. Amino acids 7. Enzymes

8. Fats

9. Vitamins 10. Minerals 11. Calorie

12. Nutraceutical

13. Functional food

14. Probiotics

15. Ingestion 16. Digestion

17. Absorption 18. Elimination

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GLOSSARY BIO3051


19. Alimentary canal 20. Saliva tract any undigested materials. A digestive tract with two openings, a mouth and an anus. Watery liquid that contains digestive enzymes, mucus, and other chemicals to help chemically digest food. A sticky substance that coats, lubricates and protects membranes. Chewed clump of food. A short tube in the upper portion of the throat that is shared by the digestive system and respiratory system. A cartilage flap that prevents food from moving into the air passageway as the food passes through the pharynx and into the esophagus. A series of wave-like muscle contractions that forces the bolus of food along the digestive system. Muscular valve, such as between the stomach and esophagus. A mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus secreted by glands in the stomach lining. Acidic, nutrient-rich liquid formed from the bolus by the churning action of the stomach. The first section of the small intestine. A yellow or greenish alkaline fluid produced the liver and stored in the gallbladder that separates small fat droplets, which enables digestive enzymes to break down the fats more efficiently. A clear, alkaline liquid produced by the pancreas and that neutralizes the acidic chime and contains enzymes that further break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Undigested food and other waste products. Final portion of the colon. Procedure in which a narrow tube with an attached camera is inserted into the throat and passed into the esophagus, stomach, and upper intestine. Cutting procedure to obtain a sample of tissue. Procedure in which a thin, lighted tube with an

21. Mucus 22. Bolus 23. Pharynx

24. Epiglottis

25. Peristalsis

26. Sphincter 27. Gastric juice

28. Chyme 29. Duodenum 30. Bile

31. Pancreatic juice

32. Feces 33. Rectum 34. Endoscopy

35. Biopsy 36. Colonoscopy

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GLOSSARY BIO3051


attached camera is inserted through the rectum to diagnose intestinal disorders. 37. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Occurs when acid from the stomach spills back up into esophagus so frequently that it harms the lining of the esophagus. If the stomach lining is broken down it 38. Ulcer becomes irritated by gastric acid. The gastric acid can also spill into other parts of the digestive system and irritate the tissues of nearby organs. Sores found in the stomach lining, esophagus or the upper small intestine is called peptic ulcer. The intestines become irritated and inflamed 39. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and develop many ulcers, causing abdominal pain and diarrhea. Occurs when peristalsis moves the feces along 40. Constipation too slowly or when the colon absorbs too much water and the feces become too compacted. If the lining of the colon is irritated by a viral 41. Diarrhea or bacterial infection, for instance the colon is less effective in reclaiming water, and diarrhea may result.

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