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Josh Thorson ENC 1102 3/25/14 Literacy Review Artificial intelligence and machine learning may as well be our future. In this literacy review, I will be talking about artificial intelligence and machine learning and some of its applications. Artificial intelligence and machine learning is an up and coming field in computer science. It has a lot of important applications that could help improve technology in many fields such as the medical field. You may be wondering, what is artificial intelligence and machine learning? Well artificial intelligences is software that learns upon what it is given, which helps it then perform the task required more efficiently. In this literacy review, I will be going over some of the key ideas that were introduced in the annotated bibliography that I wrote. I will be discussing the most important applications that were talked about in the annotated bibliography as well as bringing together common ideas by the authors. Machine learning can date its beginnings back to the start of computer science, however, never really made it that far. In the 70s and 80s artificial intelligence and machine learning went in different directions (Shawe-Taylor, 2009). Some innovations that came out of that include: decision trees, rule-learning methods for expert systems, and self-organizing maps (Shawe-Taylor, 2009). From those innovations we have been able to produce more reliable and accurate machine learning techniques (Shawe-Taylor, 2009). One of the more promising machine learning techniques is deep learning. Deep learning is a form of a much older machine learning technique called neural networking (Jones, 2014). These neural network systems are

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loosely inspired by the densely interconnected neurons of the brain, mimic human learning by changing the strength of simulated neural connections on the basis of experience (Jones, 2014). In the past few years, many companies such as Google, Apple and IBM have been aggressively snapping up start-up companies and researchers with deep-learning expertise (Jones, 2014). This is beneficial for everyday consumers because the results include software better able to sort through photos, understand spoken commands and translate text from different languages (Jones, 2014; Hof, 2013). As I talked about in the first paragraph there are a plethora of applications that artificial intelligence can be used for. As Jones stated in his article these applications are very beneficial for consumers because they result in high-end products such as certain types of software that make everyday activities easier. However, its not just beneficial for consumers, scientists and certain industries also benefit. For scientists and industry, deep-learning computers can search for potential drug candidates, map real neural networks in the brain, predict the functions of proteins, or have many other functionalities (Jones, 2014). Google, Apple and IBM are looking to deep learning and artificial intelligence to improve their existing products (Jones, 2014). One famous example of an artificial intelligent machine would be IBMs Watson, which won jeopardy in 2011 (Jones, 2014; Hof, 2013). The Watson computer that IBM made is now being used by doctors to help them make better decisions (Hof, 2013). Another example of applications that artificial intelligence could be used for would be landslide prediction. Predicting where and when landslides are likely to occur in a specific region of interest remains a key challenge in natural hazards research and mitigation. Said Korup. Luckily modern algorithms are able to handle large complex and potentially incomplete

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datasets, and that they achieve high overall success rates for prediction, especially when based on randomization methods that avoid over fitting such as cross-validation (Korup and Stolle, 2014). Even though they discovered significant advances into understanding the patterns of landslide, there are still a number of challenges, which include regional prediction of larger landslides, landslides run out, and temporal forecast of slope failure (Korup and Stolle, 2014). Even though there are a number of challenges Artificial intelligence has gotten them closer to finding a method to predicting landslides which could save lives. Although sports doesnt seem like an appropriate area for artificial intelligence it still has many applications in which it could be used for. An example of a use of artificial intelligence in the use of sports would be the application of the prediction of body mass index status from voice signals based on machine learning for automated medical applications (Lee, et al., 2013). They with a method for the prediction of normal, overweight, and obese classes based only on the combination of voice features that are associated with body mass index (BMI) status, independently of weight and height measurements. These results could support the development of BMI diagnosis tools for real-time monitoring (Lee, et al., 2013). Which are considered helpful in improving automated BMI status diagnosis in remote healthcare or telemedicine and are expected to have applications in forensic and medical science (Lee, et al., 2013). Sure, there are plenty of consumer applications for artificial intelligence, but there are also very important applications in the science and medical field. Some examples are the prediction of body mass index status from voice signals, machine learning algorithm and hybrid system to predict the need for life saving interventions in trauma patients, machine learning in

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cell biology to help recognize phenotypes, and online seizure prediction using artificial intelligence. All of these could greatly improve the medical field which in turn could help save many lives. The machine learning algorithm for predicting the need for life-saving interventions in trauma patients is a big one. The system is composed of a machine learning program and rules for predicting the need for life-saving interventions in both pre-hospital and emergency department patients (Liu et al., 2014). Their system demonstrates that machine learning technology combined with basic detection rules may provide valuable support on assessing trauma patients within the critical care environment (Sommer and Gerlich, 2013). Machine learning in cell biology could greatly improve the research done in cell biology (Sommer and Gerlich, 2013). Currently, they are trying to get computers to recognize what phenotypes look like using algorithms and machine learning so that the computer can find certain phenotypes autonomously (Sommer and Gerlich, 2013). The future of Artificial intelligence is looking very promising ("Google's X-Man., 2013), (Jones, 2014). Such as the applications that I have mentioned above like the landslide prediction and the usefulness of artificial intelligence in medicine prove that the future of artificial intelligence is rapidly increasing, and will surely make an impact. There are going to be a lot more companies jumping onto the artificial intelligence bandwagon (Jones, 2014). Despite its successes, artificial intelligence is still in its infancy. its part of the future, says Dahl. In a way it's amazing we've done so much with so little. And, he adds, we've barely begun (Jones, 2014). Although there has been much talk about all the good that artificial intelligence is capable of doing, what about the bad? One of the main concerns is how artificial intelligence

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affect or future will; could it put some people out of a job? I think this is a definite area of study to look into. If you think about it artificial intelligence is growing exponentially and is making a lot of certain tasks easier to do/use without the need of interaction with humans. Some other more in-depth questions may arise such as if artificial intelligence made proteins easier to find in cellular biology; would there be less jobs that they would need to identify the certain proteins? This is why I think this should be further researched so that these questions can be answered.

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Works Cited
"Google's X-Man." Foreign Affairs 92.6 (2013): 2-8. Readers' Guide Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Web. 13 Mar. 2014. Hof, Robert D. "Deep Learning." Technology Review 116.3 (2013): 32-36. Business Source Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. Jones, Nicola. "Computer Science: The Learning Machines." Nature 505.7482 (2014): 146148. OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Web. 26 Feb. 2014. Korup, Oliver, and Amelie Stolle. "Landslide Prediction from Machine Learning." Geology Today 30.1 (2014): 26-33. OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Lee, Bum, Ju, et al. "Prediction of Body Mass Index Status from Voice Signals Based On Machine Learning For Automated Medical Applications." Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 58.1 (2013): 51-61. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. Liu, Nehemiah, et al. "Development and Validation of a Machine Learning Algorithm and Hybrid System to Predict the Need for Life-Saving Interventions in Trauma Patients." Medical & Biological Novatchkov, Hristo, and Arnold, Baca. "Artificial Intelligence in Sports on the Example of Weight Training." Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 12.1 (2013): 27-37. OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Web. 4 Mar. 2014. Shawe-Taylor, John. "Technical Perspective: Machine Learning For Complex Predictions." Communications of the ACM 52.11 (2009): 96. Business Source Premier. Web. 4 Mar. 2014.

Thorson 7 Sommer, Christoph, and Daniel W. Gerlich. "Machine Learning In Cell Biology - Teaching Computers to Recognize Phenotypes." Journal of Cell Science 126.24 (2013): 5529-5539. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. Wang, Shouyi, Wanpracha Art Chaovalitwongse, and Stephen Wong. "Online Seizure Prediction Using an Adaptive Learning Approach." IEEE Transactions On Knowledge & Data Engineering 25.12 (2013): 2854-2866. Business Source Premier. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. Weiss, Jeremy C., et al. "Machine Learning For Personalized Medicine: Predicting Primary Myocardial Infarction From Electronic Health Records." AI Magazine 33.4 (2012): 3345. Applied Science & Technology Full Text (H.W. Wilson). Web. 6 Mar. 2014.