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Electrical Power Processing


November 7, 2013 1
3.ReviewofBasicElectricalandMagneticCircuit
Concepts
Notation
Electriccircuits
Steadystate sinusoidal,nonsinusoidal
Power apparent,real,reactive
Powerfactor,THD,harmonics
Magneticcircuits
Ampereslaw,Faradayslaw
Magneticreluctanceandmagneticcircuits
Inductor
Transformer
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 2
Notation
Notation:
Lowercase instantaneousvaluee.g.v
o
(=v
0
(t))
Uppercase averageorrmsvaluee.g.V
o
Bold phasor,vector
Steadystate:
StateofoperationwherewaveformsrepeatwithaperiodTthatis
specificforthesystem.
2
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 3
Instantaneous,AveragePowerandRMS
current
Instantaneouspower
Averagepower
Powertoresistiveload
I RMS(Rootmeansquare)

T
2
0
1
I = i dt
T
}

T
2
av,R
0
1
P = R i dt
T
}
p = vi

T T
av
0 0
1 1
P = pdt = vi dt
T T
} }
2

av,R
P = R I or
i
v
+
-
R
2

av,R
V
P =
R
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 4
Example
0 1 10
4
2 10
4
3 10
4
4 10
4

0
10
20
v t ( )
i t ( )
V
av
V
rms
p t ( )
P
av
t
10 5 sin(2 10 ) v = V V kHz t t +
10
10.607
10
11.25
av
rms
av
V V
V V
R
P W
=
=
= O
=
1
v t ( )
i t ( )
V
av
V
rms
p t ( )
P
av
3
Electrical Power Processing
November7,2013 5
0 5 10
5
1 10
4

3
2
1
0
1
2
3
t
SteadyStateacSinusoidalWaveforms
1
cos v(t) = 2 V t e
1
( ) cos( ) i t = 2 I t - e |
=
j0
V e V =
-j
I e
|
I
Phasorrepresentation

v t ( )
i t ( )
i
p
t ( )
i
q
t ( )
=V V 0 Z
q
jI
p
I
=I -| Z I
e
( ) 2 cos ( 2 cos )cos
p p
i t I t I t e | e = =
( ) 2 sin ( 2 sin )sin
q q
i t I t I t e | e = =
( ) ( ) ( )
p q
i t i t i t = +
=
j
R+ j L= Ze
|
e Z
Compleximpedance
= V I Z
Resistive/inductiveload
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 6
Complex,RealandReactivePower
Complex power [VA]
*
= =S
j
e
|
S VI
Apparent power
S V I =
Real average power [W]
| | =Re =VI cos P | S
Reactive power [VAr]
| | =Im =VI sin Q | S
P jQ = + S
=V V 0 Z
q
jI
p
I
e
=I -| Z I
P
jQ
S
Only I
p
is responsible for power transfer
from source to load!
4
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 7
Complex,RealandReactivePower
Physicalmeaning
ApparentpowerS influencescostandsize:
InsulationlevelandmagneticcoresizedependonV
ConductorsizedependsonI
RealpowerP usefulworkandlosses;
ReactivepowerQ preferablyzero.
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 8
PowerFactor(arbeidsfactor)
Powerfactor
Howeffectivelyisenergytransferredbetweensourceandload
Forsinusoidal systems:
cos
cos
P V I
PF
S V I
|
|

= = =

S
P
PF =
5
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 9
PowerFactor BeerMugAnalogy
Glass(over)sizedtoholdbeerand foam
Powerwires(over)sizedforWattsand VArs
Active
Power
Reactive
Power
Apparent
Power
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 10
ThreePhaseCircuits
3
3 cos 3 cos
ph LL
P VI V I = =
cos
ph
P VI =
3
LL
V V =
ph
S VI =
3
3 3
ph LL
S VI V I = =
cos PF | =
6
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 11
SteadyStateNonSinusoidalWaveforms
Periodicnonsinusoidalwaveform
Representedassumofitsharmonics
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
10
5
0
5
10
i
1h
t ( )
i
3h
t ( )
i
5h
t ( )
i
7h
t ( )
t
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
i t ( )
t
1
st
3
rd
5
th
7
th
i t ( ) 10A sin e
1
t
( )
7A sin 3e
1
t
t
2

\
|
|
.
+ 4A sin 5e
1
t
( )
2A sin 7e
1
t
( )
+ :=
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013
12
FourierAnalysisofNonSinusoidalWaveforms
Nonsinusoidalperiodicwaveformf(t)
where
{
0 0
1 1
1
( ) ( ) cos( ) sin( )}
2
h h h
h h
f t = F + f t a a h t b h t e e

= =
= + +

2
0
1
( )cos( ) ( )
h
a f t h t d t
t
e e
t
=
}
2
0
1
( )sin( ) ( )
h
b f t h t d t
t
e e
t
=
}
1,..., h =
1,..., h =
2
0 0
0 0
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
T
F a f t d t f t d t
T
t
e
t
= = =
} }
7
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 13
LineCurrentDistortion
1
( ) sin
s s
v t = 2 V t e
1
2
1
( ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ) )
s sh
h
s d s is
= i i t + i t = t + i t t i

1 1 1
2
( ) sin( ) sin( )
s s sh h h
h
i t = 2 I t - + 2 I t - e | e |

currenti =fundamentalharmonici
s1
+distortioncurrenti
dis
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
20
10
0
10
20
v t ( )
i t ( )
i
1h
t ( )
i
dis
t ( )
t
v t ( )
i t ( )
i
1h
t ( )
i
dis
t ( )
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 14
TotalHarmonicDistortion(THD)
Ameasureofhowmuchacompositecurrentdeviatesfromanideal
sinewave
Causedbythewaythatelectronicloadsdrawcurrent
1
2
0
1
T
s s
1
I = i (t) dt
T
}
2 2
1
2
s s sh
h
I = I + I

2 2 2
1
2
dis s s sh
h
I = I I = I


or
and:
2
2 1
sh
h s
I
THD =
I

=
| |
|
\ .
Total harmonic distortion:
1 1 1
2
( ) sin( ) sin( )
s s sh h h
h
i t = 2 I t - + 2 I t - e | e |

8
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 15
Harmonics
Negativeeffectsofharmonics
Conductoroverheating
Capacitorscanbeaffectedbyheatriseincreasesduetopowerlossand
reducedlifetime
Distortedvoltagewaveform
Increasedlosses(e.g.transformersoverheating)
Fusesandcircuitbreakersfaultoperation
Harmonicstandards
InternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionStandardIEC555
IEEE/ANSIStandard519
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013
16
PowerFactor
1 1
0 0
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
T T
s s
1 1
P = p t dt = v t i t dt
T T
} }
s s
S = V I
1
1
1
0
1
sin( ) sin( )
T
s sh h h
h
1
P = 2 V t 2 I t - dt
T
e e |

}
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
0
1
sin( ) sin( ) cos
T
s s s s
1
P 2 V t 2 I t - dt V I
T
e e | | = =
}
1 1
1
cos
cos
s s 1
s s s
V I I
PF =
V I I
|
| =
Realpower(vermogen)
Apparent power(schijnbaarvermogen)
with
and
( )
s
v t
( )
s
i t
DPF
S
P
PF =
9
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 17
InductorandCapacitorPhasorDiagrams
Phasorsareonly applicabletosinusoidal steadystate
waveforms.
jL
+ -
v
L
i
L
V
L
I
L
+ -
v
C
-1/jC
V
C
I
C e
e
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 18
InductorandCapacitorResponse
Timedomain:
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
t
L L L
t
1
i t = i t + v t dt
L
}
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
t
c c c
t
1
v t = v t + i t dt
C
}
( )
L
L
di
v t L
dt
=
( )
C
C
dv
i t C
dt
=
10
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 19
InductorinSteadyState
VoltsecondBalance
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
t
L L L
t
1
i t = i t + v t dt
L
}
1
1
( ) 0
t T
L
t
v t dt
+
=
}
v(t) = T) + v(t
i(t) = T) + i(t
Steadystateimplies:
Netchangeinfluxiszero
,
0
L av
v =
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 20
CapacitorinSteadyState
Ampsecondbalance
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
t
c c c
t
1
v t = v t + i t dt
C
}
1
1
( ) 0
t T
C
t
i t dt
+
=
}
Netchangeinchargeiszero
,
0
C av
i =
Fig.39
Note:errorinfig39fromtextbook
i
C
inthesecondintervalshouldbeconstant,

becausev
c
hasaconstantderivativeinthat
interval
11
Electrical Power Processing
November7,2013 21
BasicMagneticsTheory
c
d = i

}
H l

sec
k k m m
K core M
tions windings
H l N I =

1 i g g
H l H l N i + =
Ampereslaw
(4
th
Maxwellsequation)
Righthandrule:
c
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 22
Hfield,BfieldandMaterialProperties
RelationshipbetweenB andH givenby:
materialproperties
oftenapproximatedby:
Continuityofflux
= B H
A
d | =
}}
B A
0
closedArea
A
d | = =
}}
B A

Flux(bydef.):
Continuityofflux:
Gaussslawofmagnetism
(2
nd
Maxwellsequation)
12
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 23
MagneticReluctance
= B H
( )
k k k
m m k k k k k k
m k k k k k k k k k k
l l l
N I H l B A
A A A
| | |

= = = = = 9

Ampereslaw:
k
k
k k
l
=
A
9 Magneticreluctance:
Magnetic Electrical
k
9
R
i |
v
Ni
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 24
MagneticCircuitAnalysis
Magnetic Electrical
k
Ni | = 9 v i R =
m m k
m k
N I | = 9
m k
m k
v i R =

Ohmslaw:
Kirchhoffsvoltagelaw
0
k
k
| =

0
k
k
i =

Kirchhoffscurrentlaw
13
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 25
Faradayslaw
d d(N ) dB
e = = NA
dt dt dt
| +
=
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 26
Inductor
Coilselfinductance
N
L
di
i
e L
d(N ) dt
e =
dt
|
|

=
`

2 2
N
L = N A
N
L i
l
N i
|

= =
`
9

9 =
)
A
l
=

9
14
Electrical Power Processing
November7,2013 27
Transformer
Idealtransformer
Faradayslaw
Ampereslaw
0
l
=
A
9 ~
1,2
i i
i
N i |
=
= 9

11 2 2
N i N i | = 9
1 1
d
v N
dt
|
=
2 2
d
v N
dt
|
=
1 2
1 2
v v
N N
=
1 1 2 2
i N i N =
Corereluctance
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 28
Transformer
Magnetisinginductance
0
l
=
A
9 =
11 2 2
N i N i | = 9
1 1
d
v N
dt
|
=
1 2
1 1 2
1
( )
m m
N N d d
v i i L i
dt N dt
= =
9
2
1
m
N
L =
9
2
1 2
1
m
N
i i i
N
=
Nonzero
corereluctance
15
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 29
Transformer
Leakageflux
1 1
1 11 1 11 1
l
d d d
v = R i N R i N
dt dt dt
| | | | |
+ = + +
|
\ .
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
l
d d d
v = R i N R i N
dt dt dt
| | | | |
=
|
\ .
1 1 l
| | | = +
2 2 l
| | | = +
|
l1,2
leakageflux
R
1,2
ohmicresistancesofthewindings
Electrical Power Processing
November 7, 2013 30
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
l
d d d
v = R i N R i N
dt dt dt
| | | | |
=
|
\ .
EquivalentTransformerCircuit
1
1 11 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
m
l m
m
l m
d d
i i
v = Ri L L
dt dt
N d d
i i
v = R i L L
dt N dt
+ +
+
/ L = N i |
2
1 2
1
m
N
i = i + i
N
1
1 11 1 1
2
2 2 2 2 2
l
l
d
i
v = Ri L e
dt
d
i
v = R i L e
dt
+ +
+
1 1
1 11 1 11 1
l
d d d
v = R i N R i N
dt dt dt
| | | | |
+ = + +
|
\ .

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