—— Blackwell Philosophy Guides —— ‘See aor: Seven ML Ca, iy Univeriy of New Yk Grate Shoot ‘Ween by an nterasorl asemby of dingo phoephers the Mackwe Pho Gale ccate + grounding sulentresue 2 compete eel suc fe enlists of plvopy ty. Fos and waning ey arpuncsthoupho, each excrete excl bachroutd Maa ening cl he itor and tgif theresa wap according tose ‘elas wil tea vane resource ra bad range of tent 4d aden Including profesions phicwophen 1 The Blackvell Guide to Epistemology Ped by Jaa Geese and Eve sn, 2 The Rlackwell Guide to Ethical Theory Ed by Hogh (aFalene 3 The Blake Guide eo he Modern Philosophers ated by Seven Erman 4 The Michell Guide to Philosophical Logic Tate by Lou Goble ‘5 The schwel Guide to Soil and Poe! Pilonophy ated by Rat (Sin 6 The Blacknell Guide to Business Ethier Fel by Norman Bowie 7 The Blache! Gulde tothe Philosophy of Since fans by Per Maer and Mal bras The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic Edited by Lou Goble B BLACKWELLco © Ml at a 10 er net : pote 201 "shen roel a he ut of a ps th pre en ‘sin ao ef aon ma el sedi ee ce ‘emai ny rym sc ai eos ‘gi at hk nt Madi a at ite? rio cose er am of igor nr ana she a i aoe gt ir Cnr tn i oii Da "teeta ante ARISTA GRE ema he stay ang Pea ae Beet 10.00 25 pata Pome eG Ram 1 nats ly, Gna Tin tok ped a a eg Contents List of Contre rie Anerson oe Gate Chase Lage 1-H Onder Logic Wap Hote 2 Clana Logs I~ Higher Oaler Lop Sener Sapre 8 Se. They Ia ae 4 Gane gmp Tore Rermond Sle 5 th Ani Gupte © opi Conseuence Paonia. Rance 7 Modal Logi Me Cooma 8 Deon Lage ito Hipimen 9 item Logic JE. Gh Meer 8 n us. 189 83+> 7 7 |. 2 =—— 10 Tenor ape sox Varma 11 tation Lge m Daten Dae avd Lome 13 Reka Lagi 0 ‘lst Mand Rar: Ser 1 an Ved Voges » Grape tant 15 Necmoneone Lae ne jae ty 36 tly, Lge, nd Probaiiy Logi a Alan Fick tee ° 17 Conte as ‘amen Heise Wansing “s 8 Quien 7 Diag Wesrersist * 20 gla Nt Langu aot Alte Meson nde an List of Contributors Pac A. Blanchese Acs Por of Phikophy, Univesity of Note Dame John P.Borgest Protasr of Piowphy,Paacton Univesity 1M. Creat Pratewor of Psoophe, Macy Unensty Disk van Dalen Peso Deparment, Usecht University Dorothy Bdgington elewne of Pbpb, Univer of Old ou Ge teu Phish, illanene Ueity Anit Gupte Daingthed Moser of Phiowpby, Univeny of Pb ‘an High ‘Asacte Profesor of Pinoy, Carla Intute f Technology into Hipinen Profesor of Pilosp, University of Mimi (Cor ables) was Hodges Profesor of Muthensti, Queen Mary and Wesel College, Usiersiy of anonJoba F Horty Profesor, Pilosphy Deparment and Ina hr kan Computer tal Unnerty of Marand i Karel Laer ech Four of Logi an Piosphy of Ssene, Cite of Ca Inn and te Uae a Suen > 4 SGracgors Malinowak Profs, Unie of Ea Bain D. Mare Seior Lester a Philosphy, Vcore Unite of Wellgo Ale ter Mesen rofeser of Lingus and CogatineSsece, Une of Joh. Ch, Meyer Tales of Computer Scene, Ureet Uninei Robert K Meyer ners Prfese, Avuraan National Unieiy Stowar Shapiro fer of Ppt, The Ob The Ohio Ste Use at New: Pd Perea of Lok ah Metpisrs, Ue oe Aedes Raymond Senalyan Orc ing ofc of ity, mei, nd Unveiy Ye Venema ian Prelewe, tm or Lae, Language ad tnkrmation, Uaneriy Heloreh Waning refer of Piaophy of Senge and Lagi, Dag Woe oor of Theres Pilsophy, Gieborg Univeity Drenden Unierty uf Tecology Preface “Ti Gide ices the may wold of poeple! lop, Or peop should {Sy many ofthe weeds of psophicl loge, fre anne pretend complrenes. “Tharwvald be mpm, Neve, hese 20 chapters pat» Cental cre of sth Consus pop loge rut, and they provide a ol foundation for Fehr sty ly tei he leradction aor what philosophical log {nt shout the sesna aamangement a he capes "Each of thee chapters newly mite oe hs ate by «dsinguiced schol Int sutjec are Theparpone wt pride the ede with base knowledge of ‘he cuen sat ofthat pet hospi lap nea is coves, rn ‘Sos: meth aor seal, an ese spats. Each char i Inept ‘tthe oer soe can be ea yan dro lected to a eee eres Thane hows, ned ceeferencer among the capes ine thei st ‘ifenenray (ach shaper wa abo wit independent of the eer 0 ‘he stom ght hase ferent evs about cen “Tine sho he cele sn tlt avon nee in pop Inge exper at eet akc fe the as a eal ue om plc foie seve apparent rsie ad eee nce ork Ath aay oft peed tes, Fapeened lian wil sine an uta here cy the ate, wth gel reaer who merely wats fevknow what sujet abou wil nda Jefe ination 10 chat ek Prati lop commended not ony fr pibsopher and logan. These hye i a great sporance Sr resi in computer sees, copie ‘snc, aietieligence (A aid tore ngs ad ke og i ‘Songs fand in hand wit mata Vos ba techal ine, with psa languge, etaion nd metho, Aces fader wo el em avg ada st corse in oa lg fo avin sed any of oes eer radar oe Say frst lopcrslargsnge ad ecigus, Eten a, tbe chapters ere presume Tle and ein aches that even the annie reader shoul pot fom the hopin’ language se tof spc rte. But ier logan fen at iferent sms rte sae poses, apd sometines diferent gic te{he sane mb fr dren pues Lhe note open 3 ue Shon ory ofexpcig formal concept on he chap Belen fee far fg wo become nar hasan osname hares he LES hse Cond hh Te ata om ae howe, cp hel smelt anl reas a hey mea hon, aod Si Be abe to andestund new patent diel snd a a sae Sm pa cule and km mene {hae ped mich rm woking with he aut taco eee Tne aad cas ‘asa pes: fr me My hen ate ys w al Ta May, Doo Nuc, Alsat Ugur Ba tm Fane, Sn pay has Pea 'o0 10 Seve Sith nd Beth Res of Basra in he pet eth ples it pr th wa ada ney ene Tas a Jenny Ian aa er a “ei ny et yo de his though, to An Ros Andon and Nel aba. Fr ein the many wert of penpals toe the cas cew hi mann he Introduction Lou Goble What phos kg Pilspis kg ips aaa loi thas pomp bebe pony sn ogi come ogee and become one Thksophc! xs rs spel Rd oe some specs int om mah ancl fog ie lage, forma lop, ena pes meer lop, ance itu, or tape wih ay cies fir mie, There oly top. gi the {Stoo consequence ons ofa lees As sick ean be ested dpsed nan way hough he matematel mets af node oma Grombet ope hare prove exon ut Wins lgi so conta here etl feu, any iret srs — sino Betty of capes of hi oun. Pailsohl op comer The sors of logic the bd pear ere fr pies. Piles Top {Escape onl nem and sructreso e apid Co he ana of eyes and fuumene that ae cenal we psowphiinguy. 5, fo erm, uch ton ‘oop! concep at ecey, ome, aon, ine and exes ot {emenon ran el wie hough mh epee Ings eon tp topo psy or Co Sine: geaimeyution ha conte nner or unetan SEs ng no rl so {he teal ngage eg na herons true poy. {he ame tkch any ofthe develope on sepia ae are Feeh ‘Moca by heal ployed concn Iatonsteope ec 2p enpecive ge the mtr of dg and tah. Many lage pew ot of Tibmicwcrs efor to coamrctt ope ot cold avid te conchsos of it {im or dem, Onis delet win psp! lop wee ven by loci emer repr lop al let lop sprang Fom 2 eg of {he case omequen rite 30 le bg. Tha loge pp phos. an pny eds log, They en, Theres is plow! oge, The chic tht flow proct the base mal med Sede an se tha have been denoged i hi as. Thi pas, how” Sanit on te precmton of the finden! la rues a sacha well her motrin rer han he apiato speci pbs ucts‘ober, related enterprises that aso sometimes go under the tame ot hkophical cto meee ieee wn Soa cn oop ee ote weno. ‘quesions about what, i anything i 2 lopeal constant, dbo tk ‘ature ofogica truth and logical consequence (hugh see chapter 61, and even kad Seson ‘at Lagi inet nea soe he cass oes Sates “Ricard tee ae ae iment 2 ee “Mngt ang eran, tempruny ae acer timo ns Sinner naner se nat “camputer sient, working, for cxampic, on aspects of knowledge Tepresen anni, {gem vein, or I. Sever ofthe chaps he ae writen By cons ‘Seats The ret of pimp logic etch im ope wees se ceca em re A cena Spfectart eter toe mon nt fas, 3 pa of mums ands poptt of ney et i th ae tr Eph = as anes et gn 1 welt a les tte ie arma {Reith othe aus te epee a = Bremen tetera ey mean fe er oie ‘oom ste a sea at hen we tn spk ogee Cre ably dedi wen an expe Ce Hs ere one wen ply yeah ft py A —__1_| 2 ,_ Formal, 5 dere mn 3 St of rma Tif there 2 proof of ir F ‘there pot snr ori the guage ta recs speci end {hos ite rand nce eral’ must be understood 5 rele 102 ares deduce scm cake tat detemines those contin Sach 5 {om might be defined somatic orate of ata dedocson ules a [artim many lg coun) I other way. ‘These distinction are somentat {Suku shoo Asomacc tems wal Rave seen aon ad very few ees ‘hinrence, me arr dedcionsarers have ma aes fines and fem, no stom Typ ama nate a i 1 work with bt esto prone sngs about whi naw deacon ses are cay 0 work it, OUT Teeter wo prove things abou One mold Fe to have Beh, ad, for my a the som of fg resented oe, edo. eats berwcenexprsiors in angie can abo, howeer be deena in term of propre tha reach by ange, hough the exreins ee Then ne sen spk of ya emai To pea of the vay fan Incene i ete ction of pole rath als of the pres and he “Selon = An agumens matt no posible oral fs premier be re Sle conclaun fe =o dente vay semantically. Sry othe et fan the acm) comeguencefaton of 2 constr Inge, TO {ine rons smug eyes thie wa te Tecan wil say desde 2 moa, whch 2 surat infers of which rms are cated, and use ‘ic evaluation iv mode Then one mip 2x that Foil Ci consequence ‘tothe or tht tenance om to Ci seminal val js in cae every ‘le that ves every el i series C. Tete are afar elem {3 fom of kpc mans “fe chapters tha lem develop eh approaches 10 hs fogs, the prot hort al the model thorte or semana though in hep th cre ary proce, ean my be emphasied ner proc dey. ie these ro Uppercut akan the eition Between ten Suppone ome ha ‘Seca dete erway tn an semana deed ean of val Inks commec langage tee ne eit ig eile Te he. ty Ira se. a xa he abe eens, ive a aha ‘ea tvaiy ey that opt ied eg Lamune ase or fara th pect oa sents whenever emul Cs date ra et (cl eiun ip Ly seman consequence of Thi beans ha the ules Chih ge eter id a reset ey dot prone 9 mh (Aer ‘une en the prior deve sts Ty we might say the seman theory deat or oes ne ndergeerste wth respect othe derivable sarees of L) it coovescy, henever he inence fom ft Cs semantically val Cc be Ase om TnL cn we ny at Le empl wi esp 0 thet manic “Tis means tha Ths capnared hu come ia he swe of de mode, ‘havi docs aot prove so tle (aerate, at the seman shear doesnot ‘ence too mich). ‘en ell and dsl, hrow ha cern dete tem ison sn compere th apt a et pater of ierpretaon. Then res esa ied fone concen ean can be realy extended 1 he ober, But me : -‘hen tat we eine odes soundnes and completo f+ bps, then oehasa sem tht oe is things Ph The acc oten e ke en en nnn pee "oo The semantic ep it Rom tng enna aba Th ‘4nd by he ge wafer al, sped vo o opal war Tho, an 2 aps heeds ems eS and pee, nd ‘Eee cei fe Te i aN a nla ‘scot! mene canbe momar. Een unong pidge mn ‘stent inperan con meen case eee ae ot fan ting the incnplenes offal stmencdacoucd nce + Ths ti imp orc, fr reve that thee ahs ee fa (deduce) gsems ano. Tere sho ins to moe tee ee Wr to mateo hs ints parson ution fr the poate oe sd thet and php gency, nn Ne Pn he capes of his vole earned i fr ot alight propane ie ea faz hen a er As pHi he ao Sndon ate ft Pe, mony oes Tae Senge {towing the pesineing mo Pepe adel Whichrveed Red vee ‘Let dma pt he of ye eh ean ity dene prc whar sl lg bee ts teh calls ng mae te Sle my ht gue rth and meen I ‘oxic, incading both higher order phe ats eae conceming clases ‘pao hen ha ey tai ee ‘wy we, ——___, — Lanpugey of a cenain pve, Th rele te wid nce how prove then Ue hapcr 4 lent he rar tvgh »mmber of iret was to sash thes ator sll ine teste 4 tery taneparent way nt one Cah ass anpeecinethe soocet employed nthe pony and udestand the i ‘Sdnce ofthe teacems themacs ‘he hes of npc and loping ithe cooept of Trach Mos: of se chapter eve tet concept ely cape 5, the obj Fd el Here its porous fo cope wth he mows Lae” pundot and cared probes. Ths chapter presets nto for dering tah tha ase een deepen rece ja av erate 0 Tas ow now cai, acount of th hat Ses wo Gmcepr roma Time sy the thoy ofthe consequence elason. What hs might mean, and har the rou formal stems of loi nda about is een, he tee caper 6 on Lal Comaquence Tis caper dec attention tothe ‘Shnestion teen tp e che ft sve metoned above an lop the second ‘Src um deduce and mie here consequence fr 2 formal teh $y (or may mot be telate dest cur pretation of Ic con ‘coven "hs hayes ntl aon beeen the st roup oF shapes Ii the ope flow "The chee the second ou, chapters 710, present etn of clas lope, where th eapremne power ofthe cuca ngunge i augment By the ‘Mion of new. non extensonal operon. Although there ae oer way 1 & ‘end cls lop, tee hapesa pret pes of maa gi. They non teh functonalepcatr to expen ads of neceaty ad ges (Mode chapter 71 san, ormaion td rohibion (Done Lagi capes 8, oie a i pear Lae cher 9) and temporality (Tempr Lai ‘Soper 10) Thee are cry moteated ty pisophial purposes and applica ian they ss hee mponantaplstont fat go vend kph. € Comper wien he chute the shit archer: 11-16, debe 4 namie fren aternarie to ascal ge Fa ne salege ceo moe he laa “mms sea th omer, wa 2 the law of alee (ha ee ‘Sore he lag ster ra is) tht aly can be ied et {terms of sao of tise and develops the lois that re oo 38 "herun omane penes f ew (Someties asa can Be en 3 ‘pen can thc ternave Thus: Intima Lai chapter 11, works fom {gore a ieret understanding of tath ad dhe reanings othe log connectives {nd operation: here the es of enamine fr 8 af eal impor {ance Fer Lagi chapter 13, arf of he ssp Sa sgl (ao were) tee mt have exe spor, we dhe sl ard quan in the ony ‘Nop ranging only over whut en: Redan agi (och ced ectance oi), ‘Sapte 13 rete tha for an inference fo Be va here mst bea coanecton of Ingo ye ne rants mig ot ea ‘Hing, tice loge ae perary dened ro sid the varios pardon incon Mawy Valued Lac caper Hy ret the csc lw of lence dvas de name Sgger, aw tat here be tore than he two ath aes 6 | |‘plains. Navman Lancer 1, ae ha suey coma with consaoence eon hot a ot monotone aa lr ioc tetmn epee annie seene miner enemas Srepuny neice deeraatenre at Spiele inant hetytrcre Siar Sarceeen cgay ‘2th, bt alo she wonmision of pobabcy This ta prove ups analyzing ordinary reasoxing, nel Westen sun a prop ‘sem party nda to log a ofthe so gs peel te Sec maim to tee ra 2 it cur in ara langsages Ma regu the conditional the cca Serie ageing Caper It cannes Reon Sei Tee phen since the most ancient times, and looks ar ere ‘can take. Chapter 19 reveals how, even atthe level Psp thea pany me lta a Sina thaige tenes Setar tieecteemaretaawtcts =m et ni ces Sa ea eof roc eal there Epa se ‘thou the Sins Seecn eee sven aril and oI hae or Gd the lane no a ae ‘umes, malic he prose tan exemion oa eg oa at foc Lana they a tt ipo at eaten en ert ail ral inpatin’ wh he sen ef ean aw nnindncalconeicnci imal mec acc aan ee {on Smit sgh vat ee le al on wt lr Ice ect ‘ine a mh emer anemones en shes ath dof ial omens nee na em ef tiga sediment tn an te ‘Th 30 cee of hi tue es archi eames hs Gambinnory ot, ce Accalculs, and Type Theary, or on Agebr Cone on in various chapters here. There could hare een et Sate tear gerone g Senn racine etn sept eieicesichan ett en tural Logic, Bath of those seep pte anes ‘Sunepmnt Sita ses ———« _ ann of aso a as parca appation within compre een. There ult have ben supe othe Loge of Questions, and of Iopranes. There ‘Salt hun ten cage om oer lua concer an operator, ke cone tn an duncnon, Ther coal ate been hater on alae inerpeations ‘game, sah 8 sbesonal or uh Rinconal erpetatons that cones ‘Tok the domain icone iereton primary employed ere, THe ae Teer ropes om the rclaon ween the Rrmalnguger of loge an al Laneuge ‘There coud have bec chapter: on names and predates om die ‘dscns on indexal And aor gre. Thin, however, nexdcony voue, ht fl this neon, the exer sol Rae the pound o parse tho ler topes ad more Further, the 20 chapters tht ae hee ae nl nodson othe si ies Fah ud ely oy far fr more abou hoe Sbjct and ic oni de 10 ‘he mations of lame ke th hat they do nt. Thee ar ore vaio ‘Minin sels re reper nore rel rt more method of poo ha “much are neta! fr hay undcrvning the sje an could be dct ere ie each shaper hon am nection, cach one ices 2 tof So feed Further Reading fo ade the ease fo sddtonal wore. The Rochon ‘chet Companion to Ppa Lane, ded by Dae fequte, wil a0 oe ane dnc i hese rop and anyother and o ois 3 mati co anion tots volume. Ano ey tale resource the Hand of Pop teal Laie by Dow Galas and Franz Guenter. Theis eto (D. Reidel, Dordrche 1984-891 in fo lunes ith ranorah ent aris ob many OF the sae aie the cher hce a mel 8 many eter. The second ‘Shion, eed ty Gaba and psn poctin, projected compre ont 1 umes The present wide might be considered 4 sepa sone (0 that wom trent wert jer hae ure, ne shoal ooh the Bos moog a Roma sree the wor oe and fount ches That ere he wes ‘onvig wes f phknopiea Toi = A place a the caper hare wil eel 3 wide ty afferent lop mens Wut ne mabe anh proc? opin a pfs 10 be terested ne Sane things lea someguence. Wy then are er so a loge? Queos ie Thee cette fre when ecm te eos fete the to sms of “Tig mentoned abo, Br acm here ae So many ngs eine thee iret many languges tat loans devi. But When one ered is og the cond sem in lope a theory of vad reasoning in 2 see tht wil do Pusha wotk het one igh mturaly wonder which, any, of a dese Fine fe rc cores and whch est 1 0 Wr sone een ofcourse the dierent Ke flops complemen cach tbe. For cumple one sould wei combine atic ol loge with deo logic or scm be xe and inaaly one woul want to oder 2 Be ble to ‘pros and amlyer angered cis of zed ows that ‘ong ips NEN And one an develop rocvant or iain modal open ting those enpectires on the consequence retin to the stay ofthe modi, jus a there reo rievnt snd inion wt thea a ier onder Spi. Yet, mthin‘nee ey tay mp tan naes ae a Sey meatal mee en a eh ee a ee soa in ep! per cr Sa ‘oun tne eal aap he ne es ee ‘Seve One cy fon mc se a OF cane tt trl spl pC pe Sa Senin ca te ei ‘eign yom sna aa oe a ee scene r/o, ts tren mpl sop A evn es, Ancol en tare tans se and hs at, at kes th rept fo thio at Oth one Sort lg et H Ms whe teh ih nay a CE a coe hk te mat se al, sty eu baie 2ree Se omoeton to da chi. But perhaps stor ae ms mp ns ae ta rt pega, and, a an be embed ino 3 pes ‘oy. There eer ro eine om ge egal ee epi m bel se org ‘cna of ree. ean, ise heya oncay ended nee 2 pean coup not tbe apres al yl nt he there ae moe ue ya eal congue never, these peo eons ‘bya single tral oem emp be a Thee ea uns ey ‘eg wi tah dcmantg sc sem The eo ‘nwions Thats the purpose of the chapters of this volume, sia Chapter 1 Classical Logic I: First-Order Logic Wilfrid Hodges LA, Fint-Order Languages ‘he word in he ik of ater ambi ve tae ean acs cnt ail ngs ie nea a el rine loge ee ie gS pte sere Sony re gs led wees td weber the fm mt ne, Ube endo Same pe tl ots ints tn bt er mening iit ta of he es od gent eee ee a tamcwh sen he of met 1g Soe in ced fort Te concn af many undone [OB cm re teeter oe ntsc se Ter cere he ot sneer calecson of acs nega a Hee ot es ary of Bt ees SORA ERE It ened Phe heme eee mon srs tte on ane SOgHD, Eun esa at eer Tm IS, phat rich or Pibut ee foe arp pole es et he ny footy we eel ee TCURERISUEL atm nécrrocs Sinner ae he spponte area espe isin enc Lares nee ‘Toutes eth pa Fog “he Sit ponen ne can ofS renga ee Hol, Fee a tras nb nace ceo tr eer ane ane See en ak ne tents oft nd Seman (0) Fahad C806 bred ners of bern 172 (i oer ge BERS alts eats yan or Awe pgs fr wel 200 yean Winrar loge une lon) ease eset eer ngngs ne ben we fo he dy of tesathe eat oo any fr en bot Hier ant Roe el Scan id denn ap cera wa, Toy, coneuo, scl re ear nds ok repent fem andi ling the ence en “mies tthe oo ing wha aos seen a enter ngags man Hon So nrc re hed es Sing rer they were gaa apes ns tha sac sepa iy hy do hain to eps Fingers rer ngage hs number of yb ied mma cn sey ot wits cel them pontine eine shal al en eh ‘emt os se enone ota hen = ee te, colur, heer ached or the ol aon, ame Teh {ihe cons Thera same roy oa Und tn con Fe Sige to wha coma more ota ce The moon oe the ee he fing cle an ttopratn saree union Te se nes tae prec nc ome tgs al to Secon pen aS onder scene gan anime FF 6 the want Lie ine ianguge dtm crt pen et Fao ot I oes tts expres yng tht Fi oat Pn me tin ain a nae Teo ns gi eee he ‘rac rte at ne ean pcan” Nang ts pore tion edit between unr nd nan fai ma oe coe oes twit he) The pa eof sence unr antes Te se ect mest ean Hic he inetce sees we "he min dec eres oe foe by “ean dn es nt ferrari aed in ag {3 sho ii te pio mo, bat ale ad ee 4 Sout of sue eon lange then ere tad ta Bo ea aed toe the conse the see Sh icra of sptre acon athe Lin ane hae eld 10 make a sentence of signature o true ar fae. “ ample ene agg wa el sch te wet nc a's 7 Wc a seen at sg el yee. (Hiren ingues see pene ston arn yt dee ln bse # ound sbenn” of to” Noy ower cs what ‘eas thetic mls ere da ie hae ee ‘ponlogical constant; ts tuth-ralue docs not depend on any auignment 41.2. Some Fundamental Notions \ immed tha sone Sd spa oh en te enc tha ot Bas gas ce i et Classical Logie I: First Onder Lagi lnteettons are saute 6 Soca iterretton makes ech serene ther tie he tee increta Te semences@ “Thi picture can be looked a fom eer ed. Stating from an iterpreation 1 rth it se an she seems which docs nt iy, The sentence sted to Tare together known a the (at nde) shear af. More ene ay eof Stnences called sry at 183 mel of heony TWH a onl a vy sentence sn TB 9 vende mathemati contention, evry iterpeaton fs 2 trae the emp thoes Bvt the np theory cota no mene ha Take he ereraton "Arnatcs the pst 40 eb om igh fe tang wth a seatence “The ssnene @ sfrstes the sn of ingens fa two cect ok sich ata and howe wich do not. The Wich Sats ase cogeter know Srthe made cla Ina mr dean can be ie or any these The moe! na of Tse ae trp a saa T a para ls K sierra hen thers T thon Ti 2 fast for K, ‘This nasi wimp in maternal pcan ff onde loge, Beane tan natural sane faces =e the in of props ae the mesel dass offender stone. "To their ae sade lgicaly epiaien, orn biel epialn. ithe hac the same ml lA speci ae, testers ate dt be pled ifthe ar nein eat the same serps A ther eal wo be ema ‘all omit dit hat ea one ode eter, ts ema cite, “hoc te many semana comet ten fo aM the eC ie tnge eee The rman’ a warning oF aoe Kd Income, diced atthe el of sei 1 ‘Snpne T ws icy andy fet setence. Thee Tent yi hee is ‘errant ste That ory ikewbe, ws oi ievey inert ‘hake ptr, Oe a Nk uy pce of ental mens ‘SA at nly ik eta hy heen then The symbol pons ture” A equa exesion thee onthe left they and yom the gt sentence The ene Toe ced he pemies of the squcnt andy ele is conto. The sequent ‘ald f Female aed iad cere FT > ft sx saree, he Sauent “7 pan be wena ferent Bec thy lating the contents of To the le. The lnguige under cus (ie the fit ‘nde ngage ogre} dt Be dia ere an lg (Le 4 0 "und Hodges —— i tmchaicl metho which esas works fling wheter nen Hs ssn ‘ea 2 peed comins of (0 toe pag pte mt lle de (i) hich deere, phen fom pot and equ, wheter the foal rots pf eqns T ce of i 2 of word at ono he bet no the un of pnt aa ta thy tl epot o a and on a enon Ten See ‘ions make this more precise; ——_ 1 Aseqene 1s devine in yas They some ual prot ie ca is» pot fhe eet 2A pons ser mundo vad cq dea ia 3 Ch camplete i every valid sequent is derivable in c. . ‘Ses comet an complete poo kus sone fir which the eile ques ae ‘aay the val ones. One of the bes fear of fst onder ope, fo sat syd pn few, iba ih Zap ri tain we xc one ad cae pt 1.3, Grammar end Semantin sin ny ngage, the meee of Ste fea tm engages hve 3 yam sm esc Sn hn peter a a sr sede em ana ge ans nh They ae Ahing aes, "Tas propey oft oder langage sled the wpe pai cc eee: wigs pain, sori ome yell rae tee mmbee nei ay npn the ag To Coon es ie gts ebay they can be mtd hay Scena mb rig 6 brisk, they Gn be omit hy lena aa ae eS 2 7 Clasical Lagic 1: Firt-Onder Logic or histor reatons thee it 2 hich inthe teminogy. With St onder lange the abet tat ngs wot al sentences are ale fora in Sie oder eter elfored formato), a he word ence seed Tors pasar Sou of Formas 2 los hey fstrde langage he a safe cllstion of bol ced arial “To noid writing subsp al de tne, often seul tat sd ew sia bol ae varies oo. Vales notin the site, From ‘Tlmunc pontoon, vriales cam cer evo 28 when 2 arable at ome yr in teat eee ta havea byt ged 0 fo ive the Yom ah Cle ths owarense ofthe sna halle free when Sah asian i Dec cll hwnd” Aunt 3 Formula wth no fee oxcurencs of ‘tnubly "To non conan vrs wit conto, an signe of eject 10 the vaabley led» raluatin Soy im gene tore formals ces an Inston Pot Gotan and alan» is vanes o hve at {She (wl away be clear heer y eeans a warble e 2 vation) “he dedntons the peso etn ll uke see i Sentence fea 8 int conlersenences the abo ake see cence’ read toe orm 2d Sjmereteton 3 ierpection pis ausion Foranuely te evo readings Jo telah for expec sequent of itnder sentences valid vai ep TGs whether the fio cnencs ate eared a senenesOF 3 fm "Thutneds spon that cant ero te mathematicians Likewne, acorn torte mathemargings 2 toc ngage decide ners of sence if End oni eae em of truss. (Re warned though that nt onder ‘hon may manent fie cre seen inthe narrow ane. Tee 0 Pee fa eer ols mit by He of Boer es The nee fw stan pree eset aes what coy ows 38 ‘ne Tandy at (nef Ta (1988) and Ta and avg (1987) 1th fink eat Wha ert pls vations make cen formula {eke the quem i edoced these gheton for era oun tat a Sigler than the Tans nox the aly way to presen the ema, A Soggeniveskeratee he Henkin deerion interme of ges se ‘Mina U9?5cch Vor computer mpemeataion by Baie and Feed (1990) Ao the Takes semantics and the game semantics look very Lire. they eee he sme awe othe queso Wha the hae ‘ofthe sentence under the lterpeaton 2 “Toupour sr chapters nbs such as °° are wd to enge oer che Format otra a soe ngnge Tey ar metaverse won, they are noe the soe guages bu are wed fe aig abo ee bn tng nthe ote un 08 08 sae the eae wih ll mre metals (or the orhereipresione of i order language, fr came, when MAR aWilttid Honges sever ene abou bles, 3 pic arb may be wa i wa 3 me ‘oral, This‘Consde arabe commun pace Moe general Ina ae dropped when they are more of unc than ei. 1A, "The Fist Onder Language with Empey Signature Tg ent inp eg: tae Sprite onc on ont Sirens ian ret oer recess Sane mate niin rca ee Son mga trate e Mee SET War cama ee Sumner ne mye Sam tea el ene bom _ ray Serato hn, geri ni ‘on 9, A formula is said to be swe im F sender 9. i an ‘Sore exresions of Lave called etm formal. Ther eo kins ‘Bie epson ofthe fem ay where and vate vais i anatomic Ferma of 1 + SITE se somic ema of Te has aed teen posed tat 1" ein The sth vale of = ae pal sample the ther wt of tame for Trt 5) the wae element ov) Pikebood ie Seg yt seo sma xt,» is of expesiony cae the formals of Ls defacd, The atomic mule fouls, bt many Teoma of Lar not stom. Tae she ee ents wich a wed to il wp amples mas min Inala eam, a er me Thre rn 1. 6 any formas hen 0 ar ah of ea expesione Co KH Ben wom (aw “ ————e——— ‘hs car ele 2 acai bans whch of hee Formule ae, depending uber and y are ve evjoe wew an od Tr For oF Pr}, ok ot ot PF FoR (Mere T «Truth and F = Fagen) Because ofthis tale he fre smb Ieee, amt are known the rackfamctionlmc For eames the orm uggs na tenn) Dose {site use oe ease, name where ne) and) ate se some element, and Mtashand Mostar te sone deme bute) and x) are ot the same es Stns ah cae meet aes he tamale trv repre of what Jan “Trees rama constons The wamatil rae fr sesh toni 1 gis any oma and i any variable then the expresions wae ee st both Formal sd (0) ae eed espe anneal quant and “fra andthe i Un the frie the quer id 60 he fea These os eo Snare ee = ‘cee enn nee ae Sos ate thee ‘Reset auth eae mt ari er sie em ven et etn Sree ttt ee tn mam Satine nie) cue ih fe ocoence of (hough oth octencs ofyareboun hy ‘ena quantifier): But his sentence (ex99~ =) eau i uivenal quater bind the varie 1sWilfid Hodges "The sama es or the quantifier ae one of th ander conse fin ar lege For more han two male, some ofthe st ind of Europe ape Slr seman ne tat capes tn me he nal lange pesos Sa and hee +040 uve a under i fr exe clement ain the wee of Jf talon w be the leon eacy Bt react that ms atc fen + "Gee fmein ander rif dhe an element ain se uninese of sh ha if tahen tobe he aaron exc tke Penop that wl, then For example, the fomula xn ten) ‘ncn Funder» (and enlyif) there a met sch that i ot he (eV te= my ‘esti nr wed toe of a ee ‘Stocm denen ‘act ha nin degen ayo aot aan On can pe {ia the whale of fra al oer depen on he as ee ‘sar dos nos nar em Se samen nc he el ea “se ded ny on fe same ae Thom cpt en th ea lh yeti ere sap at athe matali hewn ee an ey a 1S. Some Notation "he notion inthis seston peso. Tecron inti eon it rer gg iting orm 9s, where, ott the nage tis the maa @ and hs ao eeumencs af Fee vrata pales fe vale carp perhaps fo Fela ———— 1s cine hat ge re nthe merci Fad under metalation» for wich Des tsyiae ans. eopetvely (or her an such alsbon Fikes fo dtience When gis sehen, he ayy ay te duno on spy means that gis rei “Here another weal pce of nota: evs can the formula obtained by spacing each fee occurence of in # by 20 ‘curence o'r Asay thie enon ute ight, Bur the corection fm the nex aap rather hal, What sede tht he orm 9) 8 bout ohm thing tat @ aed bout Stppe, hr example that is the Smal whch execs thats eta with senting. Sipping in pice ech fee acute in @ pe veoney "his ys tha each thing ier ne wheres the nein was to make the ‘more mereting sate that vi el with eying. The pobler tht» pr ine lve where it mee Becomes bound be te ani (9). 50 {ish mus bein more carci lows Pt chooe ane vale tha des aoe nc ara @ BY replica Yd cures 8 hs bun ocumenes «Aer th ate or ee nce of 180 estan owe cane ne woes to ech sas the ite thing) This rote cit meth ssn cl ‘biaroy aiding la 9 ria “The language Lol the prev scion 2 very ad Rae lng, The condos tat can exes onan inerretation Fare ver ey ran bee 0 ‘Sy thar Thay Jet one kent, teat evo ements, a este eee, ‘Sher cacy mode ofa ee the illo lamer and salar thins ba thing eb tere single seatence fF which express the coon chat Ths ‘Mtns mary cements? No. is onsequece of the eompacnes theorem ‘Nevertles L akealy shows some vey canceriic fer of Sot oder lunpungen For ctample, vo work ot te truhaive of sentence @ under 20 Imvepeeion Jone sat general conser the tuthales of blo of @ vre der varios vations. As expe in eton 1.3 he monn of ai eye ov apis ofl wel x cece. ot for Sarma team that cy imcpreaton lrahton mig the kerma onthe er mae he eas conte igh woe to. "ere mo ipo camps assets fhe ngage L. The suet bene Is id ce) ays the ae elem 8), The Sunt lem ler even ‘el brouser ae these element he he sai lhe 1.6. Nonlogcal Constants: Monadic First Order Logie Sioa 18 ignore ihe mn ran ty wih et re ei each ‘world: the signature, the family of nonlogical constants. a "he va consin on be ced yh a of ee wich hy hve tobe sce he wd, For ean, wine ens eed ae po tb stad or dase (The cl ese Var aos ‘enema encom ef ho te ae 10 be monadic. Let L be + monadic language. mines ‘ally oar elt een haf ofthe pater, sh ea Nees Pc nm sine str Ganmataly the cistany pre sme al We we new Kinde of as ul 1 fms het art Kinde 1 ee fm theft iow sacs. Usual awe smile apa ‘he acne af the ape, er wt 1 Bey ae na trm Bsr inddul coon te, Te dokon of atom: oma need ving + Bry egresion ofthe fm a= {rey cuereaion of the om a=, where a and ae terms a stoic TEP ay ss mb nde ays “2° an omic ema of Apr fom tee pew dase, per tie the grammars remain the te ain sex : “Ray ia momic formals rr Clamical Logie 1: Fiest-Ceder Logic {Whur shuld soa am tection fra mona language? Er nets tion Tec nee, ue bei Bu not nee git tn alae Feta aso tat eso an lement rs ich gt Be ay een tthe unene monber weet, he nee need to ete cs, writen tra hoe cements aac shat Pts) be wera aon» wih equa {oa tlnuinch Pi the ls of a lemons ha st Here P ight te tne beat of he anes nthe ranch of log cll model ehear, de previous para rms ino lenin. A tacarean nerprettion Zo the ow fo + Phas a unser, whch set (geneally ake 0 be non emp) J oreach ds om! Pin the pare, pcs out 2 coespndting das PY Ca heii of Pander [lf whe members tin she une + Firat intial cosant «the signature, [ps ot» coresponding de Ico inthe ann, th emer ale the ttrpretion ofa wr Wri @ lie the snare in suction, thiemeeton Ti lle a ertracare Soa euiryute smn eal the smation needed to ge a th ae 0 3 SEnteceo sgnatue 8. Nowe tht the inepettons a ae needed to del with SEovences suchas Pla The reuermen thatthe unisene sould Be et thet thas sn aed at 4 matemaicaly wel behaved as. The presi Uitcoce aid inva et teary [See caper 3 Hower tha these cin ot 2 ol Bt -crder logis I the cat dns bapa mould pe amimerecon for «by writing dona ae oF Escaping o penn. The wou he ah interpretation or Fy tng dow semence of gi ov row ate ngage wih pce of one OF Imer pny Or seinen hes would waite a secence wih He” oF of {he Hr oe mre dentate a semen wit He Te oF or eam 38 Iocretaone might cont he Hens Pink poe wha a kind mwa RS mpyer The hind ye br the leas lee, tansy ii or ede cam i Coen ihe second sc by uring ate” The cod fe 0 ica Hei tua tee and pin or eee ae cou be wee = toc cea npn A sncoce wth rts pe wm pronouns ‘Dentin eed = ate “Ca vey nection ty pene be comer into te? Ye, ro sel i phy i ey ei ie estar tmene mite prt snr dnt nme Too eee cere den adn onto i deed, Prater ht Frente eb enol The lowing pene ens Beets————=_Willrid Hodges |§ ~ hough he an ace whee people ve prone ang argument ir sme gore orprngconlions xis seca ult 7. 1 ect ‘The previ lew i that to fale predicates tke thee, ogc wih 4 ster sera tam itor lpi is needed. Mods! log taker on ear the Bist ‘ramp, pitenc lg the second [Se shapes 7 and | “he peice sre ba ho fils here, mo cae 6 psi tobe tld under ane mane at hiss ‘nied nder acter, but becuse tee sre boreine ces ~ pepe wh ae sey al or deiiely nor tal So ths predicare doc ot sce in sen ‘clo of pene Tho et mos maa guagepredaes ae te shgt "age; en cis hate tole wh the ouphnee of the rel woe ‘Given epeaion / ar aes pesca order sentence an fe be ‘sted no an Engh semcence which spared tote te ad one ® Sere Tc canon wl pny nec ein he ver of he ne retin, ules a eat is wed to dob otto, Hea soe eran Sag imc» cil of gai se, tet wi the ee (R10) + Os) vey ponon wh a tamara Gene ‘AL eae porn sin pepe wh ae hind Bi he BeARLO ROAR =e) baaty ome perm es ape ‘The reader ay wl gee wth he alo tems a ged ea te Sooke a ene Wa een his commen need anew on eel ee Fi ewig omc: He hw nk en senencerin question, hens are rsary speech, No one asks people tose the ioe, mathematical objets = sch ‘Clasical Laghe I: Fiest-Onder Logic: (ween 2 Le. flowed immediatly by 2 Ie bracket, clas symbol wih he seme vaste, tnd then “3 Like an occoence ofan extent amir veri Took ie di: oun) “Theorem 11 Let ¢ be 3 sentence ofthe Stoner lnginge I of sigue ‘nd supgoe that ll excorenses of quantifies in ae rested. Lat bet ‘actu and eather @strcur ich comes fom I by rong some ements which ae not side foray cs symbol P. Then @ hat the sane (evens in fad in Fin onder setenes hat ee a stagirnard wanains of Eg erences ‘ual have lhe guna esc inthe Stab td amples ove [The scond example can be erie aes 3 (20 rin & M9) an then its quanti ested to) So the choice of uninene may be largely Aa ha bt asa gel neon, (The theorem rena tre Tor Rs one Ingges tat re noe moni) "Foi the cae motel ae htereted by predates ater than bela the hue a une cenuycan ake» ieee to Wath vale, en or esc ‘Sneed bythe theorem eed. Soppose, for exam that an nerve ing wae th (© 5 bea nite the year 2200, Wa such an stent the erence a7) + Ota) xpress tha very person willbe dea befre the year 2200 This pro ra [rfeote lve now: our roa ke f'penon cues pale yet e bo. So Sider ire tals Why thot oma There TL Hecaus the predates penn” picks owe diferent ce scoring a Fm pope te cle ote, oa the coneponting cur ier it the samen to PQ, tinea Is unne can eoman fr pce can cintain posite people or Kin epi ar even imposible pple (ke she tan I met who wasn the the aWilld Hodges: chien’ jingle? Or to be more metaphysics untene contain 2 tte ‘ements moe no and mle yer ap Fine oder ge ery tba at Suestons he thse’ it dees ge dame, I ou thik ta there ae People and that hey ve rfl to hate ths proper a hat and em sng eid be hese nds or notte sme nena. the fhe, pu them in your tere Like, yu thik thee ane teas people you dow hen eave them et "A chs rears abot unieres apply equly wll the more geet ‘ond languges of scon 17. Here theorem that dost ‘core 1.2 1F i 2 mona it onder ngage wth finite signaterethen ede ‘Sc, fr example, Boos and Jetbey (1974, ch 25, Monat ews chad bi? for poo os sheoen 1.7. Some More Nonlogiat Constants es nin fr sea 1950, hex a ee 0 wk desing 2 re le lungsne, wold protaly have ben happy to sick with he Kins feet slay invoiced bee. Aga from some uber and sono sb cmp sta the uation logs fam conpond to he fur sentence oye 291219) 18) (WAR) ~ G4) (201019 Ota) eK0ta) K ~ Qi) “The man prewure fr more cborate fom cme fest mathemati ‘ometers wanted symbols t represent predicates wih as , 2 it Wig the te sla between ya ren these two examples sha that thre i fit renin omelet ‘sans to some fied munber of vases. Sov ca mics ne Remon oe ‘ra ison tl whet the ari nthe numberof Stet ee sete ‘na predate hat ners thereon symbol Tie sl, ean rio ely fem ner the end fe ate. An adond pigs” He Cet) Wht i the hie in he he 7 , me objet may appear at more than one Heo ithe ti. The epee ape ‘Flatow mt Ro ay nan (Clmsical Logie J: Plest-Onder Lagie: inverting 1st of deed tuples of cles ia the nee of FR ‘pected be pings area pees for Ren which fais othe edie ‘Riong with stich pace nthe ite me ats Be sped. An esp shows how Fy) © wis between and (las mbes te incded the elton symbol af rity 1 taking st wo eng 1 0 be he sme thing 2 ts unique em Tie ina be to i ay OW Se at ee cach cones) engin the tection pf» Uae clason nol ps ee the emp st ell Fabehaed} or ee test whose one met (Cl ths Trai Al sh makes gos sn a hort What mates Bee, ONE, the rclaton yh fay ae ale praptionl ty they a Skip smerrced vTrth ot aid A Sentence wich coma ether Sunes nor any mona constants except proposina! snes aed DProputina nen Prenton Soi abo propio sete. “Th langage con be exert in another wa by iredacng song sbels cal ear funtion nme wte mis 3 postive img. The inception Ff Sichanmbol Fisafuncton which tjpne an met of [10 each arr ue th clemcnt of 1 gan, here fa no egaing i eonsant 26 Ory Tune sms, but the deal an be siped her.) “The new nyo ue ome mare astments othe ranma. The case ir term bese 1 bvey sable is. em, 1 Ever ina costa ae . SIF stam mad ay and aya em then" The deta of atom frmda bec whore a ae terms sa mie bry caren of the et forms of ‘+ rey popes mba a atomic formal 1 1epe Say clan sol of poe arty ade. a tem thes "Re-seal + Sn tome formal. “The seman rue athe avout of thon the previous etn, "Some utaon fom section 13 ca be nefy ended fs a formu od earn———= Willrid Hodges ‘coesent the fomulsabrined rom @ by repli al ce xsurenes a «ea ‘Sin section 1 So ved ch of arable, the bond vals sn @ may ne te changed Be, ht they do ne id any wales LB. Proof Calelt Fiore logic has ange of prot eka, With ey Few ences al hese roof lel apply oa esodernjages So fr the esto tise SME Thar Lina pra fr ntr language spre The st oa! eeu to be daevcred were the Huber ne aku, where one reaches conchsion by ppv deduction aes to stom. An etamye dese Inter inhi section, These ek tend to Bevery ad hi thet koe, 26d ‘adeningly maar onion fo rs them. However thy hae the ‘oppose oda igre who eed rode ase tw fre se In 1934, Genzen (199) ented suo other ses cauln One ws the sateraldlacson elas independently proposed Jahon ay cake ‘An nine rtaral denon cul gen cher I, wc, ted ther, can be extended to make 4 clus for cscal fntondr lope By the on of fo dxble megan elmiraton. Geneen' Secon nein W's {hse nll, which could be ered 1 Habe ye caus orden Se Scams. Wh hie ater net lo he brine of Heras stems fas avy, andi ten pose to ser posible coer ach quent els rot io euch cca poi ser ple fm ‘ale ee pr: Te popu tabea seem po reveal i ie quent pou med pide down. Apo of sec ane he fe ins ‘ofc Hier, sar det, sequent ean, tansy san be rman creel od of he ae a he ht ah "The remain cle a denen 4 esa ths abhi woke sy to sonpues bu pha alt sie er mt! uma fe ae sey noe 8 ie cnt ese stl sie ae tom the aan wan se i eames ‘osetc 2 Hier-sve cals, ce 3 ft dfn he cla of anion ‘This the Fal Formals of he anguge whch ne ao ni tage Eshich havea othe flowing mM 9390 2 > W>W@>W>m 2192) HS (92 W2I- 49~ 2H Me (D4) 94936 ‘Clamical Lowe I HS 621308 y) HE kW reI0&YII¥ BH? e210v¥. vDWvw HB (edz 4y>N>DUev YD”) 9 (@>¥iDU"DI10=) MIO = yi2(02 YRIP= HILDA, HAL ¢19/s) 3349 (any term) HZ ¥9¢2 0/2) ans term) HIB nex 2¢0> 90/s) 1A deration oe formal prof i 2s deine 0 bea Ste sequence Ooms Ga md ‘xt tht w= 1 and foreach # (1 12 mone othe fe felling comstions ok (Canes ct re kn the erator oF) (a) m= 1 and 9.5 an aim (b) mez and 6 any emule of 2. Uo) me Band thre ae jan Hin U4 1 sch eae 6 9 (ad) mad thre np (2 <1 ch at @has the orm Ya a estab recor Pe 8 ya. W > ey mo Shere ge y= Dai sha @ bs the Rem ya x sa ible ie ui fe atl 8 BSY- he promi his lepton rhe rls fo wih a 2. cocaine ee Wen that pm deo om tne ro frm bo {shee eins a esa whose cnsnion cyan al hte press rin 7 Tr we wal wien ely aber tan Boral For example ee 3 rot (93 ah where formal Ly (931929) 3493418 619073102 0) [som #2], 2) 93030 [soa 1 (8) 1239389912002) [Re fom (1, 2] ) ¢2492990 [Aso 1) (8 928 {Re (fo (3). (4) Pn 2sWilftid, Hedges § $$ To sve the bor of ing dh agumen che Hie 3 Ys thes 2 8s needed; Hs rea cin be ted se emma et pm Ths can he proved» flows ay => Hem @) HEL 94dW 919-49 (sen HO] @) M1211 Ie fn (24 (4) (31) >(~4>-493(~1dL)30~49-L)DLy DU-4DDL0, Tasom H2) (9) (=4DH 2049-4) D4 3-1dL) D4 ae 1) 134, 4 (6) (“191 30~13-4) D4) [Adm HI eudy24 Re 6) en (1.461, @ (19H 24) 2-1 [Aso H4) o {Me (175 8 ‘The ti rec be qute ncn na in po a #2 1) and A heory Th since feeb some formula @ sch ha 198 ~ 6 6 trae fom Ta 201 the lage consis 1 te an be son that sis icq os at dere em Pl Tu cae Set aime. won) bone camp of ume motes her ‘oof eel ge ther camer 7 1.9. Correctness and Completenen ‘Theor 1.8 (Coren Theorem or) Sopune sewn oh dea Whom sant wae 0 then the tauen Ca ew a Prat This rove by indacion on the length ofthe shore detain of ¥ fom gn.» Qu Unomatey the format the deste ey a sgrencs, Sof the nduconhypenbest smching le sae cea nose epee Seppe hoo ae seotences and ie 3 amu whos fe vale ae al Amon ARTE detain om fs fetes te een Classical Logic I: First-Order Lage LPF RW “he aumento sa sting oth nt det ae we in he pnt Sapa. for example, tha hx was the ale gumeed (3) above, ary is The formal 30 where ys not en. Then fom the nducion poh, the sequent eer Ise, sing he Sct that ye ae ei an chek that de segue Yass WaRMODEDE Way HUD 2) is By this an the ination yeti the sequent Sy oteh ea WesB@D 2b ead oui cep Nom, the vomptenes question “Theorem Le (Completes Tere fir 9) Sop that Tis theory ad i {Teotence si at the sequent is vad Then ys dereablefom Tin 9 tn ate reste api te the Competent Thevrem where iss sar wen ea they with ae hen This sas gen ax proving the whole theorem, sn the que PUI vibe ‘let 10 Ty both semua ain fey in 2. Hom he Compltce Thee © pon ty swing the say % cominc theory hen T has # ode A ten ena aout 2 ede along ema 1.5 Sopyne esa conan wich ecas nowhere in he formal tbe ‘heory Tor the seence ¥TWiltrid Hoes Treaty They Pr dh of he Complne Teom This hroxn 8+ Heine prot ‘cea ee ane te cma ded wees te comuracio os ‘sel conte hey. wy hase ul wig eo tes ‘Senet The of wer al acu ft sth nee card Seda (Soper ‘sume » arom theory T nthe guage Let he the mater Sa of Uns ine Eun he Lnpuge 0 3a gigs 1 aig he signature tne adda soma og a ‘sr ile wma Leena Eig. Fm, Naw ce ak foes bey th TeBS TC sh ih 1 comin To ea th grep TT Whe rn eT eh min he ej son Seon a tonsa mone spa a ay San would in some 7; with j< i. : a rat ese sero a 01 TU a set Heimat eT tobe, Obese pn Th FOio} Hea eb ee fm iy ci wines sys ms nam eee Fo Tasty lyle/akoterve pot Tye = My Lema LS Tae ocean all these cases, “ Wie The to al eae hn he ry sh a ses ot ath Ulm ncaa Ee} sear sin lw din Ty eran tArnae Tee Mosrewver iC 7" ise “sion ween eh Sin bron _sentais yLe/x} for some witha «| sa " Tay nc dar pa he reece nin Na te “Pontna eh apie na ey “el = sao ns nd na ee ‘otic eee ees in viv wen bie oequacce sins tenes so 612 ran el ne apse take oe ofa ocd) tha ete we gh ha Iie deus ob hese, othe coon sta A oe ae Classical Logie 1 Fis Onder Logic 110. Metatheory of Fist-Order Logic The meta of gc elas of he tings th one cn ay aba be ec, rater than it A the smbered theorem tht chaper ate ample The ineratheon’ 0 corde loge ae. ee are se high points, begining With ‘hte comqurnes of he Completenns Theorem for 3 “Theorem 1.6 (Compacner Thar) Suppose Tis 2 stoner then, wis 2 fine onder sentence td Tena» Then there ie sb Uf Tasch that Cena Prop Temas then the sequen isa and w bythe completeness fhe poo cle the seguent has. femal provi tet Ube the set of sentence nT which ate wed ints poo. Sine the Drools fine oj, Uik a finite at Bute prot aoa pro ofthe sunt ory So by the comecnes of % U ena en ‘Corollary 1.7. Suypose Tis one teary eve suse of T has {nel Then hus + model Fro Wooing cto ts mgt prove thai That mle some ‘ester fT nome HT as oe he Teas Lie has Incorpo hse ne inte abet Co Pens 2 Ba ‘oes ta bal ‘ar The ru te nse Gy cee Kon a he Pare anetcim Sel Dar “Theorem 1.8 Suppose Lisa fn ngge with 2 most ountady many Formoln arte ha cote teary in Then Tha mode! with a mos Pray Asuming Ts semantic consitet, i consent bythe cect of B80 te htc prot ot te Completeness Theremin section 19 consis 2 tet A of Dy te lat sntenee of eton 19, has a mew county many semen cep “Ther is ao an Upeard Lisebim-Shlem Trem, wich ys ha evry ist coer theory wth infty lage mod "Ah snjucto fr of he oe »—~ Wilifid Hodges. (8K where exch 6 her an atomic me or anatomic fem pres by ~ (Note that m=1 i allowed so tha singe atoms orm ith ve withoat ‘uns a3 fe conjunc.) Amul in nce moran for i hs the fm cmv we hee cach y it 2 tise conjuntion. (Again, m=1 i allowed se that «asc ‘onjunton coun as bea i janie nal Gr ‘A finder forrus ad o be pene coi of a i alowed bya fomla wih ao guar i CThe ting of gu ‘mp, 0th a rua wh no quater count bing pent ‘pul nmap pee yin 9 disjunctive normal form, = “ “Tore 1.9 Normal Fr Them) Est onde fama geal 10 fo one olay of hese pare hha he a Hee ‘antl nnd a ec fom ‘The et theorem, Lado Tnerpelion Theorem, deenes oe ete hn ‘tong ete ig thf ie frm ef some vs whch ere deh nor cin er eich ns Dg 8) mated ere fr semen in ner oy There 19, ee has Sher abt ee tenes 1 Sampo @ «Sito erence in arma Krm, AN excureice os reliton symbol @ cll aie as eyo to gat ad metre ‘Theorem 1.10 Undon Inpaion Theron) Sapene @ ant y eft sles ls xan The ha + emis and emit ‘+ 2c mel whch haa postive ccumence i Oh reac im oth 62nd Yeand | + ey reton J wc bas 2 eee oxcuece fa ‘occurrences in both @ and. 9. “ —— Lyndon’ here en be rove ier yang pot : or 2 choc sume ing Bok of 88 p Bat ee Aiport crolny of Lynd’ Interpolation Theorem a ‘on Therm, wich wi proved ew ea tte Udon oe mE ‘Clasial Loge I: Fis-Onder Logic Corollary 1.11 (Ci intertvion Taro) Suppose ad ae fs-elee ‘Sorensen gem y Then there sz Brander senence 8 uch hat + ecu Oand Ona y {seni mel est occurs in Baccus both in @ and in Chi’ oterpelton Thor in tr imps Heth: Dezbilty Theorem, which Ssesprved coe il. Do all these heres ae nthe 1950, perp he It pret ape of elemenay meaheany Corollary 1.12 (ab Defy There) Suppose 9a ions entence Inwhich#claion syne eo ty mex and mappese ko atthe ae mot vo mendes fan fot B whch ae ential cee toe en om “Then @ ene ome fonder emence of ef (1-06 (9 Rls 8D) hte ie 3 or whi R never cs Filly, note mettcoren of fret kind, vo cons with Theorem 1.2 hones Kem of Chch's Thorem onthe Unesdabliy Pra Order Lagi. Theorem 113 Sipyi Lis ison lnguege whose aor connie a lene one mary eon yb ws w> 1. Then Lo esl, ‘Arefereoc fra he mettre thi seton excep Theorems 19 and 1.13 is Maes (1097) "Thee 1 fe ped in bork eee (1982p. 134, 167) and Teonghes eta (1984, py. 126) topeter witha wea of other mates ination ab reer lngtges. Boot and Fete (1978) conti root ife une ot iene le (hag eck Tore 118 aoe fom irre, ene ening even re me Sogesed further reading ‘ec ey pls eee sa fh che in ear i ape. OF ‘Rc act bens cap, hn (1974 er toy Secs Payers is Has (980s th nee o pl ce ‘hingon e198) pt ommend hn peed ee so trate er aks Chow 950) ale phi on ie CONSTR GUMS ibe ened rman mee ete References eh Lane, Pan ar and Esheeh | 999 Tank Wir 8.20 Tee (een tga fe, New ek ot Landon a———_ Wilfid Hoxiges|§ ————— ak GS. eR C17: Compan dL Camby Caney Pe nl 5. ‘u a Pe EE meneame rma ea Suton on Sprig ip esteem coe os ae Ceara tie maint Sin paeeyaaas etree ate EST anne nem tn 1h yi at yaa si are nn cnn ee TE /aaigb taal meat VE co sem ‘Meaman, Fa fom 0 18,1 HWowig s | Ca “kl cand Vea 957: tml Ens of Rel Teh 81 ea “7 7). ein ———— Chapter 2 ———_——_ Classical Logic IL Higher-Order Logic Stewart Shapiro 2.1, Introduction and Overview ‘A coil intercede langage bas (fonder) variables that engs ove 2 Shistion of bees, wnetines clot + domabrofdimure, The domain Sea te formal lnguoge boon A Iguge may ao onan emonkr nak thar ange over pepe st, flint om the ens nthe dana trieoune, or ve fnors ftom the domain ro sl Fr example, the sn ee Alana har al he quale of rest leader” woub arral be rendre Sit spec oder race aging over uals Si, he sentence "here pet open thet he land ony te pe arenas a vane ane hcp of ira mums Didar ara ange one Pope Ci peyetcn sct of sey functions Rem popes ee. Fr ean, etidng to some hose ascumty the er che property bared by src tur apr exayfur bjs the dara. Accordingly the atid ude em, our der vats, a yn, are chao Teed nu. The ase cr er sare” yet abies Beyond fin onder. "age toner it hax Sondre and ther Ans ib sch dk hue -aner and seon-oer varie and no Oe, eA [Segue ber onder fi at least condor, “Prcudy of foorderlormal ngage sometimes clled fear li, cor demennny pe It csi the ale of contemporary gia theo. Met tetas ithe ore hight ode languages or ee pe them pang meaton Cr bch eaten vat arch. However, italy of the Founders of ttes mutta ope, sum Fe (1879), Peano (1889), and Whichead a Rumel (1910), peseced higheroner mgiogs. scorer li appeared rte aly wen some aun separated on stores lanes 3 sb ‘eens special emer, ilbere Ackermann (1980 (1928) dub ine cee Fe itll treo! cleun” (For more oo the his emerges of aStee ng Mor (1996 1980), Sr BB a Sp 99, on) “heey sof oder op eve 3 mb impo Kanes se tape ee. sections 19, 10), Ge vm ro fn pd in 193i, thr thr comply ound a eae deecie en Doe onde logic: Fast of frais nao anguage an © 2 ne Sateen en om | Di and 8 sed by vey mol oF FU fs tise lp vompcr ees SET of fore omen ivy estar oT ase ten Fl ‘Stake. Te dovand Lowen Se toon ta i Ft eo meals of ine ols htt ya mene whose drs ini, then i suse ina mx! whose domain the nated marten The edn Sm hv ak ease one ls wh ‘it reach ral aber ted in kl whe ont ese melee then eye cal suid sae ah fscaniy ee Ths et esis ad nae hem ae he iat ‘etn on the eget of fsa ngage. Many ee ah ral notions, sch as fade county. and we founds canon be tied i sy order nage nrc tee bean nego seeon ‘fees ke he srl ue hc el mes, and Eien ee ee ‘of hes int thorns pl to gh ne anges ad here ere, re chinceatons fhe oremertione onep al stuns Sica Heer one npg haha Seong epee aces snot song he normal langage of maths. As ea they ae beta, ne Ineale Cowes (197,39) phe unos wes acti ht eh ie ce a he ‘cea wt ail kl ty On han ee if a cee ne et ae, ost smuaies ae es acum o aerate Sr Seton’ pste cea em ee Kee shea te res me Beater es en ea 228 ner hip wh men ‘Cont 99, at Ses the Language, deduce gate, and vith ic meson of higher er ope slong te 4 Classical Lage IL: Higher-Order Largic | — 2.2. What Higher-Order Logic is Here we present the has higher one lope sytem, nladig sce of {Evra onal anges elute atm an cea cron model theo Seance Pr a fle westment se Shap (1991, 45)» YOKE) ean een scheme of fit der aithmesc. The decry Hs a iniely many Silty inthe carceoaton AN of rel aa se second ner tem the prinape of conperenean cing tha exer ord nom cpy ol us fala wpe Bound i order rel al obtained by pain the se ‘mpl or witht amples bem, Boies 2) AHN SEVEN 17 9-84 ec ch a te ngage 1B of aa tt cons he dire wen scone is it nee per theatre ae dey wn an coe ed Sins ier omer nn Te cme ans = pu ee ta ‘hewn ee yt pay a ete ae ae some fein cto a's cl i te vat gene Sie woh eet ur ey a ee eh = meri he et name emg el na adr to int he Loerie Stl Sina hate ey Sa of Brest wae ofS ‘eis dann rn Th wy a eles pe ‘raitful in illuminating the orignal informal thearies. ro ‘As oe a, tend ce anton de, btn cre Cnn. Te ae ho sneer hanes arene ‘tune, ini cnr nd myn ce hone ees ‘owt fom he emu core pe ce eo esis ok sha te Ry esa ee ‘cm uch + sraeaton oe mene eo er Hes ‘nd sey wil hve end no tht he ok ‘Cassa Logic Hs Higher-Order Logie — Linden (1988) sowed tot, ses, the Have popes characterise intone og, Let be any model heorese peo loge ad ate shat Las the prpen ofthe downward Liwenftm Skaem theorem. 1 Lis alo comps, then teres cae wich Liege t Sao fog: Laan mk ‘ton amen mons that canoe be made wt te cerexponding es oder linguge or heer or wi, them ana seman wht ake second-order ree ince The egret concn alr othe nine (eben atthe source enh te expose seat andthe min shoring Precondonder og. 24, Philosophical Issues: How to Pick a Logie Is wy great a iy ‘op negro ant crypto # el hoe Wath fo ‘mtn uh rh abt ay ach ea he they) {28 ere sl der igen ath, Morn eee ro et Siem, with no i! tee that equa ihe oto Soni hype The ec gly re noi i te generale cna yet his se Shp 1981, ch. 5) We hte seat ea ‘eed «seconde scene equa tothe om af chose Ir pas one to hl tha thse mation semen pp sree For thee etn, sone ath pe th scones kg fea Gata ‘nan ot nal tates an cbse frm menage kt ude thon, wth an tended teretton he vale pag es does ficou. A seo ther a abe ang one coe some fhe dni, + aye elton ine (1986 ch yf esa ng ak eh een ote eae tien heaps ee ‘oop ito mabe Heels cond-ender gs Mee Sten wae 4 3a tee dthing” Tee, preset. pope abort Powe daring gc fot to Bess me inept thet 50 ‘Clasical Laghe Te Higher-Order Logic — ected Coe sy ph ins Acces loncerennenne ar eee scout bene ce er Sopa Sey ticles an i Sa ne te ec ae eo ry Maes ete ad oe “nen ‘hat the informal language of mati cern et erent a cere ny Rw op as Sten em ac nese Sune ceeel tn pee en cae ta amen nt Seer ceed gach Sr ap ce yaa en hea eee Snr a ee he mead a el Tako sate sents He the ee cin msn nn an em e Ini SUTIN nat ng ones sine 17 cent fies feel gi" any problem eed Bee? et shoud ower oom. Suggested Sree reaing rhe rei deepens of herons ge cin fd ame ey Pc ee ot ewes 908 rman ate as BEE yan ey 90) proae#memem PStewart Shaping a Hjem (1947 clos together mn fhe eu ees the est ‘ng st eS wna ofa cp ce et he 886ch 8) fn 1988 Thay 1901973 Wes 3981978 ‘Shane of he pmo sind ure tape To Sha ath “omissions bey dlending ad cg al et ps 8 Sls on he slalom uri. Spe (99 fe to sme the aso hep {to sheen ote of terme Lei 191ml nine. the amen ofthe pmlc sence! quit The cong ‘tecnologia en esc, Gee tse Shap 200 Bs ‘ete Taian ern (1965) mane hgh nl Notes 1 Forth kf tai, ona ana te he tino ence et age she (eae mani nr ne nce ns a ‘tion ere ce nw pice aon coe nee ua et ‘pine mason a 2 Ieper won alow Quine sap a xeon neeation One opto ‘woo hte en si a bees tng the rnp ea PHO=WOIMR= Qt) ant foam vitasotee ats atc ig athe ge the eon he Sed te oe sce cn ana be pel hs pei ef ompatone ne a {erone sont om he se nope aero aah Ft nd het sn et es SH) Het tnd nae sae he a elo ean ci el ha ail mae no pai nay. ee botany eae Wh impinge 4 ha ner, the Seman ae hos al eps nt tae yon (© stony et wei he te Gest, Fo the “anil ane of “then fre lg Clasical Lagic 1h: Higher-Onder Logic References en nt i enn in nee hice mera rt eae ee et tse cunts SO Sa ee Cee at Cat att ath Cote se Fee Beste! ce tne ei ea te ed ma a ce: a i a 9 27 a i CET RR se te op Eg ee rey Ran nw a ep ie ct ere nha eee a a itn ns rani a aa ee ana hone ae ee re a pmb a Muay iA en ah Se ca tt et a cae re ea ne oma wees een arta ana a Kei, G. 1967, “lnformal Rigour and Completeness Prot,” in Prabems im she Pp of ASS ere ces cian i cht St i tree ete mr STIs io anche See ecient em vere sre ery nt er Op ra de SS eT nt > phic! Rein 94 (98S), 37-45 ve ssma ee eee en pte eee Seer ae came cea t EE recep eceeeieme eat i igs meres ec aon te ee cne nee meena ree tices or ein a mete atm ee SR ants ten ney STE crn msi toms ee chins pre cue som nan {tlaraed Unset Prom Cambie A wen ri pes neon Scent ae ee eT aCe ee Rage ae ———— Chapter 3 —_——-— Set Theory Jobn P. Burgess Set theory the branch of mathematics concerned withthe gene proper of Searepts cf pins mambo aebtary elements Ca eae i he ate MSs ceoan: manly by Georg Cantor. Aer he dzone of cea cont “Menon suc ea paratoac, ras redaced to aoa erm in the ep ea entry mally by Ent ere al Abraham Fae, Therese kane wiley meepied # mewn = or oundation’~ fer te development (tne eho benches of ner, bat mater. Today. si nations and otutons ae widely wed eve Oude mater OP ee nom ings piso over mas Ft the more a ares of uu emg he ates ete mathemais proper mhee et hore ont notte ase. Father he malo op et they oie 6 cee mathemati ins ow ig rater than a Rarsovock fr devon CRA Seats) ini, tadonaly 2 pk oF pilosphil See Sa the ee tat matonate in some seme elle Co set Te nth ne eae ot peer sexs ths retains pile UU pute ens hat ny pens phy hems reve Ips ploy the A. Basic Notions and the Algebra of Sees ‘aris one thin composed of many hog, deman the eaton of meat # TIS Eaten ae A, with the negaton abbreviated @ A, When cy Nem opts se Aisa an lt te cB Asa 0 be 8 abr of 8 SER Cia The mathemati noon of ei tingid fom the me ‘Bi Sian of prope bythe som of ermal, contig 0 whi 0 es havng crac the ume demetsae Ke Ty fallow that for any ceaon ¥) tev cn Be at most one st who mene al ad iy thew for whch te cndton hols, Thi seis denoted Teta and ever aon on his eration ae ako ued Ths iwi st etfot Ragen {12 condon, then thereto paring ou on the nen se ths of ie cement for whch the gen condom Rois that [ar w and i 8 ttn fv 4] (This ho, i ie set and Wi 03 con ach hat Br ‘Sorter i unigue ye ya or wich sy als then the esl of repo Inge clement fhe pen ot by he clement with them by hehe nan, that [yy fr some ye writenIylai| vw) Ab. oor sn parca, he empath ‘Selon se xa and te amereed) pr x= or = are wee (ahead lab Widely sued base pxon set theory cade the lowing “he intertion A Bat eo st Aan test wh lent eal ad on those that re ements both of and “Two em re led dain tho inteneton eps “The unin AU Rof vost A and Bathe set hone elements ae land one those ht ae cement eter of A orf Br of bot Mae gona the ton UX of «st Xa sete the set whe ects ae all nd nl hae © ich th 96 A keane AX. “The diirnse A~ Ros wo se A and isthe sto ah x that are semen of Ate are no cement 8 The poner pC) of ven et Wie he se of al its ss, toa some wir ne ocr on wth mc of Ube eee UA smoy be witen spy -A seed the omplemet A Various tac “ebro” ws of inrenecon, union and impleent low ‘ment for tere detonate lapel proper onion an dno and negation ot (For exaripls 14 6 Ro“ AU BY The ‘tam of xh ln he psf seme te ce “development of set theory. a ‘ 3.2, Purther Batic Notions: Relations and Functions “The dian a he ae ns fens om te son citrine de ‘xe fo hn, Bt ore nota ot Srp icone ean con compet be +10 the following, basic law: —— 9) (6) and only a= and a 4 (binary ration on at A (epee Bewcen cements of one et A an ‘he of anode set Bs the ay st of deed puts whose two sempre ae Sor cco of (especie whe ft snmponcnt an Cee oad cond components an cement of One oe wits afb far aE $$ theory ‘One may sho omider ordre pe and tn eons ordered quads and (jena elo an 50 on eR ea sion, the cnr (ao called inert) elation Ri he eon Ta dibkal Thos fe he aon of grt ci won be he Fein echt pr = TICS Sam rao the compston SR the eon (ee eb and Ac Thos Ss the ron a arent hid and the reaon of aan sing then So ce beth lon of mt o unc 0 ee oF 2 Fiano elation Rb Ror same and he rages (aor some ‘eros sali es ay eel om he ong eins and toe arcu Se Ry= eS) to ing ove pecan of raion ao widely cst ema perm he ea te da ECs nw wien Ove tora sol Med of th ele ran Ea 4 wih me yreton Sr THe Wan cc pene oe = 1 Refsiviy ate 2 Sommcry ab then BR 3 Tranny Irak BRe then aR “The et bal shen se he egies of A aor fr an egundence Fon A 6 a subir Sof Having eat oe ‘erent om cx eaten RTA ce et ve fA at it yw iinet tn Aer npn alse en of a he es al A 1 prion ate inked by he fc shat EE 9 mim et 2 ec cess of we Penden hela as decd ood any ali aad 8a, fo tbe ume etn ican equals 6 Or pal Ws fons re deg ions oe see ee mann ennJoh P Rarges When the ener Ris wien, the sua st ueder I writen Temi ogy sch ke and preter wen connection wih deste bn A carder Ron at Aiea oder wth the proper that eer na pe ‘abst of haan Ret clement (For example he ul orden the tra umber Ws wellorerin sense Pers the most pore spec Kn of elon ae factions. Here 3 futon froma set toast Bisa reion fberven ements of Aad clement of Bach tha forever #4 thee ext a upgue BE Bauch tha afb Tho angue 8 seen fe + TEU A, hen the me f1Ul of U andr fs deed tbe [fa Uh aif VOR, then the pemage FP] sf Wunder J defied bela Mwev Ifo ciery EB tere ene tmnt cn a € A with 0) = Bhan the anton ‘sd tobe mete one or an ine Wor every 8 B thre ents aha one © A wih fa ‘sstd tobe mis os cin ‘nce ars bth a nvon apd sueson ile con [tijecion fom sw el ald perma [A (bina opin on A maton he set andre pi of eens of 4 tcl, and if § i sch a0 operation, one often wer aay Fo 4. 5) (Foreampl, aon and mipation om any oe wos ae Syste of lense operations nhs) then he anc 3.3, Transfinite Cardinals {he re mney inc y Cantey andi seed sn A sn ed woes Yak oh Suns bi at hese te Beton at a ‘nd th Ava hn 4M The page ‘hate The a ne eer. asf a a Bn 2 Sana rh cae he Caeo-Romto Tw The sue oer ed te fine ria the ct mes often Wake ee enc in on new eal wi tll ea ttc Mah rds ane Shee of al ainamionc vont ng occ se ce thc erie or doumce cd eae amor ae ed nit etd mame. Fs, slay mse of ston aan an exponen sry Seed a ace Addition A*B~((0,2)| 26 AVL, HIE 8) + Matias 4.32 (0a ¥)|a A snd 66 5) + Expoenianon “Ate AT Ba 71/8 function fom Bo A) sa Theory then notions f alton, muiptision, sd expneniasion for eds may be {Bedi eof these soy notions Sine eam Lts 2 Minato eat 13 Senn Vator Alt VAl=2AT Bt ee ee astute nae ‘hoc ee etree Tena» cen fence pin of asl mabe and sg mata {0.0} (ho) «aay (4a) (29) 2a) 02) O12) 23) PE TB amc sho nies 21 i wn 211A A en Car ei 2 ey ee ne ams a chpia ses ied 3 Gm a ld Sohog he sn ee A Car a le fsa ee 34, Tranafiite Ordinals Ler si Rand Se ode ses and Bese rion ec “Steet coupe thee an eas Berd se econ on to 8 wih he Sethe rope a Ta tan ye cements of A d=) 28 Fee amet Be wee aay Hf ASDA Be eet Shwe te sae sre esa by He ate ahi tows tt ncn of A non of toe ope Toa cnn nec «cen concn msde Cara ave hese odin anes we nk Rand So es A and B10 hn he en ine sabi here xan wor ees and SH 9nin Barge - to mean the we wll Rand on ie and wh tl =p an Sh=e Ih a tf & Tt conn meas rae a the some na cleo sed thee ne oma tt ‘allowing, hold: ane 2 mm A, then aS ia Re, B WAC Asad Be Be Athen aS The notion = fa he popes of 3 welloner (Tht bn ios: he an srometry groper, ha f p= @ and O- p then 90. andthe connected propery ht ior p=0 or =p. sre th sulwanl cue The satura Ime are abo the ite ordinal the oral of the sl we om he [i eh of al abe ha a me (ei eho mst tour) nen th “he a ran ree rn prea onal et a {he (mete cna op. Hay be ven an expos desertion fo 1 p=|R| where Ries we-onder on 3st A, and B const of A with one lion cement& and ithe wel oner on Ba he the well onder 4 he on et Bela ecw of en Foxe Te he elt a ll Teale whe pr of Tween sup Tt mar an cn Session, coment a a ce acer im The al ora aed an ahem. The ton of ah =0 pHey=Iprer anim prt =mpie roles Hh 90-0 pila =(p-or4p im init p-+ ssupip-o}0 th plo ‘ve tneson achean pea doen na sol umber eso pices $= U And To OU Rou at ond RIN por inca ah har erences cand se some egret meaning th an be met code y vss nny neo em * / For pct pon meat os shes of meson ean pace my be ded freon mpg sch as non mre fel number nd hai theo the rpc | Nemaliy The mesice of simple at ofthe Sind considered in lene omen sil oe i m= 3) ore i no) agi TI ‘tnd clemenay geome 7 | Inveiance The mee ferme congas ar ul Courage mee othe Ucar a ge ‘the mum ofthe mesures of these he Banich-Tank! theorem shows that in dimension #3, sere yh measure thine on alls, ben fone weakens the reurement if coumtale adit fiend, Aca the atom of oe ps tha, inno dimen, tee 3 mciure dened on alles. Thus some ofthe consequences the site 3.6, ‘The ‘Reduction’ of Mathematics to Set Theory ‘he caption ft thoy tts pin has make mention of xe wr of ets vr dan at ordered pm mtr rate ose cen pubs nie cra and ona pr then thee {mits one ney to eve + amen th Iaeman it tht wept mi a ee er eh ee sores an ann at tint iw em hs utr The a fire ae pes rap o oar oes ee eh ‘rst te uel ua dee ol Ha eo eft ie hse lowered pha Wed) a Sa <1 fot pte hat tha deft eas what ord a ey SEEN MECN eter of te cd ote SENS Sciatic de so Castors taf mune, on he neon gency adopted td gins enw the eto eden Ths se aah a oe L110) 2=10th.sweyorha | sl Asch cain ied wi ea ith 5 that rian Nyse" N thee rte mo . = Kn of nue, Inthe It net cote ae tee Wy, fs procen dts fom bet reed to the denne one ahaa tre Seige wth erin there onto om nat mbes nd ‘ethers mer takes over hee enc ‘Cone to beg withthe non eesti Tie any pt of aunt rier fa) wih m0 represents» ros number m/w So myn tm snd (mem) pecng te me red me if 2nd Sa myn mn Poa oe conden then fps of ae (my) Sh nahn ht the onion sy mymey desaeaalence e Sin Ganch pay and Glas m/v be the eure cis f(a toe thot of al sich equals cae One hen dines eprint on m0 Impine nn im prison ae ner 0 at 97 7 (mga p mm pan mn p/n p/ meh ees the Bs ws Tene ee ok egal oes sn foe md nase. Onder 09 saree rn ny aso be elm re on ul ay Tames prpitandnd meg= ps Wat plete bee anand ar ed raion an nina ron mad unter hy od ta te wed “Te simon mn mulation on he non-icgnve oral an the Hee sel rh aul mb they shuld ot ao be wed dente (heen nga tna es 0/1 1/ic2/la.. In pase, maha Meo tos an oe coton ei om ste of he) "parc inporn cons, deri fom Deeks mo ap son do en ery peri a ob ln Fee eee ee ratancs OF Insts nomeptie ee mnie #8 rere scene! by ese of sme nl mr es a reese nt elec area) sah ss onenen, H cpt mn em an cee de eat eRe crm meer sand A ifasx hs ropes cale Soe en is ecy eps ember teri + atharee sor acmess on-epathe fel mabe, Feral oe dees apr ts On on ten See mon a ou gas rl wer spl to Be hse peat Ae Relres|re Aandi Ac Bali] es rosforsane re A and 6B and onder azeinace ant he tic of kon ed maki and ok sone eat Si nto fo thw fr no-go Fe a rent sna ingle coos ARE re ean een imide, proceeding sey ome o aJoho P. Rungess ames N tothe signed integers Zan hence to the ran apd eh So ‘a the complex numbers Cand the numerous and vane ther tre some «edn mer mathematics. In parol, the pin of hem sienvona ocean ‘pace ae pty wpe of fea umber oe en 3.7. Axiomatic Set Theory and the Iterative Conception of Set "cae ie aumed that eect etn 5, nd in pr, wince ane he on sen en ‘onatcon at A AA & The cordon, ino i the Rese prt se oly theo cay sated of cer wed be tees ransnese Sane wie wit yas med se 90, tte he Re rads wh rete amu tte bat a doa The ext = on ord woul then te wel re of Gi nr only ra, but i even provable in the stem (The denwnstation SiS mm ee te te ee scaecarecias ve “Ee, iui Se ean ees tanta ao ann yc Sesame Sane [orci own cote. The et Hatt nston,ecmasent cone pe ee Sunny the not te igh on ths nce ee Wee ‘omer mat epg on thes Pou Coes tncomplereness Theorems 44, The Unsolable “The plwopher Laibis enone the posit thet oe day 2 uve al Tatr ould oud he wold ecancl soe lf matbematc pel at sre zal phsophicl ene) ream F Ls eae? To nse {hte bakgroind neces "There br type of computing mactne whine fncon & 20 genre 3st of (posine whet} sumbere (om pow oy sume? wl mean postin ger) For ‘Sample x machine nigh programed wo do sings 1 ing he number 2 2 Wheneter you prt number allow iby pining #2. “Tes ae the only two intractons the michine hs. Then, bros, se machine srlscesnely pin the number, 46,8 thar it wl ena te et em ‘nbes, Iron th oher und te moh’ tion ha been pit hy {red oF 2 then would ave geneated theo of od murs For any st 4 {poste whol) numbers sy tats mace Merumert oF gout AEM ws oor al number hy bat 90 umber cutie And 9s A eld Feri envmerbi Cn aterne tm mah be machen grertble) eres machine Mf ha pecse Bumps of reel cme 2 ad in'materats (os cape, the of een mumbet the ae of od amen he at pre mumbo, the a fal amber dsl by 3 iy the eis thse dew in namber seo ora set A et be the br fal uber tht are me The et i called the complemen of A. For eagle, the complement of the st of ss See‘h thc mofo amber, Row, a ict A'af mabe alld ale ewes fath Aan! to compicnet 4 ae rece enamel. The roa ‘hewmen mane May Aan ee Irate N govern he cmp Ao AT any pmb me hese wet ove wher fel 0 St fh machin ping sul ‘eu alwa rte mmbere Hn it thes sooner te wl Ree Sear fl ccna pnt mt nr Ah wil ao exo de, SRO N'Caltner oer pant Thus thee fa mechanical lone the problem of which nomber afin a whch ones ae nt ‘Now sppone tc recive enanetable But nt sable. Then te 2 mane Wat gees Arno mache to geet the conement of A Soppore again het ee woud o Know wheter renner mio 8 088 Tc sett canbe doe it set the machine png en hope forthe Best ‘Tia A sooner orate ts wil beste howe, since fw sooner oe print Fe butif neon Ashen Mev evr pit m Bat bo marer how lng wt, ther emo carat ght xp ac some interne. Thm ia, sue or er hs wl be known, bt f= ton then at 0 Si an oe ‘cy noe tha tan esc ssing only the mactine BM) Sich at ‘sie apty cad mire 8s~ Raymond Saul | ‘Thr ar inc an ote mile pring mathe ma te afte a of th mae h spam nk vt ga Er los pone er don ante aang a ‘pine eer thee sm Eng se hse ‘ahem ese oes unter Fes eke se ‘mci whe ce md age a he mans ed he ale ‘Mosc pt eo emt ng umber 1 singe ag sks thar et nore xe yo se ae sewed Sa {ofa orceie S74 wea soon 10008 Their myo eth oven yr ns a ne stem Us scaled tor maa wih npn ts acne tse he tha of al he mains My Men Mua ese ‘atin jo at rambo phe edhe es ab Brigette ho ant Cee oT Sx tyme wand ete mace U pans op poe teen en romani ona en mbes sot panned gente he of el same Ties Uv poe Nantes 27.047 see and akoshe momen de Ie DC ee Hae will never print 7* 3, or 9+ 4. a “Dut mane 2 wonder hing in tt acs oh one mane U sealing ace oe nr nt ae te ge mes sucht min ins one wlth ha aeog ea OF U, which sill chen print 2 y. ae Ascond ipa en thc mins ht ech mabe A he ‘ste se hc at goles a a pee yt nen tush a poner ee con M, and is instructed to print out x whenever M, prints xe x. ‘Let ux second these tu vital facts “ soto spe act 4.1 The wsnemal machine pits fr dl hime ant ony thee numer #9 Fac 4.2 for cach machine Mi dlaunzer Mp thse an nly these namie such hat Mp ee let be re yh ne eral man Us th ee ibd hemp een Ses a Me raha mine co mn thea ee a Welt be anyone of the he grein machines. By ft 2, here oa number sha M,iggnalites SM Now, for any number the uve aching ‘Gale's Inampeeness Theorems ns iF Me prs hich in ae i the ae PM pints Since hi Fos or every mc the pare, ade when he number td {0 U pros b= i pee Thay fe ee He dhe mabe he eee ha Shee Vand M both pt ko ther ene pins k This emt the ee tat A vin FAT U des ot pot fan wo enor the ce at ol amber the Pacino U do tpt: Ths here no gebertng machine a rin shoe and nly hone number tht U deen pi ering be the st gence by Ui has fat be shown shat hee ro penerating machine M tat peered the complement K” of K. This enero the Toon bse es Proposition 4.1. The set K geet by U7 hough recusely eumerie or sahable no ees) on tw see sre of the mgr niexions of Proposition 4: Fist | aut yids yrs etd ping te eompeene fe OP Fr tenner comidenton. A pete He o pra (te sen) the Set [ra amber n such taal posable inthe tem. Thus, or any A of ‘mbes to yt H poets A voy that or ee amber m he eee Ita spe nthe sc dw ws ember a A. And ae a 0 be repeat in hee come pie H regrets Now, ha iy Foc ile rma tes ng th een ee epee 9 {he er cure unable Th free) pete Ho och 2 tem, theres machine Apis tse and only hoe mums such th Hn roti inte stem: ofthe sts ented by ose eed ora [Jom Morenci lease cnumerbe ss a epee exch fe ‘Stems casuming cnesces) Ae led Giron it Bal an al tery enumerate see epee nt, Ths the et psn 2 ‘Gittun uc se precy thee enmee et te eprete inthe mm iis cohen. Nee tt inn sem Bo maaan se pe 8 ne te ml rep ithe Nua oie nqer nd mre predate Hees N Sie Hots pele fr oy umber wa seen ae pale) Thos + ‘Gen nem coset , Wels Prpontion haa ery Inport coneence Sr Gdn pte: Comer any Golan stem, Stes ecu nanan st ae re See's tenn pul the se Keres bythe uiera machine Ui pce it Lt H bes pec fhe spe hat reeset Ky Popes Unt he complemen of Kino reise enameale ees Oo sean a ont erasure onl? ‘Siton syste npc, the negation Fo H sto err he han meta tar ier Hp tlt be probe fr ore in Ko tee some trace in (and ence» Ro uhh Hn] pron. Bo En] wee proae Fete in Khe pen nol be iconstn,Becase Ha] pore fr vey nin Rand an ifn] came or be prvi 2 comin ce Sint hem aed concn (bing Gan) anor be thar HmDrovble ir woe m ouside Kn, ther, t mon be eat Fl hoe Irovable or some win The sense Hl ot posable tors nme, Since ms no inthe set reeset bv H, Aa, eter Fa) mo ts neation im is poate i he stem ‘Thus Popesiion #1 els Proposition 4.2. Every Godelan sem i incomplete, More spicy san sem, there prea 11 that repens the at K gence 0 snd there number m in K such thither Hn] mow no negson al probe inthe cm Harig now sen how Proposition 4.1 i relied to Gal's theorem, how ie reed to Leb etn? ‘Any formal mathe problem canbe tame i 3 question i whet machine does or does ot pon ours number me Tha ge oy hea ‘stem, one an sgn Gadel bento al the sntnce ifthe ste ond ad “umber such that the machine fp oe the ane mmo the Pr he sentences ofthe ste and o eter And so, 4 Hd it wher Bch ‘erence io nt provatie in the em, foe Goel number me ee eter machine M, doctor does no prim. or eqn, wheter the un ta machine does oe doesnot pint the umber ns m Theres complet ‘owicdge of U wou ena» emplete knowledge of al fea! ncn, Co ‘eel, any ution of whether gien machine pes oot tg nes cas relic 0 quo of whether ean senteteprvaie ms ceman se ‘cause one can ake 2 foal gem ti wheh the tee Ki topes bys Brkate Hands fr any number m the machine pina it Hoo stubs soscn, Ths a compcic howled ofthe et K's aaran0» comple nowt fal oma mathe! sen Sov, wha doe all th mean wah eget 1 Lbs van Snr eb cant yee rine te ey of lel ope, Beco Wn et cali Cat) ‘hon be equine, by ‘wave » meant aie seo ey te ‘sivas etn, then Ciba’ hope nx ese, jay aTempL co even» lever mechani” tha wl sole at mathe Problems spy doomed vo fe Inthe op wrote oon Pot (9641944) hs meas ‘zat tihng nd at ema, catty sene Oe oom tmaeatcon Rocio on neceaity of ting his own inligece, regan of how dee sen os ies completeness Theorem ‘Suggested rte ceding tn posh Ghee pngrns ec hh {Souths 995 arco cpg te ingyen ea tes {aD haps nine ln: penne So (199) eo tp mh rao ri, Fae eae incon te Cle ean enh we oy ‘lang shores sete ene rn gor eanpees ecem ea Sophy elmer ng Wem en Sp tnmlig fire loge ae ae apse cot, 00, = nnn te yoo wr ‘scnlnen 1992, fey erring ses of Prange Si Ap Que {isto aden sre dds es gio he eg nt tk nea Ne sa Sai St St Pi SOUL nite reer soma atc ssp tye i i cre ers et Meee ee a en Toei ou srs of Sw Tome el a Cha elf wee ty ed a ina Ser Sa Te Pe ae SSL Shiorer pee crcaienracs SIRS EID! neato irs ey Si Settee anes ee ot Ate ta SMa Mon (Gon tealChapter 8 —————— Truth Anil Gupta 5.1, Introduction “Te concept of rath sensi og noe only ata nue saa 4 gt of uh: Ende of Meus (I fourth centary CE, 4 Mepanan login Soneed he paraox known asthe Lar and eter sin ha done, pan eo the ages = Arne and Chysppus, John Buran an Wallan Howey, 30d ‘fed Tar an Saul Kighe,ro mendon js few ~ have ned uo underand the Puzang tetas ofthe sncep orth {m Eales” paradox, supposed that a penon X ay What 1am nom ang ie 4th tigre The ton inst ita ii nse uments abcd cami wha ss eset see ct samt fe ame to be ie Tecate lam to an ul sane ae) {rst hat Naty te then 3 tert i mcd ee es ‘ga, X ats have sleigh), The tt Xa ‘eco aty,an he ay f °s stemene mp te Te “pial supine tant nply a cenacs The very ply of Eade” aan Pas provoked mumerous snp ok Sort Tee rinse gt wr yield he) ‘ha the pardon mowed, and the ene fblem solved spy 8 ning at ‘thi propery of propeston (oor o sence) anlar Wr wen 30 et Sex Repth tn FN pean an Ps “statement is reformulated 4 lite: * am not no expen 4 te propon, 1625 wont do note HALE A.M gue otion they do mt cape pops. uk! be weed to be rue, one haan onthe path #2 > eeeeseseS—sesFs m= oneal, Second, pando behavior i oneness by eoningent ‘Rtement and it not pawbie to aman tht these do aot expec props ‘Sos St Pal abuts, he Epa Tithe following ema ose Cretan Emer “The Cretan ae aby et we au tht a? apis to pene who hae never ered «tah (een trinenna Thea har een en noel te Epes remark pro Ifa eter Crean wieanes happen to Be ntue, and he ear not pardon {but simply ae) erherne.Suppone hat no ter Cretan eras it. Theat the Epes rch i contingent pardon but i expres + properion or the remark cn be embeded n= be bee auton or example, Ste Pal tebeved that se Cretan were aves ar 4 ce sas tat ean xin soe ff. Pas er (Gad ln 1s93crp 72) "cal pale py he Le aso sin whe ne kes oa, int a Tn he armen ee caine ace pel hare 5, sme Itt be tenements ws netsh ey Sse i cnentsetie seers we psn rh cn be wee seems il oom i thea sre Sener Tne Tons psn mea enn pss wn oe Seeman nu nets eh riscad ea esis ot wih he ae inns forerang cnt Acne hut ene Alon fu ett aie TPEaTSaahy ad somone pone tn rue ts fon A (Pit irdeto. ann Tr Se ene (1) ee and oni i Insane ofthe Then wil be ld Tania? The prox shows tha ithe peace of cen king if seleceence he T-iconional imply» cor. treo, Suppor the denotes i ot eso Fa ofl at ino coy Now the Tonal for °F oc ee ve ad nly if ot uve and (5.1 ogee ply a coneadicion within casa lopeGide) showed sats teeena statements an abeas be emulate in & lenpge that cont emai at rams sh cone sd aes foe ambi, [Se char 4 The problem the paren penn san there fe formated flows the combaon “Tcondiona + Sytcsnehne + Casi Lagi ed to snratison. oe ofthe emer ay ahankned ~ et he ticondona, not the acres ot lal gs Te prt th «res il pole i hiesme ( Chhua and Pet epee ‘cman fh te vent tees ener e oooce Suche me oly deeper the mcr ceed fy the pron. ‘Te come of rth ed nay even mos waa ing bere. Hem i hi ace, weving with an concn comp” Hh can ah ise Comp dod we Sets te pronoun seat ‘a rroicnacwaty-atrbuns orange wh senedeSnw se “Som wt ete’ nd Some As mae te’ aw cm Ns Bene The pinay cheng ht the pro cro pe af ge ndestaning of he coe of tthe tat epi he nna ont _srsoay chor of te wong in ss tng ch tn se compe {adsl lop The ape ote pasion on Hada names ae In posite or otance io weaken sytem reat aon am the language. But such moves do not meet the challenge. =~ “The ape ofthe arn not on ras god yen nose buono we pes Tanks proto fe warinan hee tieo ede manera he th often oe he etn ay tte feo moe ih athlete thn th set ngage fe chp The sth ngage can ened eee lapse by alg ot area that apes shel ‘eae ph a mane ose eee rc Ba the aed utes he i at be Ste 1 the an ne et Eagan 1 ab anew pede hat eee i hap, tah ht eden the me ing mh {athe epee my an ent» Yardan end oes re engages, 6 0, £7, = ro ‘The Ton hea of ngage an rh predates can be cnt Segonng ih ay ined tas language tar beef and eed aeons Ut 4 chs npg tthe Caen aces hae ear, inti pee’ bong tot. Then he net guage ine eon een feet peat, tat pesto alte etc ot So eal on" ape oo sas Snow i white. ond Tot ad ot eens cht Soom green, ‘Sow white se, tat he Wier ‘ey the nest higher angus, contin wth pret, ‘Spe han see Ts) apis a 1 Sees FC chs ‘rom white’ that dono belong to Zn gener ath predate ofr moe pi on (lowe ee! semence, Leto seneees a Belong 10m < my, Sos NOE {ply scnens of vel ©The Tyschea for oe (1) AP ieee and ony A ison semen Act [ef prs An or a hyper t AM ae ml of htt He M except ha ans othe ere thon h The vl f evion fn, hr Din M San operation te set D=T # that sii he son ud lkd) = ted sie At, in MA ove hatin ent, te sion al yo monn in an ieesing se irs tlw suey ldo an seen of nc By {Ec fae eins sgn) Fo ene ogo foro om te eon ‘Uk, he toubn of ero een ded Suppose Sa eqns of orb ad spn Bh et» nk oo tcl rata ond For Ms i ete ea meer of an fa be 1A be iy) in i hee a id IN) hs crisp f=. ten ue 0 glee Soni aM sues wy conto (i asBe then §=Bad Sl {iy ential eat ee ty in a she sven bv a evan segue Sthen ne sine wth a leary nil press S.A sg an armen sages very oe ree the hype athe ‘roe thas pica the osu le, Arai ape he eka tan objets sly) po then ii dechred 0 a 12 Onnerwae. bray algped one oF the ath ve is wea of in get ot Bel) CE See ela how thes Sof pts and ely (1993) makes cna ene of et dion. A hypothesis Orfeo fr Bayi tees ‘eso sequence for 8 sich tha =) and = SB ab fl for TOE ADS Seacate Bb some onal > 0. ny to how tht reese pes re rei the ones hater ver and re sai in ong revision a —A Gap, sequences ~ hey athe ons that sun he revi pet. Non seen A aldo» Din M inthe sytem S* for hypotheses skate rel fo Be ‘Aisne a MMs and D mpl Aim S foe csi meses M of LA'S {aldo in Min 8!" A argent Anno AB ald om 2 om SE imps (A, BA) in "ample Cones detion (5.2) and suppose M repens the ata ae of sis" ht Scrat, Pato and Are ae dati als Then the eon ‘ule a oer eee pues: (Socrates) (Sorat, Piso, (Socrates, Ard) tn [Sorat Po, Aro) OF the flowing senierees, iro) ‘tastes Gisoeete) Ya(Ge-+.4=Secter ve Pato v= Aro he eo they a dea ese test ert ‘Th pt ta ean ra ban ‘th re eof ply cn isle dee ed iro Cpt op boc Sh "tla hey mp iro don onc a 1 Ee e trmues deed oy in tems of tsar) ogre wth = Stuer rs (Les 2 pcinion of hse sees Fforest wl cot sacri et gucci tls fe clecson fouls). Soe the en of We creer Stan fel pcs hve bon wie aed meas of eign ‘Dating the rebion of loi onscquence and te nocd nots “Te coal tes ef Free, wer nde to ge a wey fie cua denonscrang tao of gal comeguene ~ is, of demonsctng of rains te they mere ined logo comequecs of proce 3 of See The icraon in sgnng the tm wt ptt oct oy, at (Quiguem woul aude» deat ool @ om 936 Eo formes oly ios nda loge ensure of E. Dedoctily wt the mer was 0 have been a lai ntor of ng comer “Fa Suncor one’s ofthe above depo ceo he fic ha the some ing of mato pe af in ie ee a Reread coweucmce tonto one aie, Ts Ob cao, st esi, Setpoint of mang ie he decay ERER Shloul i help comegoence resto. As Frege een Tate oped cn wo onc anther re nonin popnkons tbe ind of tug taste cece yy need seateen tha ae te objects The Resist ney Anas Hope hi oma they appear io esd ays expres dtsninare popstions, Ts the Frqean weal a0 ‘Soya forma tem ean be dente, naw acta 3 4 fords 9 tw be dedi om se of oma nl i the popoiton SIRE Byes lope comexuence the propositions expend by he embers of ‘See Frege (1964 1893], Vol. 1 ep the Tnession and sstos 14, 15, 1,20 TW inkn principe a les ira mate: check wher arn satsces ta erect, Sethe day relion piel defied inthe [Etre fr a sls of infrees, the guly-cnta ech ik (Gaps at at simple ne chek to ee at ery propson expresble by errr tat of logic und ha ech re of nsence counenanrs the Raa, 2 amas erm am supe of formals. Boni the propestion ‘apeel by oa log comeqanice of howe expec y By» Be uyPatrice A. Bhiachette | — Frege hcl id nt of my ur ct ir aig oth sng ‘lo demonsianng hrs gen proponent tat lop ey ten proposition doin cow kp om spre leees ee tose sem oprah he ey mpl eee ogee lop a ence ae Sis wien ensoumered The meee oe ee {3tm wsfo hte tec etter sh mang ut that he rrp erent ons we nel shots ope ad ths eo inn ants gence oop conse Ros pens Te Lane fhe fal tr wa in ge prot onto adc had pe Il foment medi soos fat pac need ee 2 ls rence, ns aporwan mate dont He aaa omidatiy mre compte a mines ergumeres the seca ag Ten ain reed ane te pate oh sts ae inne nthe ay of eh sped ae or an the accuracy of the system. a _~ As ferme tee ore Fra sem 196611893) wt ini. acca Hi dbase wre Se bat pn fi wok fel hi th tm coma dedatne tf aha ama panne oe Secceson 10 Fees te, of eure, he ula oe amr fs rps acts gel cme, Bee re, {peo to formal yt are moth ting, nn Reus Fre Thefts the Heqean sew of he ar ofthe og elton OF ct xs pop fo he yea nth whe aceon Ca the op tt, the cat he opel cmneuence ats he nee {il aro nt eg ane ed Sh Nese ‘psa els are prea hel ef shine bes mac, snes frspts the sto hi ew one ta ae ‘tess as ee st pmo hee ah he eae aes ‘acta i Wheat us pra trade Tie nemioe thn wy ci pati ea at a as she oar bt the womens four hop an es sed Seg : impairs The ew sha hep me ee othe pea ad aa Serwcen shee dient Kins of ens: he vey thing tse eo ok ‘ie Peson's dese in lpaly contra the conten madre seco ok — eal Comequece shar bjt and om comidrson felony, See Quine (19835 {1948}, 1970, ch) a Cartwright (198% [1962 Skeplcin about noningatc propor leadt to the aerate view sha sentence ae te bearer of he oe on. Some caton he resaed hee Ioeve, out pcs wht mene y he cai ha sees a ah se loge consequence of one another, ad 0.0. Taking eee to be sy {es of mars or oun the ew at te lope selon a ore by anne iene The sng of mba A mes ae mo ocr no, by tf ave any log piction, ny mre than doe the ing Aves Tow ping ow he fi ng hing eh callin fd Cetin mbna me hs pe oy oh ee scm tee merely ang te ppt rth re tg hs ecient A te kw ost ey tog row a hgh ig ose wih he pt nd ‘Sone ay dot The neta bello Shale een scan ee, eon vv oy oc oe mat eng Be Sr toe thst geo et ‘tes ft iit con a ena eae She teen gon tape pop he priya o£ hl at, teen eprint Priya of ele ns a per ito othe it men fac mops op Shs Baran he esi ss oe sig we pepe, ‘sal span ef nt pen pai ter eto err lap wy ea th fe tt oa i ee “Sin ef Te sng eg ‘rue by orto rn! yp sa te le ot as mc of iu, ir ee sn in na sen See orn a wor na ny se oa Seco ent in abo bt rh hdoenely Stohr fy see el oe singe artnet een res ene ‘ning hd se she sn nee gle one 2 ‘Een ne tet ee ii ec oe ch oe ‘Smt nea msg nay efter gl eng eed oly ig ew tot mlgnt rr mening” mop tl meg ene al ces eg low eer ag nePatria A Blachewe ~ = ‘The second are hang Het show te concep of uns Fg an sini fomal work cnr he dtc betren te eos {cto fora eonseqcne a he ras cians maddy po ty pram tee The eso of lp coset par ‘hese tha eter the eto a nor ortcoonofhe ss Serea son the ence o tbe deers of fo me Sih fr Be red ‘eons of log wth comes conn and soon When oe Kary i wie. om the pi of dims [oboe are wise so Katy is eld of fobs mets tr a ahh 2s crete Ecumenagun ariayenemrens in, The cl oer ton ik ase, bet on Sinlehe natal ase ane seovar lara achat 6.3. Contemporary Formal Systems aren fom fom Fea in wo ap ata at 0 the a of i ace eecon fe pe poe a ein to 2 om dis ots tp sew as ea a cxihspening ci cme Fas mc hips aie ee of exening ston ange tsi The pickin Penney pee eek ogi Comune —— aed meanings be aiged to he lop costans, he ins of means ain thle the menses of ach stacey, rk of omg ds ‘Tha te heres borne ind when one testa for erage, Pe can Be sted formal the ce “Ther a et one prime mmber Someone i French, The econ ean difeece between Frege and sandal contemporary 6 tee tat he ane ply icerport& mall eri apart A md 2 oval ngage xs Rncrion ch, whe meeting 2 ayo requirments pele ‘otha lngange, nse rate 0 coh sled formula ofthe language, The andar reqement inde fr exo, the regent Ut «nel ois frat orl ofthe fim (8B) ony fi sigs facto bah and For ‘funted langage, the amen of uh vues proves an augment of Undid an stot toe pao for (See taper 1) Iiicad of anc the aun of formal pens Sethe Fegan 823, by realy cramining the salon Berween sedate formulas and the ems they ‘press, pial prise ith contempory stems eo aes the adc) of {ope by eamining the elasontp between deduce formula an the eh “alter sged thee fm yaa odes Where Ea OF foals ural en 8 aad 4 Formula 8. + gina made eric cmaqueneia SOF every ne of Ss ode ha SDS ‘ae wresh mse aie re fo. Ts ante 1A famla madetheraitrath of every Oe of Ss des gs ae Acer gun tha aes for fo stem witha ode theoreti apart i thar of the coincidence berwecn the rlaon of model terete csequence and thereon of dedutiy.Abrevting 9 deduce in Som Ea Eh the two hae ofthe cunt co the sumac and opens theres fr 8 flows Soumdnen ofS: For vey xr of formals of Sand every forms #0, Dre bea dre. a= avis A antee —_—— Camplaenes of Foe every et Eo fom San coe la @ oS, HEN hen Eve. 1F ones primary inte in deviing 2 femal stem whose deuce and mole theoreti enseqicne reins cone then the seundnes and comple ‘theres ae tert i ther mn, Whe, sy the othe bans he Putas the design of formal sem rat wil beset clog fonts, tae thre a of rt ghar oe ot the aden of ech of tee semen ctl lacie ‘teoetcconsewuenee) om the her I pe Knows at mel ene co sconce wits ten ble inc foe omequee, then he soins horn Si ea ent oe ed ae ‘the eer fam one haan dpenent guarantee the rehab o S elu sation wih reget to gal omen. the the compte ‘core for wil eat the cay ts yond Smee! ne cca unite ser Frege steele, stander contemporny stems tte «ash formal 0 be eagle of frmang» wae ange oat somewhat mee Some reel emling se Gene ie ean ema ‘here athe dedi comequnce rion Of formal stems One cot Sly wher 9 beings nl here cosequcice nS of Zea at the dei era by ia apes coseguece oh of dime expres ty snc there ie no unig dim and st 0 cawu eyed pind by 2 eee th. One wars art sak wither thin bls orale the ds 2 oo dai cree by a2 ropes Sm ete ton dae fr example the ae of rms [Yt Gh al andthe ral Gt sl et Tee formed Beak es ere I pie nbc te Seen pte ube. See (9 another ocean, res formule igh represen the io [Al sheep ae manna Dolly sep, Dolly «maa ac sch signment of ems tothe Kamit fa ngage i wh are ale a ending ofthat language. That to sy. 3 redingf' enguage 2 {msg of cis tot chned fl : ula ina way tat atic hea ies ‘hums. as mentioned above, for that ange, When one asks whether desi Logic conoyuence ina given mal ayer $2 rela nar of gc onsen, he nest i inher tel ols fr echo he rains the ge Sry forthe question f the relay of the model-hcoree conuesuence eatin for 8. "Where Zand grec of rma ola rec, of the ange of foal stem § and i ening ofthat nage, (2) shall msn the ae ‘fcuime asigned by Ro and" Rig the ci aged by R09. Foren, there I the fi eg pen the stone expe, Rk Fa eset fc (A pies ae. Sven pine) sn Gi te os veo sot the relbley of he deduce and mode abeoreteconeguence ‘Stone of» formal sem shen ca be exrened te eon of wheter SS general trae th: (WE q then Rl) a lop comseauenc of RE) (3) WErg then Ri) lope consequence of RE) 1) bol fo gad or Frat , hen 8 debi elton tela 14) al Tra yan fs tc en 8 me here Tr sometime ht at ae eal tens sandr ine she moa tose source itm suman slab nate i searuec, wh ay tha) vin aed by sah ens Thump eb tee o ee ar thera of eel howe Sime bee ed emo era cel ede te feces eno pl cece: ei ea he th oe {Go the cay tfc cy rton mea ele oe {fos of ace oe no teen. Th arpon of te ce aoe beer en eet oie on ee ha hover ‘Strchalege andthe rumor berg Sutera ow oes Sy no meas use Barco (20), Echemendy 1999 (T99) MsGe {Tory Spo 1998 nt Sher (991. Soto ya (ae een i be aed in ctabiting tte cory mal pt tha as oth ec a + oe theo Spano orcad ihe we ote tan Bo ot Bre pte ‘eigen al coeur ako nee sch dpe, ne Wil De Intros nt ge Sl verans of) a “he cna tay nahin ie). rh sense cna! yrs) th te cen i tc fe COrsequc of ch Afe lp tee aeny ww rable of foe on ‘Rovence, one weld nc be inthe poston eng fam stems poe aa~ Pais A lactate = shox Nees pes mae aerate sta Iman macy coon ogee neohome eho {reat et pra vst of md wey Tes. pth Fe Ste mio thr he mat lel omc lay then ital em shes dec /moelhence osecc o e Ee Aco thy Tene evn sl eg oh ‘6A. Conditions on Consequence Tea cmegen non iy pening, enh tt ine coronas or tped mses ate ‘tal ono and nic pe nee a a tert icon Ey ech wae Sa ara SnSat fr ey Sine aes es Seo Neen il ntl ae ate ston rp act ft ee at eeu ae Treo sore he enon muh sng cect eee ern on ane eps eke a ne Tint omnes oe SO ane aa a ae Comet hog cnet of ee he oe Sec ce ot aa Simin tnt Hew oe nea tine dance anp yet a hea ee Scare coment neon ees et ie ea cam oa te aan ae ee ea et vg see hei te a he a “tie thin npn ans pete iS ning ct kl mu wp symm ct nc enc a eg oa A ‘oe’ roe i fe i en Rr sin tc ome ane on Fr ths propeny so dlp conseguencs. Thee is tough seme, tay ok ch sgt encanta chm ne cor 1 nc Weber ions oe ash signe eg oe “leone ue a ow tw se won a he Cone Mo ene eins cate i hay ap nea! een eda he pr yt ‘rnin loi cone foe ieee 1208 Logic Comequene 2c of cis F then it sop to be se while the members of Fare tre. Shiri, an argent aid the spa for premiesoeae nile te conn te 'Al often ars of the lil consequent poi codons hat, tnt be met by any eae deductive or mo theoreti scout 0 onegucne ‘Some of them se more cal formic and yeaa ee sha ter Ts ‘Sct le ly ache ceo gen y ae la mene conn, ae the modal caacer of lope eoneqoencs. The relevant coiens af aden forthe deictve and made hori cm sequence reuton forage 8 ae Ut (6) UF 4e@. then impo for ech member of R(} ro be tue while (9) tee (ie) WE er0,then ie isimposble for cch member of RE} to be ue whe 9) ‘As sual, isan asignment of cis meting the al nae of eh!) 8 Ferman, Only i» formal tem 8 ses oth) and (fo every 2 0 Iwi thar syem's mode here and deduce consequence febins prose ‘eal inicio tal consequence. Ssasction of eine easy eta Ted or seed); ae snply chek each aio fo sce tat i expres ony eves tae td es eich re of ference to ace that I peers this Property in the cs of propostonl og, fer eample, one Simpy ous Ut the Eine insane ofa hand offense Waensa apres only recent rth an thatthe ls) of ference (ems pes) ‘Ania tgomen aimee ue the oma order deductive stems “The omy iil pin ere coer the ton empey uve axumpon a ¢hvowangant Border stn ce bape Sock Smals Geer and eee Fo are dedoctie theorems of anda fede ates Bu the cis expel {tee formes ave nor unconeonenally Aecesory truths, and Hence no Shcontoenil ngs consequences of he emp) se inde thee Fmaas {do apren mo serena wits shen standard fn onder syste al to ats, nd hese fat wo sty (Ade own these exienlFomas, however ‘hinly uncontoversal tar sandand Boceder systems do say the da erement masPuna A nchewe Inet he propor and Sn tempts ewe a sed sow tens an Ses pd Sw donde cee do sto mt a a on Wako posse cthih misono hen cemain ae an is iran fe ow om lhe an hen nthe ea opener Ip Here ample an marc snl om ne Ca 19 at ‘shes ston a manta te of asl pepe tae Ln the agape Ln a em pened oy ron ep of Ss tye ary apron an he aman cpr Ve an “inci tom Lin {F1 Whes ban rion hehe aot sere pa tor nC at ao et Sia, teat ormerne Ven nase thw ety Te Xthen une Rowe ‘pie he mre sms Veot he sae al eo ae ‘sire Fem the ms en ers an ae Pmt ee sinh nic eon is rine mee et Shecomiaon tet ol poms ves Neate eX ty ht soon Beane ahaanih nara andneap)oTira)= nel tas Sn Ine tesa bain es Nea ty ‘oe frat ipn: ot hygiene a tow of stata henge contin an Ne assigns T to every member of E will sign T 10 @. =e he tio ofthe sion oy aad propane ie section fete fren Fa wh al eet OR oe Pa ese Sire mca omens men ede Seb te sates GF and th made ty. Hors someting mun be tne Shr dase ‘Sei Ll Leth fe pel he hl eer (©) fee at rl and Na expres the negation of what eave, a af expres the enjton what an Beep th aan admin ee» ym ntti of fh ‘thes tote hal en tec (Ch eating. Ths ae “Seno T ose we ee om tanto Neca se ae su Slim a i nqaton wan fh Bet es) hat ea ee ‘rue vation Botan So spe vs x Baan Teoh (2) focsome wif ra) =»0Ne) in which cae ris aot ansible soe its Posie for clim and its negason to be bath te o eth leo (8) for some wi cand ther oie)» Fand sa) niPheTit hch ee F 's nor admis since nor pile for cms to be te whe thet ‘onjuncion ie) o wea) = Tan eterna) Fox (BF in wah (2 Fs admis (since noe pons or» eonjnton of eis ‘be wie whe one sine! fae) ‘So every adie yataon is Hoon, ep 6 Lage Consequence or stems asking» complete theorem © se stems of second order leg [ace copter 21 esabtment of) fd (i) hoy mst be by some ‘sch dest tho. The qerion ofthe modal legacy of second oder sens {ho rg to wenn den hese, bt se ofthe ene conc se talons. int of aly sorption that the suction of precy mh ims» ren fomata canbe taken to exres conde le ety amet for second ‘lr seme thant fe fst oder sed props ems Fr eames the axvAAO 99) igh oF might ot, be taken aan spre frlzion of ci ht thre the stl he scene gs en epee rain sibs cng then the tem quston wl GF) sine the ea ode ‘fee ih, butte cam fata necesry wu nds nerd choo. nhc edhe and hs eating othe fouls ed eine then his price trent oe) not ale Sy fae ec fetal Protea mode ove rat of eond-rer gin some conti fe ree power othe ngage,» vay of such ors exes ke cain Though ews undensdgs ofthe angsne, the ode hore Sonmewen ‘cso ey fo ty se ge coin ow nox theorem The rai ofthe dele stem, te the ssiton of) a of (Gh bet cconcio beconlie by long e deaf paral seco oder Acie systems ce sap (191; ee bo date 3). For any tthe cers und {Ct prexrton, piney, nee, ccs the ah ofcbecing he abi of prea dedine ser eae “Sughetard: nce ston othe cera by the edocs pen ake Ge Beene to the tation of ge ey es by he eat mage Seco anos andes of erences Caecing che lity mode Theoret mem pry the sere of competence theorem, en 2 ‘Shuey mec mu mater Ames een wet rt a ire of em res stacy em Aree fh fer aren inthe cof econoe ge with epct tee continu Iypotneds Thi cumple Guced by Echemendy 91999 (1990), sh 8) "Te conan hates tthe pts hr here ae whos cralty is ner than ht the mle () and sar sh hat of he ea us (2) Tis genera aed owing the wok oF Cosel and Coben) that the onnuuns hyeras (CH) indent of te axons of ZAC (Zarmetor Facet har wih thes cue) (ee caper 8] "he ano coma pete mat» ec 0 el When sing thetes ver fos te on ey od (#4 ae Theor eu one aking wheter hve eat model which Sy that orm. Thar which forearm ou To bet ee) el wil pend 3 cen cite on andy matte on at hi of o> ee fe Been ‘Stondrr ope, the proper ing of malar cardia es 7Parsi A Bnshcte | — ling of mal larger cardinality than RL canbe fd, there ae sence of second-order lose hose ats 1 noel here tae wl dpe the Poston ofthe cominaum hapten Spe, the continents tre, then the setence wl we toe om ey mode (eX >NoR2H) wn where *.> NY and R=. ae abbreviation fir the deiable properties jus ered Tete continu hypothesis i fe, then there wil be mothe power of ‘whotedomain conus ses larger thas N but sale than R, and hence mae ‘which sy (61) la ths eae, bower, the cmeace GAYE> NV GX NBR) on wl ete om every mode “This woul seem to pose 2 problem fe he ew thatthe mentee ts ‘fac language ae hays lpia tthe ~ and bece forthe sew that mes ‘theoretic coneuece ie sah 2 tem realy indents lie consequence Fer ‘ssuning thar the cominuum Ipeese rey ty at abowes independent of te toms of ZFC, one tiows tht nether the cont hype ors egton {4 tuth of loge: Forno tela of loge ae independent of ZFC, And fe ‘tiv bypass is oo auth flop then sata uth of logic tt exe et lager than Nis at east sage a8 Re And ie 6.) spy say that 9 9 Lager than Nis ares 8 ge at Rone mat coche that fo mo uh log: Sita, the neation af he conouum hypothe mt tat fe ‘en so ath foe tha hee ae tage han Nt thee oe 2 larger than WV and mall than So, frm the fact tat the negation oF ‘ennui bypothes nota tuth ofp, ne mnt soncade tha 63) 4 # few ofp eter Hes the pb Ether (rt (02) 4 te here eth bt mee (.1) (2 ao ge en ae tel hee ‘potential repre ths pres tat simpy she hat thee 0 fe boundary Desa set theory and nw hence mo ffs ween ‘heoretic th an il wath That may wel bo, Ruta ach ep ‘he ew hat mode shore consequence and tah in hs ter lb Ie lope eomegunce and th For, to end the ely of the mode there ezount one mt old at either (61) (62) in at llth a ee sh ce ve omnes apn» tpl thy Bate confets wi te unconovenial independence ests whch prompt the probles in he fn lace. lagi truth and st aeortie wh come te ae tie then the dependence es demonstrate ht ther te emtaure Noses ots negation setstheoresie uth in which ene ee bo spent forte view tha eer (61) or (62) i loi rath thee ate setae the ric ae not lol rth then the it (i sone) th ste the continu ype ort negation is» secaeorec rath doce not support te vew tet ae at Comenerse caer or 0211 fg th In ier tiene wold eet Stns nen order sh wal sven rer mel ree conse ‘Se inne = nda pe ene de rahi han tn oid pe i eer ‘Salsa min abr tery ovo conte dete ene nats conseuence 68, Different Formal Systems log sa ot ermal cn deed 1 le te ll eof he le Seen cro, Srv 6 pera fps fr EE, eel ilar aan par theo en pes ‘Slow nr ner te ase of ge vom toe oe Speen st eet Steen on tne be Speen an feet pel conser hot “ db eer Sah its may ing a tet sb the ees or ae fe econ rein “pvt cn smut een url esmene o an ae ob fen Tower runt dagermets we pose ae wel, ee sn Pos fame apecmen shut he ate te opal ones {odin lA ned ste, tee ae hse who bod tha be con Soomro cmman ves yet ater that nee sense nat {othr fhe cum sel Om thn so or xe one aot Ay the emer Toner ts oa omc at Soh i athe. the rma vein ya, wth er Pe nla ets of ications of com “aoe, Suna propostonal and qed sen flog cet ts apc th deuce at de thavhe lone veo muse toe ee 0 Be re log comequnce These roi ae fhe ee eae nfcon ‘orcs ann rte geal tone Bren 8 ATA ‘ale ses of rience ogi [ee 13) ‘Saari, eof un i POM sf clase Forte nao bao oe ‘Sapien wth mathematic tee me TI. a9 sche easy paso domain we for each claim—— Paris A. tance — ‘he comesponing dsurcon eter go arg ays ri. On the ac loc wih une n easements ge those stem floc desea wo provide lab intone concurs relared noone thes ate undereye ini (ce shaper ‘Other dsgseements withthe cas conception of lg conscquse ike then asc to er more semi stem ce, example ab chapters 1, 14 1s nd Tol. all cases, the same poncipe a a work + pren conception of te pretheoreeaton elope conequence roms the cumsrion oper {na ortorma system. one that nil yeah suse semate eet of fg ‘onequece and ed ovone 6.6. Analysis ofthe Relation Final and bey, ths secon rst the itn uct: Wha it mats one chim 2 lop erseuence of eA reps ths quson eat {Bt oe of two fos: The ss dumie, eponse Wo the sean gel Consequence pine and utunaeal nd hence ta bre cannot reduce he [tof as lowing igi fom B to any more ta ts seu an Be 0 any more bu laiesip between them. THe second fom of rons #10 ‘olin fogal onsen in tems of more Sinden fc hour A ant Band thee elttohip to ae are, Looking at he cms eel by rms of» panic Grmal mse, one might emp to rie ana of ogc cometuence es eng in tha oem, or in erm of tah reenact te modelo ht sen But s moment's elton wil ake har that such sem apenas legal comequene ean sce cting wa lope come com it ict what mabe the ae hae sc comer he ‘ay stan ye wl od awe eae en ty ‘ly afl, fish sn at he wo ang al cee ‘he ia rene thorn emegucs. theater ae nc dt lta megane ae the ae ‘get fe dety ot rel ther comma wns pores el sles tem tnd of tem And te guron tice wes of wha commends {hat tem kind of ype aah aepabe anid egal consequence, THe emp 1 aver thi quan, howere theses to seam to er Org) ‘ueton sa wha eas onc cams cmsegucee a then ‘A aenatve approach tated bythe fc tht logy al egress coe in paters pater ke Aros ogi ama ofthe agus he ‘alae by mal ssems or even heat mpage pees erp! it {exting cr thing Nong hin tempt dene the loge! pope! ‘ean relatos in sm ofthese pats Th tape, ene ight dee {eH nts the tances of pera cach ace nc ue ad {he logic valid spunea the isan oper ech ence of wich trap (Leno tance of which ate promi and lc Conn), a — Lowi Comeguene seagate en sae ge Jones snd Sith ae of he same eight Joes nal “Thereline, Sih © te Lt bea lngunge in hich is egument canbe fra anew aul iaee io md. 1 Making the obvious preamps aout he oh Kind of ins formate byte ste umes in Ll and 2, one a See tat ough each eget fale y the LL sere i rarorng Se ot Se ae withthe 12 ss So th sn a wht ol aman hs + ten Itoance of ich btw presen, an ence (on the curren proponl he Sesto whee ht agen ai i depron which mgsge one ‘hind when suse epee it prob chen, wth he pte ulate hp slo te deers wl depend a unwanted ways the cane ange a here il ede agape fi whch sch a paer share lop elena entry acura, angages in wih he semen Paes (expe) tof whe itn sl ns 1 ters ch i nn ‘pce pal th The set ezndates ete ae the fora ees fk hig oe on fr ngs ax eo eee ‘ich lee por fr the extensnal adequacy of he pare chaser leon of lage rath at Sh de er Joe unt adParia A Blanchette |< Sith dl tor Foe ate 4 nt oun ntnaaing he sme pane And is pra rhe ant ‘etry apace np recente prea ical imicn ha sch pn eee eae sting pate bet he ony he ncn a fe Sil poe a woe tt, Thaphoe a eee ea ee mpeg cemonaly srt caren oe ogc pee scm ith pena xm pms tanh ean toh Se Inge poe ae ee tm choco hes seep. Fr he mae tc lng ne dee oat ins mani ep ey nh che et ‘rc fae enh amir gel erin The tee Engh esp Spe eae eit Shey ape cave ie extol pith pers ee ne ea fave A ben tre se engage kk a ‘Sheatesaton epee hat veces mene se pe he ep gern ae ‘as 2 thps mae promiig apc ihe ass of lath nd of sree The is thang ay tte oe Sch ae re The qusonh who any are mente eens fhe oon nth on aut oop wth ee es 4 Wie sae tts wer cs noe whic cy ac mening eps to mac oh i ae sn th it ew the mens sin aoe te een ‘het he gl cots he de a «ss tiptoe dfn es the Thaw A ponerse acai, Wy an ani ath the ae, {Wal profes ae arnt tena pron re arog {ns te sare ca of gla sinc eh rate my ‘the meanings of logical constanes. 7 “he i ea ale with th yah. Te ted tt i so ec ca tht se ne mn aes fae ee he ‘son hte hance te gel foe tad eo eo sep cnc agin tw the vey chs hie yg to chnes Fey ee ‘eof ton el po et ‘10 met ite morte hare ene ah ‘ee ho hn args dat a hoo wold ela mee Sees fs And gh then necro, tas cet Be ‘ancerzaion ofthe lope prope sd aon nce of ening, “Thi a problem, te ly of te roped ans, woul em ely to pone dias ory ny ped sje ight oe fer ened [ag pepe sd rentna Fu 10 ve an al flag th oy wa itieakear's pen tra tha ates loge th. Sma or he toons of Sal, nga cnsuenc, nny as on Btt my ernn {Ses Fafa cn mr sh alah ay seeing “neous clef sng teh e's ing Fmt he eee ‘hog A inst te ne he el a a ‘bce he propery ogi a to» colecan of rong fess F of Enc ot cs ling tony a hm geal eth otf, {Sy hn eres Fd ths bt Saco ne coal ot xh lof {Be ponte war af eg our cham ate educn. Bt the pot ‘Ei eed by sch atten fat of ng rei how Fane log ‘csp fe quewon a atl war mating recor ning the ‘Mime brent we. . : ‘Any nd eon ae paints connected wih te ol prope sit and rons compro se ane hfe of per eyo Smee veda tte pt by ing lit eonneto betwee ‘Sipura anand, Facts abut semen betwen mos of “ans an den of chen, etdme ecen dts about oe ot ‘issu the eer an sone ste th eer ter hy 2 fecrcay fate of anne and reac, thee loge propria eltone wie ube nt of ond cdl tony er eer fhe ce Topi ropes and oon oro ary te he we le terCotent ath caplamrion of tse notions hat cm of ming exp he Mic cur oem an cer cgi sete, bo hat ne Simpl nfmare sem to guest othe om, What maker hi og Suggened farther reading eu the a peor ch ren neem ye on te ep ogc cose i chem (199 T99 whh pons anes eric of the amin ‘elem source ioe peealy poe gute ns of falc SENOS SEE ince ann Macon 1999 oo Shans smal cana teens coc ete Spr 991) oh he Ses rt B50) Fr aan he be te be ons Some retin 8 rap) Re Cai wt ‘Cone aan neal wens of ype rh sr Que 195 (951, ne ‘Sumon vr 957 ge svn Asner of fap on ted op be ‘Ean Hogue 1988) Honk 978) pesca vey rene dnc of nyo ee asa1 The poem res fom Fees asamp tha een pete oe eee shee conejo se i ei dan mn Ae Ross Para hap ‘sha steno le Se Rae er ta Hep 1 fuse 1002 and Fees B5 Frege et Vol I. Royens py 127 2 er a atc tem pera “ 3 Reunion, hat th hag sec et ge han References ec 0M Man,” Gg 144-72 {Src Ks eps a a eg (727-58 {Gf re Hepat Ere th Rs Can esa Cargo “aol Pap Ste te Unies Onda 110 aye ear sheen 11RD oe oe ga a aah chm 9 The Cm adCast Wile tw wp st aca a Sep ie ome aia SF HO 10), Weg ema i, fw ch wc anh yah sey ton ek al eR hg ws sit ln eel dn es and 0K ago ls \Camige Une Pr Cae, ephe n 1 i" aps Cnt Fon es Rathig ain Cantar OA ea ey Pt nt Thy of Cau” di WT naa of on a ey Cnt eV 8 Oe We The Ref en 3) 2-8 verb w Qin sae A Ee Oe ton no Hpi” Al Rri (18 0°18 3 i Foy ae ec Hal Ego N Spent: ptm Ds Ran ae ga Od Teeny Po ut —_____ ,, Lag Comesuence Spe 5:9 gel Cec Man Mle Te iy of mi nat Say en Res ah Ts SCE am fi ih SITE EE lhc -Peenton, Cer and Lge” ipa oar abet nS, ep as pees Ca odeChapter 7 —— Modal Logic M. J. Cresswell Mel a ek fn a at yep, mat ad a ot re Sep Erne it atuourares ice matte Sn ces eap 90 0 wha sas hs een o 0 what encft oma ee Serf ape oe ay oe imp Nay sr ph te i Foe ane og pe a fe, ah Te Sher ele ety ope ih tad Necy Cave w tbe py ena“ wp rg redRaith pCO ten edie ond" eas 8 |= also sometimes used instead of *1".) Either o See i ‘hehe than ie ml ne alta se i Win aby ng ee remedy "Gor “Lh smingent prope Hse tht a neh 7. Propositional Modal Logie Mie mb fe 4 ty of ee, bof prin ci 72 rin th rf eto fie ie pT iid a ge i oe en oe ‘ibe sh i em sa mtg iy ay inti ie ape fig ae ai ses ee iso ant ene a Sana ye don pope fn a = ordinate ar big Sted ew or Th a he on ene per Ph a Mot tone — Seaton res or PC fama apply tal the rms of the ended ngage {nd wi he addon ae: oc is a wethie! formal (then 50s 2a. [Acre of (opto) moda! lage may be dined an cle 8 of wi A feomala in them of So et -il (fad only) 4 8. Te ope ssl fre wil be normal malo wbich se extensors sem cal Ks define asiomaily ec of lw har may be oben rom hese neni ss raormation es PC Wasa valid wif PC, hen as an aiom of K K Lip>p2Ulp> 10) US Uniform iui “The et of wrt spacing ay vce or "arte pba tearm DY a Wyo oy Bu specie 2 ME otis pment or Deacment 1Fand 0 ne hres 208 8 N (Nein) Hien eorem, 0 a. ther stems of moa log wl be formed by ating akon asloms wo his te wth he eu Bing sed under the tres res. 7d Valiiey Moda gic, the lg of neces and possi tatsnt acount na en the ‘roman lay the my tings nal se bo ho what wal Be oe se Fee Laem one thks of he way Pings ra he ata war one thay tw ings mig fave een ere as ow hy ari oe, sh tate pomble wer As lg concerned wih th and cee ge ened str ach a sy iv erberposble word wel 2 ERIE opinion then ena in wor just inner ial he SOS ASE A Retin steamer otha we and posible jm si re [Rae alteraive posible wee. “This prides the bai of out frame an ceded pair(s aie» Bry celaon de ‘elton aerate? oF ‘ing ance A made an ondered pe Wb a tneson egning ec ro wis at words we, ‘Bowing onions [pe] Roranyproposonl aril, par any w W.ether Vip) = oF Vip n)=0, bat ot both ena defiton of wily for moi lag! A ihre Wis a nomempey et of bjs (wo, Saoer the meer of W. Ris in ced by when et isomesnes expres Uy eV) whe (1) 8a ae lg #0 theMI. Creal) — I=) Foeany and ane 9 1: Via, a= tere Iv For any wife amd Band any Vue Bl <1 tr Va, ela 1 oe iB, nye luetense Via Bi w=. and, of pecialintrsfor maa lop nd fllowing the inform interpretation of ecsity a ath i all erative pose mo, (Vt) Forane Atacand for any we WNL, 17 Wouch tat Re cthemie Vita, i= sation condo forthe, dead peas a tone ‘see chapter 1, though it is convenient to nate: — WM) For any wf and for any WW, Vida, w)= 1 Ye, we some Wauch tht wR ochre VM) =0. Amal (1,8) ad we ad he am St tian ae en 9 wan Thwawfa bud eke eassestonc ti ie SN nt he tne ‘Peal wih cpt ton dau fame F(a) ic eaten see ae ind guon Ponape fey ee oni ih cps to Fi eyo bath oa ef § hen ara ame FW. A) every tor So al — DA ery WES val on FF ad to Be (Net 0 valid adn ey ane “Theorem 7 ery thee of Ks os pone test pane tat 1 every atom of Kis wa on every fame, and 2 theres U5, MP and N pres aly same ie th if they ae appt terms hich avons ae ce reing mun ea vale 1s moe uel, howeser, to prove a ore Eiytedesetren several here, fom wh thorem ‘Theorem 7:2 Iisa se moc and Fi lof aes ach ha ve snenbe of & iid on every me oa a om every meme OF then Kv und with ape Modal Lege — where Ks A isshe stem aban by ag lhe formal of Aa x some Eri wih she rel closed under the le UI, MP and N. Like thse 71, ‘Beorem 72 5 proved by ison an prof 0 K+ A hs amounts co showing (Gar cery axon of Kil on ay fume io and tat hel prs vality ‘same snce tp giant lhe aon A ae wlio al the fen ‘Treorem 7 follows fom thre 7-2 by aking Fo be the hs fal fae Thom 72' mpowant fore Silewoy enon. isthe weakest mol se Gscusnd here enero the ther pe 2 pope extension of. Ustl De ‘ther tens are dined somata by adding ove of mre ex aioe the tab of Kc those ne thew in-A For each sh sens Ke, tere abo (or tele one test find elnino ay which maces the way tat TRochbey mates he tn Kee which each that he theorems of he pte {fc oth the wf which eva by st deion Theorem 7.2 eases that pone tar KA wound wth rope toa dss of fae Fe show {fares member ofA vali on eer Fame in Te oem Teese hog of ees eth, ail 9 eget he Te to be a for ays merely hai pis ees ta, then 8 me, Nevers, Tin Kai (Conse me (mw, AD where wad wR, bt nt ean pte ae tee a wth fe at) By seo 7-1 this Ties hee Tmt corm of KL T be the west Fag Tr Ks nthe touaon done 2 icon ore ny, Ro To oe KE. By here, sie Tis ead on every fle Frame. 1, ame in which else, the aut sun nh apc othe das a ene ames (Nose that the ame se dsb Si To flere) The tm Df ower thas «dente iteration tha iy pres harem Carma seen), Zp > p mou nt be regarded a, se ‘Pal meant whatever ough tobe decay he ase, Moe pases DMP ih th whver is itary eli, which ends resonable con [ser thor 8 for frie dacs of eet epretatons) cee b onan tom to K ponder the stem Anows 3+ DD i ery = hc Tso de nT oo ce D. wth ting ‘Bat sine Lip) sn By then See of D0 MUP > 9) MUI 8, ance tc oe fo Karn theorems othe form A Ay exer oF SOU SE LUG of he fom a il oti D, and 20 Be at Feat “SE Lig ay for, asc that ome ames may have ae“ cd or ‘sd de were which ave no aces aeanes or whch enol = —_— twM1. Crane sr in that ame aa oe such wore w [VL en hat Lat ial oe Invromo man wha is even p>~pirand [VM | cma tat oral) ae in Hence a ame contains am dai end o Bnd work nthen is noel fn that fame. Since thee are ach frames Ds Kea and thee ot ‘hore oF Conaer, however, the cas of anes cnting bo deat ends fe forevery we W.there ean" Wea ths eit” Such selon Able sad sch frames eral frame Dis vad on ever seal fame. Hen, be theres 72, Dis ean wth spect to the cas fal serial aes The model stove ta showed that Ti 900 Kad based on # seal ames heme Tb ne Dad ‘ther and so ot in D. Hence, T 3 proper exten of Any flee ae Sie eu, een) 72 lerated modalities Some formulas in the Language of mea log ontinsegueses the mod ‘pets and M, ca, the formals Lip, Llp, Sach seguenss ae ted terned moda ‘ee seme ierpetation, it br hawt ik ‘end sch formulas ites nse stn, however, cain tears ay replaced by shore ons, hi elt imp the prem A theorem of eh lence mich lows such replacement ald reducon lw fan seo ch ities member Here are the four mo import of tee RL Mp tap opamp RS Mp May Mo pe tip None ofthese 4 thon of, indeed, nae redial a al T hes fen, otain 1p pan 4p Hp. he eau we einion uf M, Ip Mp and Sp > Mp Heme, to ete essen ese in ws i eg 1 a the conver ten frm, Montne | 199 Lip. one can deve Mp Mp esting. p/p an en Mp EMP ‘can denne Mlp 3 Up sly Ina, Lp > Lip dna rm p> LMA, ‘hove Ap Lips or derable om fp Lip. Thi igus two extesons ‘Tyone tht rents by the addin of 1p Lip aan stom and ve the rel OY the ation of Mp Lp (The Ler wl, of come, contain the former} Tae {eth stems kona 94 and 85 The om $4 SEs "T with kon ofthe anor 4 pup SRST +4. Is mali is deed as ay unbroken sequence of 20 of mE ‘mona opertos (=. 1M) then In $4 every today eglaent tothe ~~ Mol Lic — 4 wa a Nv uae So ge 71 snow nf 7 seo, oe henna Sr SL Nace dg cal pig te rm soem et Thaw th td rong Si or ld ose conn mae Sosa apa gener a a ona eed me een eee alee cin Seria oe SNC tr eh mt ont atest ce pes tne ‘Therm $5 $6 iT pus he atonal ao Bo MpouMp Eergpae cee eg ncaa ps ea lp AAacah em ey ia i oe el ies ad ny Sir ol pe te : non-equivalent modalities: Mp, and their negatior He Sn en Rt Pheri Rondo sh Rats ta oh em awe ld ay Ne a uah oe ote So re he dw ope a i ta a acs int ow 8 Thame hn i A en ign En Se ta eT a oes a thor Se ee mech hada seis ea)MF Creal To rtm BT theorem of $6 Ro p3 Lup has 2 speci interest B 8 not a theorem of Sh, and if were aed aan ex tom to 54, would proce the nate SB. Uf however & were added fo F instead of to $4, would produce not 85 hut weiter ster which net ‘oni no is conte in $4. Ths stem ele the Brrr rtm, and B the Bowerian stom The nach Bra Fe Brae Kr i+ Bh sald on ere frame in which Ris symmetric Since Tvl on every eee fame, and BeK+T +8, theorem 7.2 entails that Br sound nih vec te tesa of eames which are both tele and metic “Adling Bro S€ gen $5; since Sn weer than $8 iio that Bi in ‘Stand hence hat 4 dows ot comtain the mem B. Now des Bsntain SA ae ‘here are else and symetne Has that ate iterative Band $4 ate Independent stem inthe ete at neither Canta the wher, dh eh oes beeen Fund $5 tier ems There eine many mal ster tat may obaine by aig ext atoms o Kenly sme others can ey be defied For example ted ‘falding 4 tT to prodoe $4, one cold add t mercy to K ov oD. The ‘esting. systems ar ofen caled KA and KD¢ reapctnely IF Reames a ‘dene 2 howe ich ae ase whether or nt they ae tex) and KDA ames thee which are bh seal and ante, then the rite pone 20 BF sus to show that al the theorems of KA ae vad all KA ames al? heures of KDA ae valid on a KD Samer, Sinay ne cid ald 0 Kot {6 D insead of , «obtain the stems KB and KDB, whith are sud ‘epee les Syme ames al al and yma ames eo. "hey 48, mctioned she, ew wth reap the cao a a Sanne an ian ant RDA wun! wih pe! an el a 713. Completeness The canonical move! for a sytem S83 spel mol wih he propery that 2m 8 vad WH Fy. Tht Section shows tha every coset) oral nl system Shs sch nde Ths fact maki cay 0 cab compen esl lent for de sstems being dcuned, bythe fionng gy Sapper tere ea ns Fo fans and spy ne ea eva tha te fame othe emer ‘FSisn F, then ars Fa wl be vac the ae oft anne S. an 90 fried in the canna mee! ale But tha etal thet a So fais Frat then bya, which what the compleenes of § with tee © sean. Th or ech pei Sytem, fies to sow tat te fae of ‘nicl mode indeed in F. For Khia immette nce the ceva ca Fo ‘he da fal ame, For D, Pn the cis fel ame nd ot tbe om —— Mts Lope — tate fame ofthe anil dl or ise fr ts eso ha htc rs 38 tar intel and apc the, sme, ‘ntact ee em 7 Tollowing prods arf non-op (ee haps 1, on 191, sciufuithigaid ob Samael hemo ecole 8 Uti tgcicyacc ap whe 8 any nr a epee mas Betsey wee cer GEE or cae tT ms masimal cma i ope 22 Site both minal tnd Scone. The mma 7-3 ols sy Bae S ‘Sue he meal prpetionl eas (PC) mina 7.318 8 isan Sonsnent set of shen there + mim ‘Scone of wf Fach that AEP J nex mms appoint oe ap Whee ay et wf ma Tiber tay be te cong prey of eery WB or wtih 1B 38 DEtaip seal emma 7A. 16 § i¢ any normal proposional mail lg, and 8 3 ‘Somer of wi consining La then LA) U (et 8 Sons, eh Si a donde wn et sun ml Gr hee, Vi ih: Ws te Lena 75.10 (0, RY) he coi mel so deed i 2 ama tame 8 ce 8, chen ny wean ay we = 1H "ateaantwn isang i a (3) Seppo tat Lc w By denon of Rw frey» such a wt SRETNEAES [Laced ober Vlog) 1 fr ry Soh at pit Hee ty (V2), le») - (oy ippese nn ts ba Ten yh iy ots LK Hee plemra 74, L (9) (ab Somers. 5 byes 7 2 ee tetsdor Wht sme Wah sa cm 8) and hee thar - 7 * Limca ang th ee By the defion of Ry (i) ges #R" and since wis maximal Scone, i) pes © w. Hence, sine ths ema is sumed to ld for, Via #7)=0. So Va} goes Vides w= QED. ‘Theorem 7.6. Any fa vad inthe canon el $f Pre Let (W. R,¥) be the canon model ofS. Fist sppne Hae Then a it {in etery maximal’ somone st of wf tom the titi) ewe in hen, Weand so by ema 75, Va, w= for chery we Wie ab ea it (WRN), Soppose now tat mot, Then (a Seonaten and, ema 7.3 sere is some manimal Scone Le same # W, such tht “GE and hence aw. So by lemma 75, Via.) =. Hence, ot ye then at ‘ld, 3, ee QED. "Themen 7 yok the vrei completeness of many modal logis aconting the sere deed abn. For Ke the esl amen se foe Kone takes #0 te the clas ofall ames which, vil inode the ame ofthe cnn modes Foretensons of Ky ex to roe ‘emma 7.711 contains the ermal then the fame of anon model ‘srt: lems scones D, he fame en then tants then symment; and § then Elan rm hs, she compete f al he wc sf cue lw ty Theorem 7.8 Me hear K epee wth eyes she ae of a fae ‘yrs KKB, KS X68, TD KDA, KDB, KDE, $6, Byatt Simple with rece to hes ramen thar ate peste ans Syme; Hachem, waite and Faculte a sve srl and smc ser wantin ad Facies ao ae: ‘eee and symmetnc eles, rant and symm ‘Tres fesls may be consiery generzed, Novice that ech of the ssoms sdaratersi ofthe apstems ao fr Sted is euler to one ofthe form te wtp asap fete hy ekg et ana SSL Sarasa BEE ERS Re Bere ce Seo ei he ak ea - Mods Logie we wand n> 0, eRe! terra 9 ich hat fa and RW, Rae PE conane = ian the Game fame mode does mee (= ence, econ 79: “Theorem 79 Syms RGM? ae sound and empl wih spt ote offre hat sas colons 5 Her KG he el fang ny mame ofomaas PA" 38 axioms 0 ‘Thcoean 7 pies opal ues of thi See Chao and Zabhayacher (997, 199) and Che (1980, p. 85-9, 182-8). cc a ones ec cers sna ee See BANS Se Wiens mc wos erste tomentose is tie i eae ape Tncras sere soy of easing emcees when he oil eth es Seochieigsdetenf eer af abcess tegeagr te en eeecientena en ea te pe ar ioe eet ce ssa nwa mene reenmare ansmen tate eo erecta gsipaeitae qlee anaes ote EMSs eves serie RANE eaten tee es ter action fest rae Rater en ie —_—_—_—_ ts ———_M1 Creswell because hs ben eed tom the separ anol man ey 9 ‘etn t the prc of ma 7 oven shat cnc kd we he Pew ‘einition. Ths mn, however be done fr Use erm sr many er th ‘he we ha thy ate there shown to have the Bie mal proper 71S. Reond K, D,T, $4, Band SS The stems KD, T, $4, B, and SB and thr charts anoms have been nuonuced because they are Ravenel andphlophcals iutant, and bce {hey ae esl shown to pose + number of drab propertc I hat ben shen ‘hat he are sound and ope wih pest to the appt es Fame tnd that they have the Bate model proper, ands vane they ate Bee $omatzable they ate dechale They are ab compact, tha bey Somer Seto win sstatabe in fame hr 8 fr § being ne o these em a hey ‘Me tania a thatthe fames of te Sanoonsl made te Hames he tho ‘Not all nnmal mods logics ae wo wellichved, howe, ad the metho decried above do nee aa: apy. Fer example the sae KW = Ke Ww Lup> >t ‘sneer compact nor canonical (Although, ely vey tore val in i anonial model, nor every theater ldo heme ofthat de A ek, {he orga! pro of completenes wil ot work hs gem. Neve hg ‘the method micas model, KW may sl be proved saa ad ope ‘wh prt to theca of fare that ae Bite elnne sa ane Fo etre Hse tat oR i) yah 1.6 Wael BE w whnener 1 ma (i) there ve Fe wach ta Ee ‘hia sh that KW ha the ite mapper? Nor all normal msl log So poms he te Mal prey, owes One that does nee Mio Te a Mi LiLIp> I) 31093 9 evel Ml complee with respect ileal pecifable cla of ares {Competes to isnot universal Thee ei coun per tha ese rove tobe scope the ere ta here nls Fol ames sth oe he ‘heoreaeprecoey the Fyabd wf One snp example is the Sem KHER HO uip=poe (Useeningy, he claw of fame for KH chaacices KW) = Mod Lowe i Mach creat rssh in ml lop i devoted othe seat dy of se Lames of lopes wo rami the condon unde hich hey ve, or ek, One ‘he these 7.2, First-Order Modal Logie incor mat, oF a pret an exson- ranma ced sly of ie repo! mot died se, aera creat onder he wer prea sh TRC RT ne ne ton of rt pene ne pa eo Teed PS lunges een of ge Eee nimi ssn comer Te ian fe mepretion fi nn ol gg nolan wns aa qe (H.R D. Vn wh (We a ae Pcl sari Si sdomen fsa Formerethe ess Fae Re were wpe «at of wank fom bo ah coe eae oe he earn fin a ei ha eB Sree ttt my sk Van ming teh mee OU An eh ono eih he emer a fo ne SELIG Bon eo ay a ogy 0) VE) ma 91 Sms snatin tat or wot Mc eth ump 0,1 a wt Ws anne 1 ESR ua enon on eb sar mon-emey (el Fa EG Rer chee oso me pee, Va of Tonks LETT attra ace Dand enschede an sen as sn Sth fh te Fae en ete by dp ar sana eon Se ae psn. fm a ea = oe vite Sn amen eee VL Yb ag a) ga Bh 9 WC a erie, v=] Mylrm w= Ya, =, and 0 others. 1 Vj, #)=1 oF VB, »)= 1s an © oer. mt wavin IVY] vn w= 1 iF Wj») = 1 Ror evry sae ft and 0 EVE) cha, w) 1 A Vs, w#) = fo evry wach that wan these, veo iy ab nent 0 nt ad 8 DLV} ee, wel er eery we Wand eve asenment Ho iC as wd in every ode bad on esML Grommet = 4 tena stem ml ropensl mal Sem LIC Si dened Sta jan LPC ution inna teem hen a a an of LIC+S. ‘ MPF and a3 Bae theorems of LPC +8 then wis YL Mai any wf and and» an eansbles arta is wth re 9 replacing every fee x then Vea ays] an att of LPC + V2 Wa2 Bisa teoemof LNCS andro fee ina then a> Vb 2 theorem of LPC + §, ad Nhe astcrom of LNCS ten wn La ‘A addins principle of considerable interests the rca formula BF vst Ave named ler Ruth Baran (now Rath Baan Mares) who it inrade (Barc, 4946) Syms $9 BF ae ems EPCS with the non of Ee tum ot that fr some proposional stems 8,

Wate that ei eatin ann aa “ auratus gui hat can be sca ol pon ie om dR one WRF Se Rs’ wank, ind das tr need toni lame Aniter med principe cay prone witout the Rana el Gy Rete Laka "es counene i not provable, however, adn fs 90 vald. Consider se, (i) 1303619 ‘To ac sha i isnot valid under te inmended interpretation, let be eis the ‘amber ofthe planet. Then the anccden ire forte mat hse suet 1 Modal Lage 7 which the numberof the panes (wen fly 0), bu the onsen er Thue nin number which be the are oe net sine oningent bow many pants here are ich the fling seme wound an compete wih spec 0 the ca of Sram ated ee Kone algae ‘TARR cetesve ames As BF amie fames KBs BF; symmevical ames ‘Ste BF: —cflxve rams fames BeRF: reese nme fares SB-+BE quale fares chs te wy be rely aang emt of mana on See te et tr concer Blows sn he fame Fianna me es fame 8 724, De reand de dito sca nh sompores oft ied pice ha a pope mol Meigen merely prensa propositional moc! li oF of no See ee lan ml pee ke weet ERO NP pre a eer wi ae ee al dm nt tr edie To he cae ey at sy and coring a tg (hs Se NaN ce sce wort By conn is eres ESTAS pti ay omer pti seth a at peptans e Sot ac Peery Sf tc ee gh il seca recat (cn ey mcs hat eS conning quanieton Into te sop of mal operas ae cn g's pm ween ed in, Se ee one ey col sone, ee eee st equaled wT, howe the Fae ery edna 95+ eee 77.2.2. Vali without the Barca formals ‘The Bancan mal tad on the dfn of say en sboNe fr wen Precate lps At ote. ths rms seem of sme seme TPC Se those conaining ster B, but oto there Hae the, Shall one pean snd ‘of sat for those stems aching the Baran fol ‘This question tecomes all the more important at number of philosophic hss hve ten rel ase ts faa” The Bn Baran ml te ter 1vse8 {detest meecttion htm ht ese eeu cae 2 tain poner tem mac te cae at ete pes ore Bt ni beni shee hey et "est he es nor pei the poy he gt he coe ‘Se bering ch nce me, at eet Wold Bes acne rt ar vero “Th eon den on he stmption han aus pombe wor seis ip ejects hte en pris fom Unset he ine al ‘re ote might ven objec wah do na re ee rl al ‘loi hugh ie smart Bae se fr mal pccae ge eel deren sch el os se dna wai ‘eer ech mr Thr nar ple aki the Boca br, Ths Seger ain sean whch dos ns ts a ‘sting bn which ese emis witha sen Accontingh for mena LAC uhh may he Hen we 8 sol sone (HRD, 8) meheh We Ran hoe ad itu om member ot cr Tan, Ger aes ae In, athe of lian th ce = ers esta he ma sy the no prone ths eRe ten Bch heel ae enc 9m sew meme th ee stg ot 4 Da teeth tal may ese vc ok a tree Key, eb) Ta ene mr the pes he es Semis eth fhe fe ay oag a) or nee Daa we itn Gr at eh © The eV iv eave before, bar [VV] now becomes ae WV) Vsti 9-1 is) = Dy, ad O otherwise For every wakematve posh tat "is as the fee of making he guastifers renge or just he nid ext in the world w Farhermore,imporarty the defnion of iy ied ss that aw vain a vel (W, RD, Q, Vat lo, w)=1 bx eet we W aed cvery agent sacha ia) & Dr every ane ———_—__ w - Modal Logie Unde hi siason ee them of LPC a, bt he Bran Sar tao hee nn et in Rt, theif wt ten Dye Dan then Br wba. Tree ron Bane sons (BC+ Band ENG 85) The nse LACS, whe 8°, ‘Ter Sted mmbet fre) lig te Baan os ay ho be proved omit ng te me Sores er Ssh oe hen el rit cine wile rene ibe ices i wis BE fo) fa ey Fe NSM he quate ech woo ag on oe ee ins {rien tu nnd te ec Sle Sat etme ings et 7 Seu cleat nr vec aes Rar one ex pry Morse comee CBF, er, For cme beste > Yale oy ich is i amine of BE, cu apn ht ey werd ening Tar err bron vou won no beg nome te rei "Tar her wo ia oe, Bes wo in whch ton gueion SC i tee, wd onthe acne gen 90 fir vad bee of he incon ete Bot se the eso or eectng CE gies ling tat ‘Sto ob mgt conser shri are th he aa oa fad is converse. This will se problems fits own, however (a one should expect Since CBE m provable m LPC min ete muntion) In parse, le ‘theca lo Hoge presen ay. Ato 2, veer ay sy Lovee 6” Is einitin of aly eceitaion to tu 1 the gi seer eens eons on Tn hone, makes (72) roo Wii eaten ey eed mo cee frsome wD then VV 0 TsO iF gpm The polo sith (72) babe 7 wih be ene meng ‘hick ttre in wet wie he guns eed ing ot {Te rion nwo Sonnet oan sh Th sages oe ‘Sot nate ti outaon cpl by sang» prone, oe RN hs hs he seman WWE wevuniraen, Then atogh (72) fils wo be val, ts coe 3) ———————MI Crowne creges Bn Dor on isd And more generally though the ponlae V1 ven on page 148 wil oe ‘eva omy he repiced by VIE (Yaa Be) Day/s] (YUE he and epee Va wht lef ie er 723. Asiomaszation of stem with an extence predicate Replicing VI with VIE requ some other change she LN bai ofthese stems In pacar, one ano ea ane 2 an and a wal be eal 1 sie the bus for thse stems expr Where sy nal props oda tpi, LACE $ dened Flows Sy LPC sation insance of & theorem of $i an axiom of trees. VIE Where x any are any individual aie, and is ay wT hen (vse 9) 2aLy/s] san atom of LICE SS, ‘Yala 8) (Vea Vp) tan atom of LACE 8, where and arcny wands ay ve (= Vea an atom of LACE +8, pond a not ie in Velie an aio of LICE 45, Wari theorem of LOCK +8 then Weta theorem Wf LPC #8 UGLY Aha 9 14a) 2-9 £653 19) ivashorem of LC #88 ison fe ethene 3H, 9) ey IAD) Sovh ystems LIC +8 king bah the Basan ml anit saver, [sown 10 Be sound and compete by he method previous deed 224, Kripke spe ytems Kigke (19636) advected + dierent way of axiomating stems eontsiing ‘ckber BF nor CHE. Tea of iredacng in extence peat, he eed corms ofthe sjsems to her iver lou, se even the 2) SMG ces vate) en of Le led FC Kip albouph the aiomateton hee nak eat the sme se Kah ‘Where 8 i any normal ten of propositional mal loge LPCK +8 i je he LLPCE +S tc without UE and witout UGLY", sd with IE replace by a Modal Lge. ——— \VIK Where and are any india wre and any wf hen Yovetve 3 ay/sl) ian asiom oF LPCK +S, (rhe pretence of Wain ¥IKis eed o prone Way We) The sean SEILPCE +8 except thn VUE) #0 longer equ. Competenes my then be Fred ney oh Ric nem og a ii 7.2.5, Memicyim modal predate lic Now, suppose one a 2 pee ff more ity een 0 the ‘Dnpuage for nol preite lop teeing wh sided intepetaon, ‘Mul hin adel Vg) thee of ps (oy 9) r= Dad PEW ‘Wh hs ierretaoon an stati as fr sens SC may be provided thing to LPC he avom shee 4028) nhs and fer nly otha as fein oF more ple whee Bas fox These patter ye he theorem psa extensions of by taking a x= cand at Lem Fate, some ye so sora the alge pincer ees IND weyDieey Iowthely Lap LN see 0 and fi coe, 0 0 i medal stem ‘Sn Sl sn oven 5, oh ar a el er hee Fee it toe fr fc Space SUNT ad LAT o Soh wich, of oun, TOTS TTA” LN my ety be aon nome S15. Jet} ince ues my proved sound and compete. More geal, whe S ETRLIRSS SET coun, and compcenen bos Sr all ayes 9+ ENT seca noes bse ns ame fo The ret al apres STtour BF aed ose wih an exten pee TE Beast cmvoreny, Hower Tse 47 a all esity sudeats et necmays Les whegeee ahd ae the sae Objet hen i 4 se ry Now ac cyto ink of coumeearplechis “The pera who les net door i the mayor oaMJ. Crome cro sera eri herneen the pepo wh bes Hens an te mano, {Teor one veld fewnte 1 sem oma “The pero who nes next doe» the moe Yet sures oe woul sink, thi coming fr pls pom Wa he penn who Ine nest door no he muon Nene, though fa 7 4 ht Sted ung vata ae, ete debe dm ees me de ‘nde mayor Ths gest apbng Rv 1008 Toy cn este 74), Leg beth eben es net dor and he ma Oe Rial msn, 4 becomes Fege Saye vaioen yn 3 ” oy (2 mcm exact one x hh mb ding a =) ow (7.81 se bt ot neces rac, opting Lin the he oan Brea ke semene, But Lt docs ao hc hat te tn (> ml Steen Dew n Verigea yn 2 x= vo 4 hs rests ino poems of iterpreaion. 72.0. Contingent ientey uses thers es ne ay sn wich the cls iw of ent nal predate fp, with eth Hand TN can asemmadate wih past acetals an 74, Land LI ig sit fe tg nt fia sont ld ce her cn athe sea Saha Cina the sat i wa age , teeta sons aad Saree sana ty swe pe atric el site wt 7 he ha tig wan he pera et 2 >and forthe mae mind mean rung saa mr woe ich who in wey net der ad ign ty whneer hn re mae nig inthis hen oe te andy mayen wt oh More general now sopose haan apne etme le D 0 2 nts #) By and moi [V4] Ie Yb, oer YT Ha os Ha wh WE VIO) and Loon ch emu dete a een 2, tog ‘muy a hc tan ep Spon wth mand in tha aye aed Pon lar ms ‘symems $ + Cl; in them 12 is replaced by = a ee eee Modi Logic We eed Ubu mano where cach Sor = 4 ier the eye rable at yo de 5 ad sping. Newstces such spams dno compan io the seman sdb, Thi seman ates the Scens ava > Set on which nr dele in any ofthe comings en sens (sce Hse ae Sener han the INI ste nd (7.7) eae an ots) TR formal (77) en ert ei, nd ed ten dat doc ot nem ad, apr an cape gen ue (1958p 148) in ceain tues tis necemy tha wane per el wn, br here no na ler who Effin to win, One ing howeer, ake (7.7) sound publ ty ting 2 cpreion sch te wine yo ening fig be OU SUG ec which ns more wl reo objet woul be ne obec in one Tuten brs tere one nate that on, neces th mene ‘Heim, ther there someone who Bo fo wi, name the wit, Sch SSE see en ce snl jo aa be ‘feet now bing consircé woul thon Sct poe ses for + Ten wich te ia uals gorse! ob “be href eet non th ate ln sate tn ce oot of any uring of embers Of whatever. For rape rp thre se reo meriynrand wy ten where m nd ae members of DH ery ‘cele! wo mae upthe cbect wich nny and nny Vw nh she ES syems nih Se come a egg hate onl ings Trees of Dac count bic ae sng costing fhe ame emer Diincoh mri ley the oly Ober eso thew ste are righ ‘emand erste of heme) Tue ses tha eae semantic ‘Sg Wey ems $C woh i mc 7 oa a ‘havens consignee FD cour cs nor alow that “Dyan whose of amano Dsl eo. my be doe by ing ‘sth nl aunt eave ena bec (Pah 1974). Fw $id soundoet and completeness ser of eomnge et The gumenrage ov ensorl objet, th, 2 OS, (77) ages Sete become! val This ic the guson of what omit ern sre cor fe halo tinconalobjoc bsedon an nding peer ‘Been §Theanmer'e tar mow cuaces of 8, cuding al te ore ‘Eisted hee, cep fr 8S the loge of incon bc ted on S havnt (Goson 1984 secon Thomson, 1970) Suggested fer reading Se age sn Come (198) fr snes neon he cd ret eer pa ml pfs in uch he se pe wh chae For- MJ. Creauet — ugha as Ral dc 0 he Chap ant ‘ie fee hn een ben pr a Che Frcorler ma bys Gan ION pcs hip ene, A! rs Sno sen he php ms ering rhe at Conca Notes SEA ee enn om tn gciere esa eae Pa tection Leta eetenet rer oa cl ita ea ph et Eee tn waar rs at seme me hn Sm «Wharton ney ea ta ‘sate mes th nan oct et eee ok a Be SLR st eraat amen Magen Vig Le ey Mage Lynn Ve 3 Leb) {Se Drie (1957 5p 26-8 pas) so Hina (1961, and Mil 1958,» #0) Por {se man en 9p 889 ae Cees 7 Secon dsieg at Ane read Retr 5 1 SS Ree rt to wc tee cm ef Ents ie his ato wt om Hye COED Que (947, wee, Bit se te poy arm ree et 0 tach wn er ee ns we a {ed Frm ran) hat A ni ol en Modal Lage am Muu BC 194674 Tan Ceo Rt Oder Bodo Se pi Tlf So un un R194. “Pe ny ft i Sei Fusion Caled of ‘Seon Ors joa of Se a1 12-1 son ara “tn an” ig EI Toit Ane 38-84 ° sec Up Comn (Cabg Dery en Cami) Siting, 50,128, LR A ed Spt 1984 a Mo Lp” in Gta Guerr (1984, cosa 19: Mota and Qu” Jel of Sm Lpi 11 28-4 cee Sa they M1997 Mae Lae (Chien es Os) GER’ a Stace aot! Ls fe hed, (ame Unease, Ca cc Be BBL in Dene he Baran Fa” Laine Anat, 135-4, Crome M, J 1995: ncmpeene and he Haran For.” fara of Pepa yr at te nm reel tt cee ete ES Sea ann 0 tt Hee ee ma a ie nanny Bnd Tar A 951: “Bonin Ais Wa Opens” Ameria Joma of nae er rat Win ant yan 8. rm Amo Ma tg: orm Pog sh wa i tae eee cen tn tet ere an MLL 1966 “Eel oeprois f Maal cgi” Para of Smt Leis Mekiocy 7. & 1945: “On the Syntace! Conaraton of Sptens of Mota Lowi ra of mt Le 10, 83-76 167 aM1 Creat LAB 0 tap Sou Pa Ns Heh a Qu very Pe Cane May [ase ea Tone oti read S18 "One amen sn Pvp! K 8h Seek 17 iil ae op ia te Fin clenen Peace ey OS ne ta me inl iu ey DS tes. har Une ew Nee Henle “Te 197 “Onde Mann oi 35. Ja of Pl a2 eM. 0 n emcerKee eer Matec nd Poi —————— Chapter 8 ———-—— Deontic Logic Risto Hilpinen 8.1, Introduction eons an are flog wich vegas normaie cones, stems of eee et aie reong The word “acon” deed om the Geek cere and wich meas ab ding” prope Tha Jens Benth GBS) te won seomaogy” fr “te sence foal,” apd the Asn (hlowper Eran Maly (1926), wo delope Inthe 1920 & sem ofthe past! pipes heh of gh" calle bite “Deon Normats CEERTTELEC in comeps oF ebgaion ough) persion (me), poi Pree et fated non suc a the concept in Systems of deo lo Cera Skin the wal serena comestnes and suai ol Com ‘Sins ch reps sme of tee mnie cone ‘lads se scene work on dere fg hs Debs othe view that denn ogi a run nd lg [ecg 71 ad tat the onc Serer ton, an pit re reed to exch be ne ee wa 3 SER Sinn mee, pobliysed pub Ts ew goes ck 0 Meat psp sme reeset penphen bere the aogier cares see ic mode, nd maid the dente oemate) ic PRSNSnS SPSS ews ool lop tobe sume way, Lado (1930 cae the “arc cnegnes ofthe obdiptoryte pein adhe probed el nat Ceara a Steenet hr te be pnp of rol lags Hof the [eM thee in erate gee tt deosc modes ap be dened in {low ofthe lec ati scoring 0 iy he pied (iam) othe bony (aim is ‘ot mc «od mandoRi Hips | “The comtemporan developmen dong ve he ptm acon Wight (0987 11951) prance paper “Deon Lopes hat ee hse un the aa the analogs terween nema and sti mais 8.2, The Standard System of Deontic Logic (SDL) simple yotem of dont gi an be obtained breaking Libis dfition of the concep of obigaton log) (OLetbE) —ps biatony fea HF and oy i) 6 mecey For eine» good penn (Oeboin) —O.pi Ma) >p) he ein per a‘ eam i ante Sime by Laban he ea cae as gee a following definition of the concepe of ough: 7 . (OLeibaizs) Op NG> pL Te competing Ua mer of pin (he ie a) # (Phaibwind pm MGR Css ai pay Thee ema at ee rene i ay es ‘halite imap hg pres nate he Se ‘sh philemephicr Kanes in 1980, whe interpreted the “ eee sy a meee oe Thee tay memphis Use ey pam oe cher Se a (08) opm Nos) ee Say ene hehe nin spy he opto ‘thar the requirements of law ar morality have been violed. ~ Wie sa Woe esha oe es ige'(Chab, 1982 pt fore cpr eH 20499 Hp N>p eon Lege ad he msl le f neces (RN) Ips pombe, Np ic eval obey, 9/ se incany wee tha the ont opto defied by (Oe) asthe onc eponcie (%)_0(93.493(099 08 tnd thereof dont esis’ (88) 1/0 The nina anumpion hat being god 6 oie, my MG ele pic f deo omsency 9 o> sere rests the conep of permison, dle nem f 0" by M08 Sia the cone potion, is ded by nop he me fain poi HF np cgay, The one of i Rely ang piston ase ome Fo ea Nand heme Ry ly aed he ard Sem uf dem lage SL) Among is theorems ae: Op & A >1OPH OH (Conjunto O) 6) (0p & 072 Otp & #)—_CAnzenton principe fr O} 62) 092 Ova) had (9 21> PD hed mores band Pown3cbrv Pe) (Diisee day oP eo) Pp & DEP al while eee of infrence 6. $$Roe Hips — RMN) p>47092 04 RE) pa yOpm Oy dere. On the bas ofthe airs Ky and Dy hs tem may be ele he {sem KD. oF simply Ds wa meme of heli mrma me! ag al of hsm cure fee RN shape 71 ei 48.3. The Semantics of the Standard Deontic Logic ‘heme of SD be meted mfp ho we “eWeek pi Wo We Lic etna case Se eng ee ci evar Siar ty ln ey pn a Silt ih a fe eee a en ‘sven hs ot pin Me ee Ris needed for the inter deve ops, I HCO) a8 Op APL pareve #E Weach ha Rox 9) (CP) se tpt per wame re Wah Rin) For the asom By t be vat ee R Fert se to repandR 9 sel elation the (6D) For evey we W, there ev Wc that Ri 9) Difco funhrstumptions about the sacar popes of the Rein al sae iret deonpranpcy, a cramps ki dear he Sd ke ieee ems of cron lope For ‘sot logical ethan sheoireR eanno be sumed bea eee relation, Sut the rete 09>) 9) sccm ai rine of dent lagi I ought obese eae tha what ug toe cheese Ite cae The ay of (6.9) low ram he asungion hat ‘sonar eben, ater Wor, (©.00) 16 Mx» oesome wth RCH 9 (89) soot dena ny SD bt can Be aed asa adoro. is SERA te anger Andes suction In alti moda Tg i the lope ‘tains F) "The seman stetched ore, du ily to Hina (1957, 1981 an Kanger (a981 (19571), maybe tamed te sanded seman of omic on Irrtively paste acoune ofthe meanings OF snp donc extences when she ‘tnt “aes wr aten mwlw are aken fo be wor or wat) Rhyming ee 6 oblgaony at he ose they te words wich al UGlgulons se Rll, Hen the wor eed to agen wor by Ray be eae Raat pre Mel werd (else #0) If pole wee re TEE pominccoues often rhinos whih re part conited by ‘SE asin the semantics of SDL snp dies soc sore no ontcaly [Eel ant deta unseat zones, Aan acon permed pat SESE ARhaGiy serpeatie conne of erems ori the some deta esti ny of peor the atin, sa acon i bly a0 cone of ‘eine acct ules chemi the seon in ueson, The set uf cepts SEERASSSEIST ite os pen ction senor) maybe temed the fel of main Lew, 1999, Aeeonting to te donc nsseney pil (CD), Be perce never exp; some aston perme any stain. 84, Problems and Paradoxes SDI, ke ay focal se designe erin appiations, es to Kinds of protiems (3) Problems of eeprctton and apltion How uid the arouse openton. 0, F, ant F and the sonlopcal eSpstions) ymbolf ers. of he ssem be inepeed ad how LBSRd the evga and tac eonceps la alin, nd eid com Japs unr mts conten (boc abou the adequacy ofthe formation of gomatvereening roe by the sad se: BeS'Sbee an asegae ad court account ofthe log selon mong tee normative popes? 1 ———_—~ isto Hips — mint it ac ae a iguoenccashae: Seamer SSELUS Te terhan esas ines aatodtgcneat ecb iti ala encanta pam SUCRE Serenata een ae tenga eh Soi dicen eee eee ge wicca ioean i nar it Ne re an Sehr moana eee “hay toe ny ans hn wr a tte Sie ile Sit cee na cee i dnt sc ae ax iid coring + phen ue of moms Buln 196) For cam -Monor vides ought toate the right hand se fd {a be ened 4 deine ake dee emetic it inet abt he atte me tompece com Wi kode {steer se te 8 ath regan ne tenet ane “ecm at the reat” Namue ee a Be exe themes, a re ae andthe ean sa ae sutra thecer be undentn in the ua way. tic eae ‘the ff norma tency Tages pa Ses mo ‘hs way otf Forge ie dct het mean thatthe pepe {uy tematne eof eons enters eet ope ns See the dincin beeen te nonmaesndte designe we econ enc can be nero at to Was of sng mxmatte. meme ech ate te. As Kamp (1875/4, 1979) bas potted ot, noma sence, hs the ‘Mowe vides ought owe the sigh and ie ofthe ed (ih i te 0 fe) can be used oe str primary to eee or main = ‘0m, ot asi, Sescibe an independ exiting norm aster the SS : Deoate Logic — ferme ae, the were f the tees in he appropiate ccumstancs (by + prope or ior) fs eae fre an fies to ma he stems onthe ater xe, he vhf he nent pend oe fs om ‘omen ce inept fe wen Tas Sipe incon cee thse dinoon bere we {iol sacmears the perineal e sero mc; aan Both cy ‘So"Sicmurs i quoton ca be spud me ore. Cnet SR rea Sa lg concer cn be deed in demic nme Stan coop o chin te ane wy ter aes of lope, Asning 10 Simp, the aero we af core scmecs shoud depend ont eae Te Sha perma whe fon of and Foes (ian 8 inn’ denen) tc he ge of noma ce able epsore elbee anagem teases) wheres ean seen et oon fen tiene sf oneal sable oon poss or amp Fanp hs pt rw the flowing pine concerning se pti and 2c sof perio mene (P) An ssenoic eran of persion emtence in a context eis se {Fat tose werks aca belo tthe opons of he aget that 3 steno ano mou have aed to the sc of the ae pone iti Bad not Seay Blogs 10 en ee we ‘ay ato ose it a any cles Perma of ana Hons be sn el Sete ay UP oad yap pia ose nd potion Fares sera utmost cn gue an es! he = TASES ay ther perme ences Breve tee of Semis scuence cer he ress pronate and eas # nb See iu amc th ely apeine t Be seen poe tah yoann ae GE Som play he pal comesuene at une tbe eee Sf ame eh ce seEAUMS fo Sb dean lg rch of mod pl and any penis oR. ipa ewe mr pec mts pi. Ti appeach 2 ROR iii been ome on he ound i oor mie ce a eer af mrmsedbcune wich aang om ae er an numer ar oen red tha some pie of SDL, Ceara et sl) (87) ade, eal wo pd 0 etc cece Fer tae, se pape ne Re hee ee Some ne me) wha ni oop ee cee etlde be the eae that pve (3) aur e teree omnes (810) 0810 Peer ought 10 ma leer. (10) Deer ought fo mal lee or bur on 16. ————- Rose Hines vith secms to some an accept incense Th i known a Rows pron, ‘eal de to she anh phlonopher Alt Row 4) A soment ne {utase) pardon depends on prinpe 185, ascnding to whch the permis 1 peal the permit ofp 4 ran i for example, acting 0 (83, (12) ema 13 Peer may dik water. a) Peer may dank water or nk iss as) hich ao seems coumer one. These ine ae of cue vali serene "8.10)-.15) are undertea n trme of the posal ov seman oto above If Per mals keer in all domly pret sua, then e Ma = lee or burns inal such ations andi Peter ke water me dona satsicor station, shen he ds water or hay snore such ation, Bat hs ty Bean ene it the sans SD fe on The inferents in usin may sem epi prado i the sentences 10- (f.13) ae thought of as being wed peformasely or norma, se they ‘ed fr faing 2 norm era permission and not mercy fr desing the content oF tem of norms, It cous tha heeft of noma etc (811) {Het the sae 2 he eflcts of (81) lke (8.10, (1) does oe lc 10 Imike the acon of posting the lee obligatory or required fr Pete) (810) ‘cludes more poses resis the Bld of pernay mote than (11). 12 "he same ways the normative eects as perfomance of (8.1) ae ok De same a thoe of 812). 118 12) aed perrmatey open (makes pried) some poles in which Peer dns ater, br (413) open» ome a8 “eh of plies, namely ame pone where Peer dike ater 0 ‘by The a that he nerence (HIT) and (813) fant 10) and) tana nacepae sen be aly Rae the alli ese out) ao permanant RH he seman (ptm tie ees oN, etal the eet Ny ac hpi aby gl dation sald ot Be eagece acne tees ofa norm ont nm tm sy mae tan opel ee Fearne the ec ofthe cepts ec sce en et Spc (or conus of tnoweige) The een ofthe scpnce o> ane esto te et tens a nal a Sa than the ies the sepa nf he fc dune Ret ‘Skis conten ta tebef unt ier ete dene “he sper prado lad dae pens ses re teeing shan Ron pan. Acog te SDL the rormatne uso 1) sh Inte ace eme wr er stato) a ih Pee is waters a. “scan be coma by altwing mine taro a wich Fe sie However urmathe tec 1) mma en pr ae — ~ Deontc Lope — sittin in which Peter dink wit 8 well a some simatios in which Peter {Eos nc; in other noni (213) ly scams to have the soe el the Sernce of he concen ese ay dink wae nd Peter sy ink wy. eas) ‘A juve emison sens oor che wee he wo des as hus conncan of wo poounsons Ti eee of dsjnche ems Sea dele on the ta of SDL aonb spends on ome Pac ‘Gite srhuncive pemisions Novos donee permission ee ot ‘eres pera bth jn ut ya the determin ofthe ld of typ pent coe he see Rap 1979, 6271) ‘Yes, you may dink water or wis but you ver cans your actor bete os drink whisky. a) (215) my ean nace of vormaine (peain) we of prin ee stn kes eve son pre, bt sw thr ‘Shy he dean ote pry fon of he dc Tt ros pce mpg ork (16 snk ot erp a pened pae fr econ of piso. “Koc ck due pr eed ey) Ig = ed cc tes ang Rs Op tas Of Sse ang P Suir e ew 02 0 an esa ee, hee Kg mea tao a Fores f ASN Reb oop ow thar Bey ten sag (87), Mecano ba re atch ae coumerinte Ais, 967) Tn her Sou sRietng he timing saremens cor tea poke es) > (9) ov 20) Buc sto nih er fr (18-620) em as i he fic, Gis ougi vo know i bat thee ought nox o bea ie, Some pls eyepatch prsox (he oughta pardon othe prox of eee ‘gaa and ter soa psc os eins ot (RDM) not a rn ‘of deo loge (Gabe 1991). 107Rito Hipnen - Conditional Norms In the cumple abn, (B.18) execs contol elation: ls agi 0 tow theres thee tone, here Awa seed shone he seman of SDL, the inerpretson ct deo ster wt» en of ponte werk o ata “demacaly pre or nomatte fies wos tnd noma umecepule or npr Wo. Sens senda are {Condos re en emuocaly re ome sna sew femala hem i SD. po kad Yo prance Chol 968) ha ve 2 ‘aml of sch 2 et The flowing senteceswe om constem ad puri topes indepenen: (Ch) Jones cup ogo 10 help hit nights, (ho) one aug ol Been somng ei ing 0 ep (€¥3)—_1FJone doesnot goto help his neghors, he ugh otf el then het coming. (Ch) Tones does not go to ep is neighbor. Inthe langage of SDL, thee sentences might be expe 8 lon a2) own (m2) aH OF a8) rs ry tee ays tat Jones es 4 pe ign an ge that fs lee igh that Be coming Acorg to SDI. 1) an (8.2) eal 28) and (823) and (6.24) ea ow (828) by propos! logic, in eter words, (8.21) (8.24) etal oreow 27) and according to the consiency pispe (Dy), (827) enae oreo a Deomte Lege — zs the snggetinerctation of (Cat}{CM) makes therm join nconsiten “Thistle, (ChI}-{Chs) em a exons a onsen {er of requremens, andthe ft that Jones doer not go 10 lpi ibe ‘foald meme hem oil icone “maybe agg that hte so unk lal symmetry betwee (822) sol (33) (822, the Opera precedes 9, bt (23), thee exer ‘evened. The wesponing nymety Dewees (i) and (C8) es no ee 19 evens saeane 6 (C2) repented by a (829) or (Ch3) orm ob 8 x) she comatcon is aie (8.21) and (8.29) do or oa (8.25), and (8.24) ad {Baty do nc cual (20. Hwee, scorn to SDL, (8.29) bo com ssopene of (824), he oer fan, (8.0) i gc consequence of {Gly Bath ret are nt asaccpnbls a» wos need abe the semen (Gar ut sce ob purses indent of ech oe ce ch le se cs oop tomas we i Slew sat ast ip snore xen 2 eomiary dy (CTD) ‘an Fe th ean Cho un may ao ec he pero of CTD [Riga Chstots cumple tows hte of are wi coatin ed sare tion and CTD cbs aot be maardw SDL- i su caesar propel oath coency fea (625) Soyo) oe wmcepe of lton (orth conse of ugh) to ‘Bren ihar bcen gus eg by Agito Hoxpelnan (1981), (8.25) and ase eid Buen pas of ne Homes, th ds ot sem 10 Be a8 (eee tea Chaos paren There re many nor top verion of eCity puon sch nthe flowing uso: Ase tha ge 2696 per cpr det lag hrf anne Hope o Raves dope ough Be Pg abou tin oar of the ovners house. Moret, wang sans AORRE Weed whew suc ean. Ths the folowing arma (Da) There oto be no dag (Ba) ‘There ug to ben wing sgn f teri no da (DS) ihee ba dog, there ought to Bes warning en. (Dx) Thee is» doe. {at} {Ds) ae fernalyaralogos to Chita’: example, and a8 steps 1 (ees in SDL le o's sar nconsseny (Carr and Joe, 20015 ates and Seg, 1997). 16. $$- Ras Hines ‘The dedson of he mth 27 ta oh 281 and 26 pen te Pri of rman onsen), Op ~Op. Tha pens Ns be oe ‘Sul indeyendent of Chin's eanipke Dy) exhlesthe pss ne "ve som, bt sich conics ae no maa malin vt awa ty be red tha they do not amount to pardons Chel. 1974, p24, Gale, 199, 1.332), If dhe conten prncpe a rected. the aggregation eine (82) (Op 099 O19 8 4), should be ected wel, bese the ater pmo unde ‘ins the nin bereen a conBict erween obligates and the enene of 2 elecomtadcton iaton: the revagnton ofthe poss haan cow Ais des no ean hat ne should ao adit the pen falconry ‘blgation Thus fopcas ve devloped yates topes Dy) {andthe aegregation price Sot ld (hc, 1980, pp. 208 2), Never Saxh stems dh no lp to ge 3 ety stn the pres ae he CTD obgaons. They erale one wo cone oh that CTD satay ne fant ho) and (8 are epee wy b> or 39) ato a3) espectinely, no conraicon wil arse. IF the counterpart ofthe mada poner {ipl hold for he condna inne, tei leDee) p> 8 249201 ‘logy tv, (Ch3) ad (Ch ena (8.26), hat (ChE) and (CHD) do or ee (8.25) The mer aj of enone sv N47P eas Cabs ‘xample he rel tha one ght ttl highs hae sn PP them. theses analy, Oe the rw that Jc ug 81 iis tht cin Thn the als ee et crn ph (oat) The in tere (CI) (A) 8 {ake te watement a capes aon pra farsa (CHL) {CHD ‘i be rea saying that orf ght hp ie eb, Me ah {etl them hate cng ut he me on gy or eo ‘hea an ‘sua paca obgation not them he coming Dees {0 te 00 lag a deductive conmeton betwen the to kindof sup, But ence ofan eal fr rina fe) obligation servers evden ft the Cm ‘ponding pracilchgation The inference of acl eaters ros west ODE toms ean sbdacon rather than Jedtion Bot forms of snditnaeigan, Op) an p> Op are dees in the that they donot ss the pce of scp the ronon of the lon ‘or suengbering the anectent of he condor in ees wordy the princes 04/2 O14/P 9) 53) (7 09 2409 1> On) 63) 1 Deon Lege are otra. However, acon so Levi's (1973) ema fo bn {onda the coum of mode ota kts or te conte, Ng the derchmct of cul ojatons fom cl penis poe the Lew ope ‘Srcon ae a ale ony aay sit nthe rece ere, bow, ‘ny sues hve acho condom bby cdg CTD- OSEAN) BF {tea of deal mdcon fo which mo pn does nox helo xm ‘thn he conitinal p> qiend Noma hin ceases P (Akon, 1903p 75, Matin, 193, p36) Accrington (826) {nd (7) me (20) nt sd ne of cl oe, {2c ony cence hr he Pian rsa of Chis exo md he ‘mpi to rect rae CPD cn and her onda etn In inom! queef eon lg have yet mee ean on he be ‘er Cano snd Joes (201) 3nd Se acei Nate (1997. 8.6, On the Represcatation of Actions in Deomtie Logie laa a ee sor tne ce a a sc oe a ampere it a nae Sram tears wre Sas cog cepa te ee ee tna a Se re ene lee Se that att aad a te aT as Scene tiene Bathe eee Sor seaaate la eae tales a Sie el gown Sa Feces Sten ee ee Coca om a a Soe es i cs a Sei er toe cos el crestor sarc ck Sion ens isle oe eo oan: rene ti goa a engin a cn choca ormeieieer tenner retin lear one Tee Suan se Gon nan a ee Serer ce earn lS Re esas ete se Soe eee 13at oe Hupnen ~ ‘eres Hanlin 1987) hs aa ss de tm fee ‘rere, Thus the dnnctun fercen props and is ee este inthe seman rami deen ap te con tec sea Stoves prposton) and enon beeen wore Le Bee ita Kame fom sme ato ce by monet me ah stop o proposal connemes Tor ample Wt and Be ston er {he flowing expen su aco ere (Ree) AB doing Aor 8 (AcET2) ASB ding A ad B wgcther ‘5 ao convene to has an exes or the oii a (ACTS) Oma: omiting A Oise lactone tition whi fa emp A Spm of only conn scones whe he oa tear n pon ge ne (ACT) A A flowed by 8 (ETS) AP: doing A ite numberof mes For the eof sii hi he cos ony cme ton (ActTH-3), ™ - inn a ‘Aco chng thew than aon na pace W of pose wrt 0 sts maybe meets aon ea sf rel pa) The adel nod an on te A hay vl he hie Per smectic tom AA te wh be pac ae eet mean ‘ov it jae me nt me a ea en hee cy ny nd o,f tee swe ent » The santo SD cn be pd oto ee ree Seto Sb ome vs dedi coat eens Sty ere and aca nt dean pee om “natin te ded a sg oy ately seo Ce) sed dsc egal aon a epee se ae Sows whch ete fom mst tes figs ses om = 1 sed aay poe nan fs ee ae (oe ‘0 deomic indeterminacy) and no tranon i tat ea ep the ) Tegal and ip in ot (de) Leg, UI, =Pos, (eons) Leg, th, a - Deon Lagle — - “The asumption ta there tome eps way out of en suaon in ther word, (Das) Foretey 9 W, Le, is oonempey tere a 4 the Cnscucnt 4 ae a Selec poet. Ths (CPt the most nal ean 4 Sue per sion to do A ifyou were todo. vow would ne be dmg asthing seal The Selection function fwd in {CT cea the mini pena oA fo the sof al posite perormances of A, ju tthe thos condos p> 18 determined bythe ekecbon of the pwede minimally diferent Hom the Sl Suaton (or the stuston where the conitonl © fein. slate (Hine, 1993, p30 Te the dijonetve perma “You may do A or Rj antepete 3 2 sng permision nthe eae dened by (Fat the uth PASM PAK PR 0) pends on wheter ANA) OAT) WC PULA Bm aay nother worse depends on whtherthe minimal pesrmances of jee 3 inca the minimal peiormances of beh sje The example (8) (00 Po 167) suggests hat ths need nor nays te te see terefore (840) fm Loge ‘nuh, ba itm hol i many ess nd fi papa fan yoy Be ipected to hain situations a wich permaion sentence ae we peor lacie otherwise would ot be clear what has been pote fe, whch Pe foxmanes of A's Bhave Been made deontaly apatite esa (818). ‘he dursive pemision igen together withthe inmaton tate ST iy fo he nl be re yar nay fa. cereus Hee em Peau fo ss Hat CAD) sh a ean 8.7. Deontic Logic and the Logic of Agency tn mnt recent ystems ofthe lop ofthe og to-do simple aon dens ‘ent repaid as pemive tems 4 outed sve, but are eae en rte epi yea oa co pra whch ly dt e010 that cea brn aon Sat” Thus action deepsea fam Dots, pl. where Deis mods opcator for nction ot agers Paes agent and pss propoina expression Thi sn ofan sence yes ck {oe cee eur phowphe St. Anci, wo avenged te fos POPE tes ofthe Latin eb arr, Seperer, 1092) ‘Kang (1972) presen an iteeng ana of the concep Fxg 101 ‘He rmprdedataemeat othe occ tot that ps Dna yw acess Pe a eons Logie - (CO) Daa, p)= Dia ~)& Dae») were Dr may be lt pee the ifn emi ac of gene and Dm ans ete neery son ae agency. Kangr esd Da a5 it ewan fr someting «dsl Dts) salient sein # des “Tse reling are egal Dita ph: Something «dees istic fe 9 a) rap Sorting # doc ince fo § 643) anger itr se agency pest rand Dw in tes of to aan elation on poste wer (eDs) 4 Dap) iw p freer such tat Saf») (CDN) ae Dal 9) wp for ey» tc a So) The words uch tat Som wan bh odd at woe in which the ago Pet the ment in Kang P8987 8S 2) 0 {Gat the eppete ot ecaing a dcr in ris the cae i'm. Ove pose er tan fe expestion tt doesnt do any ofthe things she es in a, ba {or cxumpl) comply ps fab poste ofr any aon ‘hut sperms st Se See sorshing he (he. sre alntv 10) a That anon of tie concept of em has fmm which os bese wey cpa the rece work on the og of atin. The is conn, she Dr ‘Salon, muy be terme the pe onion, ad the end onto, the Dw ‘Suton ay be terme he mea con of gy. Te ater oon Rina conn of pee sae ogent ha not eed he ACTF ent en ec A ami of id oe tw Wg (1968, 1908 her serine of he avai of age by means of 2 bie nds rgtve conan fave been fomalted by Ags (1974), Ait pa alec (989), Lindl (1977), Pon (1977) and roe ree by Belap, Hy, Pen kes see Ho (2000) an he reences gen In ‘loupe: neve dangeed aout the fran of the gare condition. or (1997) ha ae tread of Rangers Donon (CDN), fe shou sep ga weiter ngs recent sDm(a 9) abbreviated ere Cala). (ACN) Cala 9) if 9 Pp fo seme ch that So ‘his condson can be el: ar acon might no ave be he gat ‘tome 19, p 7h hr wordy ay not aviator a tht». Aavt Eee ei iee meted star weak orm of the cout coon, ‘coin to Pena apse ese sno sh emai aor ee igen ot 2 woud censor dacs TPE Treo tt pate nthe vet condton of prosy se pine tien)Ras Hpnen, | ‘The Deoperator makes pomible w danish Rowe makes aston wih respect t's ot te in ce fr APoia. py does Hot ee 10 hap Dosa ph aces tha p Ala, =p) does nor se 0 that ap “The combintion of derene made of ato th dont ncepts makes tp sible represent Seteral epee iat sad perm an een ep ‘omic elatons between midis For crore comer ate aan se operons, Fla. BAccoring to Ranger (1081) ant Range and Rant (1966, the Desperato can be combined with dent sprain tiga fase pes phe or isnt se the sap gt (RD ODe8 Fa, (2) Odea, Fla 8) = Pela, Fee (3) ~O-Dela, Fab) = Pw, Fla, bd URS) ODaib Fab) (R14) deine four base norma restos Between a and wich fom Pepesie can be tepaned iret reload concep of et In (RD. 3 has a duty to sce wo that Fi, dh neuen to clam on con 208 that Fi, RZ) can be describe a eden (or pre in clan to Bat la thi ean thats niga ose to that oF Kage le 13) ws poration to Bhat A,B atl (RA) may reo 08 that Fin The repacment of the wae slay Faso avsygete Fas ‘kl our aisinal cone right whi Kang and Kan (1966) elt rte lam (KL we cam (Rw mer Ra ee nummy (RW), Karan Kage ale the eight run dei 8 8 2) state i Thm eu Rewer yr ih fees toa sate alli pean Be curseed compicely hy meat ft tonstins he ihe spe type of mp te Nao Three 2” = 288, ech conanstions bur the ple types of righ re mat logy spend of ‘ch ther, aco othe lg of he dente © opera an the gee epee De, oly 26 comincons ofthe spe yes of ie othr negations) one. Ranger and Kanger (1966) ed tae 26 eens the on pes oF fiph” The atomic pes provide + complete chaaccneaon ofthe pombe Hl ‘eatonsips betwen wo persons wth pect os peta of i per iad ool he 26 rato “peso ih bce toy aie nies den wl clams a eedoms. Thus Ranges tion of ee ‘eauons canbe regarded 4 theory of dts sa wel av ight (nda, 194) angers concepts (1)-{R4) comenpond to the fo wasn te mor ih" (orton concep fa ih) dnb by Hohl (1919) om whch be aoe in Deoote Lage — the expressions ine yowe’ and nmi Ahoush Kang apa Invenda (RI)-{Rs) 2 aprimat apletons of Hobs noon, his ones power and inmuty iter fom Hehe. coding Kanes, both pow ‘Bu feedom ae pein: a omer cmsstsn the Permbiiy oar ene {oat sorting the ce ween edo meats Ot the ne oan {Gccto itt ee opp nae of ai show be the coe, Lindi (1977) snd ‘Shee hme und obi cone of power thou be and a iy rer tan 8 prmason (a cam rater an & may ee Bun (1992), {inh 1998) and Maison (1986). a . tke gency apron chan he Dopo cori bore can eee ad ie plier snes ich conan sever moe ocaences of tc ‘podtons spy opcet(oraton opts sn pene peraton aed ‘ly te pe ese bs ited the aprons dros nc rede og of peny tthe aap of copes cal and nomad Poenorct, Bape tc Maps of tree nce of elton an ter tomate ‘hor ane 1984; nl, 196 Maun), gover rac ‘SES onep ot utamcncrom Kanes nd Kage, 196), nome potons Et namate change Jones and Sgr 1993; Lin, 1977 sero, 1999), te yt of merate commas ucne, and roponsbily (Porn, 1989 Sos 203 Camo, 1996), the aay fade ponds an he conse of ad (Grab cal, 199), Suge further rein ro Lg Iida ond Sma Reding (pen, 19841971) cons ame ‘ecg sn te dens non eb ang ad th, Noe Seren ee te Nora As med se Ponti of Eis ey 19811 ce ee tbmol en Js poco eng et ga De ‘Ste gun, Ho ene a 20) as $UTinct er ctu anni ams a dna Senn pon tl cm ors deo ps Serv es Ie a 9) HE nae se Ackaowlatgment| References usin: 193 Pia Koda of Dec Lge Logo ee ‘Scan ge sod eng (es (193, 5-84 -ae Hpnen | — ets R 8 The uml abn Sean ea Dn ceed een Pgh Pe sen SL ae faite esa ep 2 Guat Ser SAR, Son 9 Non Hes te tna Ranch Coop cose Bra 8 ‘ap “el mann Coan ean pens On” Aor 174 7% New Appa he Logi Then of Aco and Cae” Ag ad Herein 11981 “Sone Tico ee of et "re Une n Fn nT 723 Apa MFO: Catan rar de Ge Ren ee Yah ean, 988 Danan ce Tod Sr ea Aree hitanaum, Coder lc Pe ee Aap 188 “Sams, ornate Pte ea tment Gamtmpey Ip New SY! Pop of in anc rs Sh Buln 199-0 Norm Compete La nd Pap 1, 20: Cape sn 001 “Den estate da ‘Php Ia Dnd edn il 4D. Cane eet ses Pot, comic cate, W867: “Oe the Sano he Ough wo a Sue, 21 97, “Ho-shinet n Seannr of Naural Lagu Ha ibaa ae “hen © Om fe Snap wesc oe. as) en Senn ch 10 Rae Dospan a me Smee A, {Chea BF 1980: Mada Laps = An Inston (Cambedge Ueoersy re, Cambie {rtm 1 1907 etn nd Pein Le Ate and amin Le eet ia Yan ae Mo ‘Tem of Pak eh“ Mle Cie The arn Dpon Pep Sd enti, 1 1K: grin at Be Os) Nts ag mnt tres Re TB. Lg: ad Spm Reding (el ‘ans el) 18 New Sd Do La Ns mins ag ee, Dnt aelieannindeen aah Oe Das eg My” Pah nd Prugmart,H, Sashowish, eben Meinet Verlag, Harbury) 295-919. eon Logi upc, 1997: “Om Set, An, Onn nt Nonna Gta Asi sense JES Dron Tg ur Sie Pl, isdn 88: “Some a etc of Disa Lap? in Hp (et) (198, Sib on WN 1919; dame Lgl Ci Aplin Jat Rr, YW, Ch (ale Unmet Pee New Hi). Han, 2000 Ayan De (Oxo Urey re, New Yo Peet Ad'Soem 98 sy he Cheer of a and Compe "Seta Nieman Sens Pgs Mend Whe eh) (995 275 Serger, 1927/1888 “imperatorin 7, 286-96 TESS orsy tore see Chace Paminoe” Armaan Seen Pdi NS. 7, i 1979: “Sean ve Pagan mal Sani end Praga erst aguas Garner ene Si. Re Deron 25 87 se Taman Mesh Neem An Users Uae, “neni Urea, Uo ne 87 a aed ope hk 8 105-12 Fame otc Found ori ney Eine (e981, 36-58 (Cry pied in 957) : sees eat ir snd Pama” Tens 320966) $6115: ‘dP teh ce Cn Pry Sandi Ob AE To. men we gue” mG Lal, aie Sf nd Tn Soe Rae Pinging Sanj-Daro Oxo Res Vee, 30= en 0.3973: Campa (is Bahu, Os LESBO 8 Rend een oy or fal Hine te hin ie rag as is on nt 67 URIS 09 Reto ad Cle: Roe Dr and Ros). FUSING E1993 Sana’ sry ah” nl, Meo andy of etsatn pane Sgr dD. Werth ely sever See BV Aer aati: “On te Fama epreneon Rigs Rene Renton he ‘Mn i Keng snd Ln nd al of Pipa a 5, 08-28, sae cf ea, 3.7 ten (os) 199, 29-54 AMGpnE The en Gram ec Wil (Lc a, ra Fond tn (le) 198: Noms Lap and nfrmaon Sms 108 ae aha Dieet Apron 0 Deo Lagi: Deo Le ew a “Ways Lage” Nas Bee jr of Tora ap 2,1 =36 ee ena eee) 98 rn Lag Cpt Sic Nomar ‘Sook Scr om Wi sm, Oster er Yes 8ten tape Son 6 1978-0 Chan's Fan” fora Pep ai 319-21 oan ee ier Mr, en. “Gono Hewat Poo R Hien Son He ea, rh ns 00 “i a tn oh Os Stn tsan utara oe. Te rand Nr Ss, 8 Beno Coen Spe Sect X12 “tng Su Reg he Ln tn nd Lai on Wg 1957 “Deon: Lg.” Mind 601981), 1-18 opined in HL Wight, lana mdr, Rog Sepa Pas Lemley 38-74 seni SH 10 Sand tle Kn Pl Led og GH 96 A eit nt end Thy ta ———— Chapter 9 — Epistemic Logic JeJ. Ch, Meyer 9c. Intodocton: A Bilt History of Knowledge Kaowledge fas been» abt of pioapicl study since ancient Hine. Tis no ‘Nryiing sez knowledges era for humans to onl the acon ad the {pret fr sing etn fate The bam ee hlsophy, dele, Hs Rejecccope oc wh the qusion ato the nate of howled. area of ‘hizzply gency lene to apology om the Grek word or now Fede items Pto defn! cle jie reli a0 this defo teovnenced hooper ever nee: ef Geter (1988) and Podock (1986), ‘Aihough tne tha, efition docs nor yet expla the mare of owls, {Ince al ofthe thc nsion faction’ wath ade ar nt yet clear {Inlet dacnson 1 would po beyond the seope oF cur purpose {oo thi ea moment bt etched om er in hs hater. Purr tues comeing ocd le the question o ht ome 0 un. ‘here the contvery tween exalt, sch as to and Dest, who tinted tat boomer nly somes via eng), ah emp, sucha Lake SNH, who mateand Ha vowed dees om ene epee. Kane Conseco anal nel (erie by prep argune) ‘coun mtr knowlege tere be ese) and ptr boomed (ned on enor) ves «pi knowledge (whee hs ot theese) which Jado tg tebe whether bes prom nowt i yoble Ari te oe wah so mony ngs im the tenth een, che aon of Soong became semble to Kral apes, With the development of ‘rol sata ng he sec al of the eter cy the Fm Suro aka became snes testy fps exon sich me, eetSiy,iipatons analog toc. Me ofthe lagi ae cece hier the Resing of mill logy, same logics of certain, modes sch a+ ec spomiity. [See coer 7] Whe (ral) mollis had ben oun nce he pala of ©. Leni (2912) paper on a soma pouch ‘ae pen the nepton of frm mos pei logic fen ken 3.En Meer — etn 1962 The pa 12 wp oh 190 reel oy Ral and Sescboe (on) meh Wn al nga ese sisi ppt wx pg, se po ay SE. te ihe bel wan ae sane pene ee oe Scand Wie ta oa ms te Up ft Sc We,

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oh ‘Sand (rh-» Gain) and > (Sempeton), th her al ema Sekanegs As i oot 9629 MIA vag rand aby oyosial soms 9 Pare, fo, er by ing the wah agent oF pi aip)=T ay fara @ in hs og i all notton FE 9 al ‘Kriphe models M=(S, n, R) and all s€ 5. i rein he pesor Kin the ahve wy, one Slax amb Proposition 9.1 1b Rig-+yi-nikKo ky) 2 tee mea ke it mopson sy hay modeng tomlin is wt ded der ‘vil cama: Foherme, ar dts We ees tense eine, Frat Ssiting the vie of Kian eld Tong acs a aoe eee nde Io hs oe ny peo ce pono a ener non 9.5 tom Forth ie gee aa tte reper ot ea, wonder no ae prey ade Se sly cil 9 eon, noe the th Tal om see cw ple mods th hn en decd ac on be eli he ng —_————— 16 Epitemie Loge Liter ae stem (led tem Kin the Beate of mods gic) omng of the alone (0) any sxomatztion of propos lgie (Keay 1iko- ky) ls mods pone MP) and (a orko “The ally (Ks genelly ered oa the Kasom, whee Ny led the cation re “Techs one can how hs hs em Ki nd and compete wth repeat 0 ‘hecho af Kept mode nc Stes ha she there hip ‘aly the et fais (wih resect theca al Kee mod). Since He root ofthis tertile ome her, bu ean be ound ay {entocks on mal lg se, or ramp, Chel (1980), Fuge anf Creve (B84) and Meer ands der Hoek (198), ant eager 7) 9.3, The Systeme T, $4 and $5 -Aszen in ston 9:2, the notion of new, ape by 4 modal ed in ephe mdes oft fm noe here, ies cern proper. Howse, ‘Sie proper tht iney ho of knowledge are no aes hi ting Forno one ofthe desing popes of owed tat rl That 8, Jn onl Reg te toon that ten @ mst bees, This ola, ower, eno vay the Humes given ths be caper 7 "Thi can be seed frmever, Hy ptng corr om he dan of Keke ‘mak ig smilered. By apalting tat the xc elon Ri gle, evan the enmat Rea fr al 7 Sten the rs Ke @ Bones alt wither the se of ode Proposition 9.2. Any Ke model a(S, R) where R's lesen aekee xuntag nem Kf the prin ston wi aon KP ¢ hem scons yon Ths cn own to be nd dome wh ‘Spe we now cs ome Lethe ew fl ie oc wih he ‘Sey rion ree ieee] eh Ces (90 Hahn {4 Cee 1900 snd Mop a ener Hee (1998) "veteran malo erento he» propery og a ow ‘edge is known itself, expresed by the formuls Ke-> KK¢: if one knows then {oe at Crs at one Hae is orma no vay ei w= 1. Meyer resented ths rites. at, pin, cnr on theca of Kpke models an {einvvned wo overcome hie eBay fe ace relation in» model i={S 5 9S ogee wave, seis the sn ht Rls A Rie wR) fe 45 hn he rm Ks Ki tome way wth pe 1 this class af modes, * 7 ropron 9.3 Ay Kip mall (65K wh sree ss Encanto whom K9-» KK pes sytem cled 4 which it 4 wel ion acne Klee (a kati llc Te os ‘as te ps smpeton se tees tanethng owt he net ‘Indagare. Ream te Sw 94s ad ‘poe with apc 0 mos th any tecs tet ete se Sire ee apt 7 tao Chek (1980), Hage rd Cee 980) ‘nd Mee Hoak 1988) Now oe ana gto wit tere it ore wo be? Can er reper of we eet? sue ile So! eat ei ‘Shan wo meta Dee uri sonptet sce and A whoegees eo rele he oto wal er ea np ‘opt informant ab lge ens hap ae inh oe ones er Hoc 199) uso as nce ‘ich json ours of nese “hi om hale he mga reo akg Rake Ic sae ht if he get does meno orm ten Amo the dot ‘now 6. OF ce, fr human agent the soy i Nhl une to ld ‘ser owe one may nor even be awa of en's not Kawneer ‘ome acl gents, ing wih ft inrmaon ihe eas Bese Pf roped atoms and its fora tha the the fh een ‘ny be aud irl) ke hi he al pee ect tattoe soln sen th formula doc nos follow from the agents ite information, and the yet smc hw, i km A ‘ore ss he aly fhe alos dey rm the spec Lint of ees hat sein appt ~ as nthe cave of ei epstemie cn saute ‘sms c Halpern and Maser (1990) and Meyers de eck 1999), 12.10 the ay ofthe negate inropecon atom one bas con (accion othe) Kee mode en fOr can show ar ‘using thereon Ito bes eae ren, some ‘we om jal eon tha tiie = Fpmemic Lope + Rosner 1168 ene Risin Rua Rs a ral 8S 2 sumone Riss Rin atoral wees Takei Sina aterm een i ty ee me cin eee ira screcs in age nee ona inte cera prc at toe icieatl i Phtemtemne saree Eons thedhee te frase SSoLi chip neces Sight hte et e Eoieisicrecvastaegcemer eames Bota aaast arnt opmiccao nw ono meson ns ersmse econ ~ the antem SB contains 2 redundancy the postive intopestion axiom can Be 9, Beliefs The Sytems KAS and KDAS Belt monly sepa a» weker o of trode ein 5182) The ral ference bewcen oleae and et hat he fame ‘ime werent er ned et When coining prope xr) ofl ‘the thn Know. he of ewe ane oped ep rte oa ht ledge bac, Moy he mol oper fo Deed doused BPs ‘eae is bleed shat go" ager bebe a 9” Cain be ‘tou th at ato fx tee ges the et wn {SY somatation of popatsonal ose 89-9 (Bp By tp —Tel. Ch Meyse. — + te 80 2 Rea a rus maar on (MP) and (8) /te ‘The cas of Kiphe mols wih cegect ko wich stem KAS fs und and amie consis of hom nin wach the acetone (so to incree the operator, conte) ram and Elearning ‘her Rtn RU ARs Rw) fl 9 €& (oe ear), sho Meyer an van de Hock (1995) ‘ay, so is spared ti bach sald be connec Yom blea"p) fe sep? Ainge melt the ne RAB an se (en eel the Drange tnt held ned io of see ge fe {Supe tyes the pcm DAS weak 85 This em cn be oes mead sad empl wth spec to Kp tice in wish tne mel toy ‘mma Eacen od rik hc ety 9s et at fr © She its Smut fy Ths ope capone ea pee ‘othe agen come seat oe pease 7 ‘5 St $5. am be shown (Mee nd er Hoek 1995) ht KOD)AS (sounds opie wth ope 0s ca of single tk ohn ee {siting ofa awe a Sewer nu lag eh te sca ion Rates) eh Sant Mn sts ‘Se one inten KDAS, the th omc, tei oS RAB sn be emp Ths pres ne pare whey can he epee psa in ey inane wath sie mse RCD) ee coe ea ed ‘el eres the cre wa eee el) ge te i ates, yr alee. sn cal we aon (98 eptne ise wih inh ef KAS maybe ey apc csc feb te genet acl word ay ate ming odo ath he spate ees ‘esi th sth be ay beeen heen ar ye Sea nie Nitec w the cf 86 the psi inten anor ble mt ‘sh ihe pts Ra and RDS ee aH 9.5. Logical Onmiscence: The Problem and Some Solutions ‘5s reo ston, a mal spproich o koe (nd be) based on ‘Kip mods of teh a defned tha ye ht hale Cs) sed under lol cotequnce ant adie re know (eeered fopenon Dh Epizemie Lope In fix, sere ar a numberof fate prope, clei) ced proper of gia nine since ey have to do wth sme icalenton the pe fhe ‘Sowing (blevng) agent (vee Cl stands eter the Ino opera K OF he bel open Proposition 9 LOL FOpADIp+ ¥)>0y 102 +y3O9 Lok Fee ysrtpery 10s H(Cpvoy)sOlevy) L06: ED PGK») Or, b(DpAC-#) 1 an LO? wer ty mene in ppt. Ke st hn ga tpn 9 hoe ce) Sab prion ler, 108 ns a pry tg ene ‘on fia ben fie) ts See fo we el ‘Semen bray tht ay ee eae Shee ne neo eee aon be 1 a eh fiseen ed nd yt re ens econ fd {sien fsa ton een me ees Sims tment oe os popstar smtp in ie Sag eee pce Foren Icy sy ha ene ke ape snes serLamle i ge eh fone am Foyer ert ey Sl aman re ope onal {i Sima eh penerin o matn hres Te Ee Soins cy trum em son ‘GaSe ape hone po he rr amo ‘Sint soa lena kr ee he pope O1 107 Nemo ES Sp ic ae we ey gen ‘plied peur panera Tes tON- TOW sete t ‘2 Lh na (10 sy ingen won at et ‘Sy eb one te of wie sl ck i i pec a se ih eS ma ve ee, ‘Na a yom) _ “erty ese popes mcting test! stn ie it en sot, WS he pe ee ot fire wn ye at orc =_ F.C Meyer se ing wih te ail method consign studi Kp models in which nonsundard (ampoule) wore ze pee Hee the ew ml be on Scving she loialomnseac pola for blac tha knowles the comet of bet he podem ste tobe ie prep 951. Rantaie models nla mods a + sonst pe of of Kepte mod in which, bse he ons wr, ab raed peter acme Rese 108), The Mes behind ee Spouse’ ert he mane gets seme ‘ngs dhs inh snpouie wat sang may bebe se ‘ots ry ee Taste wlio nee oe fe Hr hyn een stem kh we oa ran (ew aA ty needed t0 avuid the agents logical omniscience. » wy wats Fon (piteme Kaa mcr ers of the illowng ind hee stands forthe whole logical language: towing Kea Detnon 92.0 een) Rr moe 3 aree A he Se (5,0, T, 8) where a + emery dentin 1 BERR ag tet tet oe EE raceme Fees aan alzment fnction to the atoms per sa 3 “ EEE ren a Sees 1 frag we 1: Rud Ringe Ri Peeks eat -nsge tbe wich Ris 1), ete 7 2 rMgA¥E 6 Aa lye ape Rha ba SS, EES ERG PIM MK BQ)=T tps MP 9 ora PES wih Weraise ss, Forms in ove wud + Sr ne inven in exc dhe sme way a pte mode nding the dae forthe mol opera Co 4 SBI9 4, Frey 1 Sach tha Ts) However, in impasie words s € ¢ very fra Is regarded x atomic, sd Bn rah a yea fhe : 7 ‘wath aigmentSncon or Ma Eg or igyeT picnic Logic a “Thu it may happen ths fr example, he orn A pissed the value Ty the fction aan imponie wes" © Sus ate va thay ae tae Inevey pil wards SS" In my Raila mode a= (8 1, 5) Ts ey ictal the worl in wh one caw ae she wos fo which one toes pa snce apd consid eptemsc stems. Although thee eras roy be dpe the words of eration Fepresent the aun wed an th "The etre of allowing fo tee imposible woes ves one the post enya othe formulas LOI-LOP, at noe of them are vais wath rept to Rants mode, For ntact, olde he poy of denying LO7 ia Rata ‘ody Te ey eau by taking model =, oT) wth S~ Ue SP=U), Palla (rsh and or 1@)= AF mg) =T. Then ace pL, ica aes LOP Moresby sulting that ("ev —#)=P one an deny te vty of LOD, dace now MG Fig) i the mame my, te ber loge Trnience properties cn be deed. Fale too thay dct the canton oF "Rantala onthe mod, the posite ineompecionsnlam ia aby spain, can be el ved 952, Sieve motels enone nag nang ice ‘Agim writ of 3 anand Kipke mol cle bt 0 ined of iececasiuiats Miesiteal-Ovmn nea SSeS sat irate er eins epee Gee Ree chiciecneseeasn fa cgaiaatc Fel A Ann cei lange Defisition 9.8 Aa cei) eve model Aywhere 1 Sie. aomempry set the st of ater pale wor fgsSa(D Heat acprmest Fron 80 the atoms ps sta 1 Fe Sys he at ncesbalyrston, whch Bede be sera Vente an Balen again, + eos pedis the amare incon, ainng pest the st frais thar the agent naan ofr any 36S.) ts esr 9 contain ll Sevan of the Paso nd he atoxpection sso strate 9/0 om 5 Z tthe lgung oan a ‘anos peter Aas wel ste epte operatr ‘The ae nerpeed on see soe A(T, A and a se FE Ss lows a Api 9 a) wsJ.C Moe 96/8 09 HEE A eK, po ls that To) ‘So fo se denon one can show inde the fon acta sve ony those firmus are consieced knowledge (See) tare sete ay beng "wae of by By the endo pr on tht on (whch sates something he ‘har the age is amr ofthe Dano an bot intempo nc) sd theft tha he ofthe models standard DAS lee sce ta hee ‘Sion ze ale aga ‘Sethe ee mex proach can ony rou formu to be now (belle), ly ts aproch onthe les LOI-LO¥ can be sided, Th obvious ty ‘king 1 de ht conti pole worlds whee he formule be seid, 131 ¥, sot bing sare of, arly take ah tha we A, Then mete 3634 Ay. ad hence MC. This can be ed to show that LOI-LOG He oral 953. Cuter mele fay He amet with wich on can sid LOT whe il epg the som remains, il acest eens Tt spy ito ero wt Cl (980) en min mete (9+) tt complete the ten one aes ules mad pon (MP) on 199- TA. Moyer Ke (a #/ce I on toa multiagent veoion of the ncn $5 (withthe aso nd rs, fr ech peor Ke ring er ca gine ome tobe und ed ‘cuit, wich du the rater complet noon af Cio xa bad fe fara (eye advan er Hoek, 198), Not ta he sty Css the he {ic $B tons and us. Faeroe neh aon nd whch ae get Rnd of induction sem mapa the hae Bchavot ofthe ‘oat in Sesion In wate term ely shout nds slong hc ‘ewon, Ise ta sapere along can of Rete wb beet i olds tao holds one Ryd wold ater theif hed ‘he beng sich nin thea lsh tery worl san ech obi ‘sexy se une asain ha he na malt commen hele tr oh 9.7. Conclusion hs caper bs ken peck ito epsemic and dona) log, the logic of ‘owllge and tebe! More arth lhe ot peng spa ‘ean of mat og. This hn ed wo omseron af posible wed tod ‘abl sors for eis logs and te ml pate 4 rd 85 fe hn ‘eg, an K(D)A for bel. As ec, th somctimes pe too Hedi prone of oowieas and bb ing te othe robes) saga somes Tae, atm, gave to approaches inthe eure whee the foul weslé canes sme (or ole Wane pretest cm) to cope oh tat psoas The RE oper on wants ro anise mre oa hs 0 deviate (ol) ‘Kiphewole psible wold vemamics with nonstandard etme Malye hc spinal novi andes hve Been deca ges noel ts have ben props in the ete ena which Kawidge sat Belt ca be reawned wih atthe same tine nd one mons ot feted temp of agent Sopgested further reading SSS oe pieemic Lope sett pein sie nt ape at ag ‘Care Seth nocd a npn o eon ‘Soe Rc it tech emp epee Te ‘re i pci 38 Gra SSToer tog and he Fomdetoe of gane at dese Benes me See corner fore pce hee ma uit Tok Ea a wl tes mee ee pe toe ssn ec bp Acknowdadgmen ‘is ued nth apr ger sh ty oe ili i eh + 9 pm el Sea aera aren uence ontario Iw etal have lite ro with re intrarpecion by mesh citetapaiper ie steer Spain cma ine to and beamty of those foe standont Kp » Reacts mere Slates Fee Rasiaee Homer ether nau si demacd te wy oF he a Ne eeatnadueramtomte SUS artnet eee Soren areaacmn ea References wc lh Mo ang 7 me i ea i Mit Sestak Gomer ebm SO Se re armani ge a Sch ia M198 Reming abot Kol Te 20heh. Ca Meyer, ——— paler en ee ee ee ery coor ore Xaatinzon, San Franco). 7 AST eat tere gat omni et 1986 Cnfrrncr, (Morgan Kaatinann, Lo Altos, CA)- a ” a ee as ag a al Nn ea tape cba emt fe = os sy Fiat 8 ache ee ena sn i cae man Coy i ia bal we ar te Sy ee ae rad a Thea sce a ae nes st oe ee es wee tee Stee Some tt tt ina ar pt Sd SY SRS ee een ara es Tl ans aan etn ak ed. (Springer Verag, Bevin), 186-95. —_ - ” SRST Ste at nt ann tnd Grandiagen der Maciemait. 9, 67-96, mie nan A naman Bg at (ite ce nh * — ren ee, me te a set Jo}. Gh 200: “Mods penis and Donic Ligh,” in Han of Pianist euch Ci rr at a i he Shit tt a te aces i is Rl (Sareea Ao, mt Brot as cars tee, ‘05197 "Ade Mah Lg Ppl Pi (Raat, Dec MT oui initiiaioretd ‘ie 98 alg Kamel Reeenion FAD Thos Tb Us entra 191: Dh Lge Pt FP he Lg Oe Rowe a ao Be Lag (rin of JIA, 8 Hh Ion eee ans Vo Nh SS Uh eR 1 Ho: ons Lg Ch FAD The, — Chapter 10. ———— Temporal Logic Ye Venema 10, Tatoduction ‘ime must be the most paradox once ou ins hive to del wih To quae trom the Cofeonr of Se. Asie ‘Win thei ow? nae ak, oa ut if wi xan 9 ene ‘ne of ine’: puting sects concer its entlogial at on the on Suir sijeche and Mabe oven, bal on our coscous epeone of ‘Mra cvenn oo the ofr hu our cation nd recology oe Bx or te undconning that someting the oben, abate Tine exit. Some [hpers hae en heparan so Br 5 t condde that ie swe ‘hen cpg the exten aoe tne, ave enganed eed debates fearing write, be a ea, bounded or bounded, eri 0 Some Tren leaving nah metaphysis ide ine obo plas sh 2 Rand renal le oor tk th here lr ned fo frei ening 3D Soha seen pyr eral nis, computer enc, a aril ine Fence (a Wie these ener re nn neers cone Wh the ae cepa ne heya could go under te Beng of tempor! lowe. Ofen, ower. or reed en des sued which tempor i of {nee ir bch of mada loge, an apron at Beat about Say yeas Sho wh the mo of Aor Pe, Ts cha: sy coined 0 is mos ‘Penge Ung aval bese, cor « rer ey oF em “Son 0.2 dicanes soe ofthe owe wehinown neal models of ‘ime These othe sre he al Inga of tego lai ae dese fa nm The inp th ce wo 403, 6 eed 2 ty ‘eae expose of orc ese ogi im of hi on 0 rest ce ere Te ep cen eo nse he ind fens ttc temporl loins tendon Secon 104 and 105 deste ome xen, 203sd serait hs bse system. Section 10.6 etches sme developments hat Ine len place oer the atten year or 20. Fal the Eplogse sept 10 ower he guseon we tepor logs? 102, Flows of Time Besa cn fags fi, ek ome Sl men eae aed edu a et ny il nee te or ay ea pad Sap emo! me a nee frets ol pnt wl eg ns Sok ng dae tts te Sn Ws ces at Sra nd chs bd fo: ence el Sromnng nes fone tas napante aE Scar ba ‘Sie Sit A prs en: se a aed ep Spar egw bed bie ane feat aieia SSD cme ent ten a een Schirano ep etlansctins Ghee ES conte eng sh nc eee foe tpg octet oy oe ae Pe ats eed ok hee) . ny ew uf ey aie presen tine, Ate sium, one bul equ hat Bede wed esi Call ‘te mtn ha line a ee Ean on ts rl re Samo hy Kner eek ieyShea ulster hese et Poin en Ve 11s od he pc naa ‘vin the eee Sco peraing he ome fey at seen re) or ree re earn we a es ‘AN ) (he oul saber), = (2, ) te tegen. ee =) {Serra anh ef al unten en nen Simp ej eae a ne meena Oa 7 an nen of nd Sobre ek pee fhm Bee) Se ea eo tr te i pi fie no a fil dane teen pe et ae a Tomaso ee ting ena fs ae re at i cna ss ee ie sieyycncacn tan bpoman 2 ot ou po tn vettne anus beets ewe gene Sereen ft mow aw St tie? Ara ayes cpl nes hg Sek oes ae ane —_———— “emporal Logie. ——————— ec Gine ar eal concenble, sich athe conan of rot. The oly fev ayy tat Cea ne has ecched yy ede steton in he ogc ‘tebe ane der mayne mised op comin i the det of 1 ow of meme Hay. april erring ee Bar ay ev “ic pins eet; expe in a cles he rocue to the Slee Vanity sys Rye Th poops on ine doit in ne {pot for tn eon a eee te ad in mos people's in fev al othe given minber camp ae ines Sows of ne: Neer, eid nenhngsims arcs sh rand $ave evel of enon Ie herr on repr iA scr call Drang fh fre thr ume pum hn to scl pn tram rnching tinue cote conta he frre ofeach ot ney ere. A Bow of tine nr boning ner bch he iar or traning she lustre ta th conto ies fw tency i at Ht does nt csc ‘Rae tne inet the ere, coe often eran the comin ci Filme we alowed to banc tothe re, batho to he ps thi conden tacts stay tren, st ernie whith fri [shal be etn te lope of bc ine es op wi he ogi of nxesey 2nd pb, Lest thie mol ope echoes 7). Te mee of is rics cond ea eb hss otto my Um he const 0 Pe ‘Et woud not ake mene cai of hi ote. com cnn he tno ie ve ed phen ro logins nd ppt fer ena, oe elope his era oe he mes tren sats fo mero he esos prs oe te "Phun neti suns oy Ray t=) we tele real ech "ore names ce sems that ereen denen ad dees of ait in Ana ndesog def ocean diet poe here ie pe ry itty Sen a) Bee of ‘hing tine eye fring ton frome, ne so Fest aeons fhe eon othe el tamer te orn. Hom ‘re fortompurer mle and err tn a ey len: aor that ‘Titel wo pone in Suc sp wh each aon nl pit ocd = te pt ot ede mt, Ley aa st Ren Ra). Seer singlet dete Now of ine ean ty esr or e ieger nam ery fen cone with cnn. Suppose at thee onal anbers scans end >i alo ms sae a gs an 2, raps Fay. Such as oat proper pot on citer yale 2. ah 2 ow (eee commons 28 pe eis fom tesa contra, "lee proper dace ere, coniny it vey x emo novo defetion recession quent ve fin os “Ther ae un her ict scosrorde cons te ne my np 205Tae Venema — tenor aries. For etre one might angie tht sect Sine exits nde enemy of the vn ing snd at theese mre oe hold eke se evi” One my of mang his pre to den th 2 fw fine hme fay to pola 4 re sold be ete ino ne cn hy Ft Fig ad nh) 2 stand yn 7) maging 10 tower ind ker oper at ‘me fahren ong ie ney th conta he a be at owt ely any pws between any to pis Ove ta this onde pes cers fb ma > 10.3. asic Temporal Logic ‘This set shows tempor gi 2 work Tt it presets o's bas sem of ‘exon lag, an daze some of the fender Iga! qsiens perenne 103.1 Syma and somantcs Te in he gra mato trl gee sl oo at ‘enor lp an entenson of dail poping. Rec a cca [opostona fu a epee a ath rae eter Lf te aD "eth tale induce eerie by 3 nto fon ping ‘roposon tabs tah ves. Once the vation ao, the tah ee {ay tral ac Now ws Ss wae hee ee ‘statemenss lke an ee ining. 1am caring open mbes, leh Fo tes tne Far fsa, it may be mining today bat sunny ‘cgaromio. may tecaming my mr ap om a one re ere The ne backs undeching tempol ogc fe so make vlins te pend; more pei me aso scant ston Mth eh pa em fee. Fry =F, te ow of es lai on 8 "9 (7-3 (-> 0,1). ( denon the ut of propo ven) 8, made 2a (5 8) ong lw ti nd san canes that, hs defo, one can ake ieee das walas in {thin ofa ode ina sandal way. For isan, the ole pcp H+ tie poi «precy Hf m(igh= and Rgh=0. The sce ——————— ‘Tempoa Love tempor loi meer nh second Base Hen, aly we mom non ‘Steal connecter ost the eth ems os sin ie poss ‘The setondacuncs two sack opens: Fand P. These names mnemonics “Tw anos? repent seeded mating of he oma a ome Showin thou, ov the ce wl" so ee tt some in in tbe st, ‘pols Ferny, define he set Penn imate sale consi he ropooal mls tha dosed wader rontctng new fom wing he Botan eee and dh enor oper and. ee ‘see Pand Po be ed operon Inthe paevits G9 (ed Pysbbrestes Blog Gpand Hpsse read "bene, @ ad “iter, opel. fie bnenaon we 1 rand evn hi we esi Neu thatthe miro mage cl py ee oe ome has Dy Sriancondy vein all wh Gea vic es “Bnet previous stration ogee, pes he allowing ndtv defi si ofthe noon of ro formals pat me pn ina moe =, CaCO Mehae nora sre BG rk gay ENG th pand ary 942 Gp saga pfor all rwith <2 Hie 4696 a8 poral sith > 6 aoa veyereup nmr ACUI et RGR ee eo eet een re a ag oan a Sorte ay dwepiteree ate wieare ccs Shama a Siena encenittacns’ iS cates iueteiceteiomeeite reg megs een er es late Seas ttt pron toe SS hee escae Saeco See w1032. Vali and denabiliy Temp oki ae ery ot 0 mah eed nthe nh ey of Son in pac ck ba sn ve ee hs en tu torte Bow oie een ithe aon Cages a ich rs (rte carl rman cnemng the sae of he unig ot Sie oem fas g so be ld nw of ten: 79) ieee vain ren sey ple f(a) sh pA ea ala wo fon of tine Fk akon ech mene othe das The wn ‘tse dened dy a sod oe satin fow of Sine {nfs i) pao aon be ew fi te ls (How tne pene ‘Asm enmpl rant to ht he re Fy» Fi aid on the chs of on ering Ame hs Sa int of Seo tht 147 Myson iy ener am sty soon osm ay oe fina ea) Fy yet eo, he he pi Fee {i by Sem, he mee pt coe ann Fis a bar thn ¢ pl sg ols ace Pad wee ‘bay fies tow the Ps ‘Other nos ate a eo FFs ovo he extern oft ger, Fete pt and Ta oer wan sta qe iyo the bs yt at bt Ee Ue img umber beeen a Ie forma Fy nvr fe eo. Ths shoes ‘ned F> Pes pet, one pent os tht thm ya ie on enon dene eo ‘ce ae aa on wo p< ec ineedate pte ‘assem gue ny i tke thera Fy ye ee Seem yy etn sce ie ee ey tn gra,» hea rms ie id ode iC a fine win aoa Kile cre low tine? 'n 7! iT belngs oc IC seem a in anata ings perce 1 wit or ar no ey ma p> PP ce sponds to densi. mean ‘Se vr ey fie on seule fr ans, ean rt shin Man muha edo hc tring fi oie, Oe ‘eh hes linge Row rain ie Pree Fc ng ee “Heche conto oh ol nd or mage Sees Bows of ‘Sime that are not branching. - ges flow fie cond ois kins myer ores sen eed he Non pi sro och eu 2s or eat ows fie een, ter wh he mae ce ee ‘ero. Hee, Op aires Few ge Ty and Do= Hp poe ~ ‘Fenpor Loc ving Gopi TL HEL an Lat sey Pr os) aving fl pat Gv FEL on ghey rr ow) Decree (rT agai Be as) Deay fot (6) ocree Stentor wo ving Site imena (Ge )->(B6-> Ga) (ee ee on Fay sce Pron eu ay fe ee on a ae ones at sect sey prt ode) the sue arly ares wheter he cso ‘Tame ef dete, Since, snow to the ese of ordinary mol Ts, ‘rat my be elie by she orl GP> Gp, ths eds tose role ‘finding correspondent for eeevity (within the cs of waste Fame) Unlinorety shr mo sac oral 1033, Axiomatic ‘seo seat, enor ge rs wit ows fin a bis it ‘onc da bern ding ope fr a oo ee rol ee tes ee of ai oa tog ce cher ta par soon Rte a inal poral tein hias pug rel se Kya ded he io aso ‘Mone ea a ced we he falling ao rd eon 208 (6) nial pron auaogicn (08) Giger eGo Higa) 9H (Dib) yay oH (Cm) ps6 (Traini (U8) if gis thcoem, shen so oly] (Une isin) (oP) iF gand gwar theres then (Ma poner) (1) Weis theorem, then soe Gp (Tempera orton) nd Hp m0Holl emt he rl ofan ie ema te proto ‘Mos tee ae and al of tha mle as, perhaps unde fee nes ‘sre fem onary log. expan & the Come ao (CW a8 ts be sem thao sede to ene ht the assy eons fie ‘patos Gand Haze exh thers convene. The el els the tnsiy tthe intended accesy felon of 4 mol opertor [ce chap 7) han Ou fensranson los tine espn rence oor Res fon the proven Subseton tar the propery of being sees rt define he Pra langage: som noc ta eet dos nor een el any eta ei. ioe the ein mal log: ee onto at eno nein the od Tagg my aver he vali ot cal males) hcrem 04 The lg Ke snd nd compe wit pec he cs of ak of pce, the ro of Totem 10. omit: Ese, ti eton once on comple fr the ca flied of te, Lac Lin te the ‘xcerson of K, th che om (NB), which the enki othe ssa PFg->(Pev av ining aon beaming to te fie) sod eo ge Fy FH Bs PO. Bere 102. Thelogi Lnend and complee ih pe 1 the ds Frf Thi poo metho mas we ofr cnonl mos ce cate 7} {ee fe fin nine oan ete ean Eo Wy Revi 9 ror al Gye w The seat Ja Reale sata from ei th ceil atin ot Pgh) 1 ‘he fim to pene 2Truth Lemma fortis sl ting hat ral ‘a Sy pl ofthe meen ll = sah pitoe» 0a ‘As wl (10.2) prove by forma ndstion. ‘Therein m2 el one minor pote, ‘nom that ae two bal epson te ‘sty tion, Tis precy nlc fe Comene sons coe ey fe pono card coi ton cy ts ako for HF, an be rowed etal et se cee iri (tac eo theresa Rr Now i flows ey om (102) the ey Linco st of oss sea he cena mod bt we oe of ma oes ae ee ———— a — Temporal Logi ot ash here. fnpotant os the Tosa eto em in aie ow of tine. Now i cyto ven tar the canon acest weaon i ate (se the som (2) in mal Gmpleener rob tno er lit Tosh hat Sao eae the dtl of prot ar et the reer — se {hem (NB) fut imple o prove sat Ria Ener arcing, Dae {igen ais wl nox be tue! The nin poem sist aang pints incu coal acti eto. The clk part ofthe pot cone raking tht ie posible eo rang She oni ue ino 9 ti Bet ry whe ath oma preserve "Ata 2 (H.R) cals fads ef Rt ras nd sronpy connect, mahi Vip ey ge, No give aby inal Ln onset 9, 1S fone to ee conden he pr fee annie fame that Coon via) nd sil ove teal of he Teth ema (10.2) 1 thar fn ha sey coset forma safle in a pcad-ine, Ba then {he msg lik nego he completeness core fr Lin he lwog ‘tim Teg issuable om «pending, ten abo 09 ane How of me, (10.3) “To rove ci ie (103), sa metho fe sg fe ben develope we seeded of sh ign» Br sch ofthe dong Stns ea he Aue ts psa in he mol = ) lo ‘Be pcnutne 3 2{ ae) The Baoan tht maybe repress asec eae ne che eos at fH te Wiles ue ces whch her degre (craig act pa re i Ris wine ont) The ton dod fang Gircr ema Re Thy es owl ich paper tern 2 ssl Ie ong ‘ua sie ech Cth Ob ecg ech Progr coe th Fee secs Sol cs iar eer tr sate We new tna henna he pe se o hi ssn, note ope Ther ean of son rece che wid ed ‘tna esses lw ts ihn Cy ovine vals nd ecteans long yr ng sv oe poe Tm when 3 er Cis ed Sin nar onto. eb nparan 0 ema a he Het oni ies Whe Inormasor fC nny on, an nbn econ. Baoan does Peseta ne re award ay ple Fr ni, em {fccumc Chan thes cme oly ad yh mx la tions ta oy Then fw pe tte eel (A ae Ben Ale) cee ese an unbunae! Gn btn xe of th ‘eed clavate oad 2 AE, There thunan eons eon inking pins the ne, tomer model 0 porn ang ts on ve at pe sae Sra“ se po ren (008) i be a let us define the fallowing logics: Turing to de koma of pie vee,Lin: Lin vAL MAR Linz: Tin sA2 1M oAR Hing Linden sno Lin.R: Lins sab 486 7 Tor these logs, the flloring rene apis ‘Theorem 103. "Te lopes Wa, LinZ, Lia. snd Lin. ae sound ond complete somatization ofthe 4 fie ofthc tine Ne 2 Qa Sceopectey (One way conchae shat tempor logis five Been rater accenljn ‘siomatng the sanded Hows of tines and the ema seo lows of ‘ane. Neves, it wml be wrong to cone that convey (mata ine) tee lps ar alvaycharceized by cls ow ee, Aen al lng, incompleteness the rei, the wy st example ofa onl {poly og wo Sond in tee lege 1034 Desidaiiy and complesicy “The compeensthorens enone in the previo sbsection re inporan, of ‘ou, tut i one wants to do acta! resting inne of the laps, rer Properis ae ret Minna, oe wane the legis be decals ies the tence ree of terminating agit separating the logis theorems os ' nomtheorens. ornate al th once lg dened he pos a ‘econ have ths propery. Mee expt ‘Theorem 10-4 The Pires tens is fhe elases of al wo ead oF ines ows of ine, re ded his folios om the at ht hee log ey sate ap have he {ts mde! propery. Teaver nay ved noah e need sara ‘he mato of minaret ecru comes Pungo the pnt of cnplenes Ea, Tor paca pups diay mot eh However; one wou fhe 10 Sr te aos ried ms tl he so ona copii enpor ope Tate wm nu opto gto Sa fs, ut nly en hee the sy pee To be me pee one can dei a debe Tr gag ‘hn thc wheter» Pea formas sane vs fe oct weaving ahs noe nin) compo sep, a he Since grow a te sume ie eng athe a Temporal Logie ————————— 104, Brtending the Langage “The dcuson nsecton 103 war bated o the erp ngage ing G [in Aas ony pine epee For muy acs, ose, sang ito pour in eres, and cea extends wine operators hae Been Sages This ssf xis ome of he most import ote, cpa the ‘Gres’ thd “ntl ands pets for Bench ine Ser 10.4 Since and wait Hass Kamp nscale dae oper, Sat U, wth he intend ening tne” ad un ax he sentence ver sng the roofed in 1 Been wat nthe owe sd ni me ge the fied wl Be dap in se ose 1 dente he extension of the ren agua wh oe to He cnet, ‘he Smal uth detiitin of whih en 8 Sows, 2% UW HE Ask fr sme ch a 7 and 9, wih for all with #8 <5 A Som iE af sg ers ssh ha 2 * i ai yr all with = mesg share te open an oe 8 i ew rst te Up Boe Sees fect tc bape an pond ot Ter el nso es peniniel "ei oh lai mar ini pls geo oma nie ‘evra tr mee Oui oh oper cir mas me ‘fw cane ec sips thew en a SSoiwtarune pcos mcr sin rset sedge ees Xan ead nso oon temporal operator can be defined This aes the question whether pears 7 Serge * fair ence pee hn Te STIS SR eet nal mp a3— Ye Venera — “Theor 10.5 (Kamp) Over the sof ear, continuous ondecings, ery fend pertar canbe dele 8 1 By Semponl peru ik meat ay operate whose ech dein i ‘pret soder loge. The ecu I the the to cern dws ‘es esenta In parc, ence the condton of iearty depp the els fer to Be negate rinanc, ove he de fl Bow tine i ot pole (0 find inte exentely complete so peat, aly, fr te ngage Cy one can the sme Kind of qo at ca a Indced, sow rots hse eon pened concenang dena, aoraiesbity 2nd decay Ta gener she et ae ponkneba here ot eng ac to pve dens here 10:42. Branching time languages, ‘Ac menoned sone, lowing How of time that ch to te fe meas ta nc can no Tonge asame tht te pst eterines eveything that Be pen Bon ihe emai as ae ot cu eee mary len ents of res psi, tens appropri to ay smc ote eno the th dcston of the Kure aperatr Faye ave cng of tansy willbe tected sow tore sibs than ene ows fine esl ht the tepeaion o Fp at can be eee fo the th deli 10.) yk "pls oe ire mame fe pose cue oF ‘ns’ Bar dos teem tobe ures osu wl te ce thot expense seater comicion tt gl etc en the aa coe feet ste mater be ce fees Tes ho ieee ‘ese fo repel the Oat sod Feces sch 9 teh tere To compare hae two appro, snes ws of tne wn Beene somes spur hat tach tthe pe (Creel fs ep in en) A itch nee FT) ne a Seat url atc of 7 testing es ha eh ean ghee ses pecan of eens ea pie Funda ach sale an bo "he Bae tag bongs wo) I way, oe eat age oes 1 th ofall pins we fed Wes bough he Pe ch pie wil hve nue ps ‘Now Peinsan bach tie lines he popoin Sit wl be he ae tha oi he soot wa indeed ane any tp bod to bape ie ‘257 Poe ie To mae this mote presidente Pecan tose gre ‘the ctrsom othe ran one mth ih fare perf ts opt a ‘scmbonlt dno, icing» gana oe al Wah ag the 1 Fog every rach pang dg ¢ thee Wome > ehh ag reg aoa) a Inthe Ockham aprich on the ott ind ic x meaning tak aout ‘he th alu of ous of he Zr por Gia ame oie tals one is ‘peed wih of te pone fs of Foch in mind. To be ale o cape ‘Retometing tht ll be the cne ter wht frm the fae wil ake, (Osi eaten the lngnge hap thse mal operator Csi ‘Sp gf his an ereng conbiaion of mad and tampon ope: [ose ss way so wrk ca hes oly to equi hatin Oat ‘Sham the nasal of ony foie elated at = pir eosin of ne fpane and» bach trough thi pe (erecting che nl course vem). "Thien to te fon at efi. se abeg —— aeatg)= Mabe Hoots gate MK ORY G5 Bi gand Ns DEW 96 BE G9 ia 5 BB por al zon Buh 6 Noa BEA i 5 BE per all som bw > Ma Beg 9G 5 68 pho allbanchs srg # aos) 11s ners o ote athe Pecan langage ca be en fran of the Oxkumr onc coma the induce deed tandsian (7 moping Petes Feet Obani eet The oni a-lce f his map conser the fare operon: (Repr=Ciny and (Gor OG9" {nr emihtoenard co pone thar al wee ses al pins #9 Cad all Sanches og Ae gi ag 8 Mary rau ae Kno comsaring Fea an Ocha lg: tans, axioms have een fo the Pesca fe do al eT ‘Spe nob dei ar his et ao a en Fe to fda rpc somata he Odi es ly ta dt ot cn ne he bringin bps en ie, for ue hte Ss and ath opin dee er. he ae Fa ‘ew ec ton cc ele le omen! ot ig 1 cn deed wine compe sre xh pa fan {neat pe ough et enone ic in tit am Pes Same maemo ono enon. een te a the Fecean an ie Gta proce ppc oe (chore ec ee) eum he epee mr Soa ue lg CT and CTL epee10. "Time Periods So arsine hacen eset bya pointed paradigm. Neverthe seems ats nvr Sed whee tenor logis we wed or ted, at a ets nomen “terre designed in nich porter thn psn te he Sen ene, or leas, play's more pomiente 108.1, Motivations “The pt ed perpen bt noes hen hot pisopialabjeons, er iomnce, Zen’ pron he ing ao, wey es uc cnn change on a beled momen of te nd tran ove a a ule se {hath someting eben bo racing tine nase fs immense wa dese the come vem So ep ‘Eee inp tae 10 sine po. Sop tat Ps popon {comaang te forencot ttt Zant ne moe Ob the hg of {ow a tty tht excel ks me might mp te rims oct heath of patent fn. rns a Sve pec he exces of tne po fr he rant fern espns ‘pet ch seme cones ra te pe oct nd ef bjs tone ca yon: Do oye geo be wea tne my ep sy ee hb Fone wat ey interne then ine pinwl oe phy bat coat {cs haben acts das nee pins shag Primitive olga se proc + soo xe, This second aru Hote en tp. wth' more etl, thon A Hee ses sch road tt pra ted prectton ieae inpe omow atad isang commen ewe rng ha tc sted wen nc, (OMA ‘85 argon my be ped inher aco te Newsman pee arate Tie ere aig happening Sa son ied end ren wc doe tak ye sna eed Poe) Finn rao tem ey ne the eo inte tic been pian poids sn quate wl ow {Seo ca te omg rae ht heap a gramanip med ‘er and ean be en om some whe magnon wo muntes may Be tae svn mom, dacs alow fs ih ee rogrmming lnguge wheres maybe epee i toms ny pers fn the lowe level ofthe machin ngage 1052 Time in periods 11s import ober thatthe ee for 3 mere prominent se of pss det not aecenly cmon mode ime In snateInwhich pesaeepim- {in eis they might wel be dred eects, “Temporal Loge. —— Indeed, one could well tat fom ow of tne = (7, <) doi er, ant ten conte queion how to reps coke of Une win uch 2 ‘Statue er ncn, pl ld be eda camer net Co Tt eunimerperd nthe ese Dat whenever sand se pit # dong Gen 12 Sy pm bcven and "A shee sight sper epton 0 hy come (chs) ena the spon, he eid (w= Fo w= 4 an Alp be cpa hep a, Oterve that in ppench has he wa tin hr propery of praca be eproned by nary Peden tbe is thief ngug, ves force a etn ger oe lg as {ote od ee cape) one oper or psd spine es, he silent modlng ssl meine nrc contin of se Po ets eapped wih clecion of Trove! rhfons on Be, conte oe potas apport {por precede lat senate rachael, he ae Dm MANY “pen Forint nce one tus incre in tempor prcdee, {Recon B Heytng, bower, sowed ht te Wasting too mach. Conscer ‘Aw-tereoecur wen comecve 7 he dina epeson = there ecu ineeen comic 7 in the decimal ex of Then AV B dc a ld contrive, the ipa, - Bis ny TS nto appro, bd on on oping dean es spats ae inpenon AB toms offs) prow of A and Bk The RESCUE RAPS ri cama one nw cece of Pa 08 we Same of As een ul Ths pc» Bi ps Oh Bose porpin kine meaning of te pie lo BELLS. kine Shen domain Do mathe obs A pod? wea teeta th ee Ree ten = 9rd He: A Te Sen apart uh th nA. The Poo a0 {fcr ene ets tc ps peo eae Theta icieprentt Tae I (Oteweth an eqcns Gurcrszon became pen ea whe y= Oana Aor avy) i perio po dense ew see An le a roa: At ao BA Ba rae SSEEATRES DATS ote catact oa eign Det setae a Sia) Bra F8 aA) oh Di ri Sapa 2» —————— Dik an Daten roof 4: a proto AL, the cman mapping 4% a which dered Uply a: And wo the comsrton hat aes a Cg), 39 i mon aig ee ga A prot ¢of A ea prot of A+ 1. Aue flag ne Hews tigi) > Poder 6 (py=0 and (ph: oe (les and (pk: Homes, fran {stn prponon Ait neko wher At" oes roland he (py cannor be compute Sin geet, ee no prot of Av 4 tee) ¥en) PindeA(s) ela)" foe 9 poof Seas). One has to Fd 4 VAL, feo ga):Ald) 71 fry dD, So pk an cement ind let Ad), the Gh Medel) and 90 elds ns L Mherre por (GMP) de 0 Arad pd, ) an eee Herp 7} = eel) Yaa Avant 4204 Thea Brouwer ns hile og in an infra wy, fen towing he wena ein asc pepe by relucton wo anproven semen ly repang ‘he decimal exon of Thi tecign, which os by the nae of cua outeesanp, tilt with he llowing cages, Bt, compu silane deine of andthe members of « Cchy sequence. Use Nt asan abe fe he dials ns yal ace a 9" far ves ma \at ks eant Nt) isan cling sequen of neative power of -2 unt» sequence f 9 wins ‘Sus, form hen onward te segue mt ot “The sequence deere real mamber in the sense ht as te Canc 0), canner Be Tintin Loge sities pot The ove mame anne aon, fr hn 8) wold Teton una hence 220, Conte Hence as ben shown (a ‘adr he ao grou sata SoA fs Ona ay Retr aco a0 fata hue prot Sur Beoucstn comme ae oak te es at yw ha ome propos ts yt mp, btn xed eel» rod ay efor oi tte sn con ree 4a ‘Fac Brera countess he it ce and Ong cn ails camer stays Becxpeed For example ough Urea ce of Supt of we Faced Mille (FEM whee o prot bus Bsn provide, Se eE cee poet or (dA) neque An wich 2S SEitlcdot Some mg sefons of cael princes me whe in ter 11.2, Formalization of Inmuisionistic Loge In 190, te Dash Mansi Soy pe in inl ie em + ee Peet Mec a ers ge Heng nt 2 Sore‘ ene So iB pol oa ion cet the sen nn proce nr (i Se oe ca vo an rss ng ro ei fal pay Sel he eno Wicd dR TOiolas Pips lane oes: onan cae Se te es ouh say he on of Me ZESTRIL Wha 1 a om Tt do Dalen tty sume pom oA acid >) ARB +A ANB Ansan) AtAVR Ba AUE (4c) 48-4 0)4(4v FO) A-v(0-94) (A989 oy (491A) tod Ao) 43449) vetata) > 8) 9 Beals) + eas) +40) Yel Aah) (B+ Yas) 226 mrDhak an Dalen (Tae guna sos subject othe uta condone for xin Ate) ae {doesnot oxer eB) Thre ret desaton rhe well know mas doen,“ se belo) and the le of wean: Atala ava ef sr onic dextiy (en 20 consi ares Sih fe ween a} The # ra ie below) wo ss ne don oa ‘Genacn 1955) wrocced to sow int of oman of fe, Bot af thee emily sted for the iviom of fea ean on {i rm mt. The ft she acm of Natl Detucom whch ede ‘eT second nd the Sua Calan rx ued to eo a Impocare rot heel secon sng fl Beanie ton done nga ones ae ie cng Ts ween een shined at a wl ve ae A 4aB * aes wel Yea Yea) Ay Ae) BA acon Beal e “Thee se 9 fy comentions forthe fermion of the rau defuson se (Aygo of a deaton beoneen squat bracket i acl sat yn longer cous 2 + hyper Una o of the pots are ‘Steele siutancony, Tie bore egie and it yeh be be rity to lw lr scectve ensaon (ocr and var Dalen, 1988, S58 ftp. 308), For mon etal pops, Hower, convenient (Fort quiniBer lester ae mera conditions the fe arable tthe le In, the vars say ot osar Be Inthe pes fn ‘Yand 3 e nf os be fe roi) Fal in she arb ‘hay mit os in Car inthe remainghypoteses of Foran expnaon, ‘ein Dalen (1997), (te womb noting tht sengthening te ule to te esi ary al bal ses i nc ogee ape The eat ingame of SSSA Nir a dublseaton cininaton. rebel Fl fe cated md PEM Ava, Be ined) “tena abe se sve for more tn ee. it has cette aes of he rotimecetn Seed sone Rec at Be dun cya: (pe) Be Now > Fs ta one bs 3 ston Bt und don 2” 64-9 Ashe becom sp AAR >: 8 is dervtion of Soar san autora procedure a, pen converts io a deren 2° of “Toe inven ro sates he wasfrmiion chancer of se ‘pcsion, ne- ivan Dalen Iovionni Loe a 4 a fea) et @ be gren then» yds 2 2 on * wa Tot iendae “The it destin shows a by alding a proof 0” of 4, one aati gta {A nv poo of Ths sexy the aticnion forthe derwaton of A= Fre onpnction ni, the smlogy even more ung. Fatrore lb seat om the cowapondence can fe made een mire epi in he Cut Fwd mori Both Maran Lf (1984) and Damme (1977) ave aged hate inoduton nd elanaton ru os mtr deacon mem determine the megs of te ‘toners bythe or eal dys Unt if one tow eee) ‘At then one abo kas An 8 So a pies wt one ft to ee fo ‘An The enon rep what on ay enon the round fen ft “Ai eae toons Athen on abo Laws tnd Hae These nes have ‘een coven so ey ein tarmony The endnce eed a ni cay he {Sidence one ean dee n/a Dummett (1978) ws the fete of te mes 0 Spor ts cam tha ton gi the reaen hat "ing es inning tat mutha Knowledge be dense “The rp the mening of 2 mathemati! stment mst in genes, comic of apy tae that Satement na cet wa, to pond incon way ae by nha” At 4 comaquence the Wadena, Moni, notion tit he to be ead by Something more palpate the nton of proof excl what wil ii tee for ommunicabliy and bray, Hence he sana grap ofthe meaning of = ‘ten consis na apc to eogaine 4 poof when one pene {Tis of couse incomplete ycond wi non pret Te eon fhe Plane notion of rth inked a pect of amet a ei, ower ha aves ened the relates cher a oer din ene of ‘As towed abe, while Hier deigned i pn theory Sr she orp of mite) pol Gentes conte he street temas ‘bjt frst ns by meas anges theo eee, 9 mum ftling ironies canbe shownseg fete verse othe eisute ‘on and exitence prope fers nmber of tcc Tee popes ae imescon Auign in «sytenatic way terms 0 foal i the deat. Since Ais an ‘Snmpton hs «hype poaysy On charging the pens ‘Senden ofthe gine) en or By Bnd pool em fr Bo logs depends onthe pote pool A. Sin he cin ‘on an lows AaB A | BAB 6A One wo ‘Ober the analogy to the pt nerpetasen. Coser a parca dvi Boa TaoR yeas dow “nthe ccm af 4-3 Aa ih te Cay enter Na heel nen af es 25-8 ey ow cnc cmon cme: A a locete asa ais “The pra theoretic comenion th eespos tthe reduction of te 2 sae "oda with fo poe lessons need to bs oma rend the meaning fe sonnet sad the deen rales, Here 3 i fe ein Jann protons [Piscine dependeny) {eosin BE Wine enritor 4 efector 230Dio al tne Lege. —— ty ad i 3 te in a aot ct Bia eae ge at ae Ferland premiere a ae an Hana AGE MUD knows the meaning. of A ifone knows what things qualify a its proofs — one may it saree haa nls nase Sehr neaetaee pie ad ah i Awa ‘Clements, and a proposition has proofs Ax seen, proofs are actualy a special kind of is ‘construction, and they operate on each other. For example, if there is a proof wp ea alee were Sree Taad Tm ppt pectin la ation Peete antennae ore ciation Sd shee eee a pit stor BY Sarin foo cern be es wh pes, one an const higher Wie bAs “types by iterating this ‘function space”-aperation. Denote “ais in ype A” by «© A. a fa eM yeasts ~ 1 aie Pov = 7 bias) vs oma VE PEA) AS es): Bahen det A LAS He) E Bihen Aer AB wi 7 a i Sas ter ing eae emt sie ee ham emt ot ete a a sae rang cesar rl i Sad dmee Fab aie IE ‘Gale (1995) snd Howard (1980) "Tere ar number of eta to mention (]) In-vtedependency om he hypothesis ba tobe mae expt in the em. "This dane by amine o each hypothe it oem vale eg <4. (Ane (and sim SE) the dependency on he parr (aly) hypoth fies And Bape, This done by state Wading hue In Sd 3E, Dandy ind te vale and > (Gi) Inthe ln rae the eof coune, depends onthe cancion A. So A tis it neil pertn Now hme se dean ata get comeon pce coment ca he lei em oe say se 2 sarespndnce betwen ro nd props on the oe ‘in an nen gen bythe term) an pes (the apace hee these er se tobe found). Ths was Rist obser forthe mpason gest by Clery “The main npr of the City Howard soon abo howm a mais = or ppnitony as per) the fh corepondence roo clement Pepostont ” nper ‘vd hie comteion ad normals pope. [See caper 13, son 158, Fersome reed dicusion) "atte a nu the A logan to we the fl npn of the connston temerity teary. nd is approche Sm a (iy Ince ta tn ety meer me mae ster. Hire stems iene mee chal innwation, br xy intend ach the ands men Ing of nin loge an the ‘thst une. Espostio® {Ga be fund in fr empl, Main La (1975, 1984) ‘Conse an hs olsen fave bse 2 proof cheng se ont esuton sad Marin bs pe ony ei oo for computer asd develo. Iter of pron inner ses aed proves poo cms or prom am maDivan Dalen sconces. An cal exposition may be fund in Constable (1986; he reader ‘Should con he moder ert erupted versione. Thee ae a number root cbc sem male, e4. the stem Cog of Coeand 118. Semantce “Theat ofimciot id soma om enon oul Jee cern ings ee sendy peo at open deste at ry tule an abe creeds a, ad the neat ‘lage we he road cans ody he wenn eas ian ae, 997) ee age) “his od hm tt enc: A ops e mgpon to he eo {ike and PEM seomataly bl (ume se aight pepe se ss ‘hae ret temas) eC one a pod tng intent By or he aos (or) na gk ln tesa log sotto mans Sits he cin betwen te ‘wo lg: to ry epson become ae ‘ne mis a he bo fel wary aout he rb of emai soc oe ae hn the tent pot tren Akos ts ela ia, he po mencton bao gece Cp pe th ete rey ‘Sone oil ie ia moi! thy. One mold ned ote seumptns aa “onion bebe ech poe fo ews ‘At the formal eae cto enon omple rine ‘predicate and propositional logic, in the sense thar " Tyderea heres the email consequence eatin in he pr seme 1131. The sopelapca interpretation tosh mi 1980 x umber of ten ma were induced it promised 18 ofr intone ope wa he rune fr seo sing‘ aay neta may vel eth ifs face fo7e, 0 ea non dey oe comnts Then Tako (938) frend a woe fmiy tn cheered tions pepiond se, {Ss a) ad deed the experi tht tion lees eng of tte spe te the pen “he Spon imran ra ced by Tai (1938) 16 wa in et 4 gcteliton ofthe Bonen aed teen of Celle Ee ace Sci, twas known tha he law of at tg conipnd ety tot of ocean lcs thnk ofthe pomenct en st wth, anda operons, ouspunding to oy ad Now oe wats arr leith he proper than Be (hr 4A and Ame oor equlet) By Brouwer’ theorem (isa consAh ne expect UU Therein aw fag demand hs (on yur ae wuyreour "Tis sngens sha the oper “bela 362 haute operator ines 1 lust te fp choice fo lr the open msi stopologia space X yeh roe tary sis inthe power se of X80 dhe fay OC) pays te fokeot pid). Tore the moan: EA the open se of X anew A The vation [I:PROP >of cena indie fal propestons et LA be gen Gall sonic A, where [l= hen amt beavis [eo bla UD, [nal mata ee Sn) he nein of thee K (ha the gest oem ube of), Noe Shen ey mh he Von rm i he a Ine tat neg terete ty tetera he emement, Ta se ‘Spy me ms open cr the. A single ation shows het basidlex: sac fosncqn sc ot amit Fo mse aueuin tae emg saa tame sae [a}-R-10) Fale aon = AR a 28% aruA Hence Yn A+ A. Smialy WA A, fr Ay A= A acing ltpeoncn ecco eee Leta do D Baio = LILA Ae D) Wesacat= exnib aot 4) ttn a nn op ae Damen genet ae Racca tacares rte miele tgs Topi atts ge Set dannii ee slo as erations hs Binary epertions my» any operon seen ha “and two coasans, avisbve eA@adelandane svovertavove eAUvela(endviane aviadelavayatave Inne dalerbas near alere) sonic Logie Soc es ecsry fr the loterpretton af pete lope wo alow ins and proms of clltons of cements one oe sonsder empl Heng lets "Sper wi the progeny tht, for allen Js] of ements i apc ra (Ge one leit sent mong all anda ira JME ors cmp Heng srs, he wean be pied mea. AO {he rd on or a ea a anysevlensle 51 13.2, Beth Keiphe emansis Pega othe toolopicl neeetiton may be i ora este oo ner Feeepeatins indore by Beth and Kap, bth of whieh ave ext hes fic Ths seton comida bd emoae, Bes Repke mode ire fan Daen (1988). The best mice mental acy of Broewe’ india who reser al ofthc hime sesaed merc, ako cle he eating ‘ater oy Brower ile athe coseacion of tal be ‘Ge contraon of poof of ements This poses ake pce nie, $0, {Sch omen, he uy erate new clement, and atthe ame te, He bees She bese fey that Hol or ha uvene 20. psn from ob omen tinct te next he ee to chown fiw to contin is city, 90 he OE Chis pombe sca Tos Uke prior st (even Ie 31) At ech momen, there numberof pombe axe sages. Those sages bane become own 2 poe mre "Con for oe momen, theft onder case: hati 1 ay, conser cements fone andthe sme srs aad site umber of elation and fietons (ain 2 “Sandel Etnies wnguspe) Te sage ee dal ora pray dred SEU =), View 12 Fon efor cores with €° For ech 4 Ky here ISSSta oma of cement rene 0, dened by DIB) I reoble © Sum tat semen ate esroyed te, 301 C= DANS DX "Npath inthe poset fea alone subset, For soe i Ks bar Bis et wi the propery shat every path throug # iene B. Novo spe Faw the Indio vce the ae few He dos not neces esti a ome fet Aa ihe spe? but he, mo maser bow Be pues his ey ‘Sais nels ee tat here a br fr # such ht, fr al odes Fin, she mnemon A bois af, Note eat the ind docs. oot hav ©) ‘ore composts acs ofan, Tae ext pis nee dhe comesvs (Ti 13) Were #4 for ole tA The techni eminlog i faces (A For stomic A lead ven, apd meter fore ‘oom ut heh at bse fends ena om he Star Tis isan impetnt eatrinonen (nncosrcivematerat, ener). Te ‘imac carat of the uve deme hat she auf tae St aso ‘Thee pail le fr ¥. we a at A dog a end 26 arAR Verte daeen vetieh aera) veskenay beset) BYE REC D0) OA) seven) Veo Bae Ke OF Xn) ‘he ne ny doin ce ay ey the ei nial me capone Ka ly Wey “Ai eR a rave Katee mae Seal cnn ed wT A (ed ony A beiy Ripe noses Randal Fe Ah Chea Ce Taba Bain no as pope th a Bah deg a is jet ve Ft leds Rp mol Ad tea ams Die aril wetness it Rta, Kaper snd Berson meson comple britney ae Aga ah ‘There ar mmber fp properties tha can esl shown, ef sng monotone, Le, Fi A A €"2 CF ad in Bets-Kke and eth see be awamveen era Simla Khe made athens simp ee: (Ne et ht Head WeERiv Avie, bn bed se tyke one Pek INA te aaivbe eek to Ree aa itasen (3) Gomi mai aoe > fyb As but A By he sve reat, ote that yrds Hence h¥csAcvks Pahermore hive 30 oe ek we wmbemore kh, 0) Reg yt Adah m Noe ki vA. sR bY AYR pede abla hoo bincanM Hans AF ae Sa Bh (0 BERR AO) 40,4 A) Cnty A Vee 0 4-8 WAP eA hen ht ah, Ravan enon i aa Tene Ayia Aix), So by IV AWxAlx) + el), " eign een ode ten for Kip emt parla ht ne 3 rae umber orn on the scar of Se paral ered ae Fo excl — Innis Logie inne peel, TOC, i compete for Kepke mel ener esa, Fe propastionl i,t’ even Be srengthenel to completeness ove Bie tro these fie moa proper then Aiea Kihei tera fe ue. he complesencs one tise de can Be wed 0 preve the icon rapes (WY hAVBHA of bh ‘he prof me redactis awbnurdam.Sopose HA and YB, hen ther a tee Ino whe A sno forced sly 4 tee model whee Bet ed ‘Tye wo mod ae uc ogee ello: p the wo odes sd by ile and [he n new node Ew oth Inte new toe, no propotion fre The Fee ies comet Repke model Since by Aw B then bi AW By ad ence tA oF {em bur thr conadte the ttt and B are oe Foe in 2% and There oF here ered theorem freien sete, the iene property (2) Als) Ae) fora oer ¢ “Ths theorems en Hsing supe 0 the rai intended meaning of ‘inenc” yu have else! 9 djoncton, you know that you can ead (he of the dione, Sily fr exten you have town the extence of ‘ting, you cat ded pois ro = pe stan. ‘Rahul bescen the dha am exinene ropes hold for # member of ron theory, the most Inport being ames: DP and Pare oe Chsdered the hallaes of constr logs ne shoud, However, 0" nee tate tc sgn fo ech eu eis “There os stg in thee conlosns.Ae the ede hs see, te prot ie we of reducy a sown, Lc the sok as oe been esd conarctne ‘Wowr one wud the be method that eracts Hom a poo of ACs) a root of 1a ose Brana tht ae pool hort devs hat pie ei ‘hs Kodo iomaton sor cape, van Dl (1997, p21. Sonn {U9Ra) fas shown thin» fly rge aber of ees ema’ pro can be rede constrain rive Beth mies ae ot itering fr ini logs. Fo a ac eat (rota we) ao “ty 90 exch nade AA bs 3 the Foi i ‘Sisal Bt gdm (Bes, 1956) ae slighty wore specie con ted onsen! oman cs Pye fra € © K. Tis certain dwback when Shporedto Repke moda combiatonis f Beth mc as mae om homed than tht of pe mesc hough Rape 1968) showed hat Kephe tod Bett mod an be converte no a th ‘eth meh ae so cs some ino topological model Far coment eth model ocr tes ae consered On tee, on can define = topology 2 flow open es re tor bits of he wet ae dove ender ssc Sev be Cand ba eente U i cay son tht the ae frm a topolor a0Dic van Dalen nea sce hat | 44 A ian pen st, there ssppoxe [4= 1A ‘ow ich amar of omine wo show tthe faction is alison fic Jnmbecion 113 Inte, eh mantis um oto be a coment a competent rook, see Troe nd van Dalen (198, ch 13), abt Duet (1977) te para, 2 well fr sender completers prot nan none metarathemati, ‘elman (1976) wth tt ter maid Kap wma which fe ould pve an natin coat completes prot Sine then De Swat Fednan, Dunmetand Tra ate gen aerate verso fr Beh seman (Coca and van Dae, 1988, son 13.2) Furthermore, Bek mols pp to be beter alae 1 seconde acc with ncn nate, the ‘led intone ane They alow fr = very tel nepeatons ce ‘Syuena ran Dalen 1978, 1984, 1133. Super emantcr “ischemia hen, at brea mea em, Teen coms yl no ‘one ine al ates) Rec teat eon, Tas een alts nn ho elo el ly ah he 25 SO nigh nef hor suey ae ‘ater hee sone ono gu he ns sin pond he a ‘etter ha od el be ‘and cealisabilty, 7 eran ti gH of ms ed on cen hay ie se Roe nc ow wo sigan Ine i970) swe wes i sling wean {stn of be pol cen os en TH wee ‘nr aS a ped wes yn onl te opin re ine ed ae ep be he cabernet sone oak Te bi oe rate ‘eae cm an qe domme Ts um mene ls ‘ac Bae oR) Tha len foes esr nso tonal jean the tn een ie eqns eee Papas ta el 8 Byalyba Berton Leet Rat 1 Onn th be a ce 09, Tn adton sh nn of ny, thts homes don piace “a and & coincide where they exis,’ written in symbols as me sabe Based —— imroniaie tase. —— _Aconing to the abone defison, a= l= The operon onthe pte en ar defi pie lerin=atn-+H) (ei at9 m0) ‘he dfton othe iver s howee, rblenate, One can dfn pone far ese 0, But then thre se 0 De pobiens with te very fase cnn, Tet that on 20" bt ga enough BNE AD Iver. Let a) the t So} = ui0)=2 inte teeth = nse=0F = Tr eon a he model T owe Fach eA Pega e eee eke meat ata teato eon “econ fra nen nw becomes 0934981) Theme now has an ovens ir Take KA} = 2 40, hen atop R-fo)sude- c= Cle: d= eR (0) “The nod of neste peste, ed pti equi of ese, cares laos or aur tier In parce Sealy 3a Ale) so YeAta 6 Wal Be Ale) “The logical eis, o ley hus hve 19 be revi, Hse 0 conser the uae ruler aa he equity ules Poy7 Dirk an Dalen — es) A Fea) Weds) Air Any 5a Ae) Lavoe sea) tc “The mateo ofthe ety spss spe ibe equlencerelton sued cad of ent ell Al he om ayn A9) Yeienzeryea)oeny Tha be a rive, an Jn then resin by dfn” Sot (1970 su eter his melt ied thr of ain whi ‘ne gull show that Brounee’s oti thore hin ie Ststonabs (1978) aged the mets of Scots seman to nwo sats fy he se of ‘tee FIA Her jets were cetnusin sping ro Bue ge Bie spe (a moe wt oral een). Va Dale 1978) el ana sed Sh Hts nga vero. Ica beatae straightforward fe» oon ‘at mos at i orlaon set me! alma free eae Vn tha gs fo nn eae ir tpt Soe Lommel ne The model ao lees he Seo ‘Shea model examples of pas low rar nepcation of igh ont Jeg. Vander Hocren Moet (984) wd sec sat model to mee th {heey oftavis sequences. Moree, since Kee mode nd eth oss te bat ree thy ay al ploy ado they oo abe wed a, The wea gencain afer shea? mol ita of cep re. Cee ‘gos a pow tow nese igher onder nen lg Tn at ‘coe pon models cn be vewed ils iver, Caegoealakle he tuned tobe important rp lambs cb, [Te render feed ‘helt fo dea Ie shoul io be enone that he sop ees ts Image to cpr met of the knows semantic For example, Han! (1982) a Inmionite Lgie — showed thatthe ela inerretaton fed into his eecive ropa se ao ‘Fowl and on Dalen (1988, ch 13 sction 8) ALA, Fist Onder Logic We eee i po spel Sonos as onde frets Han Mtvcfe an ge pre fates lend hemes ofr in Aecenaer gange, Titec ats ac mma conde eran pose “pint rete ai st ke econ mdi see owe cole For samp he eo ree ora SEIS ZU torino sy rls n= rene ora or 1QC ‘fecal 958) On he end tugs mona peda lp de este uk, Raph 1968) showed tance esos ng {ho Greve a 1868), Hl, bc (1967) sed hate tory of ye eae rope logic ome may inp restos on the undying ses of sop oben peta log one my Spt rears edo thcnode A welinorn nga se smn dma oy of Coen {0971 no sped tn ste oe pn he so alata Veda ett ec i is cmpleeKghe a i tdi Le ct emond papis clara Rik sr Peetu te oe sec ed ein se separ De hy Fe te) one ey at a eu fig Sees read feta tt sn may ee oe Oe ee eat wap at eupe y o ome RQI=BQ+ Yo(me=y-b=9) ‘od the eel ayo ge i ome 6 EQ™ =H Yiienyveey) ice yates wy ms= Dhan Den in ino mitematio here ao 2 rag noon of inequliy: spares, ‘ar mestioned sve Tha wo inodaced by Bower (919) and acted by Heung (1925) The aos of AP are isn by BQ andthe following hie Vayda een vaxty-1940) Vane) Yepaty tev) yey) "The plang chai wil ow he wo show that AP hs the dann and exten roperios Let API'A\ apd asune APV Aan APY B Then, oe ‘rng enpetnes thorn, he ae del K nd Xyof AP sch WA Saud %¥ Conder the djs onion of and yap place the one plot Wer elo Thr sy deine pn aad a and whic we ‘erie with she panty The new tal abo sis te as of AP Hence it Band 0 A or Both are ponte on te rons oF {he hace of a Contain, Heme AB er APP 3 or EP is conven to ane that the ony ht & be ota 5 Is{e HL Now let AP eds ant APY A) for al Then, forex thee 4 tod X, with XA) A above, the mode an be ged by means tom world? with dome contng ou thc element yo nom tea sons afr inf (only shel enti 4c). TheWcrseon oe ‘ih laments inthe made, vous Agun, Cay So check hatte ew Model sass AP, Hence fy Seas} Le As) fr Same But then lo lk All conzacion, Hence APY A) fr some t The gig operation sas demonsrates that there sc nereing operations in Kp model her that rake no sere In atonal mote hom r ‘outre auia te comers the ey ras. In parle sabe eu sand = . seer Bor, tyne 50 sepOeesateeneay Ind the egy fepme i amined by an nite to us sayeesy sr yaVela nv A) For thee ‘spprosimatons to spate ome guasstilty aloos S=Vaineeyseey — nine Loge ze $, mm he uy fognet of AP. Tobe peste: AP caneae wed Maha oF Tr chens at ena ey ap ee ena inayat ee an he nal ny. ‘wom td Se on oy cme: Te ery UO of ar ker neon Yona payer recs) Vinee precy) Valen yee eee p09 8) “The secon! om is worth song, Besse ty 501 spent #< bates tars wo the le of hn se the an atbrry ead pie hoe Its bet the ight of or ote ff B The elason wh aarns e e Lo vaphncyvyexersty (Onc can sho we #< 9¥ 9 ln pane, Ta wo, tis ge he Be pte oul ance LO SAP conserve over LO (tan Dale, 1997; Seg, 19730), Tei inportn eo note tha the of ent the quan fe pat of 4 thon oes aot yet dckmine wheter fea Thee we css whee ‘kite equa ut theft ta the theoy cial the ery of “Igetrsay chant el onthe her Rand, frame one cn roe that Vagien yeas) hy so ih ar ety ino. inn te si HA nated ser Hey (1980s 8), axiomatic yes he sume axioms ts eat anther Te irene the onder i PA=HA. PEM J ing cue ao wns Sr HA sho hi ceo a 1 80 sae Ske te idiot Ther at fr A oe ene gery or ome HA 364) 9A Ain fe some And wie he don pope a ni cong of he viet feoery aw be om 3 HAL (Av Ben e(e=0-9A)a(440-‘i would sem eather ony da he exten prope i ansequence of te ‘junction property. Yr, the sap of the nes, Fan (1975) pred ‘hat hie tdeed he ce for HA ad saute of eal ges Tatton rms sof une, fen mune snorpee than ial th sce cram oh a hae A ot PA a anand “There ae» mum of intereingentesons of inion rede Fre ty ang pices hat ae cra comamctie mon, One ahs Man Psp (oP) Walaa) vA) 9A) ‘This iea generation oe vga Srmaiton of Matov (1971 1962), ‘who coder the haking ef « Turns machine. Such + machine an aber Compu dev thatopertes on potty re tape The hey queso fo “uring machines: Does the machine shen presented wh a inp he pe ‘venta hak and bee profi ab cut? Spot otha sce ys tha ici impowitiethae the machine never at, do ane hw ht eed ao “Masov argued "Yea" The dein precede forthe hak in these sons of ‘uring onthe machine apd wang or oh, A inane wt wy ‘sgumen, however. When Soret ams St Tsing mnie Wl op, te ‘ar qetion i "Wher" One wan a acl Round ashe ecmperaon site ‘Reading the machine hl at ime fo Aah the ave femora Marko's nme. a fact in Marko's cae As) pine ecu ‘Asinpl Kile mol sions hat HA MM. Cone model with two ode 4 where Inthe bottom node, pat the sandal mel of natu sie i th one, ps (el) posal mel hte a aor pra PA. ly the proper strc af she fam 3xACsy te, Sh eA) a Bens 4 sow. at Keb Sed) woul fran tance Alay toe ee ‘nnd rade and hese mon el cit wh he epee te CO sentence fom PA. Sn, cary, WaAla) vey che ml reften MI. ‘though cons pnp mat Se unpre in HA, hs compan Maro’ ‘ul, has 4 stronger poston. Given 4 tater cf the fo A> one fy ‘mala cameponing re reasren which i in ger weaker than rease For uample: Mahon’ ale MR wit expect HA sas HA YA) v Ale) AA) 9 HA ead - Inuioniie Lose HA eit be dd wader Marre The eri ements toe informa thence ra prof Seals) om ha xtra sence Se may boy daw a songs concen. Mh’ le ined core =, {Ee crampe Tot and va Dales (1988, p. 129, ap. 507). Note that Als) fn contain ieee wns. on oe) the pool of cose unde Marko's mpl simple HA} ~-ls) then PA See, and ence fin see nthe sanded ml Kr woe m, Now LAY Alm) A) Susy DRG HAY A(y) or HA "+ A(n)-The er spose, henge HAA), {i a fir BA Sede) (Sons 19733, p66) "See te ther of asl mers the ery Rea of materi no suri thar a pt da of rch hot been evened othe sabe In heey {Epo iuonm, pole wondered wha eet HA wa fer shat PA, Thi ‘rs seein 1983 by Gl (nd Indeendenly ty Gesten), who showed ha DPA can te venta into HA. Ge! dened » tution, which fom the ina tonic ewpt weaken sateen. Tas wisely dene by sion ds ton of mopons. Here the ol defo: A, foe omic A is (Av Breda) (omer “Tis Ge aaon ge PAL AGHA A these PALO Lee HAb—s0=1 HAL O=1 So PA is cooszent i Ai, In ker words, no deep pixie It ban cay consequence of the Gide wasaton there tat th wiv fgnest of PA n comeraine oes HA, OF couse, the Gadel raion 0 were fx poet lo ere Ff BE an Deo, 1997, p68) ~ me aDic van Dalen — - “The ref te Gil rnin maybe improved fr certain imple rma Kebel showed tha PA and HA prove these I eens, PA‘, Yast seo HA Y3p AC 9) hse Als 9 guna fe. The pool of ths seme te noting ture. Fi, note that uae ‘ce forma (9 oto in HA to an equa 9) 0 (ere Hi ‘rumal that HA bus deting eqn forthe primise recurve into). Next inode the Prana mario for es form F, oben Aim A ty repacing al tome Poy Pu Ft oie enc to show ht thas fi) ana (is) HANA HANA Now consider term tan et HA ast, » We apply the Freda wanion with eect wo F< 2a 7 (2s 9 =O) 4)» 4) (Aas 9) =0) (5 9120) (av stile 9) 0) (1 ves, 930) ‘Thiru i quent to H(t =O). Hence HA 3a 90) ‘Otsere tha ones hs onze under Mako’ ae wih ume parame eh jm onc stg rer wo each Krewe om fran) euro "hea is knomn tht ncton fi proaly rece in HA whines «i HAL vaSsTIg 9) whee T's Keene Treo, whieh rms the m9 a aking) os [tation on input = (sy speaking "yh code uf compraion 1s ow PAP YeRyM es NeoPAP STICKY > (Gel eaaiton) HAP 39T(e 9) > (ose under Marko Rule) HA 379), HAL ST6. 5 9) (Friedman (1977) showed tht his fc so ol insti tery, TEE) Fly i worth mentioning tat Godel ko ined tron oF ‘noni lge ino moval loge tama, the ecesy epee a Aho pve” Ae (00) le epee et ‘refined version.) 7 a A Se ares Fling te trdton int thoy he varios neonite mists of 2F ssi rd, For mc ers o i ne on mee co ‘ponding aro In sae cn, ste 0 mt PEM fom ‘igot anon soo oe at 0 be cael when some nt oa aims are By ‘teraches sng emgh to ply PES ices an example the il to of cole imp PEM. Let A be sateen PolneN|a=0v(H=1 4A) JEN [mei v(a=00)) ix YI Since obviouy YXESKENHE AC wood ld he tion Fach ht vreanapex) Ober at A, DEN, 90 AP=ROVAP ERD ERP = FQ) then Ady Uo Ae ther nd FUP} # FQ) tes AS, ‘man tute 12,4 notin of ZF fr a rman Beco (ach Remon 1) Tso forse are msicons of he anal ZF ‘ese caper 3 bt the hen eve Sere ohn: wrong ‘Easor may nee waned gal pipes or exam, notion is “et rte tan Fouton al smyth Nom of Cecio rake se pce ‘ithe Replacement stom: Ashe sine, Feedman (1973) showed ht he Ge ‘rnin there work wtb foro of nso setter ‘Atel comer anather verona etre vet hor, CF. This theory Stee re hc rete par op eo Ma {at (rota sd an Dalen, 1988, p62) ‘theory onde the maemo Church» Theis was extensively sed by -McCany (1984, 98, 191), Te but + motel of cami conve se theory lich « mumber of itrering phenomena cin be observed 0 ‘Keo’ relay nee st it pares re wioambl Le te gs ef fonaon oo ) ww —— ik van Daler 11.8, Second-Order Logics Whereas fit oe intl lag i abeyte of csi! loge, higher ole leg may ona rs or ha acon iba hh cert lsc fg In racic, there aze wo wat oem tod ones og: with Seta and wis facto abe, 1151. 1c ‘Secon ai with varies ia sight ada ofthe eal Farman [ce chagter 2 se van Dale (1997) and toca a Steere (995, ch 11) Tes asursing Stearn 1QC the oman ot inp ‘in finsorer log. Pant (1965) showed that one an dfn the ener Wand > where Xin Ory pedicac, Le vixx: AaB ee PMA (8429) 939) AVE e VIM(AX) AB X)-9X) 398 © PAV A-+a)-94), V4 o VNVY(+%) 9x) Claas and fons einer shat a hari Fcion, ‘ut national, ha chee incon is member dese leeseohiey= er Aaya tv bia) oe fas © Sv 5 The mor iit he alts oft witout catteic foc Note ha the" apeach andthe anion” apprnch fo ean det leg (arte) ye verging toon Geely sealing, el anos ith ‘hee npt-oupbehior re more ite than sl 'hat oa od es sto sconce athe wth mcm aia, Aver teen it hit fermolio 3 nau menor for weaing Brome che sence” — oon Lge ~ 1152. Dh theory of ie egos er pac fino mathemati, coon amet with anton Selah seen more sipicat than the vrson with et ale Te eo {rth hey allows ono cpa te prope of rower ce equscs “Sn hs suey sath ope mr ge win scope Ta econ eco ut cy oc he ain oi fr me rato, the eae loved vote ere, roar cit cnuon to thi pr of sion loge tha be reaaed sh paras user connate ven pci ang. Chee equaes tay. maura mbes ne gues, of nar umber ie ale. Thar vo ays n gets he i hat determine tre “Sotes Support now a has bon show tt VA») fr soe forme Ek mea tha when chor gon ae nena, one wl eel be {Dito compute maim sacha le bs Roh sein hs {hat a comme tage ein fenton of a the ormaton weed fo te ‘Saja of i ies hero fre ration pended, a 0 hares wo ar wah wlll the ame Thi hth ers omew Seco an neve an sce von Anal va Dale (2000 “Pane Bre Coty Prince Wedel, 2) Wade a) =) AUB 8) ec sans fr he in agen en of segue 7 On the be tt tht Ge formated fr West e Somer 918) ey» umber of Seaton ci cling wth ai materi cn be ee. aos eta ie eo of EM in ue popu Broer fuer meat che coi phenomenon, He aces poet into ple sich ated eno oe nos Cn ‘si Pam atl ted toon a te iowa we el una ‘Secon (ewe, 9345, As con, connect be deco ese in nie pr: Aer wel a osu the Fn rm Rate conpcto of Camp) (“Spine 192b,Broer needs crs senehning of ni the dea ot whith were uae ny afer 146 Te how a, own ae he ting ity itr oo eed ol et Seti, Khe spied procetin by nooo ike ete Stomper ence Arbre ss ote sbi Scoala procs s ang he abc nox sid ad when At pone oar pees singe ona eso mh 2, {REedacce atah e come of age ce KS au(seo at =1) rower wid the cree sect (and imply Kegs sea) 0 bls s00ng sons wich go yond he ene Brouwer cores, 280 astDink van Dae — He showed (Browne, 1949), fr exam, tat EERE ne> 05 2> 0) Wee Rae 0-440) Sebo Ha (1960) Rips chm as eicane consequences fr the tr of the mathemati uno Icons, fr enmpl, wth Var continty, Yast 9)» 3FVaAie, He) whee Fis continous persion (Myhil 1966). Ung KS, van Dalen (19996) sowed that Brouwer’ indeconposaiy them fr Ban be extended ll dese nga abies of MASE negate x(n Ay ee 8). 80 ‘ample he stuf at not on nde “The technique of the rating sujet wl bere fo demonstrate that see ‘he amumption of Ripe’ cts ome cn show cane of reer nde omtiy there: KS* Kis indeconpoabe > See ave ho dace fe Fanon Praf Le be dicoanuoas nO and f(0)=0. 1 fos ha Bana |< 210124) ence here ates, with) >2* an | <2 Let abe the Keg equcse ferreQ.and phe rea. Pa je =m) nae +1) = I: Wypsmne<0 Is, px mand in lio Now, 0) <2°V 6) > 0. fle) <2* then fe) =O, 9 Vp) =). Contac Yon Eso) > 0, den vr. Hence Voir Gr Oy, Ths commis "he incomportiy 0 ‘QED he dheory of ie weguenes hae eed re del of ancnion se Klee sau Kr forse sable oaetons, Some maton sich len SEN Tom ingorataotnsaemae xe, nines (1981, 1992) o van Due (986) or Trott and van Dale (1988) ‘04 the rerencs ced there. Ther sho seen lnerature one seas 2 insite Loge of eont-oner tess fr example, she erences ted in sabeton uae Suggened forthe eng fn mae compen semen ics eat wo cet SLAG Roa pre eee SSSI in ewe pe SST eo an ena so Se sete a ngs es ns oy (0, Ge, a see rt eh ne 0) man oe 9 oy 9) Sess Na opty nao sn noob nd Sev C7. Te AE Stn Cy eee en ln oe isis aoe eens seh Seta Ta me on Re oe hn ran oo Ses Se anon ese) Dwme ‘cal as Natee 1 nee mt in ne bei eh 2 ASTER SAE abt le ema the mt eee Le sm nm apm mt (re on cm in «Rrra anda onl or emt ‘TELA SMe ecto ‘nn"gomph enc cng be as oF SS Sma en oe o Sti let Tre tr npn sem em ‘Soci ete oho pean Sarr ae a rp 17 The ea a opto nerpenon ened see tere sve saw che posites for eresing Foxit Bees em a re Une mn Pet pierre =e sen 98 28 So's inDivan Dalen 10 Ts yl ne ier y po here mato in oy Den and Seman {eri mesh emt to re 1a Tata wos dco by Dace (1975) he ro en Inte Godman and sa 99. 12 rte entry of19C% Pit (1970) Tea and Sener 1998, tocar (978 References sey 4p iy nna ta vl nt Per rn Me i ers me wes nn toate ra eee ets oor aoe era GLa indaine it see te 2 nt te mr Dn et Cl So nmins See eee te et a ET eave tw me atten hoes: oninar tate nee a SEETET inte tk se mtg contri shee depres emma ee Lr Brome 1H: rar Cer econ tnd, 1 san Dales SETTER an toh ne RED ni Meee ee at my ‘Spsem, (Pence Hall, Enghewooa Cif, NT). a CE St oe nn tt an enn tt, “eaters ie heat Se — ioninic Loe ~ vt mg ae car at cae ee ecru temas sor tae oa See onpeenn neon tpi ert et TE eee ne sere areata tt nM: nimi: Ma Tran ong (orn, Aeda). aE a a Ten yao meee cater icp ce ae ee i ere a towne ce rm tar, ce cease nn Ca M90: te Gamer enc Pant Tem" hy Co cea pemm nent anc oe or orgs pro ep de M.D Bat Se Mat, See mn popu, mene eee he i cae cna es eh der lamsitionsischen Logik.” Die Price wa ee oe emt a en bi ee acs 28 ———Dik van Dalen ~ Heng A194 Mahemaice Greece. Initio Bre Sina ing, A196: Inti, dacin,(Not olan, Antero) oon fron Maca itera Moder Chane eqns” Pare Ag ‘aie 2763107 oar, WA. 1980 “The Fema Tes Nain of Corton in THB Care “Son Cnr api ama Cai a ort, ihe a). Se, {ein heen Fen, New Yo), 49-90. rnin Too, “Caumereple noun Any Ug Kies Sams” “iin at Lag 5,28) 6. jan, 1962 “Te ete Top” in Tota an vn Den (1982, 165-216). oma 81936 Resets rl Spte Je Logic lesion,” Ae Se Gare aural de Fp Sai (tony Pt 5-01, ene 8. ©1982 ano ratema, (SothHato, Ane) Bie Conde, ek emf mae Ey ‘Rai Rect atin, alo, ea) Kelmogno AN T935.*On the Psp of cae Ne” (Rann), Shona of "He US, Sr 2, 646-67 Engh talon in 967 rm Fer Gil ere [Bok in Sehwag, 1679-19, ejeoor (ara ey rn, Cminge Ma), 44-97. Kelmogown, 1952 Keri G. 1958: “Benety Competent Prperis of loonie Loic with Noe ce Negros of Pres er J Sh a 28, 817-90. igh, 8 A 1965; "Semanal Atay Inti Lape 1" Formal Sem and ‘Reco as. Po fh Fg ais Clia, Ord M.A Dane IN Crm (Not Hau, Armed, 92130. pi, $A 6 “ese Ana of nec Lop 1.” angus. [iver 17K Gunes Sheer ae Cos eration Ma ‘met 110 Ser 197, Ni, Fro, Va (Gnater ie, ah 329-38 Lui, V. 1967 he eon rb or Some Commie Theos af Ea Seminar Sa Ie Set. 4 39. Mactan, Mow 1199: Saves in Gamer and Iai A fr Itt Mieco es a “rely Mat in Sein 67 (982) " aa 1A ina hyo Msn P 198 nani Tp Te (PR, Nae. McG, D, 1964 "esha and Beco Macemsis” PAD hed, en Ica. 9N6 “end Re Ty am og Ts 3, cay. *eycn a Ap” No Dame a of rl a 3, Maho | 175" Tog aeons a” Ma phi T1966 “Nox ord an Asotin niin Arn ape 6A Mi, a Vee, Re) 17: inn ad ra Ter oh Dewan dr nmin Lah” Math Za, 38, ir Poe a Sheen (1975, "peice Calo Cenin Cans of Fouls Contain ely Moone eae Toms Sow ta ba, 91620 Sse Dt hay hs Say Aa Wal, Set 7 Same Rey ron ops Sonn Qin” ae A Sta oe Mama of Mesa, (ne “eis Ree am) “ a aa rn (ok 1975 ase Cy 7, (rth sg tng te TupdolIeyntn1 Ini Arb? si tg te Tp neni iin a 7 is fran Yl, 8 ae NDEE fo: km nd Pane oe Lg a Fos, My and Sow, _ me see pe ttn ihe nh” Ten 973, 5 SEDERLE Stor“ alone tment 7 Sh a 2, 530-48 Sere Meh “Abana ns a Gaon” Ho a cain 9 9) 1 a et Ragin Se Tos” an Math 1, 10524 Fr Sis sane ny atin bid An, me Sn ok (Clarendon EERE EGR sm A Caf rn Maem Tren Ou Te ee te ting De mae er once agi (9 Cm er i alent ert ne Mo rth Se ae Plo Be) ND The Ef Breer ety Som see Se aes, 988; Carin i Maem, 1 (Nore ae ser H.R: Ba PT Cie ey aren Woh "An Instinic Caples Theorem for tao Prete oe at gta: mie Mami, 3 vl Cm Saket en nb 3——— Chapter 12 Free Logics Karel Lambert 12.1, Prliminary Remarks ‘The epeion ce age coia y the uta in 190, an sess “ps He xtc mips wth ope ot, gl eel ‘etn qc ae teed uly sv ar que lope tre trl ngage sch lope poe tht Ser sing oe {Se eo dite rt cpatoed meng peat ‘fine cuca impor. angus om bar cae Inport ae? Sx equate hee ent a oe heme) eel en free anced inpon tine Gen oe hee ‘See ht ©) gsm cH soy en Ihe oka Merc’ 0 she ure of ving 3 Pe Soe thse do nota tte pt = prc '6/0" and he pret ashe [eth nthe eof Mey. lar coal Egan so Say een tbe genomes efenom cha poe Pet ing pense tt fey ber ey a os Stew Some o toe ec ome fect noe cng prose eo cer and coy OS sh the uni eee ny mo dur lage, ‘ay oe pense cet unl edhe ca eject and te pee smo Wie cn ae) ae “Bey Shae oer "dine opy of fie een of te pa of dard exer eugene for rl cor gary hereof eel nao) [i pe 1 Ancona “specification ts ve “ vatPiay 2 Be an) ree Logis. ——— ier “Pi gener en (rin hi ea oe ple predate, 2 Sar CRELIEAR tetas section) and'5°s teins con then “StMyor insane, (12-1) mig be he sxe te evey ext ajet (is such hat pss shen Casa pees (121 Stel a insane of rl fuer tansion veiPinv0 PO 22) For example, (122) might be the ine very ene object (ei ch tat) perihes 0 Cacar pees (122°) yah ie ol ca ors Bea oe coma (ies 1) vata 316m > 19) hon inte (1 wood b> (tee 1*) every enon ot (xi ch chat 3 pis then Casa esis provided Cas x Silay, in place f (12.2), el Sins (Wes 2} Wek (Fea > NA) For example, (es 2) very extent abies (i uch ht pees 9 Cae pss provied Caer ex sma ngs tit in eee coment papain che Ss Seon ner ean ia osurcmm Cae te ema wien cb ‘va Pia) 230(P8) (23) re not equ gly re esas they reste He sagen it ee See Sac eames) of dicoune (cmt a the tet of etre Facer ay bet inponaato nose da rection of elo 288 20ee ae Lambe of eee he (121), and scp of he lg nh of teen he (aT cme the coon nga ag pmo oy to or Soren anu toms hve nal nga Ty oa os pce oF (iaa) sa oglu sya he dei or tle) of cou 1B Sore. conan of vem sch’ (123) sled octane eo uh sp a, on re ls compable wih 4 pi of conicing Worl pie, inept ml ic) On hing the mw fre, shat cfs wel cmb of edn, owen of ecu ef ‘Seem ob of oy oe in tcc oc pees of No Sait pore the Rah per Beton Real Tie sc ind Toman wo! pe Sopa de heat be of to Md a hat (aut and hn ha do en An exponent fh is of wel re ee ‘ans hts Mong fn eB ofr pe oy ak 2 gare a cna igor sous png ari peed reat isbnnubtany, sheath cod hind of el pur For Gor ‘em not gue age i cy cued ts Ding Teeter ort ang "re tpercn be dd in te dates depending on ow on ements conning snp tem ot hing cel te te vid ae ‘Ngai eligi thaw fe pein wih se at oa teen npr cnn hing ae tor oe cee be Ths ese {i Gc lg has Boe 4 ey common age found era ie Teen gies. ets for ia we Ee ops wi te oe ‘Satna comaing deg tr orharig ext ons coleed tee Ths eco of feel seme a oped nen fr fone pr bamning trp, LIS. cup. Nee fp fe oir oh ont sutenen pepe he em eva ing es icing term 2 og ei py eee rhe Theo do tap Mangan mond pc Ce ke tog me coger nrerrcying te ep pepe at he tae o's comp ext hs Rincon ote wer aR pas ‘Shope Lnsn (80) Howie uu of somites oning Sng ters witout scl import whe rel fs qe daa en cunt th and va wren” For mans oer scares Cin I Segue flop tc cnand il sank hen a ogee ord he irene fom na ab in poe fe loge (acd 02 tonal psss, be cno i qucan no opel es ‘hafrenc sini ete megane eso ny mn re ‘esr dere xen a ne ‘Rebel an hs the aon a ay ao pie oe ey ‘Miciuin, for campy of he peal pope mane ac» ea tem ne hing eas tpt rn oh fens ee fhe iene gun sade sine a rt oe premises Free Los — rei, ut 2 ile conch. On the othr hase are pte lone [ices suai mond picts In which fence om hk eT a ‘abd urbe condo iT Sn shes an ot ley te (Beacvenga et B91 pp. 115-16). hg : Tre oi dnt ome the thos sng tm ion te cas of a aa oper mae ae rede wo defo dro. They oot preame SS abet aecensch Caren ein te may te be lope m wich the expen ex ds ox een ox langage {Lame 9), Tey dor pean ha eee he guns {Bena es ae the uh of queso! aatenen gen Oy aus eperng tthe ates ofthe vary sch ccs MiB ited ppl 0+ ‘Misia of te sobtimcnds of he tries, anal we hot hve een ‘nyt, aly to re-enghsie pin mae soe, lng do ot preme thre ny imate conetion Sewer fet having eset ltt und? reg ‘Dp scons in the it half of se eves cents eb. Roser (1939) connate techn and pmol mady of ee lps des al on {fe mt9800° Thee pees an edn pes maybe eae lows, 12.2, Genesis and Leading Principles Let a be place oe for ener es ares poring 9 bes (fae) nh goaiy many tes. The Fre Roya yf meat lekeene, hrry tht Dow nthe vty of 1663 an whith ded Incl fom Arte conte the irences of the lowing os a (a) AllsaeP Some Sate P (©) Nosaer (0) Some Sarea0e P Moreover, tat sory ciel wa inrenes na (A) semen 0 he estos fan (0) camer, and vice very abd om an () sateen 2 Ue a ere i nth CE coerce etna raat meee eure hei Treas ieee nines c Seno ine cern or ar er 2 corn seen mete Pee as ~‘erm in solar ot’ «genera term that docs ve extent import In the in [se fran ogi the aly the nen dered ever preed ‘rein that a ste ofthe fur ba forms hae extent impor th “pe ek cnt er om is poly haere conequener Fin she ope fhe Pont Roa ary of nme inrence i sercey rete, which thot pclae wan ses the vay of infrences conning greral terme witht eben ore ‘abject poson. For itanee, ser the curso hnascton ofthe four be Sate fom he tery cannot he api 0 my ere coming ate ten of py! iw. The tern A bes on which 90 exter sae ating more ufrmlyin gen dicen = * Se tenet he ea tem don wich ee sae ‘cin een ono cote Yor Rola alos deo ervey enc non yep en a a el ‘comm pan te von sens hig op teins he Set mper t asoerowy ts ct seo Fer umole cen fom (8) scan ne mepton o(0) nerl SS am a amon, es (A) ee Theme i ing Som Feb nue cour ee scm (crc) thon shen temper sete ‘Eo or pede) har ain en the eo ano Salt Sahn dt ne es p10 2) 810) ines re ic ofa te oe nage et tte hn shit sch Garr th nny bw fy te a tment cveyning {0} en ner) ae oe temo he omen semen dome yeh son {Gn thee tr lng sco prem ede) nh {and wit) eb gemma at ee incon tte hon pel hanya ote ees Pro ea Acne ie lope i eel ‘era he mn el es nr ten rin is eet of su tee Whew 3 singa fem he loge ead “universal instantiation,” UI, after its rule counterpact): . UE Fora abject 8 ach that 8 § yd ote mode at a as cn cn nl he ay fi lee tha oi te xen pr Tech teme ‘np "Via an epson puping nes pe the petrtions in teow of Mercury nd eS" be ere eee auch a siijeume ayes pone ee Voie orl objets there san abot y suc hat she same a of UL ue bar condson, “there san bjs oh that Valea i te same a» 1s ae, a ge with Pee the ae 1800 the wi of UE wa iste on simile prot by Pu. Pope's reponse (1909) ha bone he Sadun! rms when Val? fe taten tobe a gemine sng em, ee thar gi cnressons hao he plat Pa proud 1 ave cx "Trg om sing ine fs dom cy we me aie ony sed wah rapt ote Bat Roy ery of mee nro. Fs, [fSusokt mc sop e the modern theory of sng inrecs. or tance, ee nc thay of tinglr sence cnet be app en the nent rains Petmannes pee to th dsovery of over that thre m0 hat olan cannot he wort Fhe ence ‘Volcan the plane causing te portato the ri Mersin: “Thc planet wil be a leet Lt 10.0 PX ‘So, Vala wil be aati Za 10.00 FM Second, cant dirniate bewse inferences he that at deed whee ‘Sty dcr rae th he connie inl fers hoe exes pon Tom thse, Bae UI akin, whose ay dees "he meievon of te moder theory of ingle irene cated fe bcs nage coumsprs ingen wit een ao ‘eal rats singulr sea xl impor cae here x. 29 (jet at ws on mare ey, fu nce rex) The infec UE VEhT oye the anal pote ta Fens Tha the etn that eho exempt ied ee Tai ee lference UI esd oy RUT Forall bjt a isch tat xi. bss, tis renicted fom of ive rata a hace ae ie ogi {indceds ea sown hat UL above va jn ase ‘There enta a obec sch that #6 ‘eva 22{ee appro, then, to sy that ust athe modes loge of gene nen purport be ceo eter assrpins wih respec 9 genet, log ate fee of eitence seumpon wth ropet fo thi gone an igor term Ir ny thus be construct a the camino of nade ward the a ‘ftom ot Sly expense nthe gi dating fem Pep anni ropa shove to Pai 123. Proof Theory Prof thet development of fe loi pclae of wo sons depending oo seth the primitive pedi of singular eitece “Esa. Fr con ‘sine, sigma famaltion of both sr wl Be pected here It shou hota, however, that er delueon and bleu (or tree) veront oF ee) ‘pases of fe lope ae depen "The vocabulary and parm os (rd) fe logis ot een rent Som tat of rst onde) predate loi fe chapter I] exert fr Se mie pees of nga etece so, Ewin "woul be wel formed when 1” wa apis" 2, ee repr ng ome (aval conta 72 es ees nde vr, fem ‘ft any individ erm, const or abl apd une opecsed there, Sey Cy et repre oma wth hot fe abl, Secret lose frais “A/a of ating fori “The sangirmaton aso he ora sae PF, wt “Ein eine vocal ate ese. At ao of FFL i aoa Gy lowed tient Feowing Sms MAL A>Vea MAZ ea(AD 5) (¥RAD va) MAS eyi¥ea> Aty/a) MAL ead Wyte MAS Wedla/e) ICA 29 aon? “Tae ely eof inference From A, A Bite As un drinton os stutement A fom sc of sateen Ss «sequence (yess Ad ach tae o (0) Asa'menber oS oA mato, 04.8 there of previo mers fhe quence accordance wih . Simpy Ais «that in PF, and he ede (Ay, AD sa pro A nts he the vocabulary of PF, contin a Meaty pete and ori = ‘no ite anormal of PEL re permed by a eae Mae 483 (43 44/0) ere A(/ isthe emf epicing #2 neo mor pcs in Ay fal, Tac ieived pease of unner pecteton "the stem! cuntrpart of the le of septal uve! ineanenon RUS Ved 2(la> Alas) is deal wih the ep ofthe dein Deft BiesySete~s) Moreover MAC, the pring of ier guste permaration i ao cima ftom the prmite lane of Fy. Ths sem (PH) lalsobily reine He forks num nodal moron for the principle MAB,» pence Independent eemmended in Kapkes treater of guniicd mods op Pe ‘haptet 7). Mri omilaton, PF a which ‘Ei priniine pmb without ent, ss tently eeanae em thc sr of PE, * To an the ost pe Veo, ams Senay Oi MisGen we relce MAB ahd MA in the pematne Fame of PF, respecte by RUS (= MA) sad Mase ste “To oben the standin yenon of PEL with entity (PF), i ier to ‘apple PL wits MA® and May ane Ser ump, Meyer dL (1968), One comers i fosion SRST hc don Dela hb (195) a te Bt show ey the biconton ) sien, a dey te en ngracn degent SE PRESELT ican Pre onthe doves by Mee (1988) hat Be lt a ene oe nny eo eae at aes (ode ay fe Vans Se Sad ocr ey st tee Sepa il ee theese bye i gel ome HT Bante ae 268Kal Lanter “The formal pc ne ae potive fe gc, intel reftng, on ape vat intron, some ome set conning tne ie wat seal impor are se. There ae, however al ster ie lg ep, Shee a wich ed eo tt ah se te ibe. To epee tht th et gg, vy al versione of heat fe og [NF fe «pri cence ol ante Image" 5, comaponing fo FF, shr the swe of cae fe ae Ni eis buaied fo PFC, by stsiing forte met any MA MAT. epee th mess MAE vaay(eny) MA* Valens tod adding the et aiom MASE A co Gale DR Feeley), who a a 1h em den ‘i ed in ub age 199 1974p. 192, pri snc jn Bw ben iDefense, eb Dad Reser ‘A, a jn PF RUS canbe reds the aso dese icp. MAT longs hols ~ ting, fo vue of MASe, when x tga erm ot bain, ‘stenting OF cl nn the tae : Ma/s) 236A if Aa/s) We omic [setae 2 pipe which nodal (ri mein ale no logy ra) aay pte fT ea he ta npr en en es “EE taken primitive, cmenponding 9 PF the wot of gv fie lg NFL Ie shetined by pen fg NF es bined by spending he st of menos Py Mase Bae sep A) (Bg 8 gh Lan Als imi, comeponing to the sem Phe che sen of negate se loge NEL Tis ned by adding to NFL be logs NF. irae yang 9 NF he meen Manda May sie) ae MAT of PPL, See Se (196, i, pp 11-12), 266 ee Loais — 124, Model Theory “Typ, model rats or fe opera of 90 hinds. The simplest Rnd — an [Bis mo octane an ordered pl (D, Dy hte the dain D (poss fen tof objet and the eprint a function sch shat (i) whee ais singular tem, fe 4 member of Da) seed (i). hee Pisan wade protic 10) ase of upc of aembes of D (i) Shey member of D bas 2 mame ‘Gory Dis consved athe wer of exe bet ad hence th repress the actu or Rosell nla pctre debe toe, the cart tho ofan FM, model esc, ) fevals fo be toe + psi fipton” ‘arc epee rhe pony hat sigue tem say ot Bae exe pre ys merely convenioe to eae the cause forte enrol quant Inthe ening dean of uth tn an model ro be hen atonal ‘hart, ei adegte for ses lag poor, Modeh ofthe £8, sary ar epee Kinds oe log, pose, neptve and eal To Hate thi conse tse denon of at fo 3 ee fe lg with ews sac a NF "terete oe aa PM, ode st nce the condos bain (sage, 191 19743, 9.198 (TAs he fom Payson A hen Ae ian EM, model i ah of ethno flag) dnc a aye ag ea membr of (?) ater tee te i ta ose. (i) Tra he frm then ee in an FM, wel) ad (8) ae ‘Sloe and fa) the ae eB otecie ee nH mode (a) Teton the oe = hen A in Ft od Bl be a mode, tee abe tht mel (Tekin rm Cee ean FM, nde in da te or is ref at made eerie As fe da model (0) Hoda he frm Wathen re a8 FM, del (4/8) ein {hat mol fas ech tat) meer of Debris abe ia that med “To obn dfnon fsa nan FA, mel or 2 negate fe ac wth Dive eee Sl ut wthor ny such NEL sbave— eso 0 Felice ct a) nthe dean above by (i) Aah Ha then Ato nan FM model deine in a ‘mod terse A fn that model Sourdoes end eompleees of NF wih and without he pitied) tse ency.o snd man a ee ead estab (Schock, 198) 27oa sytem of pve ge he PL oven of ein of iy epee non of peo” Hare rocaed st peed by sere (99 erences eon sO wera eB an hyn mis he poo Fl) de ‘Sie tors cc toy ey angi gue soe met ‘he dom hn ee wae te tpt © Nec ‘ts opch nr onri he atymh otc eh ‘She rua of anes otnng nr ta donk ta ‘po tsnme they on be tere ar map of comeing in moe Scond, axe mel cue Fal urd oan compete) mol race afb, ay im be eed 8 Dh (De poner an has D at abst nd the interpretation fino 1 bey he cntions G) Fa) 6 member of () P(e)=tla) wherever fae defn (i) PVC CP fer vey mac peat? A complete model sracare MY il on FM, e+ ampli of PM, “Thi the thse of 3 stutemen ttyl met) an an FM, mel (0,1) ean non be deine pogrssely a tape the thd sl tl ich abs "he notion o's penton, Where Ais a atm atement of the ng: (1) As the fm Plas a a ofa fla) ate eine ten ‘sae inthe FM, re nese (yf) 9 member Ph, nether the tee (i) TFA hte orm in) a0 a lea oe oa) nen he ‘Abus eat (i) Ah he te A int md dot 0 () hh Fa an) ate dln, and hte form then Ai ee lathe FM, model ff) he sane a (8) andere Anke teen (0) xy on (af) acd od Aa em a= Ben (69) eter of f(a) 18) ae define, and A has the farm a trae a9 FM, ce then A hs 90 Init the oregoing defetion may be construc prong te fi ta fnfrmason upon whi o kus the et ae of any sateen inthe formal langage Ce (i) ad (x) ae import esse they show sateen ih se factually te, nome uncontrvera sense of acta even when Sonne 3 68 guar term wot exten ior The net deftones eon the Sotlon of compleson ofan FM mos! no conser. “Where Als soscment of tic ging, ad Mrs competion ofan FM, ol Mes wut or ein Me rr M under he allowing entions (i) Ate an stom tement nd 3 than Mth she rate of thin MP pera Mitte ne ae athvaae of in BM (i) taba svrlacess tonse statement in then the mt-ae of in IMS pind M ithe mane mth muaue OF Ain Me iat he om fH hen tee io Mind M UB ie a MI i) et onthe fon 22, then Aria Mi ME in MO isd Moe Cs ne in N99 (0) HP nthe fon Val then Air ren Mis MB/s) (ee pras Mfr al singular toms sch tht Bla ee in see, cae in is dition swt the cts tne be oe aa omg Hae e ibe shuld mou be nan FM mae tn vie ofthe ‘Souk a hrng caste mera the se ale Mir ie Bre ede in [sind of ode whaling ms hav xia inane eT ee fal foe of he hse un be oat of “cs del M, he mperobaron Sor Ms te st fa somos of Trae ey apd ee os erotica nob dec fm ‘Whats tamemen of the oe nga ad Sy he Speman S cer the PM, noel Mth (Atos nS HA ere in MY ii for every completion M* fed oom (i) iin auf A fein MY iM for cer competion M bused oon (i) rete ve no ae nS HA sa In MY ii for some sed om Mand a fie eo M i thes seesnensen apn urns 8 Santen rien te as Spe eee Sige og ce Ses acne Se araga menmic encanta Tain cet nc ae ao 0) AF Aas he for Play aden Fa a ae dines then Itc ean Ey del (ava ba merber FFP) 008 ‘hmemter sf?) bert A ae Bo tate ther — 26acl Lambert (i) Rost Form a= hth Ase (ie) nan FM, mol ar 6) thc dln nda theme 4) ae nthe same), here has mo ‘muha hte, (i) teh oe then A ere (Be) i a FM, ode i be ese) heres eerie is no tthe dere. (i) UPA he he Sem (Ch hen Ase a BM del un ase Bis Inve and Cs tne, or Bs la sad © te, or Bis eae and Cie aes Ais file then fh Band Care; otherise A bs sae deren, (0) TPA ha the form eit then" uc ivan PM, model e/s) re ‘her frst ngs em ich ht lai dened there As be therein, "This definition of th ia moe contesonlaapeion of Lehmann’ mantis evi inde, sundaes ad compere poo of he Jey Sk tee mes ts Lehman omulaon of he poo tery or hs wesion of hee ie fe ‘The send Kd of model str, Fy ha ope Ss in eames of ee logo tks M to Be tpl (BD), where D, (he oar doom) 2 posihy pe se, Dy the inner dons) 2 psy empy st di fom whom tot DUD suonenpty anda interpretation facto sch hae (i) fe) isa member of, UD, {iP were Pian mal rede, of ways of members of DU (B)_cyery member of D, UD, fas sme “yc thee domain a peed ab text aja and she atet Aiy/x) with (i): A Bree Quant fee te alae ase “Lblie, Hand Thomason, R, 1968: “Compkieaess Theorems for Some Presupostion ehmana 8. 1994 “Stic Frepean Fee Loge," fra! of onal Lape, 23, 307-36 EA rats ce (ee i te Pet tS tom ok ocular me ee a chen ae Sta epee ac oats Ren re hn See eee ee ne wt ‘Sey W. Laser sh A. Young ee, (Ee Uneasy rey New Haven 4 se yon eg ane ie et ama cea se om rane SEES oes tae retire. SS Ae oe Seth TOR i Pera notin, (Ai an Wie pl Se Seema ho yueitnttettaluoncho saa ha Etcetera SN I a eect On and CE ens 8 SES rete a ‘Yok, (Noh Holt: Arter) ce ie a mn aha een CE i a a ene mre iach Ei Ee aa i at a ne ee RE SEE aw a eas Woodall. “Os Soperuone in Face Lei” Journal of Sb Lap $9,—————— Chapter 13 ——— Relevant Logics Edwin D. Mares and Robert K. Meyer ‘Once wom tine, log wa ated Hecate had no emai Kak, Tl Kangra ose change ll he. In sl a, nen Reeant ‘ogi ws nce by Aaron snd lp toc wa casted or "ving 0 ‘comune Then Rowley and Meyer (1982s (1978) changed al that loa ih ‘Urq (1992 (1973), Tine (1992 (1974), and ober The presto ‘nur » clinton of tat flr. The semantic apron deseed ere Bais ‘ogee amar of ihe departs efor er ot foal ste fe he ‘tlre ipcaton a ent aso makes dat (despite se of HORE nd ater) ha the One Troe Loge dw a x Tran re fr lent ogi an Repke showed it be frag bth esse oe toc tb) vation ont posts pre ferent Togs 1 the ‘Sinem. The questo of whch seman posta ae correct aes Poe thon ber ont, Le the guetoner ners to ase’ the qesin: Cate For wha The question tha dees mains: What tates the release aly of Iga An this the uct tha the ii jo fr caper ves BALA Lite History FEmaiment one woo hk 2 rain Is he ean tt lds berween he promi of =a stare ad senso Yet de nb oi, which 5 {Cine DeMongar and Tee hs pied atoning eons sep, ed fo daa wth rope to he cnral main fle! omc tht ts bins {to ane. Here and nr eal it 00 te ental eon cheater of ‘Pad inpliaton. The modern history of sean ops ben at she same pon he Hoy of ‘mol lg = ary, withthe dg ove he tog ta he mate 2 seen npltion "With the ink sey dy on the it eon of Witches sd ‘Risns Principe Mathematica (1910-13) 6 Lev (1918) ne it ecg he panos of mpcaon? The ct ones (a gh Retr toi, —————— PA ke popotion ipl aig. Pe Anything mpi tse pops and refs he wellknomneath Be fr 3, which ks he Ppt ‘Now what, honesty woul! indice a ae human being 0 spon at i ale ‘Sue apts! (Or even, a he ameter oon ged ead the?) ‘Chat hyve ben bua wth spt, elementary lg went the pote atone, Te abe ely No, Ree rane n Astras et not Ips seb sees And ny Cayley Pace Bn ‘Sus then the ea wee Tork ry Lge the iso agua ke any ote ene, Lagi is Aah Snphng sumpons formal oF own. Bot Hab as he ‘gaion to nrc ta ain he Beer to separate pod ants fo id Tis saw i that way inodiclag sera ems fect imation v0 over cote deenen of? and Pana ol escent ar, Lv oa ‘cert of marl slain bc ose ey ve hom of ret [bpm Begining with ngtion ~ and ir comisebey operator Lewis {cnet es npn (our) i the ae Do Aadeyte-n “ThA (rich) pt B jan ince A acon the nga of ‘The frag» po hey af mon hr babes oe of dng ‘eae poss oe ney pony oper cna sec une, Lev bevel at and Pate, He aed ch ~a3(a 8 cre 30834) trois Bate ao el that fhe won Bi his cles not ‘poten ul mening ogc ue the ct es elo fhe ae {i tow of eens (Low and Lanford, 1959, p88) Les a 0 obton Che sad Cv as atta ope He ad mo ol with acting {Be nttal ook fe hee) legitinstecomectv. Bute obj © the Henao of the hook ith imps. Pes (a Lewis and i te rauhor Laid tw ape CPs and CP se ot there aces of ay of the sper of eta 1989}, whe fouled wh sit epaon rene= bain ats and Robe Meyer’ ———— Les nel 0 may at logis war the prone of ct impon, hc Tenge (199) conte ace Py opin Ep SP An posite ropostion ines amin. 'SP+ Anything ings 3 aes rth Peatignati formal cuss for Lens of SP and SP were se flowing we (Ana Xe Asay Soimporat wore Pan XP+t0 Lew tht he and Langford ave ‘independent Stren! rhe Haw es eon fr Xs ooh of Leni and (1959, p, 250): a 1 Anna Hype aa 1, in sae 2 sIma0 se 3,4, Disjunctive Siogim 6 (Ana 5, sto “The ames simple peas een i,t ey go Ua ee Coe by as ems Teco te 117 ae The ss Caen el ve ly ce eet 2k ec two che oN cl Here lant a a at dialogs (Lewis, 1917, p. 355): 7 1. my i Saw ety Xb td bce Sct a mat arth Ghee BetSomes ne sor yywl i be eth 2=281F eign psf mun Se rm 2. Tippin you ec arp on lt name ie 1 tis and Tango Sindy arent fo XP r same for XP sey do no “sat the pane hesstmpin at scot ol What aed wo 1 {ist no th inpomble apn, the conzedctionsw Soc BN ota, Sti cu th ema of iis “Te ner serion 132 uno ane pet of the flan rls of he pornos wa 7 een tg 13.2, Variable Sharing Was grea wg he pares lain? wo sc tin (ih than a nace ie eres antecedent acme of prem 8 etek Leis sein the aloe piven above here hack of ance evn fogs ene tha logy ee implcons do ot fave ace ee yan to scan. As Arman (1950) th fiber Seco Stccran emanen, wrote here shold tea conection betwen iotbator oe smeceopt andthe coiet of he conse This conection ite eu wo eabece For snant seman oon, The notion of Ee SSE gece eg pry owes yi arial tring om ‘Bee apie Ls the vale ig ome sf aon) wen, Fee BR ton of A and Bae at es one prope l? Te Ast atte coor feces the secret an once ro sho ne aac ce apn tah st taro oo ce ee popstions Ths they canoe aba serasealy sean 0 oe ath tcf ie able sarang cont was ener n the opment cf nak ose Rascal Pres of Marna, opine x ‘Shaper wha venus fee sing (1908p 3 ure neni ed fal pein ote em le tes ot remukable that sll demands ta statements bs Manica femal Patan thie ase lowing ao) ten that rae ashen ae fra ipatons Wot ttre, Bowen {hana demu ehe two popostion fn pon oF mamas TRUBS Ue ara, The vars cased ere ar pos wll Haare sees they ae in the rear lop vaable ding on Spee tc sem Yodesie a th foal pions ofan ‘Smt propane one cnn, Th peptone AP fore wobe sow the ae ings (Rose, 1903, seo 5 EO arin by aa, bomeer, es nye a ar of are eceser onde ora ager be ont as ov acicn for suppose tar one rel acer al ofthe thorns fC ogo ste ts coats Ope woul he il Be wth pep) “ean wee any oer pron aeein D. Mare nd Rober K Meyer, ————— 13.8. The Deduction Theorem ekyant Jogi re supped (0 aptre the selation of enalment or that of impcaion Eewecn options, Ti pomp ooon of enalent ws st {elope ty © fe Mowe in spronnaely 1920, He dens ‘pena tome ‘Fs deduce om pr (Moms 1922,p. 291). Than where“ epee the ‘lace of dedi, tbe lowing cpr te logs of enamene AD R thn theorem of he loge tat A mt Sc implication is loge weaker ha ean, thi elsiomsp shold ho ba or implica, Th above conden i ooh at he single rm destion ‘ero “To mertand the import ofthe dedi theorem i icone, He snore nee toe dst the notion of rleatedeductny. One Sood ‘Son on dedociy aos i than eopotion a preie then can sho bea colon. For champ, cil lla abd incon ake em ate to bea aid dod, Bu ree gan do no Fa onside the fl ton W Avie Ae AR theD Ay ooy AAS one wee osc (PP, then, by wo apieaton of be deduction theorem, one ‘woul ave to ep besten “Thin se hat pe (4+) here. Bo ie pardon of pon an or waned one nner scot thst eaion om ded Teste, evant logins have developed» nozon of dedtion de to Moh ‘uw: Kuct (1960) and Church (1981) On tit conception ofc, A Act Bs rant oid oy Ay. Ay yal be realy ad in he dcton ‘aR fn (PP) morte in the dodo ff hen evan gis cam ht (rp mea a rence? “The requirments pits anal premio in a ane Section ness ‘wel be Bese ont. One meas ptt deacon sens be meio of ‘rekesic inden’ Sach yer are ot ds were bu the a pola chy: eho ae nthe ep incl ‘ops the hypdheses tac af ed ope them Fora aged pote (0 be charged in a conional su peo, the conlson Co tha sob prot ma ‘nar (pecs among eibes) the fg 00 the ypothers A does A> Ci Tne by acanng A, ening the sbsprot_ Aer ths pcan ofthe = 288 = Rekant Logis, ———————- ale, the Ug on he cha Hypothesis remove lm seins on A=» ‘hs nh semaning taf ay, fom te conlaon Cf he condos Poot, Tes tg ona pata doc ne appetite epson which the cond "mal proot ted shen he hypotesscamot be dicharged ina pro. This ‘ny hype tht are ely wed an be charged Thue ono least gy raiment fed BY seating ree a the raion to cnn Ne oesonal manoet, Sen or eomecuion) scr ofthe fs Ayn» Ay? BAD eset SR (She known ar 4 towecon caso Genz sen’) sale ‘Gera tue fom ecm Condes the chs ad sonic ad inference on ques fon (131) (13.2) ee aan) Aare 32) This ifrnce the scaled weshning? ele ~ obvious lw one 0 a ‘Mir prenc, ev hw thane eed nyse ene Tr, he SORT Rrcoedc arco nto logins who peal the Wee ‘ung thom thy ar ang aout or they cee the ctr PET cannon se Flowing. Dana (10756 (1978) and Mins Tite an mre ome aed, we 6 i oh So Be ‘end opein dvs faves gs egret to si wedi Br aps to than orto" So orm (18) one ean js code, nt (182) fue asae 33) (nthe Buno-Mines lan, his ets mete eo Antec say eter login dy tha (18.2) a (183) aun, Tat te dey Taro pines So ley vat argument ae conned 1 ne eer Sees eencion Rar hey tink nines yn Ah Bi ta eet Ate mrs:) Mower, the fuer & me eoealee Pe. i er tea of ing rie i a ines ai snl elo he Se decmlaed by 2 lt bl), leet lpn al mtr fo 3 cnn, Pus the enon! cojncsion tot wa bey ida! see aed fin, ween a poste tf) 2 Chas {G581, The cent segment of so ta obey eda tn hort, fon needs to sate deduction theorem? ts— Rava D, Mare and Rober K. Meyer “Ton pt een ad ofr, reso sod tice condos 1 They sald aod the paradonc finan ad ia pil, ge «way of ening is conrndicons and tes imposes no ral They sould us the vable Sting consi. ‘Ty shoudcontin = dedacly rtm ae resis all promis i al dedacson to beep of being ed at ded and they soul ify | educon thorn 134, The Ubiguity of Inconsistency ‘Reeves aot XP Ts makes the paren logs. A puraconsisent lng ope Gt srachow tolerates contesiom, Tia wey ood ae [or condicion sre eenwhere Sad ough thr ct may be fr any puri ‘only, candor compel x sdoion. Here arene of the spots at which ‘eons break gh 1+ Nal ioc theory isd to be in dl? when toi wt be relly of obeation ot with apoer wel aceted theo. Combined with ‘Sana psy Bobs ely theory ofthe stom pis thar elton would ‘ade energy td fl ino nc sod that doy wold ot. + Foundation of Matas Eoin tls tage wnion Finnie sees tote contains of ot tec, mates han er ‘een iain” + Madan A recent census reported on lion more mame! women than ‘ured men inte USA."Ti ok Meals ot Zens aeons both 2 et ani ion? 1 Maly Gite Gol Heil By toe TWh sot 4 sgt that he conten i al (or even ay thee ee it Secale. ect flr Ive eon made tore or at mn ve wh) te ‘ese St eae Pe ie a aie We ‘hey wane (and Gone wa) fom present meas mike he Be) Ras ey own ore vo wa any cen ei pent secon now te to Br ome theoreti ground on ic ‘Soo. Baling om alge and emma work ty Bach da and Ras (0978), Dun (197501966) and cies, Rooke ad Routey (1972) mode ‘una option on wht ae cle meio, more sec ear Se ‘ramon Whee 8 wot Rowley sn Rosey poste» companion ‘wold nach ha TRA ae HA, abe where 16am iterpeaon in 4 mal, Two was understand the Rowley 2 ‘operate ate diced in secon 134 below Given thi formal, owe, 286 etna tages — lmmeiney derhom Rote nd Rey (tae Spa and are prove ‘eran reon of Het (pn~p) > ert ang mse) rae alia) =fg n/a, Apne T~ beste premise of XT) ce & i otaann fsa As pred mgs that al ope ah arch mo Jon onde to ground theory of pie onequene™ 13.5, Model Theoretic Semantics Section 134 ntdced worl andthe Roly sar par. Now te icin a chur fret ope st ly. Some fs Ber esr oct ond, snd doesn ied 19 plsophialy mor ating a TER Kip’ eof mot logs fe chap 7, the seman ft ca utc anes tae ta st ay OF ‘Te wae Some ove tinged and cae Coral wor), Af ‘bsinsirone ics oue onal oral wots onal anepeoons, Tke Kp, Tce bo an ace reson, R ween wor Hm bly elton, Accra no dal waa ray oper, neve. Intend, dee wth tinny nition inptenton Aconng fo Tinaom and Task (1951), makes fase een aay cones by meus fie aon 0 EC ‘ry Gnmecte ig ema) ron "Fe a eon fret npn “ros RA-ER a) mere ior lech a Rat 1, 8 ra, the creed Nose ow ss rth conn lm to i he anil A> (8B) Since evs no fonce A> Bo old al wo "Fo td negation, there te Raley sa operat, ined abo, The seth coins fr enemlol njneon abd ion starwars Ty Ram Batre A, a) tread 1, = ae Ty BAVA, a)=erwei RA, a) acc 1a) Tetenna conjunc fii, ded above, a2 more eal sendin: Te RAR, a) owe ere ae wane words 6 sch ar Ri at TA bye bmeand Be) “This codon Yok it ing ut can be urdestod f one lows Lew ‘Riknng af fon 2 arp of nay eve posi cones: A® DB 6)= trees nt, A and Be ly pombe at the ese tat # recogni the ‘otbinnon of worden which Aa bi 2” —— Fawn. Mae and Raber K Meer “The reonsip between noe normal word al oral wor in the Raley Meyer “hemos sonal nv imran and pete {rao on words = anh at “ 118 thee ee wold wi sch dt Ra ad pore tht = i reflexive and anv. Alo lass serio consis en fame and on interpretations o hat bans mane, NEMA, «)= ae and a then A,B) ne In istration in log to ide an entalinet rato on sentences with eth ‘of ements a one oe mre pint, Thi teton feted the eto serv the emt nent clon. ena ec A eal Bil woos, 2)= arte KR) ra talent sus being (wal th parton ove all work, the mating ‘awe uments athe te tall oral works min N Tht pee A normal impli Be 38 my HA Bw) tra ‘An ow by eels nde of thing ma net ‘soi for ay aes ey bon Ft act (Samat) A enti BA wormage 8. The pro's snp, ad 0 el othe rede. “TMi ft sples wurde prot fo eleva logis. Suppose set one wats ‘oe thee of the fom A> Ausrig tht ta crleary wed A 43) re one then shows 11,4) = ae. Appying Sesh A> sue one orl wo nthe model Generssing,A-+#eve On eer cal

BIA(N4A) "he atom seman res or ae flo —— »ey 2 amd raped & (asmala+0)-2ut8.0) § (ancntesoystaval so) a decade 3 anavensaamvtang) Motss Ponoms 1A Adjunction [. a Afficing baa Hsisasm Cmampntie FAS “To fm he pn apn Be Bch aim 9a he sonpnion ae ‘To tae syst ret lope ld was nom shen. Fc amply Be oe Re results from adding 1 B the schemes: " 10 4H -9(B4C)4(A4C)) (Sun) MW Asam) (49 (Conc) 12 (98-46) 48-4446) Prrmaaton) 18 ham (8~a) Coonpsion) 1 ho~hana (Roducto) ‘Wh he atin oft schemes this near the ing ad centage rules ~ they can be deve (Aung thee sen achemes to Be Ye ele Sfagent Re of Ran snl for he ote og seen cow) "resus fom adding 10 fing, conto, ion, ec a ae 6 coneposon, eduction ete Lage, ——— 1S (AFA) AB) HOE ‘Bas supposed to rma te non of cntinen— he cre of deci” Eatin wo nosed th erat and cesar. Rw supposed to be the ‘nal br netckserdvansrson of Ue thot ws that as pronase sae eonsp co Ba aie proposona logs hast $4, [Xun hope wo tht by ang an 4 ke nee, coal be extended to 4 Sem NI tar weal pone elent to Bang he eralen fF ari ‘cane implsson (Ree and Meyer, 12h (1973) Alhouss Kah and ‘Ger cone thi frre gens of, the rjc alone eolaped “Then Masimon (1973) sited mow sho a B which Is ones prove “ete of ticket nt reso aig to sisingcomration, geting, ich 16 (HO) (AVO) 2s wal 3s contapositon (axiom 13) an reco (avo 14). Here a atow foal tan a a sence eke “A> sing that eircom A {a jibe (Aron snd Bep, 1975, son 9). ag esr ioc above able 13.1 preset some core pes Benwsen ppt hss atl ese te the ein era ‘Ato is art ns of ame smn, woos sigan becomes dee in wecion 138, Gmina Toirneme Te ‘et pl 2 Puhing BSC) (ATC) Ratt Rabe Bean sn Oso) ts hase ® (astm ia Rapes wate ¢ (ASiesoysests+o) Rabe Rat Seen again ates Rice Rex acm aay soso 13.8, Combinatons: Connecting Proof Theory to Semantics “This etion presents the matheasal motion bhi! the mains semantic ‘pln ley he ted tema mous exh ses at he 292- Bin D, Mae and Robo K Meyer pole works ~it do define cn of aes which chars he creer {ing laps sytem. ter mach more to than thi Thre an Slant ‘Rtntipserween he enim on sons a and the tances mat nats eed “nin loge (CL) an ans ee (UC. “Coots lope mse dee Cay pote 19802 ey zea ‘sy npr and uy operon and comatose" For camp em ny an Sti, oR, 0) con sme pean oa {in tion commute ey #2 = Let the don nn be ep Seed by. Then Ha) ¥(.2)- Adopting the wal conenons of Cy a ‘aioe may be weated a Ipc an putes aod sommas dropped whe tNerinng wo he koe ae Now neces operon Coch as ty ton fips fe ica ido th addon ops et ¢ =O Combiaary hag es operated mbit hat, dese the tear of const Beit ths smal stock of cambiar sd ie et CGnbietn fom dh. For example, there another combate hat ees how finns ee cmc Tha he combate Bnd obey the equation: Bi abe=sa) where fad ga fineness tat here oF apphng the competion of To Bcon oan ober he mame a he eu of te appl of he at Fiction wo he rel of ping the cond fect othe et Trtead of wing pecal noi fo Tuncons, combi og atempe to be rely geen ot dingshing nto Geren finns and ere SF a ge ss) went pac she hn in abtion so the cambios themes, ne neds fo andentnd the OF see ocombion Ape sche il be rpc a acne oo Ina Cary ope theo pls of logs! portion pe vores se se fern A eb ou ofthe vate by pcan (and prerihs) FOF ‘ample, the scheme Ans His he pe cmb hic aks ee oF OP ‘tore of pe AA xy comin to ype hte Went nr. ‘thereto es Lx Cy take ete ny ype A 2 siya the ame pe, So kt pe scheme A» A The spe oR lo eyo Undetand. te vedacton ele n> (Ks) apied to any ony ree © S ita neon fom hing of pe Ato sanction fom any ety hing of pela amie A we 3 he i ne ce Te 2 en som, which tir te ae 3 fe any aumento any ee. So K ee so theaype A (oA ae 132 bs one combina hk eon Wes 20d pnp pe shes, "A log can be though ofa ems oft of combitr. The reeant gse R, fe example, in be thought ofa BGT, W lope because i coins a 0 ‘ces the pe schemes the combats In dion, Rone aes 1 the ype schemes forthe combinations of tee conta, Fo stance, ‘ype sche of CLs Aa ((A> > By, which share oF 24 “Combinaor (Name) ‘Redstone Tips ry Bes aoa (cpa) Becaie) (BOA AO) ® Fer uate sco) € Gee omens) Witigosionin) Wyong (AAS mA icon frets) Rao ea SiSeong costo) Sopeiaie)_—_ (Aca(Be9 0) -a(UA-9 BAKA ‘To undead hereto teen combats and the tinal eae, tte noon of try neve The aging wed agen of ropes ee ver now, ny rama cnnne roel varie, parts lene and ant imps ae conned, Then x hey of ogi Li defo be ae of emis X sich hat (0) (aden i in X and Bin Xen An Bina Land (G) (lenin) fA Bin in then Asin the Bis loin X “Then + model may be ect out of the set of theres of Te The tericy sce ction on ts st wl eee ne, Now intra fson ‘peatr here (Take meso wa einen! cone ‘Bin the syn tat wil be expe te) Psion dot hore sylB 3A BE XE AE Y) 1X and ae tenis oT then canbe at og et ein epi ee PR Re fon’ of wo tes aw tory THE reper ht Taek Pereture of heart depend on chief zr oge fr bat ere ane geal propery of aon nt wl Be ede er sion ace 1X 7 then Ko WS TW, re tata ti nt a) 7 cre eh Sn ren et warts a ey tin Meee setae sere ene andy mein ers Se ete cate ct cnc me re eae nay Marre SS SGML a pi pte Es Se EN IES MANES Barc oe ke an= in. Marr ane Robert K Mayer, ——————— sec ors ced der Ci nano it pe chee tore of ‘inca ows ie nts Th se ceponae a fo Se combed snc “Tees more Cary pear eno, pe > rms) wee aie to comb she Ter tec: nore sesing 6 sng nt» seco in"Th ht wos tndependelyGcoveed by workers Aa he ate 197 ed by Capo a 180) br ey fled int Bho ce tc der fon Yee te see "Pik opin aout mul oe fr (A> (8-4 C))-9 (8-9 (A> Cy mich scoring n(n ane ae te cmt Ti soe, howe there Schnee ue ret pe By brows get 1 Soy pene tam ich ro cel utp “onsen of peut png ei thay elt Cah wh 1 oly ewe Rs ero "on tite as Ter a profand sland continuo ats andeying the ca pondcns. Check again the poate in tale 131 08 the reenact ‘lation Kinds ty vss cndnte som aches Nee tyne soe $d rational notaton, the pola fe the tating etn res oe Conepding combinant nal 13.2. Thnk ye gin of 2 co ‘nmol edition rie ses Gey. mace 187 Hn ae, he permis So stom scheme war utd wi th me oe fen ced) gous Rey Noa hs sth degen et they aren he CL outy governing Corbin ot sla kage ‘ih the ote sagged poses and amy sche BW, CI ‘Mee al Roney (1993) were ey a ths hy thane och, inde yt age of ream semantcr ad he sepa gcc They new even hen ofthe eran (Cay) ope comets between smb td terems of pre fn log thee wee ete candi ent ‘sesh pl mtu yi re os Ah ows Tale 13. even he to peeling ter (VB an 13.2) 9 ION {ng clos Fon bon . —— Both of hae cant tom cere coi along wth, We ao owe 2 WE, Stor hme thas no Cay pe Ye the pes wih which ta een tated ~ connie mada ona delet ad Tol wey ofthe pce CGmbinor ——Renuim Somme ier ms oa pone onien) Wom Rane (aomnayon ayn) Hates Rae (EC aha) -1(4-¥0) 296 —— rutenar tage. —— eaton seman ate trl (and aro), WH hve a Cary ps ~ ba tin We il (A-o.a)-a(A-=., nthe more ecing conjunc Slog Tse comespondences point 02 dsp rel bane hors on ad conser, Return tour sal pose loge Bry re parti, 0 ‘mplenon cononcton pat Ba pronaneed ‘Ban which deterred! by te ‘Shihoms If of sion 127, wih the made mos aghncion snd ng ‘its persng thee parse. for tec ress (ishing 10 60th Thodclng the fad consaoror Ky sel vo extend Be 0 ade bo the Chant onan sat he on Sees ay aor ay THT) ‘tnt on Ta le ml racy wnt ih Ti and nan yng todo**Te rong stan is cle Tay “a ‘Thok apn Dred ca U9R9) reas be oe te re il FE ee aL) ithe thcs of B orth ly oft LE lpr Sree i, oa en ti Sunes st CL Tay combat (CK. 8.8% fo) hn i ara Oman f the Comeponing seme, cet the pepe Serco make thoy of BAT. : : Pe fo Candice he combine Fwhse ype seme AA Sace2 tic dude the anton onston (on pag 298 ceri of he ‘Soman (ie won bog othe ea FA a ee Sache Coan teva crent (i on page 298 Fl coal Jt ee nes ly, pF one sch eer es (eons tr mene of he any (An) so og wn ‘seni ay verte Fl con ay fhe borer of OF mii ‘iene npr alls anh low dy. at, fr verte ‘St err ae sis =ecepe te, sce tr coreopeding ees arco sure leony hse li or hich de bees a wl “Eset ner the or abe pues comic tec combo in retcion re ie Keyes Whe Nope cnc bos By Row eco ae Teepe tn ones omn pce ie pied eqy Bal en elton apt theres sy the Rav Tv Foxes A By etn of Bose Kerbs allt Sending B bong to te on-apy theon 3a I uci tre altay chow (A tao why Tae aide © Bx) Desc ing aK which tna te son fom cet ek THe omen its © Se demon, Unmet as of zat Mohan and cir Sietgs”epeay Propnion 9.6 of Deana a (1998, p70) ihe her Semone equa ofthe Aas (ad hence ts Setoable {Cutan ae tnewse mln the theo of BT.— Evin D. Mares and Rabe K Moyer ‘That CLs the ey 10 the (een seman iene means, 0 far, (a) theres x mina ae lope Ba bse nd {b) the aam-argy thoes tha lage (oth 1) conte dele CL (6) fhe fison of theres modes neon! piesa i CL (@) corbinto ar the theo det thc" {e) all combine Lins old ques in thee feo, Much bie en made by CI and LC torts shout the interes of Formas, taean logs tr this wed Cary Haward corgi ‘shed [capes 11). Weinert pear firma A out ems ely a foxmul~2he formal smtencs of one lose lange Agerepons of ras sre bound into theres by cojunron and ene. And or out ine (abeai (1974) abo emphied, bth tae (©) whole theo are the underpin ingens of reve sels (@) the sage of the mans foray parr ean logic wil be determin by the combine ca erento some asing ow to the ams of faker loge parties beyond >a oa srooger rant logics thin Band ts Hn the junction v pons nia robles One rf and aus to pcr) prime hors wich sai ea A, [Bake pimene cdo: PrimenessConiiion IF AV BE when AG x or BE This is wanted teste i comespond eo the thomson on vs om which the truths ot junction request uth ats dune, B pi theese ‘oe ava iy f0 cme by. Wore, even whch ea of the theo Pe ‘er garnet tic finan ay il Be pom [None thee femains 2 wrng relontip ermeen combinator and He ‘tonal seman. Hor the ean trary aceasta ‘he aroctre prime thers Res if yee ‘Ad it rms oat this sing he combina fete abou the lets of theres (fer pen ope), the scary seman poses on thereon Rains ‘aes themes, So, thik vey (bt ony by eal) abut what mae te ‘sonal seman sand and complete, Spee ar exam te Cae (49 C))-»(B-9(A Ch nan acm heme of te ge Tet med {shina Puch) pomulte is Rage Remy, who conepondence lhe com ‘nator Chas abo ben outed, To sow ht the poms nator owes Se ‘om — hens the sone ofthe theory seat of Lune Cane spl apes "he SemEat fcr ef seton 135. (Tate forte cee oe) = teteane Las rece adr ey on 00 aa er mt eee og et ‘Finan prac ov =i So ee Cont nl se tek a fae yn lc! boon he ce ‘Fyne sero ee ge athe wd pombe cso CET aa ac pac seem ene Hy writ GG m dalle ae te pune oon ee Ge eer as auen te ne woe on Yermott fs Pu rte re pe thos oT. This, mere, Tar gta en Shc my co er Ann Ser fo ele gre 7s uty a cing Lemma 1a te hr net # be ne hn SEES That hen Lin yam emia of nch tha 9 way CE whee na macy or Ls de dt ‘hen to ey fa, te he of rn snc we ne ees sch © xy cetand @ ere “Tope sa thre pie her msc hat ae! Coad w'Y Levee gph) 2 wye'ga's'G w 1, Fon fc Hypothesis (i, Tami ofS 3 weyfexye'gw! 2 Clone wer © 6 Sewewe! Defnon (ba a ayaa be pine) 5 wer a4 Buc hen the Lemna he x rime teary wo Ly am ah 6 wee 5, Sqeing emr 7 oweeucw 4 he cocsion ofeach posits, ot Be nah tn and) So, en hat L pre emo, se Soon ns scacon ope hones dle Pach promi. Oke hentia matnataly egat rant ewe coon resourses sod aol emantc Th, bowee + i abou “The concn ofp 7a 6 ves 28= Petia D. tars and Rober K Meyer) — evel ar hs ate fas logs Fr oe an ea ation San fe on eva lps (Roley a Mayer 1996). Fo cape Sewcue of tears lsd ander Meth wo yee 13.9. Relevant Results To andes log, oe ned to undead a ew of ts muha rope, ‘This sexton pen in» no techaiea wgy scme techie rents aboetseceak lop 139.1, The admis soma Wen Arden and Relnp (1978) refrmulit!Ackenane' gi (1986) 8 ‘hei sytem B they mite Ackerman hind eof tenet sane ‘Anderon abl Belop anu that ogi hd not inde re ke tne ‘the uesponding thorn scheme In the aependiog heen anes (CAV DAB on AV B AAR ‘Adding he ses, by vine ofthe Leni angumen gen in eto 13.1 abo, mates XI val ia BA! wo sing ould rane om toe aw van lege acy 8 Meyer ha sown with Dann (1975 1900) by ie es Seren cena ine aed nee 7876, ema E lnc ner Ths Ra md Bay Ba eae ‘he impo of he amis fy ges ir beyond proving the vcidene ‘of Band. fe shoms tht fg haute Oy cinemas eos A ‘ermal hry theory tac oma al the teas te lg, cont Somesines ating alo shows tht van og onan sh oregon, logic bso the csi propostional en Using Yon can how te Rd B conan ll cai proposition apc gare tens of nesses oto the comeponding chsaly bet Tops (Marsa Meer 1992), Une ately Meyers eit Peano athe he sem RA) me sw iy Pe nd Meyer (1992) tt admit In he prea, mes homo aah A ofthe theorems of cs Mano atmese 300 tenor tonics 1292, The wndecidaily of Rand B Lut (19996 (198A) pve a te gs Rand asi Th ‘inl Inport andthe pon bey er. Mom pilosa mone Frcpsitnd! logs ae dec ~ fr cance, cal rope ogi Sage andes nal lint Bad Ta he ‘iwpalynaeed popotond ng o ve br oen nele aa recs gue even rato! oar es rcv lag and ojee cs fee pan), He ten Rect hc edt rs pr sare nite dnemsina peeie [poses unstable pane tthe og deel 1394. To fear of anepolason i R and B (a ab of er seems) ctr ici ot nesing dc ga it rr Pie shining Re wen Tad ge for ‘i cen tat pn a lu ot ow he scone gs wat Anca hap cll be err Teen Feat Pane au neon etc ne er sc pin og oe ip 1, pe 31 Suppose that Cis dre fam A. Then, (Copa if As po a conaficon al Cis nox 2 taogy ther some forme soc ha (2) conan only proposions vr tht ocr in bth Aaa Cs () le denatie kom a (Gh Gis dere fn & “The Perec ntepoliton Tore the ame Crs hore wh he ois the Feet ein Te Fo ‘b sccm OR (which without the. ein a ee ety ie, mt ne 02) SEVERE Eyota rane a Pee ee eis ld ing al me ‘Sor oa gic Metalic (1979) showed at be aoein D. Mares and Robert K Meyer 13944, Bolum eamservtieexenion ress Moye ad ate 982 (197) show Ste cana xd, se, sep tn asp vias Sg cnet See iGbe hn od sl Tassels enemas cto ea oan an = gel ys oy snag pai ees Boava) “is encanto reson them a pip Faw ont wha sins et el eo ee ak ‘Sen thee sting be win an We See oes ‘ee in lt hn Baap (990 98 poe ec i en pay" Dopy Laps ers pe anne ern wt bls is Rage Sa eng 3 and Bart de wed (re 200 nr NR, enon see ice tn Mins, 192) Bec Rey has ress ce E's Stn ened by sain of ose wpa Aro gS ‘this chapter, he has not yer published this result.) =< > TAOS. The consinony of leant st theris ‘ray (1988) sowed tha ass hey wih nave cmpeerson aio, ba ‘ona weak evan lg consent. The comprehension oom aYVAUXE Yer) were ant ae varies ranging one anes Ti ys at fr ea ope sce thet ht tn Th lam a fete ‘hy ica aed the rho of Roa pd oe che Busing i DJPQ ohne, Brey 9H) sb atc of cases = ann Brady (2001), theory of a ha Incr nae sone 13966, The complecones and incompeenes of ‘ranted relevant lege Fine (1992 (1989) shows that the gunned elev log, RQ, no comple ects domain mance According to te cena domain seat, ‘ch we th sme sock of inv nd the th coon fr the wie ‘qui the edad case erm mol log ee shape name VA, 2) = rue 1, a) fr even eran of i Fine shows th tete i shes ali or the cis of contact domain modes or hat nor penal athe lope RQ. How to sematae a loge comple over the conan dancin srr a sn open question Tse 1902+ 1988 evloped ie domai mats or MO, The emacs be gute compte and appa to pec notion of arbiay object Dat one ‘ovale coat wi mote ana oi by ng Fe’ est en nes ‘Som Rapes mode! tee fraser ge [ee caper U1. Akening ie ‘on dy scr mol ike to ther wor wh ger domains i ‘al by anion, Thar ebony f Da) DIB). He's rac foe {Be quer may Be pa ado) re FL, Bra oa ee Qh and every mv nec thie sy that» ver und sentence, Vi, erat wor ifthe open sence A itv of ereyting in vey Word gr thn 1397, The PAW problem “The loge P-W, i aly cl (or -W sould be el) hai tion sls cones, comin a aoa schemes the pe seers othe nso, and Ton snd under mod oon Dap a onecred han or formulas And eon es In which bth A Bad Bow A ae pro in BW ae tose in wc A and Bare the same fornia, To the te Te Lary Power showe tha th cnjecre seule othe conjectarethat te formulae the frm A> Aci be proved nthe loge, whch the dose dee mais ons the whens snd lone. Marin (1992 [2978 and ‘Marina Meyer (1983) proved owen conjecare. So Marin sated the EW Prot (ih ha xn chaping pas the Ferma Las Too ofthe ‘Mar’ non ef te BW ole 3 model xe of ence ge rly and plop ight ng Band in and in he araacemet of vane Tepe Forone mom hana loge tht doe nt make val ay Rem of cee ‘Shorty ru bear shugit sce the begining of lop tha ern propo ‘Son fot snr ony ues bt to aos In Stone hs gi aes {foe and enh al fe of ee enon. Ts ase a6 esd Fr Mee abour crsary abd how wo nid" 18.10, Bur There's So Much More to Say Thi caper ha prove he reader wi +i look a the seiveton fo and some of the tached and poopie ape of eleven gi, Bat as eny ‘Crched the surace of ti ban eld of 1p ta as tee dhe Fes of fii iene matiemaa sting and pss debate fn the pa our deeds Tas nt ota on Ue ae of flan login automated theorem PONS,win D, Mart and Rober K Meyer (Tiiswste ca, 198), reason onc logic 9 competing mare {generally Nor his deus the sometimes Busted bite oer the san Alanine slogan (Read, 1988). And tere 30 uch more."There re ae ‘ean ogi that rj now tepaing to be expe Te ratonsip exe ‘heelys an! gh frre copa, the we freon ge ‘no-ponotonts een, hn then Hope thischape pie ete, {0 dhe ie thee meat on Sonn, say without ane Suggerted forthe reading ‘ed (Dan and Kea, 301) oe epoxy debe camurdng see Roney, (1988 nd Rend (198) a pt pla toate. td ey le ‘esd omc e th mc ht ean pRel OBO, Ms (Gols rae loge ch el detonate eter who a sence shane nA 19D er ees ne er a, ‘opty ot wot on lant ais compet ty Bebe Wall Notes For the atin ary lent og a wu Red (1988) lwo th ly te 5, dng te cinema (A) Shakeel iy en rh it rnin, fer Chet rans Tand Fee econ 138). nn meant 4 Mewes wet Nile Gn ing eg “i lg weston rl tras a eh ‘nn a ey (1975), on 194) an Ma 3) 7 Rave pnp oii ey mcr, Nt ora asc hr eee Rae 2 Re he oa iSeeen'n morc cnc Rud 8, A oe ‘Th Meyer nd Main (1988) a he Ani float ee tua Ther 25 Sotatng Amen Pam ge by Date 19% 11976, $l commen wy 7 7 a we» io on the woe semas wht Roay se tee tte Se ty ca 8) he ee te gle ‘Me sen to youl ose. Thos plano! epee "eatin Mis (195) Oni mats, ew acne a doa ipsaienr (apne wei act ed ae {wine Ont emt one ca dete Cabo al eee be er ‘84 aa vot impo ster wo te wna ae oS see ‘ile they an be Combi in th ea a pose ee 304 Rent Loge, ———-— 10 We dont i fl son of comity ach We wt he he With nr eh hy. rar dete ection Ht ann {Ion fh ogc sce CL dL 11 ps pn IEE 9p Seach en eed LC ot eeageytatanepans gmt in be Seen treme r 1 ran fc wy yp ee od apc Ta i : 1 eo creamereranepiousenat Pemntennte Eovamsictangmacee arate vp EES w cemmenuanereupamtie iti tie crc ona mens ie tae Se ee ees Eero isang immer tpearanis He iad cinricatterrge oem Leen eee tt edness pe ror eo i cab tas tm Cacao ec Rap nana pc rs wri (irom car thre be cn noted it en be Ton we 18 ocr wh lift wa a threat se ent Hepa ea Rede ye ese sot nk a 19 Frama Ne ety ommend cumin cer ii TGR, nt en el ote tee ean Ween ests Ilan’ lf ts aes AR and May ND 1975 Samet Te Lape of Rene an ein amc ey em PN yyy Rae woh tinge fam — SSeS ace ei ted the Comicon of ype Aoiment,” fem af Sac Li 8-931 00 in| be on Cn te aie Stain ED tin Appcantcn Voth S hea. nd Rtg ad Pters e (SU aes Cambidige, MAS st ey 98 mai and te Pam " “6 ————‘vin D. Mares and Robert K. Myer ea ND fe, ]977 How + Cate Sus Th” Comtmry Aagec ‘alas th Saha eno, Nb J 1900 AU Fur agi eMart Tf Ds en Ep cn (DA Dec 077, ene a ‘Sn ia ns Dane (1988 on ne Ry a ama ai a sc fins "Ont epnatt GnBnan t” sy It The Sle Cayo 3 Theory Bae Niven ral ra lap 3-0. ease Now yf dS Tar” PersrntLg Ruts Norm, Pps Veg, 07 ty ong (em ed coi (Cam The Wea het of neste owes kn, Unrcng ‘lagna Lag der Sri, Mc RN hai ee Veo a ber Mach, 229 eyo bs Capi Ml Nena 1990. gly Shee sd ‘eats Serre 1H R Gary ye Comal Lhe Ca sed onlin inde a Sey teen Ne, NY, ato, tea hrm ea tin, ol, ie Ten Paha ea (98 1-97, Dame 1 Na ang er ange” procs mde 6 ne Amen Topol Roane Anane of Syme Lape yoga Dnoey1 Toeee Mek - sent Tite P88 wn i oo Red Bs 7 arm 1978 “A zen Ste fr Rae Relea Inti” Te nf Spi a i ae ers ome a i Di A 0 Reet Lge a an” Hed lpi Ls it aya Gace (Rate, Dron re ‘im 19 ina Sema He Dee san "ane Pe * pha ai 29 (1970), A eed em, eon wl Pn tense Dan M8 Sade Te Non” pia Pe, Di. Ma Rew 6 201“ Lg a ati Hand of he it in ce ne Dra) 8 ee Bh ts) oe 1992 “Ione fr Quid Rat Lg in Din in Bat Tas Nor al Kam ee, AIS, ‘Aten, eal Da (990 31 Yim Iba Me a oral api Lp 3974, 27-72 ee no ap Da 0208 "Pd. Senn fr ated Re Lai ora hie Lap 17 (G98, 27-59. Rened Aan, apt ua 1982, 13-0 ne age ar a a ener top aE tT a St i at ‘Lagi 57, 824-31. He ln stein Cm dan Ci cermin : ENTE A i nes rn tin er te ee ne ena! seta md cc a! npn a fy a as at ie of as em ne, PREP Aare ores gal tice Reh a a ek ara ag 70 sce ee Sr ra Os at ee ae ea a pe ln 1 dca ge? min help eee, a ase dn, hn Ne Ce ee aS era Pad Meyer RK. 1982 “Solution to the AY Bren.” Jowma f Sombie nt in Mea Loi ae ee Nap an nao rt 17 (1978) Sie, Stwansit rym n freon sod Bea (1978, 26271). ae Se a ay i a 399%, Ce rh aa na i a a al i ey R197 Alger Anni of ten 1 aia Ana, “Meyer, RK. sm Routcy, R. 19K: “Clas ctevane Legis 0)" Sia Laven, 32 Ti sts en ae eer ee Tere ean Lage” Sr. ath 0, 2-8 se eae en eng a, 1s on ipa da aot ee Poh on Sona mania ost al Smit |vin D. Maes and Robert K Meyer “Borie eer s segk Wat rum tn a ot nt Mee 96 Sel Lega To Vie Sem” Cit dees "ny tear l(a Hora oer 197, 198248 pl soe ny nc tat i Te Seman sin 1 J Par “lel a1 972, 52-75 pe cy Ro (8) sett hom Smo ner a. at ge 8 Ry Tl Pal Nes ah nd Ta ‘Rivals, (Ridgeview Pres, Atascadero, CA). = ss ops ne ‘Th cid Ded Gana 8 Tay ed Pg MS] Memoirs 2, (Mathematical Society chen To), ——— via Fee, A Myer Ame we re Nore pes ga Sra ng uma a ag 29723 ‘aga Alain Uns oat at Rn pn ra ‘Fhe 97 pn i Tran th tf en oe of vit i Mati oie ner ._ ————— Chapter 14 — Many-Valued Logics Greegors Malinowski lai! tog sed the princi of Balm, ehat every propaton hat ‘Saute of eto les lcs ra ony This nd expres he 0 Iie the law of the cde male cy poe the to wooed (ew) “Win the esa undensanng of he covets, BM and CP may be el fi eo Foe nH rope “Tic et neal an taigorvant stp Heondr0-aud lop noce sno ina cy hey ong the pee oF rece, Anode, ne Toy colce nhargag we tal hor cncering the seen cet ‘nln oh toed comes ate mi, er wy. ropa etn mcg ate Tete ent atch hts bor neon earch ioe many ‘Sted tp esl coe or casino the ore os tee no man ed loge ech Aire wh i cut concer fr far congener tmiow ~ and aed OOD SULA snd he sre ey, he er fran alos eit Ii Bao wid he woe of Earacwic an Px Ths chaperone 3 28, td ten eo 14.1, Eakasiewice Three Valued Logic eta nrc hn! el ale ~ wich canbe le ination {00 ant 1 er ibehood sad th a es of plop vein iGepore Manon et feed, ndrermii, areconge, mos, an the paradoxes fae theory. toe he argued tht een Be 1 dl ben Wane at noon on 21 Decree net year. is ste din of ts uncrance seers no fl, snc thee Bl concne ‘Sour neceniy or imposaby of onigen seen woud low. The lve [Paro apy 0 woh se Ina, Esta nerpeed th hid oe vale, "posi orindterminay nd owing his nations about tee eos ‘apex he extend the cinerea of negation an pation cord, He gigi alo Tioga ‘The eter comes of junction, connton sl equalence wee itu troup the define se tav-8) en Pasle BAB >a) “Their tables ae [A sation of frm in Lakcncr ere value li ay Rtn v2 oF 0.4 IT sompaie withthe bene atin, where Fr the oto Ral 0 7 [Enpuge. Atal 2 fru which ae the amare vane unde 29 walt ¥ The 1 ftantaopes ofthis tread log of Eukaenc ifes osn se se of wo aed aspen TAUT of cla logis octane, nite he =| ‘the lade mile or he pincipl f entry Tse th 2580 ‘Eto pany sich anton ako asces | with EM and CP. The throws $8 ‘elation of hee ewo las was tended, Lakacenc’s pinion, tocol Prine of ndecemi Asher propery of ne sera hat some sly none fraus are no loner cotaicoy i One sc ome a ——____—— Many ted Logis incoonccied with he fos Rane pron of he et of les at are othr foun cement [ce caper 3]. Rael wb deline y the ein Zeleees And the remingpuadox yerazer isan instance of), Huse’ prado cee 10 be an amin ia Ly homere, ‘ocr ping or pone he ome te nd thee (7) no-one [Eesewie fond ro be song onpasen i vor ois re alot ogi kev sao sot to folic the oda finer of poling A and sce hae te po erin eos th ancl chal fg he pop taking the real oie ee bt ‘prea 1901; T (lakosewcs, 1967 (1980) produce simple deinen, {Sing egeion and Inpntion i eve 260 connectives Sat woul ext okie requires, ey ye ¢ Teste se) Te fist own aiomatiaton of» sem of any ogc wa War (0960 (1981) mtazon oy mame forthe -y 9) eon of Ewes tected propotna ss Mpg WI panne") WI pansies) We paisa? vith the ules moa not (MP) an uve ebaion (SUB). te eat Ubu yest fyi the ober Ehadevice sonesties ae table in em of tegaion an mp 14.2. Post Logics Asan outcome of is sah on he csc popostonl og, es 1930, 1921) ‘Sosvund 1 ly ie vlc propoatind Top, Th a ined by the Ktrmazaon of the casa proposal eels, CP, presen in PrincipiaGexegre Malinowski ~ Mathematica of Weta sel asl (1910), by the method of rath aes, at ions own cue conecingfoncionl complete fr dani log Filing Ivins Mathnatien, Tot takes negaon, and disjunction, 8 prime connctnee For any nar n=, he cone Une ore ot see itso (and oly i) 5, eaulpped with t8 opertions comesonding esti; aay rao roi etn Ab inary duno debe ce in BY Aa “These equation dea, fo given w= 2, ween rath ables of negation and ijanton Thus for m= the ables ae 1s cays ee hat fo m2, Pt ope cide wih the neato urtin weon of he clases Hogi he set =] ay be ened coming Sd Tepe) ad the the Post gain and doje ae meric ‘ean the anal veces? The lion CT ess dows fm > 2. lithe ae heath the negation sat empath he lal ne Toe omar at de she proper of dgurtion, ava reponse and fin. Tht, = fy ely whe Aon ‘eid hi the nowlned Ps agre Hotes 9) ler coincides with he acgson junction lb f CPC (m= 2), he ater Speen a eile of > 2). "ost consis the tah valet the dtingished element remable that anos the Ine ofall slog (m2) genase of we sit ‘aul of the csi lie expec interme of again and juin ‘sl prion For example, thi counter ofthe of he ended Reapmpevag oe Maya Logie, —————— issue fra, By conn, plains fcc denon pastes fr che Soma conneines, he conjunction, impeion and equ el 0 er) ‘tangs il Bor eran the defen af conjunction sing the Deon aw av) rls ns nonasininve comet a! The sone of weap proper Tanith he ate caer of Po etn he mt er: peo Fon tc i atin een ‘ber dc-apumen soo Fan Be eel by mes oh tv pie fence Tape he, athe consort fino and eae the og ‘ae ny -ecbs dea Eanaing eon comple wa ne of Post's pry in onan eta, dein wi cul poe i a inaesing tenanmerpresion, Pos gee rein the ens OF, ‘Suu coespending oped (1) eee ples P= Poh) oe ‘anew propos Ps ponsfe Mae spay epied wih the aye of ochre grote condo tte eprops te ‘iad bre sh Tie conmetteno B* ded me by epaing thi hc een eh uh (SEEM Stun tbe a co te cese awk ce Pa ‘ae eect 6) When Folge A04 Oates PQA te hvtnonbiv ted The maping 9% sya Poms ely (1) enon - example sabes an iemorbin of (£7, ~) onto dhe os alg P For expe ‘Se unhene £¥ comeyeng tthe ce of Breed ost ie cosdred hoe const of tee ple 0.0.0.0 5 0.0.0.0) 10.0 6 Grog anny & This inept of lap sand ein ow, anger ing the ales dierent Pot los sald be undetood rny “put (1921 ao dened a any of rely mpve wae! lag, The fly ‘sly een an coves impetons depeed y ote hn, Lave a3- Gregor Malnows ~ - nel Gavel The nosy hs able propo wa that Port designated ay liga aus a ne‘ poi, que tera nod, mas ot conse tray ofthe ogaror of many vue lope 143, Threc-Valued Logic of Klsne ‘ene (198, 1952) the autor of wo epems of tcl jeopsins end Pret loge designed to allow forte indtetaaay of some propostons a ‘So ato ime. Tae src nnn vor ‘Sundae of mathe and he teary Of eanion. were there was ned for fool tht rd the tale of pail dened praca, or popestonl fn To be aware ofthe necessity for such logics), comsder a simple example of sch «pret, he mathemati prope dened by she equaeace Patt = ‘where is vale ranging. ver the set ose ube I pte et the ‘ropeina ancion (a undetermined when x0. Mae reed, five yee Propeion Ma) fundecmined fa 0 ase cose ‘The sang pin of Kien (1938) contraction smn neering a0 ‘he props wun gel wale of th (1) o Hy (F) 8 une wn ‘el hy mest cf scceabe ign, Ort ent fe aac hon. The i tga ae of under (U seme Re ths ego of rom, ete ore the nl eee a ees yee aja aiFuT virur ajpur sjeur E(t Fyre Flew Peer Piro yo vjour uuur uroy vfoee ‘One mayest nose that an ase loi, he compete’ behaiorwonat ‘he canal lg! alee T and remains wnchangot, Furthermore, the esis increitily of Banda Bs peed ‘Nleoe cakes Ts the ony dating vse, wih the ret tha st 20 fermela 3 tla. Thi lows rm he ict thats vation whieh sis © a“ ——_—_—__—_ = Many aoe Leger to every propositions aile ako age wo ny foul 1 sing ht “Comer entennn of the mova lg shoul eal asa tutelage, Sep pan pb. ie (1946 prose he os acne an comp inspection of Kee connie, eg the noon ofan neice do gen soem domain A [reed by pal einon LP of ome propery P(of denen’ fA) 0 be ‘Mivce ied hanceni futon’ yea 041) 1 when Ma) ibe econ 10 24P) Xle)=40 when Pais D¢Ppandesie [et wen 7a) ate econ 0 DAP) ‘Ay fly fines ss often domain A fons 2 Deg ie, wre Slee epcatons Uy 9 and (aU Via) mesa), YO) (oY) ini Ra, Ye) (aa) --m0) ane coutcprs ofthe Ree consis Kener’ ies ve ese ec ea ‘Hed inthe cy of gh sf Poa (1991) a the apprasinain ibvst (i (Rasaws, 1991 Bole sn Bovrik, 1992) Ks (1933) cers thse ence ston an ios na st ‘pest connei Wihegasanaegulen the sine, be des the te other bythe es ajpur veut ate UT Fret Fro Fee uluuu uouu olooe rleug pipor tle ut “The new tah bie re to dette se employment of lope omnes th ‘penton thet propos! anon whose desi depends om Ce eS eetares they ae conte scoring 1 the rl hat 207 Shor pseu (7 U ten in he hole ont aking Ute motarion being (Bar ndtemincy securing a any sag of computa wake he ere poe 4, ochar Logic and Beyond echvars (1938) conception of the treed Tog edn the dn of Poon at Soe snd eae and ben raping? in = ero TeeSonal engage. A proposition i mein ts eer tre ot fae a ther ste ond mirada Th a eed “The proptonlngnge of Boca gi st wo eve, ch corpo let lngnge and metaangage Both lel Inve the ov conuetes a se ‘unten of eaten, mpanon djnion,conjncson i equlence. THe ‘opines of Beever cnsraction comspond to Kleene weak og (tema amd {0 calli eterna) rope The intra concise eomsene ‘Brel peneaizaons of he cal one hey sre dented ere ys ‘Nand =. The vernal connexes ae deve to hres the rele Se Inga vais of propstios They are etinguitie ad incorporate the ee Slow ue anti le’ Those se marke are coer of he ‘sendand connects, and understood nthe flloning wy corm negation ta aise urna impiction a 9° tice, then Bis re srl dissin av" see o 8 ecomalonincson: ast is re aed Be se eral evivalene =" is ee HB nee ‘The sth bes of itera cones ave Been compiled scoring 2 ere whe Fao Klss's principle. seer compond peeping es oe meanings component meanings inate a, vlc etre {tsicaly.” Ths the iternal Bocvar connectives ernce wth Kleene mek antes, 8 gen by the aes Rom he fst son, Bu th Um Forte “sive meaningless The sth ble exp the seven lt of Boe ms tame se ur e frre vit t F tlre abt mporns open of Boho comin, wich mee mer el compat of two lees. The page fon the ince to exer is asued bythe src arma aerion i te AT th ele onseine andthe lel ied deStions of he eter connect: = Many ave Lopes — oS ay pene at sopra ag oe ‘ede aks Ta te deed lead sh si socio a cn Cherie Ren wet ge Rohr nt cs ali Fiesta ngs cog rr ee ate at es Sal tral one es as U and wc be ar ese Comeciver wep oF an da Sec nr een par 00 dep tens prope foraing wn voto oo heap footer ata (29) fe ome, test teint hse Pp Hana ie ng wes iy Cy th) on ening! (0) 2 th mera re noes ‘tno nl nnn wh a en ape Hall’ ste, ow Sei tl hen mena ig cece a opt, Ty a eigen hn fas he trees nae Send lls dass fo lola U 08 ‘Tecra ino te In camecc, thet ‘omar cag cn ite ang CR. Te Suton, meres clic og yf ine pops Te pe Seems ny ese vel of ee, cig mao Tn i pvr yp ow fom po an Toe hat ati ts. wat hp mean tq he, ode ch aan ot ‘ipated, ee par menage bh sped ta rvs i satin lope Tots in, he dc the tess of pono, sad eee, sng i ‘Sis dene an tw fone ince es MP and SUB me epnse RR patyoa) M3 ogni on) He pate HS sgngasende Ho pap a6 a7 ~~ Gaaegore Maoowsh — {In hi anew tet eine a he # connective, pang “ay “Thar at cmeponst te mening tania es eigo™ Turher lors of Haley proach sade by Ags 1962) and Seger, (a965)"Seaing th probing with normative mens, Aci eed 3 ‘optional calcu hata mine wrist of Euan thee vated loge or Faget of Keene sng ge The tree pms of Agu lie are ee, junction, vada spec consectve, Ther bles sete te vas FU, ‘Timournonton), where te intended ening of Band sands an Tithe ‘ny seated value Hil hele f negtos and denon ae the same, toda norton, a the th-ble of Fakawice tesla sonnet. In ten ir deine a Me)=KO=F and TAT ‘Acs roti sds with the Bane “nee” peor Te 2 on 14). ‘Given the php ppstion of hit forma pprach, Agri des eee “ctaserite functors of esse Fata Laster Mayle hoe fee reading i i i” (a), "a meaning (i) ane a is mean ings (. 14S. Logie Algebra and Matrices “The algebra speach ancient of ap invest Se, Fores Ravows (1974) and Wack (19BB) is we the cine any aed loge tspscilly naturel andi ube ee ih to rer many ates, Ippo! anpuge seed 39 sper man Tal FF) sina to Ay upping Var» A, may be extended uaigucy to the Home Imo Eo» Ay he Hm) rerio ste eqipped th Ainge satae of element to orepond to popestion oF esied Kd (eg trae sentences) te elle lop atc. Mw pec, at a Many Vale Legs M=(A,D) wich beng an alga snr a language Zand DE A il be eee 0 Sterrfor Hemeres of wil eel donated (or, signi) ements of JIT sex of forma wich ke desist aes on (A= fee or: he D any Be Hom, A) Ie cled he cement of M. The relation sil bea mati cence ton (1 pied thay, for ny 3 Bi hia ior every HE Hom A), ha D whenever KES "The cone of mac 3 coame ofthe st of aloes a the nti shen ration gD" For a tal generation ofthe clan of asl ep uae thee concep he nga feist a Lene) “The, the oem arin of te cane ips the fom A=(0M AYN) rhe sine al em" may He wel fr ane wo de ae ata emit yes) iat Mat wv athe asic coseguens lon inti notation cua Flom: rai er vey HE Hom A) beta whens AX (8 Nove the tf tones ie coment Man consi rma Ete omg othe en st, TAUT= 4) =(a: 2h, The ‘hd acon rm cone ene emia ms of Sow uot roy ro omar ad «Bl Fr (let) XanaDiE XH OB “Tose how te amewok of utes and conser ren wos tay solid Inge conser sew proper ce raue lop ae prec Fs, the matt of the aceaed logo aa Mat Mavs AD — noGeer Malinowski, swith the connecter e by he fbr in scion 1.1 It now poe wo heck What tthe dedacon there this frm (44) XanBixra 6) “The ef tig secon ewes To sce why the antecedent apes it sult comiders alsaton& which sens mus oe Xn [I] a 0 that amd iO, For the we remo, (dey) fe th ee, "Te st expe shows th» may valve loge uy rn aly on the ee of tala, hut sho wih rope fo the les of consequence Fel and, ‘imately, by eset of lfrace rk, Another eve where the conesuenc ‘on impor, ec wen the logic hu he empy st of ttclogiey ich 2 ‘ne finds with lene sn Bova oi, Tne mati he weak Klee ope an, ‘his the mera Bacar Inge KAUR UTA ITD) ith he ec cation of operations in secon 143, Hwa aay ated a this ges non tutogl, BK) =0. Hower, lene gi no a se the conseguenes Fy, determined by is mae snot. Ie ienoewerty tha the tof rules of Jy, consis of sme speci ues of he sail logi: Nay 9 ‘lai Gnastcat Cyto mach tnt fr some vtaon BE Tome A) beets 2 lf hye ad Varia) & Van X) “The ise uf loyal mates is undoutnedly the mest natural way of seving smanysaluedner consequence reli iar fm by Tne coe 2 'genine hye of ths Rnd ae aay heen ded, Never, kink ‘mule leet mai oy. fuse Yor the kg! natin des mo une Iayraliedsen- Ao, there ar dierent kindof may aude, Caer, (OT aaa a5 FED ‘th operons died bythe aes Nate, ha wth ny BE Hom ly We) the valuation 6 € Hom, ore ponds in one-one Way suck it a [Ty I} Hf sei. These Pea nd aching move then heeclement made the two-line bo try vac toes - "The las, smewha iting, ie when 4 mabe cement me reins laa tautology, Le eoament comes wih TAUT, ba is omsgoene ‘laton dere om the aa by some les of fence. The mate wm KURU TI {se the Ksone-Rachvr mts bat having wo mes U and desgnsed, sth propery. Ii connequence operation Fes MP, since de eence Ip al eg doe oe hl 146. Functional Completeness Ato lt is fn compte whl ay eons vee Ein o o, Coclin e Capel sc nw e ne ra sy 30 iy tre se ani, comeecy ota be py hen wining al umber pt eth dsr Eee says ft om Use fee ih fino tay operon Ui cl fmt compe Fe i eee wd oie} grand Set te ope ff int ei Copco (931 ef te come ifthe ptt to sal sober f omnes 10 ree ey Sieroter any Feet oon on wher = mee then Cait be ment ompr rm vr The ops ane of {Re en shar wan di of ao mot matumcncones “Theorem 14. (Pose, 1921). IU fnconaly compete form vies, Gihee msr2 then i a Rincon comple fr m+ vals and hen ho faconaly complete seca thc sotieguserhereerrrate tte SSR ie en teres peer emer teens Seeaetisg isch ameter tigemeae nirvana carats to eee earcreinatis san faa eee, Sac ma——— caregeee Matnowsts, ——————_— feet tanten howe sv yr mais) Conse ey Pt rn Pelbees 's fonionay complet (Post, 1921). If net oo ta Belin they vpzedc ofthe sgebre Ay “The func complete ofthe mae lg alge importa bees roposoel og founded on such laste lg ofall pose ete lied conpesines (ttt nein wes »=2) and evs m, they se nt sere, unig, Since Cuptonal completeness nor 8 Regen propery, vend ‘ter ve ben formated which mip ep oder presence ‘Theorem 14.2. (Shc, (1938s) An w alae algebra C4 Suneionaly compete iin Utes ae cea 20, fe) (i) ll oneargument operons on (8) kee one woatgamen operon fs 9) whee ange consis ofall wuaveriziee ” sing theorem 14.2, one may easly etabi he intimal nope of ll {he thea logis esrbed above skeping of coe, he Pox fog Ts for example, forthe Lakasewcr tre aed Tage Ly se thar the Oe {yuen ot fino 1" T= We ay 1, no def fom ‘ofthe hse operations (cece iy. Ror unr ay comp anon of ‘one arent sd aun hat 1 [0,1 then ue she ae the primi sonnet, the up vale canst be ea ty CO te her ens Se ame {erion noes that ading Te the stock of fre of ty leat the ncn Aly comple lg alah (Steck, 1987 [1936 Frtermore, Supe owed thar he ef aioms WI-W oF Waerg (ee sexton 4.1 oper th WS poate Ws 9+ "igmaie the cto compete venom of aksewis hes valved ic ‘Stpet (19396) alo cnsrced th lage posible da a toy com let loge and gare» general metho of tee somata, The Spel a Su (being pen satura number, = <9) othe am, Sesh RS Ryo oy sta vant Lagi, ———— whee binary ipeston), a, Suns persons deed by Lb wisest Or encase fron aye se=h Heh sina to Pot logit det ithe Post negation and so “jemi fncon, Fy, the ska proper of ipa cll Specks (Tip tate ofthe hs of logs ed byte above mates, The er secon hk sme ne ed a cnn Th rc factional incomplete ct he be te St oF pal anton {hy alee‘ hs Kind in uncounaty indie, we wing» Ane umber of ‘hin opertns one may dln mos cout ly of fon 14.7, akasewice Logis io 1922, takalewkcs genesied hi thea logic amd defied = my of many oye both lean nie aed son, 1970p. 140) A Tabane nrc mari the oo Meal aie ID where, for the et mal pube [dodo BM Weeanen telyederemneeN alee CaN lon ana nd the funtion fe deed on 228 sejeGog ayant hey] ws —‘Grepor Malinowski — ~ The lnroticion of the aw many vie logs mat ROC sported by ay separate argumentation -Talasewir dd ot ge new reson forthe chose of ‘pore loge alc He met nerd thatthe encasement form 3 onc oie eran he mts of 1920 fe sed lope Later sry has shown, Row, he Lakai logic fave may proper tht mike ‘hem aong hemo nor lag conse ist the huhaience mare My soir wih the mae ofthe lag Mao thet 0, 1] loved wits reper a aneic connecte, ch i sother eagrenion of cma chro te generation, Comet ‘Aiea stale fay algebra (my >, vA, =) ad Ake sr oF heel aloes of tases propos a ee at) Ba)= TAUT New, the reeons Benes the cones of fite matics ae exalted bythe famous Lindenbaum codon (Eskew and Tank, 1990) There 14.3. For fe m mE HM) HM) Tm rir “The prot ofthe la propery maybe bacon the “bmn popes men ‘onc above ofthe my of the Se mece of Eaasewis. Ung he !rpument one may abo pore the conic a thee 14-9 fr mar conte ‘etc eens oof 8G. Theorem MA Foe Bie mE NPC iP m= dni of 91 “The mnt nereting propery ofthe inf halen mares hat they ae the ae eof tad comin ont cel aie ‘io of he smcemt al Bic ane ‘Theorem 16.8 FM) = BM) = UBM) 9 2, mE N} akasewice wall lope Lae not fanconly cpt Al of what st ‘stblshed fe n= 3 apples fr each nie mF no consant ere Osh 8 ‘erable in (Uns “hve A=). Second adding the comcast te ek of Sonneives res ii ale tatcoaly compete compare theorem 42) ‘Aad ine generat eter ty 1/(9-1) ory (w= 2)/(m~ 1) ang ‘oe of them wl do the Jo aswell Ngan (1981) formated and poe An ingests detmiliy ction for Lakaenice mes bth ie ade, ‘owing the mathematal teat of Euascie's loge costroctons pat tet fe mats te sontitle was pen take 208 (1920), However, se pobln of aman conte xm te fit Eakacnicr lpi for n> 3 remind open unl Reser and Targvee® (1982) geneal method of siomatation of weued logs with conte Many. Vie Logics — sas te wo-cid sand condo. This meth cn Be Bcd mons ‘Mhursw Ts sce ch connec acer pec cen Eatewict rte mawics, Hem for cry» am abomsaton of Elance’ ved Proptinal cls an Sobek The alomaisaton, hone, bce {ery comple do oe hh perf the mth eo ty Rowe 2 1930, tukaewice (Lakaenc and Tan, 1980) conjured ta his sal lop war somal Bsus) 2 gagrternseon) BB (poaAalerA9P) 1 Gran nen) 15 era aaP90P) together wih the ke MP and SUB, According to Yenc, his hypoth (ric confmed hy Wapbrg, 1981) Next comes the eduction of them {Et Mar (1958) ad Chang (1958) depended showed tht aim L8 it {Epennt on he other ‘Thee a to nan seas wonpetenes prc of 12 wth MP and SUD} by Hone and Ror (1958) be on sae mtx ta cr relics ad by Chang (1950) wih pry asta methods "Scr sunatarons for feed teases Iopes (#3) Dave been nancy etn them ye LI-LA In fret was Rr emp, ‘rig (1977) and Tots (1978. 148, Background to Formalization Rowe and Tongue (1982) deemed the condions ht ke itty many (alee! popositon lope reenle CC, ereby smog he prot of ‘romatladon {andthe queen of thelr rion to pete log, ch We ‘Tatar dca). Rep nthe pres of repreatindsswed sen 144, ts ros ofthe fm Mya Un DD where Wel faoo fd a a 325. ———Greys Malinowski wih 22 Nand 15 £< m The naval uiner ordering convey desing Age oft otha I ala eet i nm tks the ae 9 hy "Net come the condos conersing prpostional connectives, Wich i May he terest gation, pealon, ncn conjunction, eae lence, my aod apecal une-parent connecter jy Aue thi the se ‘symbol ewe to denote he comparing anon Of , and that yen Ha, ‘the ierpreation srstre. Tenth spect connected to ss the Standard oud for any, 9 By ad 4 2s) “ED, xed, ASYED, WE xe Dandy D, AED, aC DeyeD, HAYED, i xe Dyand ye D, HT YED, iH cther nye Door yD, AED, i ach matic May hing endard connects a printne or dialect ‘sandard When only some of thm are praca, the term “Qatanda? i ed, whee Qi suber ofthe sto ead connate [NI Pos nd al Site Bakaewir matics ae sand. The fist cate cy ost mais ate bs o freon cope san se sexton 4. a ss any poutleconnectne deg. Agen waked takasieicr mas may Isomorpicty sored oma 4 matt of the form May te emo ‘Sahel by the mapa fa) =f To te set ‘a He 2s.. mh Ament refs sin hii than tin Sa enjtion my andl cn Insure oe eed cnet tre dea in Me Ts, sar He ea beagh sealers) eine the sand pletion and uence (-+ appearing onthe sight the ‘rial faksiewir compete). The defcliy of fe} flms ‘ly om the McNaughton (191) eerie so Roc aod Farce (1952) ‘Using hi famevork, Roe and Taree sed the role of oman noms tens marae ling wale! Bahar abd Pot ogi Any lows deere yf jun Standard mat My somaized ‘meas ofthe fle MP ad SU an he lowing set of sxe Ce = Many vated Lees A pose) AD PUA) AB Gaara) MULL) A PADMA DIE G98) 8 ilo phe oF AT igh) iad) CA iokB) A HHP) where ffi) RO) where he symbols fand Fn A repent ec an airy fncon [Fine mute gs and proposal omneive sect ith Rose rd “Torque, 198) The io tern AL-AY costs of the opr: AI-AS and AM-A7. The is op of mio deve be proper of pre spin sunt to ‘ses the decom here ne cl vio, () econ 145. The ‘Sond gop cont loa, wich, duet he pope f the J connectives {nd mle ge seas nd ya propeis. Checking the soundness ‘Tike tos ey, wing pvc em ang, The completeness rot bowen ee nuh clin soos qua cmp incon 14.9, terpretation and Jostifaton rps et en ern i a er ‘Di on estes entre a eee Sioneaclg acannon ae poste aia emma ES "el en secon 141 ate 97 1000 i ered Beceem orm cere em Soe ee ece eee mae gm dcteemciamsereemenes Sor Sees sitgemoes Poacher teen Pelee cee ier memerrtiond coe core cteuananttptiearc cet : Fa By mente nee cement ra arenrae eat sieht — a»- — Grego Maino ~ Way then ti recy ha om ec ncesay tha (a, hen BY Lrguta (1986) pees acter een itm of Eakaewie imp son aking he hid loa the 1 of 4 pte cal aes fs fare contingent esc, he eis impestin a # tcl ways aan inpcnon ing Os ameceden alway fas the vale 1,2 mpcton om 1 9 {0V1} haste vale (0,1 a, ly te pion (1 0s 1] hse ‘ac The pense whthe Eason Spl, howe “cc Mon ue Tree, gla the ak Rexheatch (194) argued hat adoption of thee aed ogc woud provide 2 ‘chun some pots ras by gua mest To oa ‘nal anal: Rees presen an etre von othe Faso Ie singer eatin nd ipliaon connectives: le refs othe hed loge ean tate nd hig 0 snr cme of quan ican, pai Sees inden both te potion ante ume ope a et tine which acordng to Bor and escent raed os meng, The weak ot of Rechts (944.16) roo th cerain mach 2 te pine of eon alo Gane a Intent (See Hack 998) foe ccm of eer inert of the valued lg) “the matematalpobbiiyelss esembles anv lp, and he uetion os cnmeion between proband y-ray es {Seep 16 tues (19s (113) ha ive Un ae! robin, wont isingshing etre was a eke pay pre oar hn cen Reach (18) and Zins 1934 omant Ses ‘omc ths oeton serpin cee + mary aed tinh ee roy ld eiticey econ Te Recheck Zine ‘Spon ed onthe upon father incon Prana oe the et ‘repetitions of gen sandr’ proposonalangoge th wees om eal Sonera 0,1] The pales or Praeo lows PL Oz my) =1 PL Peavy PS Pi(pv p= Pra) +L pan gave mut exive Gen Ppag=0) ME Brip)= Pra) when pand ge logy equivalent rom PI-D4, psi oir ote exe proper of Fr. Keine the log vai vp) wth he measur of probaly Dr) the fr Pp) 4 foo roperies mentioned, ges is a Many ated Lopes PAY -v Pavel Pugiet Consent, logic ruby mi tbe aie wih loa aes of any may cnn mony pe ils (1974, mee, presen este Inerreavon of temied alae og eis of loge lg with Hk tales eng soc wth bjt prokablies. Ieee fay goof many-ved pha ncn Lai and Bec, wanton he Rael pan (ee ston 141) Te prot one the npn som (CA) ch ss ease: ofa ts ig aly Seren propery [ser caper 3 els avy es the een ‘Chiner ier ed on rer sal loge Th aes he quot eter {Ch could be ncnrontd In Eases lps Moh Sw Ke (1958) pened ‘be npontity ef tht for fe pena Sole (1957) hypothe, weer, Shc Ca tes eoanet in Ryd Eke lg Alogi an wei cticenah wi cen cng ous te seo i a gry Se 07) peed a nee iepesin ot red lg msi Ava ot teeny of a kaw meets oe ng va Ne"roponel mang meres by moe aan, ech ca a te of Bist tts generates pron ofthe set of eporions > (jcc oh rg ipl aes” oy hm eens amma wun easy Anton fem the wt of ra 10 ce 9 ‘hal ae ie nth ior) An melee ot ons cna ince manny 2 pes The acta mabe pes depen om ining Sondivns imposed on vas An zur choke of ae corto ke 04 ‘Rushes urrrion he cones of te liu nsieraion. ‘ova th neti So ovine # dein ofthe mae 2c ton cd tpn songctve rohan (=e tof wlan Treen He ges hc quis fe Se a=” sho eu {ieee eu to he ee tay he ibe 8 2 SS Tig yar dain rt nh eg Oe ong Cates ete uth me ro Al basen uo mcs STs hving Oi dege feo, ake matin my ao ectmencan capil a ome The metre ero of be whee Seo eapcas be amu to ee bewen tb eee of pre ‘ha of he concen, ann ipsa (973) ene gs eet mated Jogo ees Unt aly equate So's ere teen pec nanan name fe se (0,2) a lay Sih rb mo be red “as ae at. Urguha ase hat Wat @and es 76S, then yh - 2 ——Graco Malinowski to then adie to pti loi, specingm he Sangaage, an resus Cendhion tha exalt the meaning of connec: Acrordingy ci ee ras Io's Kepteste emants having ie numer af eteece pins’ § The ‘meaning emits ofS, depend onthe proper af te lng tr coniem Soa. or Eaksewc an Pos lps, Urquhart ses empresa 1 pec: mon oh pas of ce nnn ‘tneqretiion of Post loge x entey copie ith ond lttpeaon ‘avtged by Post hinse The temporal my of uadennding taker option fc impation exis the sures of iit n ong pay one intpretadon of my ake Ekaeic loge. Uru veal ees as wich ast conates of negation and impleaton shoud st 14.10, Applications Manado a een motel by acted plein: To wht cate tho pcns he bern ie at omy art secon ey ‘esto some athe pope onset seaton, cecal ppd inane pce seu ong hy compe see Ulan thee bac om emagh het eee eine iy radued mes hv cs opi oon ofits somes pout sce te orc lps eg ‘eRe ft as gal ene nan aot ‘set sop o mae potty an pee ane edge Lae te ppord «fared Suc of ox lope eansews, 183) Aho fm he loopy tence nt ed nes ores Ie no uaa ae cea Digs 940 ove or eee on Sal og the ute He ahs ch he we ess ‘ne conet othe ma elt ears ee ah Fried cual rhe space peste The mari appa ho ome ee grant ili op tne hap 1 Alhogh eto wet gud by he en ta ‘ler lols nd eg at et nay inlining cn be daracteracd Sutter fone dt oF inte aed maces alow L978 1986) Ara ety te ete ‘mei he of ncn Ty ome ced mh Dow ld he Fig mr Tas proton seedy GOI 9D, so shod ua Foner be deed bya ae ts tbo [ste mes An ese pt Get tony come he ose el ‘cine of fae etc ponmting TNT wh hve hee ow ee Set ncsing ipa pers Kit erg desis of GOO Senses ont ma Sin neal fe: Dusen 1989) owe et this nr mlomatate by exening INT th ese peg oT sent and ean hn ae ee ope apne ithe devcopment ono lp te ate end — 1 (1948) apped nay ads nthe fermion o esi fons, sath Joan best on me scanty ok sts a Suh props Sowa fhe sven tht whe fra same ‘son Lap wih so io anne: nonin nd petra Cans 3 {Sr wih rope ans et af ropes whch ey her ae ey The ae Se rpc clan in ote fu ni ge es {esta aned iy ta de he propos ft Kh the thar Both Ai hon ce alte tee eo he ene the sec sijmand he hat both spe The fur peo propestin il cored Sr Rinne ruc The comers of epson diet Sed “Sar ih rope etn scl cance for ch poor, eine EEA, Recotngy He conte ofthe nego plat Eugen of he ‘Sint oral pts wh he et of cal (outdo {Ses On the bas of tir fursaed vu of CPC, the bel pero ae {frmated Ths maybe ete to the cm wh ny ranber of peor, wack ‘ui ter al nye nee of cul Hg wth mi Sa ym tts commen tr oo pl a ‘dues Tnpcaton ef snes inna fees we ssc tog wh sn ose Shey owe, he my aes as ‘Sand dyencon texan aso etch wo eepoal eet pa, Ses a pop hbe edan e sey tu pio fan sone so nas pene ‘nena nd tr se panos ee Sores Po Rr, 196; Wien, 199), Thsappeon ue’ veo fre se they (Zach, 1968) Tn alone ote ty ff og (Ze, 1978), when hs brome {Seumoa roc sci ihe nasa ene Ay oe Som ard wecing thon Par, 1984, nd Gora 98 To defo and Boles igre ben cet ed a with Ing ther td eonputer ne forte sansa and ion of ‘mpi sects bcs nce in ne psy on ‘he gis fr a puss se ve raed nse eis he ui peo decree nd re bedi om M2 Pow ata nc, 1977) Th praca! schon of 0 oppositely eed ‘Su pntone a tin ts ra Be Pn ‘Shuey. he ple: posse cecwon nut coe iste {eed meant Soe thc ae ped eon to drop the eis anon over te cine e ang ee mol real age he pss of ba ‘Srusts tsa tha the ened ps fom te sa 1 10th et 0 {Denon thera ide tha pao obra A gener of ‘sim ny ater oot nn aut, Fea in 1 Goren faves compose of sich coves pombe Wh p> fest tc se Tern aryl ier toa ons Ma ‘Tatas balsa uc sgt an Po gets eal The ‘wiring ote mn prc the poy of tia epee aan dug the Sache te oe neweok (Sha, 1961979)——~ creegoes Seainonsts — Logi many ues as ao sn dsl in compute ne, 0 bot dare and votre ull sele trary eompaters were even compe fice: he USSK (SETUN, 1958) and Inthe USA (TERNAG, 1973) Thee {stamp here, Slowed ec ltees hat wer oo big compare the (i So, fr sed al hardware azton of many aac conten be ‘een rediced a aeton decedent owas the sts ne emscion aig devies eq memories, ang nyse alta ceiy Pot ssh (pte era, 1974 Rauows, 1977). Seggested further cen ox more compe dca ofthe opis ade, ae ane (903, ‘ae to te Slonng ert Sg comme ok ed Boo (92, ake Eat (7c Rie (1977) oer ad Tote 8 Toe Notes ‘Bere oft mcs ee fins hae of pn Sie cmc, al he ge ofa» neem ee ne ‘io ran incon emplceace oe vdieo eg 4 The cine wb Bacar sing Hower Hen we ded sil compare Waa (198 ec orto ring nthe Kul a i Sir cen 2 nao ma yd an The ay pei soma es dees aE {abn 7.1) ca py War ex eet ag he a sng References ‘evi 11942 Retains the og of Nene” Tri, 28 138-8 Be A 19" onto go pin an peo itso mtn fn gn ean” Oa 9 Te Vd oss ‘Aeon to Ami of Pundns of Cha Taree Fon Ca Mamas Som 27-108, aks Lad Horo 92 any Vale Lp Taal Fwnatin Spe hte ie * Me tt Aen oti” Dena tr Anne a chang 6199 “8 Soe Pf he Cane fh tn en “ei Md ey agg 1b Sees ey a ar a Lag Cf een ama San 5 tert pd i hee fa mie eee i Rt. i D197 Th ora Me aed pe reed Gaon Sa” Can cata Rte ee ps agi, 39, 97-6 Csi ia“ na osm ne cae ‘Mahenatnh eee iy ce Noa te as Mae inc mu sre Lon rr contr ray Mr ot ve pn Hs he mise ‘Tato ed Garr S038 : ney hata prt me Legal Sam a gr es on ata Wn Bay ct We aT sue in Coy Ue Cnt) Hen Io ag fo mon ey of Cow ros hag end. va hen re (Co bet ts cane coe el tog team x One ‘min ani 5 et ee ES on Ron Ont Namte” joel of Sua rn 193 arbi Moma Nh een Esc ion npn hay Rutan en Pr anc) TE ae tte ec fh mao: CM “aed at tom nl a Rea Pe, alice 28S fa gi” ara mei ets ‘Meant el ct Son arse I, 2 (0980), S177, Eni “Pilot Reso ie Spt statin tog ee aye Baa A see te Ds ipicen Grunge ser Wabrcbcnlicieitmecboung, (Krak elo ote se "9i57 Eel clopal Prato of Pty Then” aes (170, tei tat 19704“ tg Tein” Ha ny 81920, el wii oye opt tame a od wi Sa hors oi Ane HIRED [RD asus 10, “ueoohngc ber den Aang Co Sen a oki oe i 3, sn 5:8 Teen ss eid Set Lop ral tle lm 2 ny aad ng (Co es nd aa— (Gecgoes Manos Ment, CA. 1958 “Te Depace aa Ao of ikea” Tan of “nen Mth! Soy 7 ‘ah Shwe 954 "Lai Pans Many Vid Syn a Sm “a, 9,340 Mi GBs oma i abseil Priaiiterstor fn aes ir en of ayn Neh Mai, Gr 872: Faw ar hr Lapp Now Cis (Eos de ein de ee Scare e ours, ctr) oi 21991 Roh ot Tet! Ape Resin hn Dae, Doh "oF 1 1920: “Tnrucion om Gener Taya emetay Pps al of "Emenee iy, 27 str "leon 0 Gna Poy of Barty Popes Ame nafs 158-8 sain a ta rah NC ti Sa Hn, Aer Raton, 977 “Mey Vue Agen Logi a4 ost ove Progr i tf Map aed AP a i (BR eee HP: prima age A Ser Un ahr ety es H. 1986 Papal Pama fmt Mase (iyo ‘atl eBoy ad Lon Ag A, [chet H, 14: Walbntes, 9 8 St, en 1905; Emp "hy Than f Paavo Clos Mon Boy Ch ee 187 Can Son Me aaa Tryon pint is od Heme) 11968 “ger of Many Yet Seen i> Trios Sf Bara alk 8 wet Tran Tamete 1982 Many at ai (Solan, Ae Ser. 108 Aaland Maa as See 198: °A Conroy Nar Hag Tai 8190217 ‘Sm 1987 ements” Zo hme aot nd ound te sama Supe T1000 “Ket Fels Welonsks ped Lagi Zh (8 Sa of re if ny aed Se re ai, on St 1998 “Dow Noone el See Wireogeh Thanks Zann ("et ote Asn af Pal any Yad Sy of Po st i, Cpr ed Sn eS i are Sse 87 “ear ae rei Ame Cie Renae se ‘Si a Se Ltn de Pron CLI, 29936) oy Ei Te Pl “hee Vi pal Caan" Pah i 10019028 Ne Cas Pen Oxi 37 “Thur, M. L974 7A Mowat of Aamasnin of tase Lag” Bal Soin of ta 321-4 “Ture Aria igen (Ee Horvat bee). SE Many Vibe Logis — ‘gua 1978 “A een Many ae og” Ment "een Grundig er sae 1, her A Toy Wel ge Hed f Papi! lap wth Gahan Gc Koes Dae 7 ajar 1967 ‘Aye reine Rca im Camp Rede ti tse i ar i493 6-8 nga “coment Teed Pope Ca oe gt 2-1 Scan (endo ro Ox 38-84, hh Nn al TN Pam Mathai Cai yen, Cam ‘mas. 1 Fa ak Lao New Yos. opis Tos Tyga Caa Ra ery om Oi (oer ‘tee hoes Barc sleet ony Sri nd Co, 38-88 ‘es Ag oF Ege gan Reng tin 38 407-28 Zed os csennet ng Witrseson do Rats Pandata.” ‘Seance tn cd Lage tthe Cot Pea, Pa Kom snes ‘ee rere jd Neat 20. 346.Chapter 15 Nonmonotonic Logic John BF. Horty 15.1, Introduction ‘Th ga og ito define a omen elton beeen of as ‘nds ma cay idl forms Th een erly ts es to rms Fem srt hae np Awd oes omeqace oT sheer es econ A mt ae rst ea fom "nil ere sandpo Aso bes eenence Fence iy no a ter och oman. Atbnup he deed bec anctoned by palpi vay wy de renin on the comes ent nee pera em see ‘Strat exw ofthe compen ater fay ate a ‘ming he the popry of manny A a coeeucce er A Semeur OT UB What at mesh ny oso rw “pres wl fe reeds anc sen he prembe mewene sd ‘taal inant tht os oma ee mr gre he monaancy propery Bs soups th ae dyna ah the pt ery a he ema, ny tl tp a et plo: Spal ope ch rom the ee np nee flaw ‘the ath ny deo eth msl fhe prem ‘cams 2 eon th fem om he nied reine Fe Sito of trier penis cnms prs deaton ce sad nee ‘as pend onl oh he re of estore. The eon ‘immmniy y aeeing en more nat om he mos ees ‘enon son cy vel ef FU [sda lw oe fem hin vy oF, tat ny os rim, ‘A rmimantn gis spy oe who sans eatin fo the smn poe) ~ whee te len of he pees en al ‘aston sso ei om oh con eed on a Ironton th he Feo Ahughcenan ppc pes h crc sk ie pr], ei oon nhs, the poe b gency rocned fr sly of loge ognng i he fd of ‘rise imine (A) ond sed oring tc pao aig that sc wo ge moc of our tliat Bhat, "thou atenpong aning te aol dein, oe cantik of deta renoning. very ough, resonig hat reo the eer oie (ral ara pce ofa mdiacd by es of he prem: gen conde ‘Qunlew te frmation ro the cota Ie sen oe why gel secant ts Gnd of eamning reper mnmotete cee eaten SIPPE, fer rane hare one thd shen wegen sah ei Gen thurs tnd, coniae tu slo ere inmate 0 he cone Aad Sipe one tld ar Tez Taken soe, so rem = at Tie ty onl har Tec ad ~would en spyer the concsbn that Teeny fis th prem cams eon he soy. But po. tet pene pond in eo Tt sox yap Tey png, os by ida, the ol onan ht Tey Bes wood hve to be wie, nce the at ing {othe eoncson ren fhe shen f woman tbe conta, bat he “Te hel of mnmontenc oi ea inh te 19708 an atenp 0 P| rca hs Kind of ong wins gene pial Fumevor, Sine he he $e ar ben the fc of csc aii, ing ew neo conference pure popes maw of wich, howe, el oained ote AF ese A ts par ule imposter pose + flan suey of the fed it ny a thn at lengh muy Teper he tnd, ind ony an nuotny sein of en es fp Ene hey ad a mode pcerenc hay int my tha ase 60 2 pisos, th ane concep eer Sen ingens ‘oat mee 15,2. Some Motivating Problems es eof bin el eps omen meh ep tml iy Mea an Hae (909) wae erin pln dh ps ed rl aig fre ern sn. 1521, Te frame prelem ot panei a cighevenrrarmerstce somes, Shee Rime Sa ieteen Soe shane os ReeJon F. Hory _ format conning expenions ofthe fem FTA 1] wo repent she fc hat the poposton¢ bls i the staan an! awn a fra ein of he sft of us actos, ‘oillsete the se af hi formals, inane dt four Mocs ~ A, Cand D are raged ons ble, wit es A, Cd Dae on the ables sie Hock [Backed on op of Wack A. and none ofthe thes avg sting on Top af ‘hon Its stuaon & fared tos ae of the rat ft fom he in night be dpe trough he mas Onn, A), Cuan, a} Hi cheaxC), 8) Chan), hich sae sha the ropotion dha Hock son back A holdin the sation, 1 do the propositions that he Mocs BC, and Dae seat. Noe that epesons he On(B an Clean ae teed graamaticly compen tern ering Propositions o ts, noe a seen ‘Sorpot hen th hese eck mare be manipltd sing or am Ue an pear ony two print acs: saci one Hck on another and unencling ne lock om acter (an pling onthe ae) Let S99 ad Una Y) represen the cons of sacking X on ¥ and usacing X fom ¥, the CES ‘of ese an be capture trough he aloms as) (UMC Xs HL Car Ysa Xe ¥)D HOM, Y, Reka % ¥9 (OHO, Ysa Hear), 9) 2 HU Cea, Res(Unaat X,Y) 152) a whi pane that all vibes ae wniverly quai, Whee et seyuere oastion theexresion Rey deve th its tht rea whe the acon in eae excited I tr, beg wth uation # Wis he Sto these wo ais them taal he tine blake Xan Ya Bh ‘ar in the stun the stustion thar res fous when Xie cad on Y' ‘one in which X's on V; the second soo yeh if Xeon Yao eit ‘then isc inthe stusson tht rut Eom sy onstacing X fom (Ofcourse, hese to sions dene the ls only of son sequence cota a sgl ation, the ae ue The eft longer snes can be defied i ‘ey by silting Roll 1AD 9 RallAD, Relay odes) ass) he ne greater than one; the cele of eccting sequence fw atone 2 Staton +6 eget co the ret of exeeating te lat of these cons the ‘Stun tat uke om eecting a bot the le Nov suppor tha ie eens conning doerpion of rome na sito «well sam spain the es fhe vale seo perhaps ‘ome booldeping materia sch the nde dino he Res Tato and Ice eon the propio deed 4g Then the planing erblr the problem of nga Scion seqen: whe exc in tbe ial sare Fan be frome fom the nrination inva ld stem whe he gol popetion 9 SAS moe foal sence ofr Mich an Be sow Pere, Re 9) wr Fs the ci comgence elton "Ars comes example, ime tat fl above fs the Sa osc, and that enti te samen (131) (15.3 te Sar semen dsebing the tl tae theo desing the Sn and Untuk ction apd the rdace secieation| tite Rar fanon Sow spe the gas a aoe staon in which lak ‘Kissed on top of Wack Cnty anton nei he eet On A, {Chk ts tle ea oy nd an soporte pla es uk 8 Eom then tack on C2 More formally, tbe arora plan apn be (Csi), Stl A Cy a sen ej winking aos bow hs {equece of ations wok = at si pose yen the cores ‘oft plan by ean the Te OWA, C), Ret(Unsac( A), SA, 9) soning ht the pln ache im, here et canbe ste, nd snp se why. ec F ot ees On 8 a Cla oe ied ce from the Una amt {Chard Remand, AD, 2] sh ae atte lok A car in eso ht ek so when Bi Ticked for A And bce Fone i Cla) oe to tha he Boa Cas ake cer he hale Sic A tow car wel Temi to nk hats gout scald now beaded sy sain Dk "Tom bog Cit the Sac on co ewe 0 deve Lom, €), Res( SecA, C), Re(Unaac(®, AD, 01 From which the desired cencson wold then low by the detinson of he Rar incon Urea, the splon of Us Sc sen wo eae on tows ot a tht Cs car the nn mae, bu that C remit der a thet tht eu rm he Uma acto that one woul ne 0 sero eblah ‘HlChear{ ©), Ra (Una, AD, A) asaJob. ory a ionemedine sep, Ot coune hs emedt wep seme pfs nau om te andi of one's nary reaming bout cone snc Cis cleain he l tee el to uppore tat wold rain clear eve aber Ris ntact om nf bow ver, nding alls tinted step o be deed ~ an nded, he mop Shon pre derivate aa mater ole, for i awa pote ey at he Tero of em A dos iter withthe ct tht Ct len (Perhape lcks 8 {ud Date connect by wre in sah ay tht emoving If A cates Dt be plat the op of epost consent withthe fmaton i) Wat ‘ne fas ee ee acer Fame prom, oily ted by MCI and "jes (196), When an seo pertrmed, some fs change ad ome do nt ow ean one ll which ae which al in parca, how doe oe propa on atta do nochange fen he oil tthe euking ston tal wy 15.2.2, The qualification praem Look again at he aiom gonering the Stack ction, Noe ti i es oe | (dat X wi eon Tin any unto tht rent fm» Seu, 7) ston ba ty ‘ut X wl be on Ya long a and Pate dint bck te tah ca he ‘gina ston. These qualiasons ae cea af coun, aun the 080 fm cnmor ech sks that reno cle and Bese pablo ck 2 Doak ontop of sce Tuc onc these quant arin plas, the Sack aio then comet? Wel ‘0, What the Block X'ss0alippery hate oo ar caro ick up Wt sso ay thar wil sh the Block 2 What i homb hat wl expe i outer tuk paced ontop oF 18 The dlbeaty mage by tho peat meron i Known 3 the galiation pole how does one 2 2 2 {curt sualy quled rman of the a perigee ‘One igh eps th poblen ty ing my oo he vases ene tat ie te cede the sn ren ‘hy. In the ree soe ie exam, obe might ince he prope “cesant Wad to represent the acerence of wen! surance hat woul Umer wih the Stack ation, st then mothe sory ginning this 0 sth the ther pecondon tht no auch weil cumstances occ (Hl hear 1 HY Gear 1 0X4 Ya Weird) DS MOmX, T}, Rese, XT, 9) ass) “The inerring cumstanes imagined inthe pesows paragraph soul den Be sid, ge neal, a wid ‘Wp X) > Went Heary X) > Wend 086) Bomb) > Wert ee Noman Logie —_ ‘There ae, homer, two prolens wih his uggeon Te it~ 10 which som of m0 vlan hee tof eeumsancs Ut might ere wh x cing scion i opesrded, No conte lof pose inering cr ‘ce oul be complete, Whit 2 meteor his he Moron a dso tbe ‘bot Then the ack acon wou ot be secs. What there an il demon {nthe oom tar doesnot mat roc Xon Pad wl knock Xout ofthe and the obo am porches 72 The wc problem ore ub and woul! arse even shee waa eaely thse ft nen The ot of plas econo nthe atecedt ‘tan scion sown that oe min very tha te precodionsaeaed Bete “onhing thi the acto x suze. And i oe serena the ce ‘he Sac nm throne sh hae to ve ate lcs and mus bath tear etre ne cen ta hatte ren cing Xen Ys ces Bai ‘Zen ks resoble to spe that ne at aca het ert al fe ‘eros wee ccna tt might ire with hs condo wo os that there to bomb no meter, no demon, soon. It wld beer to Be {Bic singly commie he weil Samtancs Me se do nr Oc ls he ‘ineation othe ony. 152.3, Clack ord earoning Suppose ask my uae ager if Usted Ais as ret gt an Washing | fo iyelom Te tel get hs scent dase onan i nrmaon, ‘Nom soil sans oe sa think of his aban vase fetes of he ome VARS, atmo, Bron) Goa UA750, Wading, Lando) coat UAB, Landon, Barcin) as) ett te Sige cert mnie mei hee aerate ies Sn ands nan ean Se mea paras saneiensanee ioasahuma/atgt ana soo sence tre ton crn wep ats ena ory cera ts dae Sebi iamalintetcemenNacacn’e Seri an cela ag Ere ster Senet SE Sne soon he eae peneJota, Hoey ————~ “The closed-end sumption apps, cor, tony 10 the atin dab, ‘butt any number of stone a which pose nation ovewhned Oy repathe infrmation When I Took iH of pogl feds pry, 1 an fence, fT a at onthe fs, hat Tam ao ie to the pay whe 1 ok ty desk calendar, can conde, ithe eno doctor apne ted fo Thany a 300, that hive no doctors appokimest at tet time, Reson ase 00 the clesedowotdssumprion esempes the enc ptter of tt resoing 8 reing the atuence of information: aking nematon Yo the ‘rary nec une ht tees a des fg betwen wo ea nyo {he date prvi femation tothe ont. 15.24, Defrasibeinertance reasning Reusing the lexan ds, Toy ithe Tweety ee esonig eth kw in Al merce rexel. a ws only {ecoped in ropes 9 hc need an elent wy png {Sconmic itn, Rar tan hn to exc the popes oe India, rr Ing sh chon ad propre ange int tauren ery, nd thr nda in hr etc ome se oy Selangor nese te xy Se Tey ny ce rey ished fom he eer nw of Ths kindof somone reine hes been air ice Ade nd wat tle in some deta ty mesial plop what mc oA he ce a Satin for reo ten =e tony en owed ose de 2 wi aa ormaton, An etmpe of ih dese hee mor 9 [nied in Fy TS, known he Twsey Trane. Hee si Else Tere ty the seen a= an lene bythe weak am =, 0 tha ciple rework pie he lowing st ys PA ‘erin rene hea Bs ons tend mo. ‘Whe tho ene nbrtanc newer wee Ses ty bet only psc nant, aera i te meso eres wav wpe be eed Igy by te neces goths Sern on thom wan ead Rowe at es aps et ed yng Tag a Fer 1 The Tecy Tage ra ey to bizare an winuve ea n compat cae and recarhes he nec to provide an inpleneatton inkpenden cunt of he meaning of thse peek onal, One est es tweed peng» ge iepreston of ene srr inepsing the ida nk othe network top mls, ad 0 {he eke nerwork a coleton of formal, whose mani oul hen espe fed by the appropri lope Te nga epreton af ret ads, of cOUNe, ess opto ik ie Toy =» Pew, foes, oul nara be ‘Rpevied av an stm teen, mich x Pan ak ke Penguin = Bl ‘Shrestha >) Ba ere ting aoa ie opment the details Rin» Far Pgs Py caring hein ‘aig de By ao tha engine do noe 18.3, A Fixed-Point Approach: Default Logic Peshaps se beat known and mnt wily apple fam for ponmontee ‘eso fl sue by Rete (1980. This oman eas om ‘None orang ith new reo rence, known 5 Afi rl, ‘Mul hen fing te sndard su of lis comegance wo conn those new mee 1531, Base ideas sa xa fcc (wth ing pri) an be epic sia ¢ Preconcsom p sa (4/ ei commis he esboe to Bone Sen exo By coma le awl em (4/8, sol sha’ scone scene’ oon te me A iste mane prego thsSf le,3 8 comrgnent and Cas its ‘pain! A aay a pt B= (9 wiih 8 43 of eds mls and Ds tof Seta les ‘efor chartecang the ew ooo ofa cosequnce dened by Rete, conse od og op be to eset nia ramp wich Snes tol due Twee a i nd fds The gene ae ta Aycan mua be ten fo mer women conc coe ar of B= stra dons once hun so ema 1 he ony nt hth conhson bite oe’ Whi th Stace the ener see sol be repeated a of ers {homed cet le peop ofthe fr YB Fe Pu foarte ie more esting ny eat oe than 0 qua ry re Urine Tai ths proc Ree slows pen ermal stn eas ‘be tne evraton tseing de an be oped (fe: x Bl ome {oid ie eultng cmp inohing teapot open eas to yea dosed forma he someting apron of rset Ceeese gencraions, noe by open deb, bt tea by propa nance ofthe deat fr each oben the Sain doped et. nthe pene ee, whore Tee he ont bj of concer, the only deft ery (BF) 1), whic that i Tweet is Bd one shold conchae the Tweety fl ‘amg a tht conser wth what know, The nfrmaton rm ts ial cramp an then he represented hcgh the de they 0 wha ‘N= (Band) =|), In thi tmp, because one Ans shat A, and beste Fe consitnt wih ‘nes ned, he dere jr drwing the cola Fe Te py ‘Re cancun St bed on therefre seemt be 74 (BF) he loge one ft what one eto Ben wah, ogee withthe cannot pale fils Tone tli, adn, tat Tweety der oe Ay, one overt ‘el theory (Wy, 3), with 2,2) aod wh U | Hee the delat re (Rr) anno longer apie, bese ili ow icons wih one's Knowledge and 80 the appropriate conlasion set basal on 8 It si 25) 153.2. Extentions The dacson ofthis example lstrter the Kind of concn st deed on sr del theories The ak of aing a ger defon of i oo, were srt the rk eos way ofan the meaning ofthe Oe component the justice = pee in deb re Ti oiiay log, the concn st aaocated with formals ie sin 19(9), he nga cone oF We might seem. then, a te clan set 8 sted wid il teary = 9} should te TAMU ICA: 9/) 0, AE THIN, HE THC] the cre of gether wih the segs te defi uk wns peg sie ar ald hy and whos oieaons ae content with 0A shames ‘hough, howe, show hat hs sauecon @degune Fr ae thing 2 ‘4nd in ths wa ma ren oe ues ogi conseycrce: ne adion of omeauent Fm ome ti ie ates et yang bw opel gles ‘St a sli, be nce athe seh or me iy De ‘Aton of the onset om one eit rule may mig the ang oe. ‘san example, conser the det ery yy Bp in wh La amd 22d B/C), (C:D/2), The abo etn core ads the conaquem™ ie edt rein he eh st ety hah sate poee® ‘Catal then wget ring of he secon ae eng ao the son OF Ee he cnn th tte aed hat tr rope sng sth he dfion ofthe appropri conion for dei shay soul be ere. Php ove soul ete consi 2 of he theory (2 0b mgs vith fue THE) UIC(A OED, AC THIS), BE TH This suggestion raponds othe previo coc, shing THA. Ca¥ he concaon sx fr ede thes fy dee, Now ower, here He Proc, tonal by she ther A= 2), ah = 14, Bo Cl and Bre tca: Crm ache trough te trance an et ae (A: C8) iteppbnl othe ste ce pee bens 1 TH) an i Sat net ii soe Bi, Jt at ‘soning he shows that Cs db Zr abl 02% eds forma opel omequen tthe fenaton coca ip Tere (4: G/B) an inaty vo te apie, sce, por os sing, te no rex con Slog nce nce the ea bcm ppd tention i rvs do allow thie dee “0 The se thas cane were fo api ‘Orcounsa chan of exon eh showing at ume ie ede mined ab beng a so one oot eal be eta dt ree TPptctetnscne cme ul oe hs pled eng ih te be oe tat ‘lm apples ad then one hare the loge dae fhe ee Bese i he ence st scared with har anit ind he hal Reme na, by scone ang 0 th orl aa the cers of he Ippticalic ral tine and ten kng the Tint tis pos Trea Ree noe sop dn posh neigh o- pine condo set fet cores = wh ae decried ron Es ely ters ew srateratons of the omy of sxe. The Bot nce bec ough nthe ec con both more ane ah tone wt nets ees bein this arcu bunts tt, en 1 ea hee ot soe cbt eendon the ond en waiting quence bbe onl dae it, a (Dect hen eed an veo or the db ey Definition 16.1 The set Finan nomi of the dei seoy 8 (0 4 nde) thee eases uence of 28 Ey Hy eds, mae THE) UIC AB/C)ED AS THE), BEE Here, f coun th st Fi the cae, ich cei a se extension of [it uns ut tht closer withthe oon of the aproxiring senceJohn, Hor) ————— SNe ht gue the dfniton 0 te aproimaing qe ike in tem ofthe ng ence “Te fed pon stare ofetensons sore apparent in Reticle, which ce ons aperoe tat ste ines fom «parla dead theory fo mp aul st ito formula se Definition 15.2. Where A=(0, 2) i» dei Uno and some set of femal 8) the inal ct seahng te condo 1 werusy 2 TIS) =r4s) 43 Foreach (49/0) 0 AG Ts) and HES then CETUS. “The fist wo conn in th deiion singly stat sont the nis ‘on pon by th orignal theory, and hat closed under log onsen the dann sats th cna te canst he del er eo thle in; and ee misinalyconsins poses ueoraned cmc oh {reign Where = (0, 2) Sa del theory, th epaon ap yl ‘Simo the mini supe of ta eed under both rary lage com ‘quence and the del ls fo that ee apa in The oi en fteatesons ~ here pected ars thcrem ~ ten det the ses 0 ‘esl theory hehe pins ohn operon, ‘Theorem 15.1. The sts an eenin ofthe dei theory A NYE) = As the reader can vei the defile teois snd ay ne 8 ese, oe eeatve sts Ti) and (BF) eee eerion eo Be thatthe moon of an exer died hee fs coneative genera’ De “responding nim of enon st fm say te exe of 2 “ka they (2, 1. mp, sp TAC, Ad sO ho tht defaults canes ncn yee ot ‘lta they (1 le costes aan athe ny ner a ‘hey coment 153.8 Deft cameguence In conto the sation ia onary le amv, no ery det haya to. ingle entemson, sige sc fpr onlone ome def nes ‘ive no extemions ya example Te ems my oer ath they a ‘tens to ook wi the Defoe noon da to ee at ‘ive a xenon ~ 0, Erle one wl hen hve eer Ce Foe “Ce. Sapose, is, hat CC Wel, sce "Cantando on that siti ean tose fom he Stn of he punting genet {i Ce, that Ce ty and a0 on Bat ne Engh the so fr and 10 00 fllons,conay to avumpion, sat NCE E Net, SUPP TL Nonnonorns Logie — CE In ht cue, cy tose that “CS and since seo, she CC's, which gin contd the asin. ‘Debuts wth enenon se en tewed a ncoberent nd an p= up be dm spy at noma But here ae abo pee coer eft {heores the llw male etensont A stand example aes when ates => ‘de dtu they the iene perme dep im ir 15.2, koown the Nion Damon, and represen the owing st B= 5 Naoa sa Quake, Nit sa Reettion. 1 Quake send fate pti, Repu end ot Be pain, Fit 162. The Non Dano 1 one ingots fr Nixon the snes expres sbowt Quakers to Repubies th eating tery = (9 ih = (Qe, Rel tanned ayant ro ns meer betoredcving any new encase a ofthe deta ie fo 2 ep ceractetataemn tae tcates doers BS ena aya mei croanetarans steer te me eaera ese So oerrcencat eater Si eepring tan eae Seale aoe cya Sere oreo nas fs cet ge ly ago, sac ceirnientescee fa meeetieate Sm Shroom heJon. Hoy), “The fn of hs options pick an atbirayexseson~ realy doc cm to els 1 rational pay for resonng lathe ee of eonifing noma ay en ‘ach aforaton, ove singly soe some eral coherent pa of ew a Wc ‘he cons are resolved in some parelr ws, ren of the rth tere ae ‘ther eaberont pent of view sable ln which the conics ae reshed fo ‘dire way. Say ough ths renoning ply ttona, had tose how such ple oul be cones formal consequence retin Ite he of ‘eemion ely atin int resem eldest set eres eens forthe tame snr might cet iret extensions iret Sie, Wh ‘Scemion, then, would epee the comequence sto he theory? "Te sewn pion ~ehdone 2 conason whence i coma! in sme tatenion ofthe del thee can indole aed sx snare som, tue woud be «peasar one, According 10th poly, the comeejunce eo ea theory ned ot be sed under Manda i coneQuee a in Se, Imig ei be nconstem. The consequence eof yor example, woul cont oth Pr and Py doce cach ofthese formals belongs to some erent the el theory but would no contain Pa dm Thi second ep se 0 prove a charscerizion, nots much of he rma ht sould te bleed oo ‘he tas of def hor, but stead of se frmuls ta ate belable™ ‘Oni the thi tepel option ~endne 3condion whence coed ia very extension ofthe debi shear rete tutu sonsogunce won, Wows Defiaon 18.3 Let A=(W hea deal seory and As mala Then A hpi umequene of weten, AYA in cae AE ho ech emenson And ics wont ong exp nth ol conser ea is ben ‘kn sha ts ined ronmontni two aye oh ing new Ext ‘sai he pr os al Ty ing ne Simao to the ermponent ah fre ne tose omens prety spp The bo poy ane toad by ering ck te et thw an Here 4+" the ee ha By Preven tsah ine by ig the nw fl iron sar Pr he compen oF {Tote the weed cs conaer the des teary Cy Bs ee Sth nd 9,= (Qe Pts hay he the non Damon yo hei dea Reba i ny fo is TH Pal) ny eterno ht yw Te they, Hwee hast eterionn, ae of whch dow nt comain Piso im he ee ast 4,1: eren hough yr fom the addon of te new deta orion Ghee tathe Deamon oy 1534. Examples and non-normal defeats [Now how cin the mosaing expen fom sein 15.2 be banded fa the penpectne of def loge ~~ Sonsntonc Logie — ‘To bein with te ane pole apes ta straighorwad slton a ret when one spleens the unt opal dein fhe al ston nl the vate acon wi defacing ey tha Bes ted 6 Fert laure me mit ene the problem fact sen 15-21 io the ‘hl sho y= i 9) fle ie, te lemon cota the Ferma (151) tg (182 ting the a itn, he ows ae (ering eet te Sacha Una seon,nd teint dept sequence o action Seem, the deal component conta a intanees othe (ctf, He, Rees 21/1, Ra) wich sues dae eae Gt Bld in ion amie (0 nde tes else he ferme oe onc ne eal ‘Sec by Au al hier oman 7 Tris caycowel hn a say age xcon coting the fen 154) of oun he ert tpt Gee {ur wat te hep ofane asm. Atugh th prepston ha ek Cs Ses rena BI ams bom Ades alo he a ro SSmconined (18.1) evouh (1) slo Seed wi ep ofthe cbse nu ah apt cond, wc ee oman oe cone), ot Siew pemie™ Thing he qucaon pron, gi pr ton can end ng cu oy semi eee en vein ao we ‘an oem ncn ii SSimwtedtn ee hes of be can oncom 1622, oor ‘somacon rib atl troup hey sh 00 nich Mon ‘Binsin tothe yep bens nen, em Secon TEE net's ethers fo (198) fe wien ned umn {fog htc wf, whch hy co te rele ea (7 Weird wich ys ame an ein te cn, ht och wet Sina ar sans fre winery ne peta) OF cure the ee RG es enie thc to hsp te anecele ate tcondan hat ip mero wth he Sack SOMERTON he crenarchaeon we eee ree Cheatin enn cu cons a mh onc ‘Since uan he screech ngs sna weer bo ee SUS Sr ame ie Sk te Se sy he ele aoa nt usu fa te odor nes noe Se oe con Tey quttcion prem he ii pent by de well tig ab sn ob ene stan bo elo AS Tinian, oe igh pest enorme 1825 2 ae- Fob F Hors - ample hgh the dei Seo =, with onening the St ‘kan (15.7) and 2 cootning ech inane of he dl sl cham (7 Commas, 8/ Comms 92) hich ys tata she absence ofinfrmstion ro he cons one Hl asume "ha citer te not connected bya det Dit. Ths thecry wl then ane» se ‘xenon, albwing one to conc (ander esate san seh 6 aa ‘isting fights are sad) thar there xo est ght between Baliore at ‘Now, sep back and notice comm ure incur det repreentaion ofthese vars examples lesteing he fame prbiem, the ection problem, fc lsed- word renoning swell =n ur representation of te Nise Dao, Enc of hse cc ced ently on deal reso he pi orm 4B ‘which the ame frmuis occu 2s bot aseon and conclon Sch delat ‘ese known a morma deena ther contain only nr del = Perma defi hic. As shown Retr (1980, onal teoes ps {mabe of race proper ta fe not bared by dil tas ng = mos nots, smal cones re pacated to ve ccendons. Recut othe Stave proper, and eau, shat Ben sce, any portent esas ca he coded ino nomal eons, Keer onal concur ht the fall egresie FOR pet oe io nes nt pions nical Tinted to ermal heres acne, Howe, at am en 0 be ncaa ata by ‘onscig the a example he Tweets Teng om section 15-24. Conse ing nly omal dels, the infomation fren the Tweety Tenge b natal repre in the they A= (4) wih conning the sees Pan Yat P% 2 fo stig ha Toeey& 2 penguin and that pein ae is ith ha coming he dee (AFF) and 04s Pci “cry the genre ruta da el ya that penguin teed TE sl theory, He the repeat the Nin Diam est ‘sitet re, a eal tw ey Tame VUE) and TACHA Ey ‘But shi ih Inthe seo he Nikon mond, he multiple xenon ae ‘resonable, ance the dtu contersng Quake ad Repub pest SY gual weight Dus inthe ase ofthe Tweety Trane realy does eo at “def conening penglos souls he reeed tothe ele comerng sia engine rape ind of bn re ays bes vo ean a he Be ofthe mos sei ntrmation wale One mayo epesing such pekretes> song eis fin aplored by Ethringron and Ree (1983) ito moa he ‘sprseaton sta te fens tht might ove the spplation of «deat "ule areal bus into the statement of ta ae, Fallon sharon Be dul concring Hs foo te Twery Tangle, or sample oul be cette ot by the nema defer (Be: Fb stead yee non enal ale —__ », (eta RH What sae sis din oe ow sa Tey ih ft cone sia nr fey sn at eh rg, sen bad Sesame tate ce “hyped opr aoa aks heal pelen prone ye Tey "ang tr ow searorl Sa sae ro sora ese tart pean hoe ruling ey sow he ly eee ‘Thie0 (Coo) si ss aon de Tey So oy. On he eb ee OP ante mph sc eal (BPAY) hero ct i ler Pre tno ‘atranstch,ning tepoirolen,heey fwg nw ca suerte ope coc ang sop acu om ase ane ervey ene apy of rn fen ance mews ct is Soe ~ esi opr Sener or my ceo cnet whi nema Toone Spor ane so plete ey Tange wih he ond ron {thane ss of f= ty ey young = cs nt BOF coun, ne ena alos re os ‘i be nl ie dat (D/P), sig ‘Peay er at ong ds tad 1 Dt alton, ee hee iw ane pone om nt oe dea ti Iya pesusepeemon of ot det outs be eed wih eso ae (20: Pent/®) sie tec rom «compat pint of ew hi ounce wats \ tks the poof eg» Wo ttn esc some, “acelin rr, i weno Tess rin psec Pom» pnp! peo Yew weer nance br cs we en tht le ety SONU Yale suerte eo He ome oem toes ht oon shal 154, A Model Preference Approach: Cicamseiption {twas ord in the iodine th monroicy pope eects bth poo theo nl mel horses of ety fps. Dei pc From « motionon of he ual rot teoeic asamp nods rs of Incence ht depend on tbe abernee ax wel a the presence of oman. freon nw tm to they tha rus Hom mediation ofthe il ear ana fo be a semantic consequence of a se of formulas “Foal farm A ld Pen, ds when Ais cin every model of T- For many apis stte Hoy) ames, ne docs at rely cae abou al he mal, but oly above cern rere tsa then seme estab to ly he weal Soto Soe ‘que 20 tha A ad oe comejucnce aff whenever kt ane based todh of T- The thay of ekeumapvion,ongialy. ales by ‘Neary (1980), ess om ts gener peel ewer wen he eked ‘oles ae dina at tose ia which cr pede have minal enceoons ISA. Predicate crcamuripton “aling a model a pie (0,9) with 3 doin and an inerresion of Some fed backgoan ngiage oe tht conn, begin by deaig me precy the referee ordering cn modes that fem the seman behgrand for the ‘hey of cmstigion. The gene eu that one moe! sate ete 2% aot just nee, while greg on eveything ee the Sit sue Pte predate Pan enema lea Sal ss thi seigred by oe eres esiniion 18-4 Where a4 = (0h) an 4, = (04) ave models and where P 2 pede then Ms fn ee @ a2% (i) 31Q)=%40) for every ligne yb Q other than Pan i) RCH, e sould be dearth the weak preference elation

‘ae tht me pcre Definition 16.6 tet Che 4 set of moet and Pa peat. Then is minal Khun cae VE Rand tere AC © Rach at yA ‘Speen IF the model cof, the set of eel that sais eae member ‘oF Having identi! the mika, be mat prefered ali ona ‘ow deine Carty’ egal nation petri minimal conser 9Y fang cal on he minimal mates ofa theory ding «Farmale 2 CO Sequence of the tery whenever iis ci i Gn oe Definition 15.7 Where Fi 2 of formule, Pa predicate and A orl Aisi bes Pminimalomeguene cl Twit 3p Ap ce ab A for every soe achat & Penal nthe ac 7 —— Nanmonotanic Loge. —— ‘os tse hi mtn af mii cog nooo A resample ke F=f web. Thea Fy Ph sac tbe Prin mols tthe whch sty ig deme bu of ase oe oes mo fe Uy Pe Ts dont dang the notion of min concen, MeCarhy pov dt ae mceeon or iwogh oso of tmp, br wich sone pcnary mation ede Where Pend Qa tray pene, ke Ps Qa steison of he rt Vig A.D Oo) evi, P< abe P=Qnvos sd P= Qabbrvines Psqno=? 7 an fe cou ofthe mean ofa 2 ie deere thereon Pe pee ei wa sane emnpn omar ey 1 sebstine cont f) cm be espraed gute simpy throwgh the seed Pirteesiy Taarii arse nt nsec cn ae yagi cman mo igre eesti sige ndeh Ree Me Sram c ah Mele Sree oper Sea etd ma Sr tte sc aya Cs seid ye he ‘unimal modes o Theorem 16-2 tet Phe ie wet sentences, Pa peat, and Ma mide ‘Then tt Gin Poin ee 9 Pin ‘xn this ret, the sundies of ccuson with pct ro iil co Sarat illows 2 oe Theorem 16:3. Let be & fie at of sentences, Px pret, and A» Formate Then Phy A whenever Cir PUFA hac ey rr To ay ta Fy Ai sy ta Te amet i sme om te peeing eh inal mel fT isis 20- John. Hony ~ {8 baowe shat Cn PL, Since Cre A A, the soundness of secon ‘onder loge ae tat Cie) Ay ads ome conde that MA ‘Of coun, ccmscripdon isn compete wih rae to minimal coe ot fey minal vnsequence of thee can he dred fom the ecumseon Formulae no spi, flowing rom th ncompecess sco ‘esac sel. Hata note elon tah el of creams ea Presets even in coset theories might kad oncom a sme Samp ‘eo Fern ta (1985, rer when ne cones the her can BANE YA 549) Yai Ni) YUH) 349) ‘ay mode ACOH; mus aig to N an enteson contining «sei omomhic ‘0 the atl numbers (ths ntepreedstseorsanonecan the eae ‘other mode a¢ of T simply by dle tom te extension of M the ii lement of his seve. dey, ten,

ran) "he econ conju ofthis femal an then into ying” wth the predate Asics) which cei cay toe tom he ena ee of ‘ery tht bth the Reale FP and Pare sae tn Py The eed ‘fos thecal to dere te farms Ps Pt Vacs aa) 3 rm hs one cn concider 154.2. Variable circumscription ‘The infreoce cet deine by the theory of predieste ecunsrpon lm nee ple wma te En cst eid eng tre scion 5.2.3 by cicumscting the extension of te peice Cameco oul then concide tha thre noe fight conectiog Washington and aro. {wis ot, however, ht this theory i fevered ape fe he le ‘sso at inever lows new ponte connote be rm y et. Nonmonotonc Lope Span anne ener deerhsraares ae oa nek aay iat cyt Sete Sanna ee arene Scesieea rie Pe eretaeeee Srelines Sen etna: sear oe Tpiaatareesy ec tmarareeec teres Hasty Siete Memaie ota otonTe = tt eemanogrenermmeteemnt Seer eae iy ieee eels Faeries hemmcaaenae eee a eal cidermm commana «aac ttetst arco cccevsauos : Ta Ay ny amt ecto Ses Rue mat a denis that thowe en Sate temntroccmacn ce pte ca Definition 18.8 Wher a= (0) and ay ae mowers? Zar an pies, the M4 Min © 22%, (8) Qo) oe eer ingt mE mm, so athe tha Pad 2.2 ‘inet pec cig an nn at aarti Seeger i ma ai eee oe Seats ae tam are mt ene ‘eign ey one den Desai 15.9 ihe nw Pa Zt dio Pee ES te ya eh Ms : hn tp et at hve on ewe a tin te PZ mi ‘odehin a cong noe of OE iS. aJota Fon — - Pefinon 15.10. Let be «se of model and Pan Z tint priate Then Mis PZ-minimalin Xp nce 8 Rar there sno AC ch at wnat Defnivon 15.11. Where Psa set of Formule sd Afra and Pand Ze tinct pects, Ais x PZ>mininal conepurncofT—riten Phy A jt In eae 1 A fr every Maas Pil the | ‘hse es ca be ated by retain one api the intl example, Ae steal nen, the formula Fi not an ABs conequese of Ty sce the ‘woe tied above i APE mural nthe mode cs Ft dst super {his statement: One cn now, homeer, define the mol 30 =, 9 fhe eee Bac 1'(AB)=O and ¥(E) =e then ey tote tat ACs Meta Bot ABEmininal, tat a¢ ise? ABE itil, nd hat ey AD mina Model of Tz suppor the semen By 2 at Usage Fe ‘sbi, a sound second onder syacue chancesion of the notion of Zainimal consequence cn be proved through the flowing cesarean formoly abbreviated Cin, P. Zand exeeing theres of ectacing the [sete Pin the theory I whl Ang 0 ay Paar, ZIP BL ‘And ain the able eumseon frmala Gis Pa be sen ol in “te the AZ-mininal del ofthe tery Tso wht folons medi "hue able cecumsspton iSound with sept to PZ minimal conser. ‘Theocem 184 Le Tbe a finite et of seenscy P an Z dint pt eee and as ote Then Ce 2] en eM Theorem 15.6 let Ihe afte ct wf seinen Pan Z Stine pres fd Frm. Then Phy A whenever Cie Pe A “The application ofthis new vile cvumsrptiom Frmula canbe ses through the iil example, desing Fs foe by sacamscrbing AB he om lg Fo vay As ble bes by rewing Cds A TaVeeutP™™ 2 amr =A5} ‘hen, the on eonjne ofthis ermal a be instante esing Pith the empe pres Ase and detifing 2° wih nen) Ins aso ‘mand mater, wing the ifomaton fom Ts to veal tah FY? and Ps AB ac one can conchae hat P= AB ett athnee se Ale) From it \ low ore cue, tt ch swt on to oe fin hs ‘the information from T, that Fe o — Nonononc Logi 1543, Paral! and priori cicameripon Cem pt na Dott damtmace me nara ee Zo oaine aeeaaeorn emmomeeee Soames homeo apee anes Samordens semen ees LOU SEe ee eat veore Sn ind Yoyo s os Yes wes of CY neon EY Ex knlavagnctinaesh pera ison iviemniafhan pete caern nk Sia pesmi aerate See ohne “ecco Se cea SEE to aerate Tee SVE Seas sec irae se eaten ca tp cacefar nicer “Fe neha ec ose Nem Desmond sm pe 152 ee resented through the theuy containing the statements Qu and Ra, sig that Sather woes val@en A527 vita gg el ince rpc pin it ee sg Qe te a re oc ae oe ec elcome nt eee rs Fn in Sab De cs Wd gees ot = See a dy Ahan, ated ma See te he Ei iy Arie st hy A i ec cane a See ee am dR nee ae re it eum ie aoe ee aie ec pe 57ccs, when def ne rn ess fren oreo sin Isher nyt the minimsn of ome sonic an cA cp ol yay tang fon 1th chery conn hears Panda Bs) sing at ‘Peet pengun sd th l peng eho el ee tea Valens) 2 Be YeliPea ABs) ‘ang a bk normaly but ta peng somal mt, Hie on ines he vo abnor pe ain ae Ni Damo, ae ‘2evome mina! ale suppor the ra Psp so cer pe ine am atone bral to nw ny cocoa Ie ee oe, weet mie he tnomalyasoces wh egune wah» her hn thr meine ht ales en apa “To dsl the gory of plored decamsrpon lng otis, St elie the eatin : REM YD (5 ¥ and Along th ew elation a actualy be ten — ig ts enkanet on jot ‘nin ones wih pura! rpm ag Btwsen pa "oe hing ca be hp ame y renga ean re a ‘eta in i dete the flowing peceee rng on mde Definition 16.12. Where 34» (,») nd a =(0 ) ate model nd whee PoQland Zar dine preieste, then Mp ge 96 hs nee o asa 2) RR) cu ie blot hn 7,04 (i) OP, MODE CAP, QD. a The ies eid ths weak piwtzed ender tht the made ae prefered Sh mina the xno ined bth the pss Pana Qi anne roary, but a minimising Paige highs pty than nang 2 [Onc his weak piorzed reference ordering as be dee te development oF the theory ilon the pater set out eae, A corespendng san oer — Nonmoncionic Lope «an be inode ain deion 159, wih 9% Q; ‘Zovininal nthe sa sewhoneer Abele 0 Xap thee i209 frm sch ther at ype AC And the appre nee oF comune an be defied 35, Sonoon TETiy wit A then to be 2 P>Q: Zend consequence of P= trite, My-gy a= wheter A¢= fe ach PQ; Zima ode Foe, TF th she denon and she ear ca tn er ha Fanaa FE er Nhe he stnement of flarsemsaene of Ty men he piste AB ‘imine with ier poy en AD allowing Fy ‘Tuning the pol thay er ported essen, bin by tsing py tQe ) ovum abeaon fhe eee 2 Qah=2 220) sd then ain ( Pot? Arnal mod eee ar on he peer taps wih ht Nee eel mime wh ger ryan Pad Bl gd ay. Ne owes, n-th ec eT eat tc tcc amon cei eb a TASES eat eloring me prs toe he oh re on cling oe pecs onl Se Suge farther reading ca pine a Gis (1987) Ma tS a eh hh comand vale ane ke tre cn cece aby a (198 oiJoba F. Hocy eS cn, The he nig fas te el ees the & Deg a (1994) Anas fel pt hay aeons eg, ‘lnc wine ode aps te mol anc of MeDesetand (98? {ibady this mol synch a eed a Are (RS eae so dea oe “Sulit n Kosi (1948987). Toe en gee nyo tetany feces ‘ti Lie (1) Dec motel pec apathy helo it pee ‘tgs an be fd Kas (98) an Stan (188) pee ty ona ‘Sruyunce atom, wth peal poe on tl ree hg se BY ‘tion (1909 and Kus (1990. Notee es toi infec a ow mpl rms det low le re ‘ut it eon or es 2 Theme ofthe anda ming oc tht roe eng ries ne ow ree Tero (987 te non we te ‘Be x rl a y Rend or ded i ea (i 2 Ke po pre py nd mf opie wie es con ‘en eeu oh idee pn ed Hr 9905 4 ener ee nc te wok fr the pecan ot nse 6.21 t we a Hanke ed ieDem (947) sheen! hd af mano a Se? ihm snl lg if a ccs nae (ibn owe ewe sen sme ane ple en one ait at ee) Tel na mie as References Dupuis etion WK. 194: Atte Ahr Det Logic.” Arial Inieligencr, 70, 167-237, i ny Dead net as “On nace Hci th Hon ‘Donny Ada iin Eas, is Cy Toe _iingmy Mew ea er RD “be ann of Pe Ce er Ct ean aaa ae I, i. og Con toon JR ee) Ho ‘nia ind et Parone Ren nr cna coe gn Sm mig a, ‘o Nontmoneone Logie ks, snd Dew, D D7 “Nomen Lage en “ra ey 33-40 vg i el mn mana” of pin rhe Lg eee" Prd of AAA i a nr Cy reign 60" heen cen Deft Tt adept ah? “ei ten m3) : ‘Models, aod Camulive Logi,” Ars Iniligmce, 44, 167-207. Luft oo" ty (4 39733) i na cy of ar a Pe So nea Wg Srey None ce a SICAL Sanger tl fee adCast Dar Scans" en foe eo gn 152795 scr ihr Ain frome Feming mon ane Sn dal oc 3 tn ea arte hil Pas om he Sen of “cet fen Mas ote ane 4 cet ch scat bastk Teed Lge Reig ha osm Pa” enn 1128 a I aaron Ml ag =1° Ail Io BO fap sy 8 8) see ee eas cate Nomen Lg” Afi! ied i 198 hy Ts Go Weg ea Th of Gt saya Oe is Wl a Bap nd Ba Gai Shots Pasig Cop en Yo 1-4 eis 2h tgs Dt Seng” el na, SEER pt SP on i St Cans AS tan Se Te nee ee Cal epee Ar! ered “ita Cp por Prt Can ‘nes ey Ras) 2980 Sp ne se ne Po (Te MIT Pe Ca, SEO om yi Ce i, i Fee em eT hem nsrh caensT r Se Sse ti ene yen Pt a ra Jeers iene MCAD, ep os or tsChapter 16 - Probability, Logic, and Probability Logic Alan Hajek Th re agi ft word in he ell of praabiie, 16.1, Probability and Logie “Potty ll? it com ie a oymoco, Lag wna ences ‘nme mec deta, we rary concer he ora he fandom the eis Yt orc hats Sang pepe, Ramsey See Hii ~Trthan! Prot” (1980 [1931 whe nde“ ay he Theo of Paaty hens anh loge” De ne 1980) ec “elope the pravabie® An oe cn ec (109) rps pos 2 cints of halt on ton poy try as otra nowt ‘wore lp” wha he cal py tc Hwee te pone pl Footsie theo an hese you ated Ths caper eps Sve the maf mace ete py ia oso ‘stn np ce nthe net pau “he sey een in sectom 62 wh the fai can what Ain (4975934) ails-pre pray ogi Awl ee tenant whieh the satin of roti prep Sete loge: Moree to ‘5 proba thn the prop amet x edi op ol fas for coving he dace fpr see of erence esa hype or theese of enon aon pon "ng meaning ory” Sows more psc conning 0B This ioe taken be te det fertonal poy, anough abl te cope tha tha ech sof thee ha ry ai et ih peteoetil cance tat we might hae Fr esi se a We ea tit ese of condonal robbs haze defined in the aber the rege ‘mcondtonal poke or whey te codon Bhar rbaty 0 (He, 200). Various imporane theorems can now Be pve amang th the a Of rabbi na) (ALB)-P(B) + AI-B NB) "ven mote impertnty aus venoms of Baer canbe proved ayma NALA 1A) naj Bale = LA Raa Maya ay RA) Prob, Logan Prob Lage “Tho ae al ofthe ements of the aera hon of probably chat wil be ced hore ey (1992) sree various anger bce i Tra Probably yi ap ede lg Hee a importa oe! heres Shas {semble oe, gen cern probs, oes Rarter poate How ‘er the pool cle dear no8 fu deterne the proba of ay ‘Sonu ut fm | tle aa for coneaeoo St ass nec ‘eprom the ood with potty hear ony proving a anewore ‘Compore his with dedusine log, which a ih encece ae coment ith ‘trad wach ene at ped by other, bt wc does ot lf ete Siete eth vale of ay sentences, spt om "ou" fr aloes ad fr conacicson. ‘on, then, ae peobsbliy vais deen i he Bit pc? Taras he lou of pba are i the seed eprint 16.3. Interpretation of Probability Te mathe of oy i wel nod, a ten ca ‘een Kolmoporrs soe a nati econoca and auch they ai Tea en ion icy eg mi on nen 163.1, The asia inarpreaton cing hcl ep = hme, al Lp = ‘thr edence ea vo ih of sos pois o hee ich ee Cea paby af an ten slg he Rtn ofthe oa emer of feces io rch the event ore = tr somes cle the pone wPindproce Ths, te oasis of poy and probly ae tatty Jeet orca te ty ofr Se dng wh en namie Sonne of Eran pero onal fo aint SERED tic stage peed ct of pttes, Ad ren wien bee, ‘tte pac hts cannot be le oot «pr ily acl po Sine cy ity des hy so nt ee an eee ef Kolnogoer eens 163.2. The lg interrasation pil there fob ar eens ofthe ctl her. They eer isthe poo tnt poaby toBeconuced n the tener of HENS 0 ‘he bee of mney tance evens, aw poi 0 be compl tn the Sat ote ene, whatever my be, A es in thi ere forms leu uh proty opts gen ach evece moe — sssodas ders nd tha be este by od agen ‘Tene dink or econ bey ees de pan, mae eo petal mon thc oe aya of pe pty ea ot Ngee ol meson”Theyaon say se ee Ska pt of, sey ae ge uly rnc age oy cade Kees (1921). Fehson (0832) fn eto (199, Homey Bee ena wa gl etn wen Carp Hes by soya ert ot Sete lng arse ty sign as Seay, toto ese “te det whch hypest comely ene oh eo cents pray ta) ele, Sen a ea ey ah wth nee me es tbe oh af sgl re Toe eno ge pty tite cnion oma segue Camap (950) yen aa ey snl agen ee ingle Soe haber of ogy pnd nna relent ane per) mpd oon may inl coms (soe rah Severs nth tome Te pone eo) eeme Sree apes mpage ue eb mea ‘sth ten poet oh npg se Thy aon coy ‘een ahh thn enn ating ‘recent acu or scp) ech pene ae ke. eSeminar aps “indie panne econ, chp of sateen Bate nogne nat pa ew dope contin sh “ose ths bin ying 2 sy mee) te ae dest Fey tee ope lage B egue dncon {Font ence) ae depo ns fon poy mi a semi m in ines senate finn ee) nde ‘Sono pay kl site Hb) me) “Tere are ovo inriey may anise fr sch a mand ese 0 Sat sexy simple angges. Howerer, Camap lvoe one prise mesure, wish Re cao He anges thatthe oly hing ha signin tiger inca fom one ac ome gua nf eo ean Define» srr dcnion as «asin st of ete desepons, eth O ‘2 be one fom another by sme pemtaon of thesia ane 9° ‘sgn umber to he sate esriprion a fallow: Eo every strate desepo8 {signe an equal measure: then, each sute-deerpton teloopng tr 2 Ee sirctredexion is ase an equ sate ofthe mee aged 0 We ‘racture desrpon. Pom thio can then define ie) me robailiy, Logi and Profliy Logie —————— int ges preter weight to homogenous sate dexcpiont than to ergot oe, dana” arty mong the ind i acne wih pa trl remonae indie prac, Tran be shown ht ao iden Som expeence. However even ning that an ceptable cnfimon finn ‘esl suc erage esl inte any uate thee ran ecto thnk tha sheng hace. Camp ez thee some utes st her ut meee gu the pop non dave ge be thinker and to Dig spl and at, THe ler peers hu sonasn fon 4 + cosa of confimation fancions cy sach of whi ge he eid serge (cphed soi 0 + rier mmr 9) of an rr vate of th robs in guest nd that ‘Sut ine igh of evidence, Define» famay of pein to be 25 of Frets sch tat, or ch nd acy one meter of te Sap. Gap gore to anlar Sncoer ngnge cota 2 Ste manber of ‘lof pedis, Cag (1968) cose the special ese of ngage co {Sing ony one pce preseasHe las down 4st of aos concern the ‘Sonmaton fe ining the induced by he probly els, ‘adour ons of aye (fi sample, at fh 2) reais changed unde rms of ln sn of Poder of any fl), apd sso tat furaiesundogmate adie lesting, ad long-run congener reve FEocnce They py ta fray Th = Tyson > 1328 ial 4 a eit rina) = nse 1. pottive rember. The higher the ve ose ow pct ‘coe ha “Te poblenremains: has se cone of 2 Androl ran en conte ope has Bel the wae Ch ot that «nied sent ah Sete unbane sway ces contac, no mate wit te (inks) Goce ny Hd ts coo ce as of tre ih nie my icra apa be conned Hit 1565) prove ye ofc Satin ha as oe : Teall an arn ote cal ieee, he ros aos sev ae hay ere of Ig, Maresh, one can tpn Some consis are crn ft nae Cy on pat of sry ne 1978, p. 302), More, Cuma’ pedo eA ue un hss meer se bern he nd aie matte tetc tote meng pre, mre seeing tht 4 ‘Rc acc pro ho args domed: Ore sole 3 ‘owl engage och norton ue’ wh cht es Satna cana! loge eno ned for such» pose, apis soe tac Cmaps pr mar ey ht fering he nda ering Sean ae (86) ee mal theory he oan fa ott fr ccher ard more ee hnguge han Coa Sil, Big ¢ onal lngunge sa fo my to bes pipe de, a fa Hone was 0 — «0 —