13-Cash Flow Statement

Introduction
chapter 13
Cash Flow Statement

Accounting Matters!
You Have to Spend Money to Make

Money
Big-ticket leisure travel has become big business. And perhaps no company has tapped into this market
more thoroughly than Vancouver-based Intrawest Corporation. Intrawest is the world's largest developer
and operator of destination resorts, whose flagship Whistler/Blackcomb resort will play host to the
Winter Olympic Games in 2010.
The secret to the company's success is its growth formula: Start with a resort. Build a village so people
stay longer. This attracts more visitors who come more often and spend more money. Build more real
estate attractions, drawing in more people. This leads to the creation of shops, hotels, convention
centres, and restaurants. The result: a year-round destination resort that puts the company into a financial
position where it can invest in more locations. It's a fine balance of spending money to make money and
making sure there is enough cash flow to cover debt.
In 2003, Intrawest's formula needed a bit of tweaking. While resort operations were cash flow–positive,
the real estate business was cash flow–negative. To solve this problem, the company formed two
partnerships with outside investors to create Leisura Developments, which takes on the most capital-
intensive development projects. “As a result, the amount of capital that we are required to invest in new
real estate projects is significantly reduced,” says David Blaiklock, Intrawest's vice president and
corporate controller.
The initial result was indeed significant. Cash flow from operating activities for the 2004 fiscal year was
U.S. $422.9 million, compared to a negative cash flow of U.S. $20.9 million in 2003. Intrawest
generated U.S. $303.1 million in free cash flow in 2004, which it used to reduce debt.
“A significant component of that cash flow was the one-time impact of introducing this partnership
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Introduction
structure,” Mr. Blaiklock stresses. Still, by selling real estate projects to Leisura, the company's cash
flow requirements will be reduced.
As for the 2010 Olympics, their impact on cash flow can only be positive. Since Whistler/Blackcomb
already hosts World Cup alpine ski events, no infrastructure investment is required. The federal and
provincial governments are spending millions on improvements to the highway from Vancouver to
Whistler, which will increase real estate values and the number of resort visitors. The new athletes'
village will provide affordable housing for resort employees. And then there's the prestige that comes
with having been an Olympic host city. Although Whistler/Blackcomb is already a world-class
destination, the Olympics will only generate more interest and more visitors, and thus more cash.
Intrawest: www.intrawest.com
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Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study Objectives and Preview
Study Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe the purpose and format of the cash flow statement.

2. Prepare a cash flow statement using one of two approaches: (a) the indirect method or (b) the
direct method.
3. Use the cash flow statement to evaluate a company's liquidity and solvency.
Preview of Chapter 13
The balance sheet, statement of earnings, and statement of retained earnings do not always show the
whole picture of the financial condition of a company. In fact, looking at the financial statements of
some well-known companies, a thoughtful investor might ask questions like these: How did Andrés
Wines pay $3 million of dividends in a year when it had no cash but bank indebtedness instead? How
did the Wilfrid Laurier University Students' Union increase its cash balance by more than $400,000 in a
year in which it only earned a little more than $100,000? How did Rogers Communications finance its
$25-million purchase of the SkyDome (now called the Rogers Centre)? Answers to these and similar
questions can be found in this chapter, which presents the cash flow statement.
The chapter is organized as follows:

Study Objectives and Preview

Reporting of Cash Flows

The three financial statements that we have studied so far present only partial information about a company's cash
flows (cash receipts and cash payments). For example, comparative balance sheets show the increase in property,
plant, and equipment during the year, but they do not show how the additions were financed or paid for. The
statement of earnings shows net earnings, but it does not indicate the amount of cash generated by operating
activities. The statement of retained earnings shows cash dividends declared, but not the cash dividends paid
during the year. None of these statements reports the change in cash as a result of operating, investing, and
financing activities during the period.
Purpose of the Cash Flow Statement

study objective 1
Describe the purpose
and format of the cash
flow statement.
The main purpose of the cash flow statement is to provide information about cash receipts, cash payments, and the
net change in cash that result from the operating, investing, and financing activities of a company during a specific
period. Reporting the causes of changes in cash is useful because investors, creditors, and other interested parties
want to know what is happening to a company's most liquid resource—its cash. As the feature story about
Intrawest demonstrates, to understand a company's financial position, it is essential to understand its cash flows.
The information in a cash flow statement should help investors, creditors, and others assess the following aspects
of a company's financial position:
1. The investing and financing transactions during the period. By examining a company's investing and
financing activities, a financial statement reader can better understand why assets and liabilities increased or
decreased during the period.
2. The company's ability to generate future cash flows. Investors and others examine the relationships between
items in the cash flow statement. From these, they can better predict the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of
future cash flows than they can from accrual-based data.
3. The company's ability to pay dividends and meet obligations. If a company does not have enough cash, it
cannot pay employees, settle debts, or pay dividends. Employees, creditors, shareholders, and customers are
particularly interested in this statement because it alone shows the flow of cash in a business.
4. The reasons for the difference between net earnings and cash provided (used) by operating activities. Net
earnings provide information on the success or failure of a business. However, some people are critical of
accrual-based net earnings because these earnings require estimates, allocations, and assumptions. As a result,
the reliability of net earnings is often doubted.
Cash flow is less susceptible to earnings management than net earnings. Although we suggest that relying on cash

flows only and ignoring accrual accounting is inappropriate, comparing cash provided or used by operating
activities to net earnings can reveal important information about the “quality” of the reported net earnings—that is,
this comparison can show how good net earnings are as a measure of actual performance.
Accounting Matters! Investor Perspective
During the 1990s, analysts increasingly used cash-based measures, such as cash provided by
operating activities, instead of, or in addition to, net earnings. The reason for the change was that they
had lost faith in accrual-based measures. Sadly, nowadays even cash flow is not always what it seems
to be.
Take, for example, Alliance Atlantis Communications Inc. The company reported cash flow provided by
operating activities of $686.5 million in 2001. Looks impressive, right? However, in 2002, the company's
cash flow statement for 2001 was restated to report cash used by operating activities of $59.9 million.
What happened? Accounting standard-setters decided that money spent to acquire, develop, and
produce films and television programs was an operating expense, not an investment. In other words,
Atlantis' cash flow did not actually change, but its reporting did. The moral of this story is that accounting
principles can alter not only reported earnings, but also cash flow.
Source: Fabrice Taylor, “Show Me the Real Money,” Report on Business Magazine, November 2002,
109.
Format of the Cash Flow Statement

The general format of the cash flow statement is organized around the three activities of operating, investing, and
financing. Transactions within each activity are as follows:
1. Operating activities include the cash effects of transactions that create revenues and expenses. They affect net
earnings.

2. Investing activities include (a) purchasing and disposing of investments and long-lived assets and (b) lending
money and collecting the loans. They affect short-term investments that are not cash equivalents, and they affect
long-term asset accounts.
3. Financing activities include (a) obtaining cash from issuing debt and repaying the amounts borrowed and (b)
obtaining cash from shareholders and paying them dividends. They affect short-term notes payable, and long-
term liability and shareholders' equity accounts.
Illustration 13-1 lists typical cash receipts and cash payments in each of the three activities.
Operating activities—statement of earnings items and changes in noncash working capital

Cash inflows:
From the sale of goods or services
From returns on debt investments (interest) and on equity investments (dividends)
Cash outflows:
To suppliers for inventory
To employees for services
To governments for taxes
To lenders for interest
To others for expenses
Investing activities—changes in short-term investments and long-term assets
Cash inflows:
From the sale of property, plant, and equipment
From the sale of debt or equity investments
From the collection of principal on loans to other companies
Cash outflows:
To purchase property, plant, and equipment
To purchase debt or equity investments
To make loans to other companies
Financing activities—changes in short-term notes payable, long-term liabilities, and equity
Cash inflows:
From the sale of shares (preferred and common)
From the issue of debt (notes and bonds)
Cash outflows:
To shareholders as dividends
To redeem long-term debt or reacquire share capital
Illustration 13-1
Cash receipts and payments classified by activity

As you can see, some cash flows relating to investing or financing activities are classified as operating activities.
For example, receipts of investment revenue (interest and dividends) are classified as operating activities. So are
payments of interest to lenders. Why are these considered operating activities? Because these items are reported in
the statement of earnings, where results of operations are shown.
Note the following general guidelines: (1) Operating activities involve items that determine income (statement of
earnings and noncash working capital items). (2) Investing activities involve cash flows that result from changes in
short-term investments and long-term asset items. (3) Financing activities involve cash flows that result from
changes in short-term notes payable, and long-term liability and shareholders' equity items.
Illustration 13-2 shows these general guidelines. There are exceptions, of course, but these relationships between
operating, investing, and financing activities and the statement of earnings and balance sheet are the most common.
Illustration 13-2
Operating, investing, and financing activities
A sample cash flow statement, presenting operating, investing, and financing activities, is shown in Illustration 13-
3 in condensed format.

Illustration 13-3
Format of cash flow statement
Alternative Terminology The

cash flow statement is also
commonly known as the
statement of changes in
financial position.
The cash flow statement covers the same period of time as the statements of earnings and retained earnings. The
section that reports cash flows from operating activities always appears first. It is followed by the investing
activities section and then the financing activities section. Note also that the individual inflows and outflows from
investing and financing activities are reported separately. Thus, the cash outflow for the purchase of equipment is
reported separately from the cash inflow from the sale of equipment. Similarly, the cash inflow from the issue of
debt securities is reported separately from the cash outflow for the retirement of debt. If a company did not report
the inflows and outflows separately, some of the investing and financing activities would be hidden. This would
make it more difficult for the user to assess future cash flows.
The reported operating, investing, and financing activities result in net cash either provided or used by each
activity. The amounts of net cash provided or used by each activity are then totalled. The result is the net increase
or decrease in cash for the period. This amount is then added to or subtracted from the beginning-of-period cash
balance to obtain the end-of-period cash balance. The end-of-period cash balance should agree with the cash
balance reported on the balance sheet.
Definition of Cash

The cash flow statement is often prepared using cash and cash equivalents as its basis rather than just cash. You
will recall from Chapter 7 that cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily
convertible to cash within a very short period of time. Generally, only money-market instruments due within three
months qualify by this definition. Sometimes short-term or demand loans are also deducted from this amount.
Because of the varying definitions of “cash” that can be used in this statement, companies must clearly define cash
equivalents when they are included.
Since cash and cash equivalents are viewed as the same, transfers between the cash account and the cash equivalent
accounts are not treated as cash receipts and cash payments. These transfers are therefore not reported in the cash
flow statement.
Significant Noncash Activities

In addition, it is important to recognize that not all of a company's significant activities involve cash. The following
are examples of noncash activities:
1. Issues of common shares to purchase assets

2. Conversions of debt into equity
3. Issues of debt to purchase assets
4. Exchanges of property, plant, and equipment
Significant investing and financing activities that do not affect cash are not reported in the body of the cash
flow statement. However, these activities are reported in a note to the financial statements. The reporting of these
activities in a note satisfies the full disclosure principle.

Before You Go On #1
Before You Go On . . .
Review It
1. What is the main purpose of a cash flow statement?

2. How does the cash flow statement help users understand a company's financial position?
3. What amounts does Loblaw report in its 2003 cash flow statement for (a) operating activities,
(b) investing activities, and (c) financing activities? The answers to these questions are provided
at the end of this chapter.
4. What is a cash equivalent?

5. Where are significant noncash activities reported? Give an example.
Do It
Plano Moulding Corp. had the following cash transactions:
(a) Issued common shares.

(b) Sold an available-for-sale debt security.
(c) Purchased a tractor-trailer truck. Made a cash down payment and financed the remainder with a
mortgage note payable.
(d) Paid interest on the mortgage note payable.
(e) Collected cash for services provided.
Classify each of these transactions by type of cash flow activity. Indicate whether the transaction
would be reported as a cash inflow or cash outflow, or as a noncash activity.
Action Plan
Identify the three types of activities used to report all cash inflows and outflows.
Report as operating activities the cash effects of transactions that create revenues and expenses and
are used to determine net earnings.
Report as investing activities the transactions that (a) acquire and dispose of investments and long-
lived assets, and (b) lend money and collect loans.

Before You Go On #1
Report as financing activities the transactions that (a) obtain cash by issuing debt or repay the
amounts borrowed, and (b) obtain cash from shareholders or pay them dividends.
Solution
(a) Financing activity, cash inflow

(b) Investing activity, cash inflow
(c) Investing activity, cash outflow for down payment. Remainder is noncash investing (tractor-trailer
truck) and financing (mortgage note payable) activity
(d) Operating activity, cash outflow
(e) Operating activity, cash inflow

Preparing the Cash Flow Statement

study objective 2
Prepare a cash flow
statement using one of
two approaches: (a) the
indirect method or (b)
the direct method.
The cash flow statement is prepared differently from the other three financial statements. First, it is not prepared
from an adjusted trial balance. The statement requires detailed information on the changes in account balances
that occurred between two periods of time. An adjusted trial balance does not provide the necessary data. Second,
the cash flow statement deals with cash receipts and payments. As a result, the accrual concept is not used in the
preparation of a cash flow statement.
The information to prepare this statement usually comes from three sources:
1. The comparative balance sheet indicates the amounts of the changes in assets, liabilities, and shareholders'
equity from the beginning to the end of the period.
2. The statement of earnings helps the reader determine the amount of cash provided or used by operating
activities during the period.
3. Additional information includes transaction data that are needed to determine how cash was provided or used
during the period.
There are four steps to prepare the cash flow statement from these data sources, as shown in Illustration 13-4.

Illustration 13-4
Steps in preparing the cash flow statement
Indirect and Direct Methods

In order to perform step 1 and determine the cash provided (used) by operating activities, net earnings must be
converted from an accrual basis to a cash basis. This conversion may be done by either of two methods:
indirect or direct. The indirect method converts total net earnings from an accrual basis to a cash basis. The
direct method converts each individual revenue and expense account to a cash basis, identifying specific cash

receipts and payments. Both methods arrive at the same total amount for “net cash provided (used) by
operating activities.” The only difference is which items they disclose. Note that the two methods only produce
differences in the operating activities section. The investing activities and financing activities sections are not
affected by the choice of the indirect or direct method.
Most companies use the indirect method. They prefer this method for three reasons: (1) it is easier to prepare; (2)
it focuses on the differences between net earnings and net cash flow from operating activities; and (3) it tends to
reveal less company information to competitors.
The CICA allows the use of both the indirect and direct methods, but encourages companies to use the direct
method of reporting operating activities. Despite the CICA's preference for the direct method, it is rarely used in
Canadian practice. Less than one percent of the companies in Canada use the direct method. The authors of
Financial Reporting in Canada state, “We continue to be surprised by the failure to use the direct method for
presenting this important figure. It is difficult to believe that investors would not find information on the various
functional cash flows (e.g., payments to employees) more useful than the information on the adjustments required
to convert net income into cash flows from operating activities (e.g., amortization expense).”
The cash flow statement ought to be one of the most important tools for any investor. But, all too often,
this statement provides little insight into a company's operations. Take, for example, Hudson's Bay
Company. The Bay's business is pretty simple. It buys clothes, housewares, and other products, puts
them in its stores, and sells them.
When you look at the operating activities section of The Bay's cash flow statement, however, you find
references to amortization and “net change in operating working capital.” Nowhere does it tell you how
much cash The Bay received from its customers or how much it paid its suppliers.
So why do companies choose not to report this information in their cash flow statement? “It gives
material information, so managements don't want to use it,” says Richard Rooney, president of
Burgundy Asset Management. Rooney would like to see the direct method of preparing the operating
activities section of the cash flow statement become mandatory. “Something like this is
comprehensible, easy to understand, and I think it would be harder to fudge—though where there's a
will, there's a way.”

Source: Derek DeCloet, “Show Investors the Cash Flow,” Financial Post, March 28, 2002, IN3.
On the following pages, in two separate sections, we describe the use of the indirect and direct methods of
preparing the cash flow statement. Section 1 illustrates the indirect method. Section 2 illustrates the direct
method. These sections are independent of each other. When you have finished the section(s) assigned by
your instructor, turn to the concluding section of the chapter—“Using Cash Flows to Evaluate a Company.”

Indirect Method
Section 1 Indirect Method
study objective 2a
Prepare a cash flow
statement using the
indirect method.
To explain and illustrate the indirect method, we will use financial information from Computer Services
Corporation to prepare a cash flow statement. Illustration 13-5 presents Computer Services' current- and previous-
year balance sheet, its current-year statement of earnings, and related financial information.
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Indirect Method
Illustration 13-5
Comparative balance sheet, statement of earnings, and additional information
We will now apply the four steps to the information provided for Computer Services Corporation.
Step 1: Operating Activities

Determine the Net Cash Provided (Used) by Operating Activities by Converting Net Earnings from an Accrual
Basis to a Cash Basis
To determine the net cash provided (or used) by operating activities under the indirect method, net earnings is
adjusted for items that did not affect cash.
A useful starting point is to understand why net earnings must be converted to net cash provided by operating
activities. Under generally accepted accounting principles, companies use the accrual basis of accounting. As you
have learned, this basis requires that revenue be recorded when it is earned and that expenses be matched against
the revenue they helped generate. Earned revenues may include credit sales that have not been collected in cash.
Expenses incurred, such as amortization or cost of goods sold, may not have been paid in cash. Consequently,

Indirect Method
under the indirect method, accrual-based net earnings must be adjusted to convert certain items to the cash basis.
The indirect method starts with net earnings and converts it to net cash provided or used by operating activities.
Illustration 13-6 shows three types of adjustments that are made to adjust net earnings for items that affect accrual-
based net earnings but do not affect cash. The first two types of adjustments are found on the statement of earnings.
The last type of adjustment—changes to current asset and current liability accounts—is found on the balance sheet.
Illustration 13-6
Adjustments to convert net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities
The next three sections explain each type of adjustment.
Amortization Expense
Computer Services' statement of earnings shows an amortization expense of $9,000. Although amortization
expense reduces net earnings, it does not reduce cash. Recall that the entry to record amortization is:
This entry has no effect on cash, so amortization expense is added back to net earnings in order to arrive at net cash
provided by operating activities:
Operating activities
Net earnings $145,000
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization expense 9,000
Net cash provided by operating activities 154,000

Indirect Method
Amortization is often listed in the cash flow statement as the first adjustment to net earnings. It is important to
understand that amortization expense is not added to operating activities as if it were a source of cash. As shown in
the journal entry above, amortization does not involve cash. It is added to cancel the deduction created by the
amortization expense in the determination of net earnings.
Gains and Losses on the Sale of Assets

Computer Services' statement of earnings reports a $3,000 loss on the sale of equipment. With the additional
information provided, we can reconstruct the journal entry to record the sale of equipment:
Illustration 13-1 states that cash received from the sale of long-lived assets should be reported in the investing
activities section of the cash flow statement. Consequently, all gains and losses from investing activities must be
eliminated from net earnings to arrive at cash from operating activities.
In our example, Computer Services' $3,000 loss should not be included in the operating activities section of the
cash flow statement. This amount is eliminated by adding the $3,000 back to net earnings to arrive at net cash
provided by operating activities:
Amortization expense $9,000
Loss on sale of equipment 3,000 12,000
If a gain on sale occurs, the gain is deducted from net earnings in order to determine net cash provided by
operating activities. For both a gain and a loss, the actual amount of cash received from the sale is reported as a
source of cash in the investing activities section of the cash flow statement.
If we did not eliminate gains and losses and remove them from net earnings, they would be counted twice—once in
the operating activities section (as part of net earnings), and again in the investing activities section (as part of the
cash proceeds from the sale).
Gains and losses are also possible in other circumstances, such as when debt is retired. The same adjustment
guidelines apply as described for gains and losses on the sale of assets, except that the other side of the transaction
is reported in financing activities, rather than investing activities.
Changes in Noncash Current Asset and Current Liability

Indirect Method
Accounts
A final adjustment in converting net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities involves examining all
changes in current asset and current liability accounts. Most current asset and current liability accounts result from
operating activities. For example, accounts receivable indicate credit sales that have been recorded as revenue but
for which cash collections have not yet been received. Prepaid expenses, such as insurance, reflect insurance that
has been paid for, but which has not yet expired and therefore has not been recorded as an expense. Similarly,
income tax payable reflects income tax expense incurred by the company but not yet paid.
As a result, we need to adjust net earnings for these accruals and prepayments to determine net cash provided by
operating activities. We do this by analyzing the change in each current asset and current liability account to
determine each change's impact on net earnings and cash.
There are situations when current asset and current liability accounts do not result from operating activities. Short-
term investments are an example of a current asset that does not relate to operating activities. Short-term
investments are shown in the investing activities section of the cash flow statement if they are not part of cash
equivalents. Short-term notes payable are an example of a current liability that does not relate to operating
activities. These are shown instead in the financing section of the cash flow statement.
Changes in Noncash Current Assets

The adjustments required for changes in noncash current asset accounts are as follows: increases in current asset
accounts are deducted from net earnings and decreases in current asset accounts are added to net earnings, to arrive
at net cash provided by operating activities. We will observe these relationships by analyzing Computer Services'
current asset accounts.
Decrease in Accounts Receivable. When accounts receivable decrease during the year, revenues on an
accrual basis are lower than revenues on a cash basis. In other words, more cash was collected during the period
than was recorded as revenue. Computer Services' accounts receivable decreased by $10,000 (from $30,000 to
$20,000) during the year. For Computer Services, this means that cash receipts were $10,000 higher than revenues.
Illustration 13-5 shows that Computer Services had $507,000 in sales revenue reported on its statement of
earnings. To determine how much cash was collected in connection with this revenue, it is useful to analyze the
Accounts Receivable account:
If sales revenue (assumed to be sales on account) journalized during the period was $507,000 (Dr. Accounts
Receivable; Cr. Sales Revenue), and the change in Accounts Receivable during the period was a decrease of
$10,000, then cash receipts from customers must have been $517,000 (Dr. Cash; Cr. Accounts Receivable).
Consequently, revenues reported on the accrual-based statement of earnings were lower than cash collections. To

Indirect Method
convert net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities, the $10,000 decrease in accounts receivable must
be added to net earnings because $10,000 more cash was collected than was reported as accrual-based revenue in
the statement of earnings.
When the Accounts Receivable balance increases during the year, revenues on an accrual basis are higher than
cash receipts. Therefore, the amount of the increase in accounts receivable is deducted from net earnings to arrive
at net cash provided by operating activities.
Increase in Inventory. Assuming a perpetual inventory system is being used, the Merchandise Inventory
account is increased by the cost of goods purchased. It is decreased by the cost of goods sold. When inventory
increases during the year, the cost of goods purchased is greater than the cost of goods sold expense recorded in the
statement of earnings. Any increase in the Inventory account must be deducted from net earnings, in a manner
similar to the increase in the Accounts Receivable account explained above.
Inventory increased by $5,000 for Computer Services Corporation. Because the Inventory account is increased by
the purchase of goods (Dr. Inventory; Cr. Accounts Payable) and is decreased by the cost of goods sold (Dr. Cost
of Goods Sold; Cr. Inventory), Computer Services must have purchased $5,000 more inventory than it sold.
Therefore, because the cost of goods sold reported on the statement of earnings is $150,000, purchases of
merchandise during the year must have been $155,000:
To convert net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities, the $5,000 increase in inventory must be
deducted from net earnings. The increase in inventory means that the cash-based expense must be increased, which
has the effect of reducing net earnings.
This deduction does not completely convert an accrual-based figure to a cash-based figure. It does not tell us how
much cash was paid for the goods purchased. It just converts the cost of goods sold to the cost of goods purchased
during the year. The analysis of accounts payable—shown later—completes this analysis by converting the cost of
goods purchased from an accrual basis to a cash basis.
Increase in Prepaid Expenses. Prepaid expenses increased during the period by $4,000. This means that the
cash paid for expenses is higher than the expenses reported on the accrual basis. In other words, cash payments
were made in the current period, but expenses have been deferred to future periods. To determine how much cash
was paid relative to the operating expenses, it is useful to analyze the Prepaid Expenses account. Operating
expenses, as reported on the statement of earnings, are $111,000. Accordingly, payments for expenses must have
been $115,000:

Indirect Method
To adjust net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities, the $4,000 increase in prepaid expenses must be
deducted from net earnings to determine the cash paid for expenses. If prepaid expenses decrease, reported
expenses are higher than the expenses paid. therefore, the decrease in prepaid expenses is added to net earnings to
arrive at net cash provided by operating activities.
These adjustments may not completely convert accrual-based expenses to cash-based expenses. For example, if
Computer Services Corporation had any accrued expenses payable, these would also have to be considered before
we could completely determine the amount of cash paid for operating expenses.
Computer Services does not have any accrued expenses payable related to operating expenses. However, if it did,
they would be treated in the same manner as income tax payable, which will we look at in the next section when
we adjust for the changes in the current liability accounts. Income tax payable is actually an example of an accrued
expense payable; however, it is dealt with separately because income tax expense is reported by itself on the
statement of earnings.
The following partial cash flow statement shows the impact on operating activities of changes in noncash current
asset accounts, in addition to those adjustments described earlier:
Amortization expense $ 9,000
Loss on sale of equipment 3,000
Decrease in accounts receivable 10,000
Increase in inventory (5,000)
Increase in prepaid expenses (4,000) 13,000
Changes in Current Liabilities

The adjustments required for changes in current liability accounts are as follows: increases in current liability
accounts are added to net earnings, and decreases in current liability accounts are deducted from net earnings, to
arrive at net cash provided by operating activities. We will observe these relationships by analyzing Computer
Services' current liability accounts, Accounts Payable and Income Tax Payable.
Increase in Accounts Payable. The Accounts Payable account is increased by purchases of merchandise (Dr.
Inventory; Cr. Accounts Payable) and decreased by payments to suppliers (Dr. Accounts Payable; Cr. Cash). We
determined the amount of purchases made by Computer Services in the analysis of the Inventory account earlier:
$155,000. Using this figure, we can now determine that payments to suppliers must have been $139,000:

Indirect Method
To convert net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities, the $16,000 increase in accounts payable must
be added to net earnings. The increase in accounts payable means that less cash was paid for the purchases than
was deducted in the accrual-based expenses section of the statement of earnings. The addition of $16,000
completes the adjustment required to convert the cost of goods purchased to the cash paid for these goods.
In summary, the conversion of the cost of goods sold on the accrual-based statement of earnings to the cash paid
for goods purchased involves two steps: First, the change in the Inventory account adjusts the cost of goods sold to
the accrual-based cost of goods purchased. Second, the change in the Accounts Payable account adjusts the accrual-
based cost of goods purchased to the cash-based payments to suppliers:
Cost of goods sold $150,000

Add: Increase in inventory 5,000
Cost of goods purchased 155,000
Less: Increase in accounts payable 16,000
Cash payments to suppliers $139,000
Remember that adjustments to accrual-based expense accounts result in an adjustment in the opposite direction to
net earnings. That is, when an expense account such as Cost of Goods Sold is increased because of an increase in
inventory, this amount must be deducted from net earnings. This is because expenses reduce net earnings.
Likewise, when Cost of Goods Sold is decreased because of an increase in accounts payable, this amount must be
added to net earnings.
If a periodic inventory system was in use, the accounts for purchases and related expenses, rather than Cost of
Goods Sold, would be adjusted in a similar way for any change in accounts payable. There would be no change in
the Inventory account throughout the period in a periodic inventory system.
Decrease in Income Tax Payable. When a company incurs income tax expense but has not yet paid its taxes,
it records income tax payable. A change in the Income Tax Payable account reflects the difference between the
income tax expense incurred and the income tax actually paid during the year.
Computer Services' Income Tax Payable account decreased by $2,000. This means that the $47,000 of income tax
expense reported on the statement of earnings was $2,000 less than the $49,000 of taxes paid during the period, as
shown in the following T account:

Indirect Method
To adjust net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities, the $2,000 decrease in income tax payable must
be deducted from net earnings. If the amount of income tax payable had increased during the year, the increase
would be added to net earnings to reflect the fact that income tax expense deducted on the accrual-based statement
of earnings was higher than the cash paid during the period.
The partial cash flow statement in Illustration 13-7 shows the impact on operating activities of the changes in
current liability accounts, and also shows the adjustments described earlier for amortization expense, gains and
losses, and changes in noncash current asset accounts. The operating activities section of the cash flow statement is
now complete.
Illustration 13-7
Net cash provided by operating activities—indirect method
Helpful Hint Whether the

indirect or direct method
(Section 2) is used, net cash
provided by operating activities
will be the same.
In summary, Illustration 13-7 shows that the accrual-based net earnings of $145,000 resulted in net cash provided
by operating activities of $172,000, after adjustments for noncash items.
Summary of Conversion to Net Cash Provided by

Operating Activities—Indirect Method

Indirect Method
As shown in the previous pages, the cash flow statement prepared by the indirect method starts with net earnings. It
then adds or deducts items to arrive at net cash provided (or used) by operating activities. The adjustments
generally take one of three forms: (1) noncash expenses such as amortization, (2) gains and losses on the sale of
assets, and (3) changes in noncash current asset and current liability accounts.
Illustration 13-8 summarizes these changes.
Adjustment Required to Convert Net

Earnings to Net Cash Provided (Used) by
Operating Activities
Noncash charges Amortization expense Add
Gains and losses Gain on sale of asset Deduct
Loss on sale of asset Add
Changes in noncash current Increase in current asset account Deduct
asset and current liability
accounts
Decrease in current asset account Add
Increase in current liability account Add
Decrease in current liability account Deduct
Illustration 13-8
Adjustments required to convert net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities
Step 2: Investing Activities

Determine the Net Cash Provided (Used) by Investing Activities by Analyzing Changes in Short-term Investment
and Long-Term Asset Accounts
Investing activities affect long-term asset accounts, such as property, plant, and equipment, and intangible assets.
Short-term investments (other than those classified as cash equivalents) are also reported as investing activities. To
determine the investing activities, the balance sheet and additional information provided in Illustration 13-5 must
be examined.
Helpful hint Investing and

financing activities are
measured and reported in the
same way under the direct and
indirect methods.
The change in each noncurrent account (and short-term investments and notes payable) is analyzed to determine
what effect, if any, the change had on cash. Computer Services has three long-term asset accounts that must be

Indirect Method
analyzed: Land, Buildings, and Equipment.
Increase in Land. Land increased by $110,000 during the year, as reported in Computer Services' balance sheet.
The additional information states that this land was purchased by issuing long-term bonds. Issuing bonds for land
has no effect on cash, but it is a significant noncash investing activity that must be disclosed in a note to the
statement.
Increase in Building. The Building account increased by $120,000 during the year. What caused this increase?
No additional information has been provided regarding this change. Whenever unexplained differences in
noncurrent accounts occur, we assume the transaction was for cash. That is, we would assume in this case that a
building was acquired, or expanded, for $120,000 cash.
Increase in Accumulated Amortization—Building. Accumulated Amortization increased by $6,000 during

the year. As explained in the additional information, this increase resulted from the amortization expense reported
on the statement of earnings for the building:
Amortization expense is a noncash charge and was added back to net earnings in the operating activities section of
the cash flow statement to cancel this charge. No further adjustment or reporting is necessary for amortization
related to the building.
Increase in Equipment. Computer Services' Equipment account increased by $17,000. The additional
information explains that this was a net increase resulting from two different transactions: (1) a purchase of
equipment for $25,000 cash, and (2) a sale of equipment that cost $8,000 for $4,000 cash. The T account that
follows shows the reasons for the change in this account during the year:
The following entries show the details of the equipment transactions:
Each transaction should be reported separately on the cash flow statement. When a net change in a noncurrent
balance sheet account has occurred during the year, the individual items that cause the net change should be
reported separately. Note that this is different from our practice with working capital (current asset and current

Indirect Method
liability) accounts, where we report only the net change.
In this particular case, the purchase of equipment should be reported as a $25,000 out-flow of cash. The sale of
equipment should be reported as a $4,000 inflow of cash. Note that it is the cash proceeds that are reported on the
cash flow statement, not the cost of the equipment sold.
Increase in Accumulated Amortization—Equipment. The accumulated amortization for equipment

increased by $2,000. This change does not represent the overall amortization expense for the year. The additional
information in Illustration 13-5 helps us determine the details of this change.
This account was decreased (debited $1,000) as a result of the sale of equipment, as described earlier. The account
was also increased by $3,000 of amortization expense for the current period.
As we have seen, there are two accounts affected by the sale of the equipment on Computer Services' statement of
earnings (Amortization Expense and Loss on Sale of Equipment) and two accounts on the balance sheet
(Equipment and Accumulated Amortization). In the cash flow statement, it is important to combine the effects of
this sale in one place—in the investing activities section.
The amortization expense and loss on sale reported in the statement of earnings are shown as additions to net
earnings in the operating activities section of the cash flow statement. As we learned earlier in the chapter, they are
added back to net earnings not because they are sources of cash but because they are noncash charges that must be
added to net earnings to cancel the deduction from operating cash flows.
So, no cash impact of the sale of the equipment ends up being included in the operating activities section. Rather,
the cash proceeds received from the sale of the equipment are shown in their entirety in the investing activities
section.
The investing activities section of Computer Services' cash flow statement follows. It reports the changes in the
accounts Land, Building, and Equipment.
Investing activities
Purchase of building $(120,000)
Purchase of equipment (25,000)
Sale of equipment 4,000
Net cash used by investing activities $(141,000)
Note x: Significant noncash investing and financing activities
Issue of bonds to purchase land $110,000

Indirect Method
Step 3: Financing Activities

Determine the Net Cash Provided (Used) by Financing Activities by Analyzing Changes in Short-Term Notes
Payable and Long-Term Liability and Equity Accounts
The third step is to analyze the changes in long-term liability and equity accounts, including changes involving
short-term notes payable. Computer Services has one long-term liability account, Bonds Payable, and two
shareholders' equity accounts: Common Shares and Retained Earnings.
Increase in Bonds Payable. Bonds Payable increased by $110,000. As indicated earlier, land was acquired by
issuing these bonds. This noncash transaction is reported as a note to the cash flow statement because it is a
significant financing activity.
Increase in Common Shares. Computer Services' Common Shares account increased by $20,000. Since no
additional information is provided about any reacquisition of shares, we assume that this change relates solely to
the issue of additional common shares for cash. This cash inflow is reported in the financing activities section of
the cash flow statement.
Increase in Retained Earnings. What caused the net increase of $116,000 in Retained Earnings? This
increase can be explained by two factors. First, net earnings increased retained earnings by $145,000. Second, the
additional information provided in Illustration 13-5 indicates that a cash dividend of $29,000 was paid. This
information could also have been deduced by analyzing the T account:
As noted earlier, these two changes must be reported separately. The net earnings is therefore reported in the
operating activities section of the cash flow statement (and adjusted to a cash basis). The cash dividend paid is
reported as a cash outflow in the financing activities section of the statement.
The financing activities section of Computer Services' cash flow statement is shown below and reports the issue of
common shares and payment of a dividend:
Financing activities
Issue of common shares $ 20,000
Payment of cash dividend (29,000)
Net cash used by financing activities $(9,000)

Indirect Method
Cash Flow Statement

Using the previous information, we can now combine the sections and present a complete cash flow statement for
Computer Services Corporation in Illustration 13-9. The statement starts with operating activities, follows with
investing activities, and continues with financing activities. It concludes with the net change in cash, reconciled to
the beginning- and end-of-period cash balances. Finally, a significant noncash investing and financing activity is
reported in the note to the statement.
Illustration 13-9
Cash flow statement—indirect method

Indirect Method
Helpful Hint Note that in the

investing and financing
activities sections, positive
numbers indicate cash inflows
(receipts) and negative
numbers indicate cash outflows
(payments).
Computer Services' cash flow statement shows the following: Operating activities provided $172,000 of cash.
Investing activities used $141,000 of cash. Financing activities used $9,000 of cash. There was a significant
noncash investing and financing activity for $110,000.
Step 4: Net Change in Cash

Determine the Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash. Compare the Net Change in Cash with the Change in Cash
Reported on the Balance Sheet to Make Sure the Amounts Agree
The comparative balance sheets in Illustration 13-5 indicate that the net change in cash during the period was an
increase of $22,000. The $22,000 net increase in cash reported in the cash flow statement above agrees with this
change.
Notice how the cash flow statement links the statement of earnings with the beginning and ending balance sheet
amounts. Net earnings from the statement of earnings is the starting point in determining operating activities. The
changes in the balance sheet accounts are explained in terms of their impact on cash. These changes lead to the end-
of-period cash balances on the balance sheet and on the cash flow statement.
Note: This concludes Section 1 on the preparation of the cash flow statement using the indirect method.
unless your instructor assigns Section 2, you should turn to the concluding section of the chapter, “using
Cash Flows to evaluate a Company.”

Before You Go On #2
Review It
1. What is the format of the operating activities section of the cash flow statement using the
indirect method?
2. Where is amortization expense shown on a cash flow statement using the indirect method?
3. Where are significant noncash investing and financing activities shown in a cash flow
statement? Give some examples.
Do It
Presented below is information for Reynolds Ltd. Use the indirect method to prepare a cash flow
statement.
REYNOLDS LTD.
Balance Sheet
December 31
Assets 2006 2005 Change Increase/

Decrease
Cash $ 54,000 $ 37,000 $ 17,000 Increase
Accounts receivable 68,000 26,000 42,000 Increase
Inventories 54,000 10,000 44,000 Increase
Prepaid expenses 4,000 6,000 2,000 Decrease
Land 45,000 70,000 25,000 Decrease
Buildings 200,000 200,000 0
Accumulated amortization-buildings (21,000) (11,000) 10,000 Increase
Equipment 193,000 68,000 125,000 Increase
Accumulated amortization-equipment (28,000) (10,000) 18,000 Increase
Totals $569,000 $396,000
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Accounts payable $ 23,000 $ 50,000 $ 27,000 Decrease
Accrued expenses payable 10,000 0 10,000 Increase

Before You Go On #2
Bonds payable 110,000 150,000 40,000 Decrease

Common shares 220,000 60,000 160,000 Increase
Retained earnings 206,000 136,000 70,000 Increase
Totals $569,000 $396,000
REYNOLDS LTD.
Statement of Earnings
Year Ended December 31, 2006
Sales revenue $890,000

Operating expenses 221,000
Earnings from operations 202,000
Interest expense 12,000
Earnings before income tax 190,000
Income tax expense 65,000
Additional information:
1. Operating expenses include an amortization expense of $33,000.

2. Equipment with a cost of $166,000 was bought for cash. Equipment with a cost of $41,000 and a
net book value of $36,000 was sold for $34,000 cash.
3. Bonds of $40,000 were redeemed at their face value for cash.
Action Plan
Determine the net cash provided (used) by operating activities. Operating activities generally relate to
revenues and expenses, which are affected by changes in noncash current assets and current liabilities
in the balance sheet, and noncash items in the statement of earnings.
Determine the net cash provided (used) by investing activities. Investing activities generally relate to
changes in noncurrent assets.
Determine the net cash provided (used) by financing activities. Financing activities generally relate
to changes in noncurrent liabilities and shareholders' equity accounts.

Before You Go On #2
Determine the net increase (decrease) in cash. Reconcile to the end-of-period cash balance reported
on the balance sheet.
Solution
REYNOLDS LTD.
Cash Flow Statement—Indirect Method
Net earnings $ 125,000
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating
activities:
Amortization expense $ 33,000
Loss on sale of equipment 2,000
Increase in accounts receivable (42,000)
Increase in inventories (44,000)
Decrease in prepaid expenses 2,000
Decrease in accounts payable (27,000)
Increase in accrued expenses payable 10,000 (66,000)
Sale of land $ 25,000
Net cash used by investing activities (107,000)
Redemption of bonds $ (40,000)
Issue of common shares 160,000
Payment of dividends (55,000)a
Net cash provided by financing activities 65,000
Net increase in cash 17,000
Cash, January 1 37,000
Cash, December 31 $ 54,000

Before You Go On #2
a$136,000 + $125,000 − $206,000 = $55,000

Direct Method
Section 2 Direct Method
study objective 2b
Prepare a cash flow
statement using the
direct method.
To illustrate the direct method, we will use financial information from Computer Services Corporation to prepare a
cash flow statement. Illustration 13-10 presents Computer Services' current- and previous-year balance sheet, its
current-year statement of earnings, and related financial information.

Direct Method
Illustration 13-10
We will now apply the four steps to the information provided for Computer Services Corporation.
Step 1: Operating Activities

Determine the Net Cash Provided (Used) by Operating Activities by Converting Net Earnings from an Accrual
Basis to a Cash Basis
Under the direct method, net cash provided (or used) by operating activities is calculated by adjusting each item in
the statement of earnings from the accrual basis to the cash basis. To simplify and condense the operating activities
section, only major classes of operating cash receipts and cash payments are reported. The difference between the
cash receipts and cash payments for these major classes is the net cash provided by operating activities. These
relationships are shown in Illustration 13-11.

Direct Method
Illustration 13-11
Major classes of cash receipts and payments
An efficient way to apply the direct method is to analyze the items reported in the statement of earnings in the
order in which they are listed. Cash receipts and cash payments related to these revenues and expenses are then
determined by adjusting for changes in the related balance sheet accounts. Most current asset and current liability
accounts result from operating activities. For example, accounts receivable indicate credit sales that have been
recorded as revenue but for which cash has not yet been received. Prepaid expenses, such as insurance, reflect
insurance that has been paid for, but which has not yet expired and therefore has not been recorded as an expense.
Similarly, income tax payable reflects income tax expense incurred by the company but not yet paid.
As a result, we need to adjust revenues and expenses reported on the statement of earnings for these accruals and
prepayments to determine the net cash provided by operating activities. To do this, increases in current asset
accounts are deducted from revenues and added to expenses to convert accrual-based statement of earnings
amounts to cash-based amounts. Conversely, decreases in current asset accounts are added to revenues and
deducted from expenses. Increases in current liability accounts are added to revenues and deducted from expenses

Direct Method
to convert accrual-based statement of earnings amounts to cash-based amounts. Conversely, decreases in current
liability accounts are deducted from revenues and added to expenses.
We explain the reasoning behind these adjustments for Computer Services Corporation, first for cash receipts and
then for cash payments, in the following sections.
Cash Receipts
Computer Services has only one source of cash receipts—customers.
Cash Receipts from Customers. The statement of earnings for Computer Services reported sales revenue
from customers of $507,000. How much of that was cash receipts? To answer that, it is necessary to consider the
change in accounts receivable during the year.
When accounts receivable decrease during the year, revenues on an accrual basis are lower than revenues on a cash
basis. In other words, more cash was collected during the period than was recorded as revenue. Computer Services'
accounts receivable decreased by $10,000 (from $30,000 to $20,000) during the year. This means that cash receipts
were $10,000 higher than revenues. To determine the amount of cash receipts, the decrease in accounts receivable
is added to sales revenue.
Thus, cash receipts from customers were $517,000, calculated as in Illustration 13-12.
Illustration 13-12
Formula to calculate cash receipts from customers—direct method
Alternatively, when the Accounts Receivable balance increases during the year, revenues on an accrual basis are
higher than cash receipts. In other words, revenues have increased, but not all of these revenues resulted in cash
receipts. Therefore, the amount of the increase in accounts receivable is deducted from sales revenues to arrive at
cash receipts from customers.
Cash receipts from customers can also be determined from an analysis of the Accounts Receivable account, as
shown below:

Direct Method
Cash Receipts from Interest and Dividends. Computer Services does not have cash receipts from any
source other than customers. If a statement of earnings details other revenue, such as interest and/or dividend
revenue, these amounts must be adjusted for any accrued amounts receivable to determine the actual cash receipts.
As in Illustration 13-12, increases in accrued receivables would be deducted from accrual-based revenues.
Decreases in accrued receivable accounts would be added to accrual-based revenues.
Cash Payments
Computer Services has many sources of cash payments—suppliers, operating expenses, interest, and income taxes.
We will analyze each of these in the next sections.
Cash Payments to Suppliers. Using the perpetual inventory system, Computer Services reported a cost of
goods sold of $150,000 on its statement of earnings. How much of that was cash payments to suppliers? To answer
that, it is necessary to find the cost of goods purchased for the year by adjusting the cost of goods sold for changes
in inventory. When inventory increases during the year, the cost of goods purchased exceeds the cost of goods
sold. To determine the cost of goods purchased, the increase in inventory is added to the cost of goods sold. Any
decrease in inventory would be deducted from the cost of goods sold. Computer Services' inventory increased by
$5,000 so its cost of goods purchased is $155,000 ($150,000 + $5,000).
After the cost of goods purchased is calculated, cash payments to suppliers can be determined. This is done by
adjusting the cost of goods purchased for the change in accounts payable. When accounts payable increase during
the year, purchases on an accrual basis are higher than they are on a cash basis. To determine cash payments to
suppliers, an increase in accounts payable is deducted from the cost of goods purchased. On the other hand, there
may be a decrease in accounts payable. That would occur if cash payments to suppliers exceeded purchases. In that
case, the decrease in accounts payable is added to the cost of goods purchased.
For Computer Services, cash payments to suppliers were $139,000 ($150,000 + $5,000 − $16,000), as calculated in
Illustration 13-13.

Direct Method
Illustration 13-13
Formula to calculate cash payments to suppliers—direct method
Cash payments to suppliers can also be determined from an analysis of the Inventory and Accounts Payable
accounts below:
Cash Payments for Operating Expenses. Operating expenses of $111,000 were reported on Computer
Services' statement of earnings. To determine the cash paid for operating expenses, we need to adjust this amount
for any changes in prepaid expenses and accrued liabilities.
If prepaid expenses increase during the year, the cash paid for operating expenses will be higher than the operating
expenses reported on the statement of earnings. To adjust operating expenses to cash payments for services, any
increase in prepaid expenses must be added to operating expenses. On the other hand, if prepaid expenses decrease
during the year, the decrease must be deducted from operating expenses.
Operating expenses must also be adjusted for changes in accrued liability accounts (e.g., Accrued Expenses
Payable). While some companies record accrued liabilities separately, others combine them with accounts payable.
In a merchandising company, such as Computer Services, the Accounts Payable account is often used only for
purchases of merchandise inventory on account. Accrued liability accounts are used for all other payables.
At this point in time, Computer Services does not have any accrued expenses payable related to its operating
expenses. If it did, any changes in the Accrued Expenses Payable account would affect operating expenses as
follows. When accrued expenses payable increase during the year, operating expenses on an accrual basis are
higher than they are on a cash basis. To determine cash payments for operating expenses, an increase in accrued
expenses payable is deducted from operating expenses. On the other hand, a decrease in accrued expenses payable
is added to operating expenses because the cash payments exceed the operating expenses.
Computer Services' cash payments for operating expenses were $115,000, calculated as in Illustration 13-14.

Direct Method
Illustration 13-14
Formula to calculate cash payments for operating expenses—direct method
Cash payments for operating expenses can also be determined from an analysis of the Prepaid Expenses account,
as shown below:
Noncash Charges. Noncash charges on the statement of earnings are not reported on the cash flow statement.
Computer Services reports two noncash expenses: amortization expense and a loss on the sale of equipment.
Computer Services' amortization expense in 2006 was $9,000. Recall that the entry to record the amortization
would be as follows:
This entry has no impact on cash.
Amortization expense was shown separately on Computer Services' statement of earnings. Sometimes amortization
expense is included in operating expenses. If the amount for operating expenses includes amortization expense,
operating expenses must be reduced by the amount of amortization to determine the cash payments for operating
expenses. Other charges to expense that do not require the use of cash, such as bad debt expense, are treated in the
same manner as amortization.
The $3,000 loss on the sale of equipment is also a noncash charge. The loss on the sale of equipment reduces net
earnings, but it does not reduce cash. Thus, the loss on the sale of equipment is not reported on the cash flow
statement. If there were a gain, it would not be reported either.
Cash Payments to Employees. Some companies report payments to employees separately, removing these
payments from their operating expenses. To determine payments to employees, you would have to know the salary
expense amount on the statement of earnings and any salaries payable on the balance sheet. Cash payments to

Direct Method
employees would equal the salary expense plus any decrease (or less any increase) during the period in salaries
payable.
Some companies condense their statements of earnings in such a manner that cash payments to suppliers and
employees cannot be separated from cash payments for operating expenses (i.e., they do not disclose cost of goods
sold or salary expense separately). Although the disclosure will not be as informative, for reporting purposes it is
acceptable to combine these sources of cash payments.
Cash Payments for Income Tax. The statement of earnings for Computer Services shows an income tax
expense of $47,000 and a decrease in income tax payable of $2,000. When a company incurs income tax expense
but has not yet paid its taxes, it records income tax payable. A change in the Income Tax Payable account reflects
the difference between income tax expense incurred and income tax actually paid during the year.
The relationship among cash payments for income tax, income tax expense, and changes in income tax payable is
shown in Illustration 13-15.
Illustration 13-15
Formula to calculate cash payments for income tax—direct
method
Computer Services' Income Tax Payable account decreased by $2,000. This means that the $47,000 of income tax
expense reported on the statement of earnings was $2,000 less than the $49,000 of taxes paid during the period, as
detailed in the following T account:
All of the revenues and expenses in the statement of earnings have now been adjusted to a cash basis. The
operating activities section of the cash flow statement is shown in Illustration 13-16.

Direct Method
Illustration 13-16
Net cash provided by operating activities—direct method
Helpful hint Whether the direct

or indirect method (Section 1)
is used, net cash provided by
operating activities will be the
same.
Step 2: Investing Activities

Determine the Net Cash Provided (Used) by Investing Activities by Analyzing Changes in Short-term Investment
and Long-Term Asset Accounts
Investing activities affect long-term asset accounts, such as property, plant, and equipment, and intangible assets.
Short-term investments (other than those classified as cash equivalents) are also reported as investing activities. To
determine the investing activities, the balance sheet and additional information provided in Illustration 13-10 must
be examined.
Helpful hint Investing and

financing activities are
measured and reported in the
same way under the direct and
indirect methods.
The change in each noncurrent account (and short-term investments and notes payable) is analyzed to determine
what effect, if any, the change had on cash. Computer Services has three long-term asset accounts that must be
analyzed: Land, Buildings, and Equipment.

Direct Method
Increase in Land. Land increased by $110,000 during the year, as reported in Computer Services' balance sheet.
The additional information states that this land was purchased by issuing long-term bonds. This transaction has no
effect on cash, but it is a significant noncash investing activity that must be disclosed in a note to the statement.
Increase in Building. The Building account increased by $120,000 during the year. What caused this increase?
No additional information has been provided regarding this change. Whenever unexplained differences in
noncurrent accounts occur, we assume the transaction was for cash. That is, we would assume in this case that a
building was acquired, or expanded, for $120,000 cash.
Increase in Accumulated Amortization—Building. Accumulated Amortization increased by $6,000 during

the year. As explained in the additional information, this increase resulted from the amortization expense reported
on the statement of earnings for the building:
As explained earlier, amortization expense is a noncash charge and does not affect the cash flow statement.
Increase in Equipment. Computer Services' Equipment account increased by $17,000. The additional
information explains that this was a net increase resulting from two different transactions: (1) a purchase of
equipment for $25,000 cash, and (2) a sale of equipment that cost $8,000 for $4,000 cash. The T account below
shows the reasons for the change in this account during the year:
The following entries show the details of the equipment transactions:
Each transaction should be reported separately on the cash flow statement. When a net change in a noncurrent
balance sheet account has occurred during the year, the individual items that cause the net change should be
reported separately. The sale of equipment should be reported as a $4,000 inflow of cash. The purchase of
equipment should be reported as a $25,000 outflow of cash. Note that it is the cash proceeds that are reported on
the cash flow statement, not the cost of the equipment sold.
Increase in Accumulated Amortization—Equipment. The accumulated amortization for equipment

increased by $2,000. This change does not represent the overall amortization expense for the year. The T account

Direct Method
below helps us determine the details of this change.
As previously noted, amortization has no impact on cash and does not affect the cash flow statement. The impact
of the sale of the equipment was reported as indicated above.
The investing activities section of Computer Services' cash flow statement is shown below and reports the changes
in the accounts Land, Building, and Equipment:
Purchase of building $(120,000)
Net cash used by investing activities $(141,000)
Step 3: Financing Activities

Determine the Net Cash Provided (Used) by Financing Activities by Analyzing Changes in Short-Term Notes
Payable and Long-Term Liability and Equity Accounts
The third step is to analyze the changes in long-term liability and equity accounts, including changes involving
short-term notes payable. Computer Services has one long-term liability account, Bonds Payable, and two
shareholders' equity accounts: Common Shares and Retained Earnings.
Increase in Bonds Payable. Bonds Payable increased by $110,000. As indicated earlier, land was acquired by
issuing these bonds. This noncash transaction is reported as a note to the cash flow statement because it is a
significant financing activity.
Increase in Common Shares. Computer Services' Common Shares account increased by $20,000. Since no
additional information is provided about any reacquisition of shares, we assume that this change relates solely to
the issue of additional common shares for cash. This cash inflow is reported in the financing activities section of
the cash flow statement.
Increase in Retained Earnings. What caused the net increase of $116,000 in Retained Earnings? This
increase can be explained by two factors. First, net earnings increased retained earnings by $145,000. Second, the
additional information provided in Illustration 13-10 indicates that a cash dividend of $29,000 was paid. This

Direct Method
information could also have been deduced by analyzing the T account:
Net earnings is not reported separately in the cash flow statement under the direct method. Rather, the cash
components of the items (revenues and expenses) comprising net earnings are reported in the operating activities
section, as we learned earlier. The cash dividend paid is reported as a cash outflow in the financing activities
section of the statement.
The financing activities section of Computer Services' cash flow statement is shown below and reports the issue of
common shares and payment of a dividend:
Issue of common shares $ 20,000
Payment of cash dividend (29,000)
Net cash used by financing activities $(9,000)
Cash Flow Statement

Using the previous information, we can now combine the sections and present a complete cash flow statement for
Computer Services Corporation in Illustration 13-17. The statement starts with operating activities, follows with
investing activities, and continues with financing activities. It concludes with the net change in cash, reconciled to
the beginning- and end-of-period cash balances. Finally, a significant noncash investing and financing activity is
reported in the note to the statement.

Direct Method
Illustration 13-17
Cash flow statement—direct method
Helpful hint Note that in the

investing and financing
activities sections, positive
numbers indicate cash inflows
(receipts) and negative
numbers indicate cash outflows
(payments).
Computer Services' cash flow statement shows the following: Operating activities provided $172,000 of cash.
Investing activities used $141,000 of cash. Financing activities used $9,000 of cash. There was a significant
noncash investing and financing activity for $110,000.
Step 4: Net Change in Cash

Direct Method
Determine the Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash. Compare the Net Change in Cash with the Change in Cash
Reported on the Balance Sheet to Make Sure the Amounts Agree
The comparative balance sheets in Illustration 13-10 indicate that the net change in cash during the period was an
increase of $22,000. The $22,000 net increase in cash reported in the cash flow statement agrees with this change.
Note: This concludes Section 2 on the preparation of the cash flow statement using the direct method. You
should now continue with the next—and concluding—section of the chapter, “Using Cash Flows to Evaluate
a Company.”

Before You Go On #3
Review It
1. What is the format of the operating activities section of the cash flow statement using the direct
method?
2. Where is amortization expense shown on a cash flow statement using the direct method?
3. Where are significant noncash investing and financing activities shown on a cash flow
statement? Give some examples.
Do It
Information for Reynolds Ltd. follows. Use the direct method to prepare a cash flow statement.
REYNOLDS LTD.
Balance Sheet
December 31
Change Increase/
Assets 2006 2005 Decrease
Cash $ 54,000 $ 37,000 $ 17,000 Increase
Accounts receivable 68,000 26,000 42,000 Increase
Inventories 54,000 10,000 44,000 Increase
Prepaid expenses 4,000 6,000 2,000 Decrease
Land 45,000 70,000 25,000 Decrease
Buildings 200,000 200,000 0
Accumulated amortization—buildings (21,000) (11,000) 10,000 Increase
Equipment 193,000 68,000 125,000 Increase
Accumulated amortization—equipment (28,000) (10,000) 18,000 Increase
Totals $569,000 $396,000
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Accounts payable $ 23,000 $ 50,000 $ 27,000 Decrease
Accrued expenses payable 10,000 0 10,000 Increase
Bonds payable 110,000 150,000 40,000 Decrease

Before You Go On #3
Common shares 220,000 60,000 160,000 Increase

Retained earnings 206,000 136,000 70,000 Increase
Totals $569,000 $396,000
REYNOLDS LTD.
Statement of Earnings
Sales revenue $890,000

Operating expenses 221,000
Earnings from operations 202,000
Interest expense 12,000
Earnings before income tax 190,000
Income tax expense 65,000
Additional information:
1. Operating expenses include an amortization expense of $33,000.

2. Equipment with a cost of $166,000 was bought for cash. Equipment with a cost of $41,000 and a
net book value of $36,000 was sold for $34,000 cash.
3. Bonds of $40,000 were redeemed at their face value for cash.
4. Accounts payable pertain to merchandise suppliers.
Action Plan
Determine the net cash provided (used) by operating activities. Operating activities generally relate to
revenues and expenses shown on the statement of earnings, which are affected by changes in noncash
current assets and current liabilities shown on the balance sheet.
Determine the net cash provided (used) by investing activities. Investing activities generally relate to
changes in noncurrent assets.
Determine the net cash provided (used) by financing activities. Financing activities generally relate
to changes in noncurrent liabilities and shareholders' equity accounts.

Before You Go On #3
Determine the net increase (decrease) in cash. Reconcile to the end-of-period cash balance reported
on the balance sheet.
REYNOLDS LTD.
Cash Flow Statement—Direct Method
Cash receipts from customers $ 848,000a
Cash payments
To suppliers $(536,000)b
For operating expenses (176,000)c
For interest (12,000)
For income tax (65,000) (789,000)
Sale of land $ 25,000
Net cash used by investing activities (107,000)
Redemption of bonds $ (40,000)
Issue of common shares 160,000
Payment of dividends (55,000)d
Net cash provided by financing activities 65,000
Net increase in cash 17,000
Cash, January 1 37,000
Cash, December 31 $ 54,000
Calculations:
aCash receipts from customers: $890,000 − $42,000 = $848,00

bPayments to suppliers: $465,000 + $44,000 + $27,000 = $536,000
cPayments for operating expenses: $221,000 − $33,000 − $2,000 − $10,000 =
$176,000
dPayment of dividends: $136,000 + $125,000 − $206,000 = $55,000

Before You Go On #3

Using Cash Flows to Evaluate a Company

study objective 3
Use the cash flow
statement to evaluate a
company's liquidity and
solvency.
Previous chapters have presented ratios that are used to analyze a company's liquidity and solvency. Most of those ratios used accrual-based
numbers from the statement of earnings and balance sheet. Analysts often have doubts about accrual-based numbers because they feel that the
adjustment process allows management too much discretion. These analysts like to supplement accrual-based analysis with measures that use
information from the cash flow statement. In this section, we will introduce liquidity and solvency ratios that are cash-based rather than accrual-
based. That is, instead of using numbers from the statement of earnings, we will use numbers from the cash flow statement.
We will use the following selected information (in U.S. thousands) for Intrawest Corporation in our analysis:
2004 2003
Cash provided (used) by operating activities $ 422,865 $ (20,879)
Current liabilities 406,371 645,886
Total liabilities 1,468,441 1,804,583
Liquidity
Liquidity is the ability of a company to meet its immediate obligations. In Chapter 2, you learned that one measure of liquidity is the current
ratio (current assets divided by current liabilities). One disadvantage of the current ratio is that it uses year-end balances of current asset and
current liability accounts. These year-end balances may not be representative of the company's position during most of the year. Another
disadvantage is that current assets and current liabilities include accrual-based numbers.
A ratio that partially corrects this problem is the cash current debt coverage ratio. It is calculated by dividing cash provided by operating
activities by average current liabilities. We say “partially corrects this problem” because even though the numerator uses cash-based numbers,
the denominator, current liabilities, does not.
The cash current debt coverage ratio for Intrawest is shown in Illustration 13-18, along with comparative information given for Vail Resorts, Inc.
Intrawest is North America's #1 ski resort, Vail #2. We have also provided each company's current ratio. Unfortunately, although there are
industry averages for the more commonly used accrual-based measures, no averages are readily available for cash-based measures.
Illustration 13-18
Cash current debt coverage

Intrawest's cash provided by operating activities is less than its average current liabilities. Intrawest's cash current debt coverage ratio of 0.8
times means that only $0.80 of cash flow from operating activities has been generated to cover each dollar of current liabilities. The higher the
cash current debt coverage ratio is, the better a company's liquidity is.
Intrawest's current ratio is much stronger than its cash current debt coverage ratio. However, with the amount of the difference between the two
measures, it is likely that Intrawest's current assets include a large amount of accruals (e.g., from revenue billed but not yet collected, from
merchandise purchased on account, prepayments, etc.). This is not a problem, however, as long as the receivables are collectable and the
inventory is saleable.
Intrawest's cash current debt coverage ratio is slightly lower than that of Vail Resorts, even though its current ratio is much higher. As we have
learned in previous chapters, additional ratios such as receivables turnover and inventory turnover must be calculated in order to properly assess
a company's liquidity.
Decision Toolkit
Info
Needed How to
Decision for Evaluate
Checkpoints Decision Tools to Use for Decision Results
Is the Cash A high

company provided value
generating or used suggests
sufficient by good
cash from operating liquidity.
operating activities Since the
activities to and numerator
meet its total average contains a
obligations? current cash flow
liabilities measure,
it provides
a useful
supplement
to the
current
ratio.
Solvency
Solvency is the ability of a company to survive over the long term. In Chapter 2, you learned about one cash-based measure of solvency, free
cash flow. Free cash flow describes the cash remaining from operating activities after adjusting for capital expenditures and dividends. As
indicated in our feature story, Intrawest generated U.S. $303.1 million of free cash flow in 2004. This compares favourably to a negative free
cash flow of U.S. $68.8 million in 2003 and is a benefit of Intrawest's partnership venture in Leisura Developments.
Another cash-based measure of solvency is the cash total debt coverage ratio. It is similar to the cash current debt coverage ratio except that it
uses total liabilities instead of current liabilities. The cash total debt coverage ratio is calculated by dividing cash provided by operating activities
by average total liabilities. This ratio indicates a company's ability to repay its liabilities from cash generated from operating activities without
having to liquidate productive assets such as property, plant, and equipment. The higher the cash total debt coverage ratio is, the more solvent a
company is.
The cash total debt coverage ratios for Intrawest and Vail Resorts are given in Illustration 13-19. For comparative purposes, the accrual-based
counterpart, the debt to total assets ratio, is also provided for each company. You will recall from Chapter 2 that the debt to total assets ratio is

calculated by dividing total liabilities by total assets.
Illustration 13-19
Cash total debt coverage
Both companies have similar solvency positions, although Intrawest's solvency is slightly better than that of Vail Resorts. Its cash total debt
coverage ratio of 0.3 times means that it is generating $0.30 to cover each dollar of total liabilities. This ratio is significantly less than its cash
current debt coverage ratio of 0.8 times, so we know that Intrawest has a considerable amount of long-term liabilities.
Intrawest's cash total debt coverage ratio is better than Vail Resorts', as is its debt to total assets ratio. Recall that the higher the cash total debt
coverage ratio, the better the result, while the lower the debt to total assets ratio, the better the result. Since both ratios are moving in the same
direction (i.e., both are better), we can conclude that there is no significant difference between the cash and accrual measures for the two
companies.
It is difficult to reach a conclusion about either company's solvency position without also knowing more about each company's ability to handle
its debt (e.g., its times interest earned ratio). However, although both companies appear to be low on operating cash flow, it is reasonable to
expect both of them to have a high debt to total assets ratio because of the amount of total liabilities that companies like these usually have.
Decision Toolkit
Info
Needed How to
Is the Cash A high

sufficient by the
cash from operating company
operating activities is solvent;
activities to and that is, it
meet its average will meet
current total its
obligations? liabilities obligations
in the long
term.

Another commonly used cash-based measure is EBITDA. It is an abbreviation for “earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and
amortization.” EBITDA is frequently cited in annual reports and in the financial press as a cash-based measure of earnings. Both
Intrawest and Vail Resorts reported record amounts of EBITDA in fiscal 2004. For Vail Resorts, its 2004 EBITDA was the best
reported in its 42-year history. Banks and other creditors prefer EBITDA over net earnings because it eliminates the effects of many
accounting and financing decisions.

Using the Decision Toolkit

The American Skiing Company is North America's #3 ski resort operator, after Intrawest and Vail
Resorts. Selected financial statement data for the company follow (in U.S. thousands):
2004 2003
Cash used by operating activities $ (1,092) $ (7,999)
Current assets 31,544 31,211
Total assets 475,305 430,800
Current liabilities 202,873 176,886
Total liabilities 413,901 671,762
Instructions
Calculate the following cash- and accrual-based ratios for the American Skiing Company for 2004, and
compare them to those provided in the chapter for Intrawest:
(a) Cash current debt coverage and current ratio

(b) Cash total debt coverage and debt to total assets.
Solution
(a) Cash current debt coverage and current ratio
The American Skiing Company's liquidity, as shown by the cash current debt coverage and
current ratio, is weak. It has only $0.20 of current assets to cover each $1 of current liabilities. Its
cash flow from operating activities is negative, which means that the company basically has no cash

flow to cover its current liabilities. Intrawest's liquidity is significantly stronger by comparison.
(b) Cash total debt coverage and debt to total assets.
The American Skiing Company's solvency, as shown by the cash total debt coverage and debt to
total assets ratios, is weak, similar to its liquidity. It has $0.87 of debt for each $1 of assets. Its cash
flow from operating activities is negligible and negative so that it essentially has no cash flow to
cover any of its liabilities.
The American Skiing Company appears to have an “avalanche of debt.” A few winters with very
little snow resulted in repeated and heavy losses. American Skiing now plans to limit expansion
except in the golf and convention businesses, and will focus on improving its results at existing
resorts.
Obviously, Intrawest's solvency is significantly stronger by comparison. As we learned in the
feature story, Intrawest has worked very hard to diversify its resorts into year-round destination.

Summary of Study Objectives
Summary of Study Objectives

1. Describe the purpose and format of the cash flow statement. The cash flow statement provides
information about the cash receipts and cash payments resulting from the operating, investing, and
financing activities of a company during a specific period. In general, operating activities include
the cash effects of transactions that are used in the determination of net earnings. Investing activities
involve cash flows resulting from changes in investments and long-term asset items. Financing
activities involve cash flows resulting from changes in short-term notes payable, long-term
liabilities, and shareholders' equity items.
2a. Prepare a cash flow statement using the indirect method. The preparation of a cash flow statement
involves four steps: (1) Determine the net cash provided (used) by operating activities by converting
net earnings from an accrual basis to a cash basis. (2) Analyze changes in short-term investment and
noncurrent asset accounts and record them either as investing activities or as significant noncash
transactions. (3) Analyze changes in short-term liability, noncurrent liability, and equity accounts
and record them either as financing activities or as significant noncash transactions. (4) Compare
the net change in cash with the change in cash reported on the balance sheet to make sure the
amounts agree.
2b. Prepare a cash flow statement using the direct method. The preparation of the cash flow statement
involves four steps: (1) Determine the net cash provided (used) by operating activities by converting
net earnings from an accrual basis to a cash basis. (2) Analyze changes in short-term investment and
noncurrent asset accounts and record them either as investing activities or as significant noncash
transactions. (3) Analyze changes in short-term liability, noncurrent liability, and equity accounts
and record them either as financing activities or as significant noncash transactions. (4) Compare
the net change in cash with the change in cash reported on the balance sheet to make sure the
amounts agree.
3. Use the cash flow statement to evaluate a company's liquidity and solvency. Liquidity can be
measured by the cash-based cash current debt coverage ratio (cash provided [used] by operating
activities divided by average current liabilities) and compared to the accrual-based current ratio
(current assets divided by current liabilities). Solvency can be measured by the cash-based cash total
debt coverage ratio (cash provided [used] by operating activities divided by average total liabilities)
and compared to the accrual-based debt to total assets ratio (total liabilities divided by total assets).
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Decision ToolkitA Summary
Decision Toolkit—A Summary

Info
Needed How to
Is the Cash A high

sufficient by good
cash from operating liquidity.
operating activities Since the
activities to and numerator
meet its average contains a
current current cash flow
obligations? liabilities measure,
it provides
a useful
supplement
to the
current
ratio.
Is the Cash A high
sufficient by the
cash from operating company
operating activities is solvent;
activities to and that is, it
meet its total average will meet
obligations? total its
liabilities obligations
in the long
term.
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Demonstration Problem
The statement of earnings for Kosinski Manufacturing Inc. contains the following condensed information:
The $24,000 loss resulted from the sale of old machinery for $270,000 cash. New machinery was purchased
during the year at a cost of $750,000. Dividends paid in 2006 totalled $200,000.
The following current asset and current liability balances are reported on Kosinski's comparative balance sheet
at December 31:
2006 2005 Increase (Decrease)

Cash $672,000 $130,000 $542,000
Accounts receivable 775,000 610,000 165,000
Inventories 834,000 867,000 (33,000)
Accounts payable 521,000 501,000 20,000
Instructions
(a) Prepare the cash flow statement using the indirect method.
(b) Prepare the cash flow statement using the direct method.

Action Plan
Apply the same data to the cash flow statement under both the indirect and direct methods.
Note the similarities of the two methods: Both methods report the same information in the
investing and financing sections.
Note the difference between the two methods: The cash flows from operating activities sections
report different information (however, the amount of net cash provided by operating activities is the
same for both methods).
Solution to Demonstration Problem
(a)

(b)

Glossary
Glossary
Cash current debt coverage A cash-based ratio used to evaluate liquidity. It is calculated by dividing
cash provided (used) by operating activities by average current liabilities.
Cash total debt coverage A cash-based ratio used to evaluate solvency. It is calculated by dividing
cash provided (used) by operating activities by average total liabilities.
Direct method A method of determining net cash provided by operating activities by adjusting each
item in the statement of earnings from the accrual basis to the cash basis.
Financing activities Cash flow activities from short-term notes payable and noncurrent liability and
equity items. These include (a) obtaining cash by issuing debt and repaying the amounts borrowed and
(b) obtaining cash from shareholders and providing them with a return on their investment.
Indirect method A method of determining net cash provided by operating activities in which net
earnings are adjusted for items that do not affect cash.
Investing activities Cash flow activities from short-term investments and noncurrent assets. These
include (a) purchasing and disposing of investments and long-lived assets and (b) lending money and
collecting on those loans.
Operating activities Cash flow activities from transactions which create revenues and expenses and
therefore are included in the determination of net earnings.
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Introduction

Cash Flow Statement

You Have to Spend Money to Make

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Read Feature Story

Scan Study Objectives

Read Chapter Preview

Read text and answer Before You

Work Using the Decision Toolkit

Review Summary of Study

Review Decision Toolkit—A

Work Demonstration Problem

Answer Self-Study Questions

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After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the purpose and format of the cash flow statement.

The chapter is organized as follows:

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Reporting of Cash Flows

Purpose of the Cash Flow Statement

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Accounting Matters! Investor Perspective

Format of the Cash Flow Statement

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Operating activities—statement of earnings items and changes in noncash working capital

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Alternative Terminology The

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Significant Noncash Activities

1. Issues of common shares to purchase assets

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1. What is the main purpose of a cash flow statement?

4. What is a cash equivalent?

Plano Moulding Corp. had the following cash transactions:

(a) Issued common shares.

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(a) Financing activity, cash inflow

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Preparing the Cash Flow Statement

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Indirect and Direct Methods

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Accounting Matters! Investor Perspective

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Section 1 Indirect Method

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Step 1: Operating Activities

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The next three sections explain each type of adjustment.

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Gains and Losses on the Sale of Assets

Changes in Noncash Current Asset and Current Liability

Changes in Noncash Current Assets

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Changes in Current Liabilities

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Cost of goods sold $150,000

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Helpful Hint Whether the