Chapter #31: American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" Big Picture Themes 1.

. A red scare struck America in the 20s. Fear of communism resonated through society and was fueled by mail bombings and illustrated by the Sacco and Vanzetti executions. 2. Anti-immigration ran high as well. Laws were passed to limit immigration, and specifically, to limit New Immigrants from Italy and Poland. 3. The Scopes Monkey Trial illustrated the new controversy of evolution vs. creation. 4. Businesses had a good run in the 20s and consumers bought products wildly, often on credit or with an installment plan. 5. Three Republican presidents were pro-business. The economy and consumers got to running too fast, and coupled with over-buying in the stock market, initiated the Stock Crash and Great Depression. IDENTIFICATIONS: A. Mitchell Palmer Attorney General whose efforts deported many illegal immigrants without due process. The Fighting Quaker also helped increased the Red Scare by rounding up a great number of suspected communists. John T. Scopes Biology teacher who violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Clarence Darrow Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools. Andrew Mellon Secretary of the Treasury. His tax policies favored the rapid expansion of capital investment and he believed in a hands-off approach to the economy. Frederick W. Taylor American mechanical engineer who made factories more efficient. Margaret Sanger United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and Planned Parenthood. H. L. Mencken Creator of the monthly series of American Mercury. He attacked many cultural institutions. F. Scott Fitzgerald American author whose writing chronicled the Jazz Age. His novel The Great Gatsby is considered an American masterpiece. Ernest Hemingway Author of The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, both which reflected postwar disillusionment. Sinclair Lewis Author of Main Street, depicting womens unsuccessful war against provincialism and Babbitt, a middleclass real estate broker who conforms to the respectable materialism of his group. Buying on Margin To buy stock by paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest. Red Scare Period of widespread fear of communism and other politically radical ideas. Americans were frightened by a series of mail bombings and the Palmer Raids strived to deport aliens without due process.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case Convicted of the murder of a paymaster and his guard. The jury and judge were prejudiced against them because they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers. Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Legislation that limited immigration to 3% of people of their nationality living in the U.S. in 1910. Immigration Quota Act of 1924 Cut quotas of foreigners from 3% to 2% of the total number of immigrants in 1890. Southern and Eastern Europe immigrants were sharply curtailed, while immigrants from Asia were shut out altogether. Volstead Act Established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department. Fundamentalism A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile science and religion. Modernists Movement that strove to reconcile science and religion that went against Fundamentalism. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Seeing Red Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti 1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare. A popular method of dealing with radicals and communists was deportation. Laws were passed that stated violence was against the law in the name of social change and people were denied positions of power just for the mere fact that they were socialist. Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK 2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen. The old KKK was an anti-black group, and the new one was anti Catholic, Jewish, pacifist, communist internationalist, revolutionist, bootlegger, gambler, adultery and birth control. The New KKK was pro-AngloSaxon, pro-native American and pro-Protestant. Stemming the Foreign Flood Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act 3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's. The Emergency Quota Act cut the number of immigrants who could enter America to 3% of their nationality's U.S. population, and in 1924 the Immigration Act cut that number down to 2%. This ended the era of free immigration. Makers of America: The Poles Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw 4. What factors led Poles to America? 19th century Poles came to America to escape starvation and earn money to buy land back in Poland. A great number of Poles came later on because of letters from their relatives describing how great America was. The Prohibition "Experiment" Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment 5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently? Alcohol was used as a vital social tool. The federal government also did not enforce prohibition as stringently as other products and therefore people started to produce alcohol themselves.

The Golden Age of Gangsterism Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law 6. What was Gangsterism? Gangsters in organized crime created an industry in liquor distribution and bootlegging (Al Capone was one of the most famous gangsters). It was led by Chicago, where 500 gangsters were murdered. Gangsterism also dissuaded with the introduction of the Lindbergh Law which made interstate abduction a death penalty in some cases. Monkey Business in Tennessee Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow 7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's. Teaching evolution at school was outlawed due to the existing fundamentalist beliefs. When Professor John Scopes broke this law, it led to the Scopes Monkey Trial: a battle between religion and science. The Mass-Consumption Economy Know: Andrew Mellon, the Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey 8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's. Businesses started to produce efficiently with the help of machines. Advertisements became widespread. Buying on credit was another feature that arose. Sports were also used to take in money with the likes of Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey herding flocks of people to stadiums and arenas. Putting America on Rubber Tires Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T 9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles? Henry Ford perfected the assembly line technique. Frederick Taylor put the stopwatch on a worker and orchestrated his movements to eliminate those that were wasted. The Advent of the Gasoline Age 10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile? Millions of jobs were created, roads had to be constructed, the gasoline industry boomed and gave independence to young people who dated. Previously trivial industries were now important due to the fact that the minor parts of the cars like glass, rubber and fabrics needed to be made. On the downside, there were many car accidents. Humans Develop Wings Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh 11. What effects did the early airplane have on America? The airplane improved transportation of mail with airmail routes and inspired the youth of the nation. Airplanes also changed the face of war forever with the introduction of a threat by air. The Radio Revolution 12. How did America change as the result of the radio? With the introduction of radio, the American family was now connected more than ever. Entertainment was also changed as well, with comedic shows and major sporting events being broadcasted. Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer 13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures? In 1903, The Great Train Robbery was the first story sequence in film and introduced new ways to express messages. Movies really took off in WWI when they were used as anti-German propaganda. The Dynamic Decade Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey 14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain. More Americans lived in urban areas and the flaming youth of the Jazz Age shocked the older crowds. African Americans also made many revolutionary contributions to entertainment such as jazz, blues, poetry and acting.

Cultural Liberation Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, E.E. Cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright 15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times? There were new writers who wrote about the glamour of the times and about radical new ideas. Some writers like Fitzgerald depicted the Jazz Age in their novels. There was also a Harlem Renaissance with an outpouring of African American culture. Plays and architecture also took on great success with plays like Strange Interlude and the Empire State building. Wall Street's Big Bull Market Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon 16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's? Yes, the Bureau of the Budget was passed to get the financial house in order. Congress eased the tax burden on the rich, letting the economy boom. The U.S. also had a 26 billion dollar debt because of borrowed money for the war effort. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon made drastic changes to taxes and cut the national debt down to 16 billion dollars.

Chapter #32: The Politics of Boom and Bust Big Picture Themes 1. President Harding had several scandals underneath him, notably the Teapot Dome Scandal over oil. 2. America entered into policies of isolationism whereby the US just wanted to look after herself and leave Europe alone. 3. Coolidge was very pro-business, following a hands-off approach by government. 4. Hoover held the same ideas with his rugged individualism phrase. When the Stock Crash hit and Great Depression started, Hoover was very reluctant and slow to take government action. IDENTIFICATIONS: Andrew Mellon Secretary of Treasury for reduced government spending, lower taxes for the wealthy and higher tariffs. Herbert Hoover President who attempted to deal with the depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. Albert B. Fall Secretary of Interior under Harding who profited from and was convicted for the Teapot Dome Scandal. Robert La Follette Progressive Wisconsin governor whose agenda of reforms was known as the Wisconsin Idea. Alfred E. Smith Democratic presidential candidate in 1928 who was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate. Ohio Gang Harding's "advisors" who played poker, drank and smoked with him in the White House. Washington Conference Called for U.S. and British de-fortification of the Far East possessions and general naval disarmament. Kellogg-Briand Pact An idealistic agreement between the great world powers to never engage in war except for defensive purposes. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law It raised the tariff from 27% to 35% and duties on farm produce increased. Teapot Dome Scandal A political scandal involving the private bribery of Albert B. Fall in exchange for government oileries. Dawes Plan Gave money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe. Hawley-Smoot Tariff Raised tariffs to a high level and worsened the depression by raising prices and discouraging foreign trade. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) Government lending bank designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads and local governments. Bonus Army Struggling WWI veterans who wanted to collect their pay checks early in the face of hard economic times. Hoover-Stimson Doctrine Declared the U.S. would not recognize any territories acquired by force.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Republican "Old Guard" Returns Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang 1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess? He was too trustworthy of his friends and did not detect any corruption in his cabinet, even when it was so obvious. GOP Reaction at the Throttle 2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration? It passed the Merchant Marine Act and the Fordney-McCumber Tariff. The Aftermath of War Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act 3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy? New technologies made farm work easier and increased production. However, increased supply with the same demand yielded decreased prices, making it hard for farmers. America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact 4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's? The Five Power Treaty set up the 5:5:3 ration of ships, the Four Power Treaty required Britain, Japan and the U.S. to keep the status quo in the Pacific and the Nine Power Treaty kept the Open Door Policy with China. Hiking the Tariff Higher Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law 5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs? Europe owed money and in to pay it back, they needed to export, but the American tariffs crippled those exports. The Stench of Scandal Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty 6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain. Harding closed an eye to corruption just like Grant had done back in his days. Silent Cal Coolidge Know: Calvin Coolidge 7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency? Yes. Coolidge was a cautious president who only proceeded with plans after looking at all the pros and cons. Frustrated Farmers Know: McNary-Haugen Bill 8. What had changed for farmers since 1890? What had remained the same? Farmers had enjoyed a boom during WWI, meeting the supply for demand of food. However, improved technology and increased production lowered food prices which hurt farmers. A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924 Know: Robert La Follette 9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election? The Democrats were split again and the Socialist party was dying as a result of the war and the fear of communism. Foreign-Policy Flounderings 10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries? The high tariffs hurt European exports which hurt European ability to repay their debt.

Unraveling the Debt Knot Know: Dawes Plan 11. What were the world-wide repercussions of Americas insistence on debt repayment? America got resentment from Britain and France who thought the U.S. was persistent and greedy. The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928 Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin" 12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith? Smith was an alcoholic and a Roman Catholic. People did not like Roman Catholics at the time. Smith was also awful in the political arena. President Hoover's First Moves Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff 13. Did Hoovers attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain. The Agricultural Marketing Act was passed which set up the Federal Farm Board to lend money to needy farmers. Also created was a company that bought the surpluses of food and sold them to other nations. This allowed the price to stay high. However, the Hawley-Smoot Tariff caused a depression. The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" 14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash? Many businesses went out of business, unemployment increased, banks closed down and homeless people. Hooked on the Horn of Plenty Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles 15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression? The stock market crash, over-speculation, and overproduction caused the Great Depression. Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian 16. How did President Hoovers beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression? The fact that Hoover did not want the government to interfere with economics, he decided to let nature take its course for the American people. Hoover decided that the depression was a part of the business cycle and was normal in every country. Hoover Battles the Great Depression Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts 17. Is Hoovers reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain. No. He got rid of some conservative ideals and started building things like Hoover Dam in order to bring in money to the U.S. Routing the Bonus Army in Washington Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur 18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why? They were broken up because Hoover stated that they were led by communists. This led to apathy. Japanese Militarists Attack China Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine 19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations? The League of Nations had no military power in order to keep nations from attacking one another. Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy 20. What was President Hoovers policy toward Latin America? He created a Good Neighbor Policy that made equal interests available to both countries.

Chapter #33: The Great Depression and the New Deal Big Picture Themes 1. FDR quickly got many New Deal programs passed. The general philosophy was: the government will start massive projects and spend huge quantities of money, and this will jump-start the economy. 2. These programs hit on all walks of life. Emphasis was placed on creating jobs, housing, construction projects, and restoring confidence in banks. 3. Though FDR was popular, there were critics to the New Dealsome saying it did too much, others that it did too little. 4. All told, though the New Deal may have helped the economy a bit, it did not boost the U.S. from the Depression. IDENFICATIONS: Eleanor Roosevelt The wife of FDR and was the most active first lady in politics during that period. Harry Hopkins An advisor of FDR who was one of the biggest architects behind the New Deal. Frances Perkins The first ever female cabinet member who served under FDR as his Secretary of Labor. Father Coughlin A Catholic priest who had a radio show called Social Justice and ranted about FDR. Huey Long Louisiana senator whose plan was to give $5,000 to every poor family. Francis Townshend A man who also came up with a wild idea of giving $200 a month to old, retired people. Harold Ickes Secretary of Interior. He started about 34,000 projects for the Public Works Administration which helped create jobs and also public services. Alfred M. Landon A man who ran against FDR and lost by a wide margin because he couldnt run a campaign. Brain Trust(s) Trusts that contained thought and intelligence behind them so that they were considered okay. The three R's Relief, recovery and reform, which were the 3 goals of FDR. National Labor Relation Board A board of national labor unions that met together and decided on many issues. Congress of Industrial Organizations The group that first began to take in unskilled workers and won many cases against huge companies. Liberty League Republicans who were anti-communist and went against many of the things that FDR created. Court-packing scheme The scheme that FDR was accused of when he tried to increase the size of the Supreme Court so that he could get his initiatives passed.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt 1. What kind of man was FDR? FDR contracted polio but still carried out with his activities. He also had the peoples touch and he knew how to speak and convey to his people. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election? We (America) have nothing to fear but fear itself, meaning that America may be down on hard times, but it was ready to move forward with confidence. The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932 3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory? For the first time, black voters began to support the Democrats. Also, Hoover was angry at the results, so he tried to pass a few things that were counterproductive to fixing the depression. Unemployment was increased to 25% and many companies went bankrupt. FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's, 4. Describe the New Deal. A series of economic programs that would help bring the nation back up on its own feet. The New Deal entailed included the Three Rs and was meant to get the country out of the depression. Roosevelt Manages the Money Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency 5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy? The key aspects were to alleviate financial stress, circulate dollar bills and inflate the value of money. Creating Jobs for the Jobless Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA 6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do. New Deal agencies just wanted people to do meaningless jobs in order to get money circulating into their pockets. Critics wanted the government to stop acting so socialistically and get back to work. A Day for Every Demagogue Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA 7. List other historical demagogues. Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Townsend and John Steinbeck. New Visibility for Women Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck 8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame. The 19th Amendment allowed for women to gain more political opportunities. Eleanor Roosevelt proved this by being the most active first lady in American history. New fields were opened in the political arena, allowing women to make a mark on politics. Helping Industry and Labor Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes 9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry? They helped the New Dealers to combine long range recovery and short range relief. It created the right for labor unions to organize without being persecuted by antitrust legislations.

Paying Farmers Not to Farm 10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers? By creating the AAA, the government helped farmers by paying them to stop farming and make the price of crops the same as what they were before. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act 11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains? The Dust Bowl increased winds and caused much dirt to be swept up into the air and land on planting areas. Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles 12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same? In California, farmers were not affected by the Dust Bowl, which made it easier for them to plant. However, it was just as hard to start farming there as it was in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Battling Bankers and Big Business Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC 13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain. The New Dealers were trying to change the mindset of the reckless spenders of the 1920s from the moment they first stepped into office. The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism 14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project? TVA was controversial because the government was able to provide cheaper things and have a monopoly over businesses. However, it was also supported because it helped provide jobs to clear forests and rivers for dams. It also provided electricity to improve the lives of over 2.5 million people. Housing Reform and Social Security Know: FHA, Social Security 15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate? Gave money needed to help complete a new home or improve a place that one was living in. They also gave money to people who were retired or under special conditions, ranging from $10 to $85. A New Deal for Labor Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike 16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal? Labor took advantage of the feeling of security they felt in the hands of the government. They held a large amount of walkouts and strikes for better conditions. Landon Challenges "the Champ Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League 17. What was the significance of the 1936 election? FDR won by a landslide vote once again. This meant that people liked having him around as a leader. Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench 18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court? He wanted to add more justices to the Supreme Court to get more judges that would actually agree to his changes. The Court Changes Course Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black 19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court? Many people began to see their basic liberties at stake with FDR as president.

The Twilight of the New Deal Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act 20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term. FDR was able to further reduce the suffering of the American people in his second term when compared to his first term, but he was more opposed to as a dictator during his second. New Deal or Raw Deal? 21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair? Much of the criticisms on the New Deal is that it was spending too much money and that FDR did not fix the depression. I think this is fair because although he attempted to fix problems in the U.S., the national debt increased to $40 billion dollars, the highest it ever was in that era. The least fair is that FDR was accused of bringing communism into the U.S. Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition 22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.) It only fixed half of the problems the country had. Before the New Deal, America was fairly conservative and was dominated by the rich. After the deal, America became a nation where they helped the poor by using tax money. It was a change in American society and now the poor were able to get back on their feet.