PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

ACTIVITY 1

PROTEIN GROUP:

members

OBJECTIVES:
1. TO BE ABLE TO DISTINGUIS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EMULSIONS AND SUSPENSOIDS BASED ON THEIR PROPERTIES

2. TO PERFORM DIALYSIS AND ADSORPTION

II. MATERIALS
TEST TUBES (10mL), iron stand with ring, beaker (250mL) and (50mL), wire gauze, bunsen burner graduated cylinder, stirring rod, casserole, test tube rack, droppers, funnel, filter paper, pipette (10mL), erlenmeyer flask

III. PROCEDURES
A. COLLOIDS

Colloidal Solutions solutions in which the diameter of the dispersed phase is larger than 1 milimicron but not exceeding 100 millimicra. Classified as: 1. Emulsoids have affinity for solvents. It forms a gel when brought into contact with water. 2. Suspensoids have no affinity for water, considered as Lyophobic.

III. PROCEDURES
A. COLLOIDS 1. Preparation of an Emulsoid: a. Prepare 5% gelatin solution by boiling b. Cool under tap water and note what is formed. c. Boil again and observe the difference in its texture when hot and when it is cold.

Observation: When the preparation was boiled, the result was viscous. When it was cooled under tap water, it turned into gel state but the texture was still viscous.

III. PROCEDURES
A. COLLOIDS

2. Preparation of a suspensoid: a. Boil 100 mL of water b. Remove from the flame and add 1 mL of saturated Ferric Chloride solution. c. Note what is formed. When 1mL of saturated Ferric chloride was added to the boiled water, Ferric hydroxide was formed. The Ferric hydroxide has residue-like particles and orange in color.

III. PROCEDURES
A. COLLOIDS
3. Properties of Emulsoids and Suspensoids 3.1 Foam Formation: a. b. c. d. e. Shake 10 mL of 5% gelatin vigorously with air. Allow the tube to stand and note the result after 15 mins. Shake 10 mL of Ferric Hydroxide in the same way. Allow to stand and note the result after 15 mins. Compare the result obtained with the 2 solutions.

When the test tube containing 5% gelatin was shook, it formed a permanent foam, while the tube containing ferric hydroxide, foam was formed temporarily.

III. PROCEDURES
A. COLLOIDS
3. Properties of Emulsoids and Suspensoids 3.2 Precipitation with Electrolytes: a. b. c. d. Place 5mL of 5% gelatin in a test tube. Add saturate ammonium sulfate drop by drop at the same time counting the number of drops until a permanent precipitate is formed. Repeat the procedure using Ferric Hydroxide and note the result. Explain the difference obtained.

When ammonium sulfate was added in the tube that contains the 5% gelatin, precipitate was formed since the 5% gelatin is an emulsoid. On the other hand, the tube containing ferric hydroxide, no precipitate was formed when ammonium sulfate was added.

III. PROCEDURES
A. COLLOIDS 3. Properties of Emulsoids and Suspensoids 3.3 Reversibility: a. b. c. d. e. f. Place 5mL of ferric hydroxide in a test tube and add 1mL of 10% MgSO4 solution. Allow to stand for 30 mins. In another test tube, place 5mL of 5% gelatin solution and add 1mL of 10% MgSO4. If no precipitate forms, add solid MgSO4 until saturated. Decant the supernatant liquid from each of the 2 tubes. Add an excess of water and note which colloid is reversible

III. PROCEDURES
A. COLLOIDS

3. Properties of Emulsoids and Suspensoids 3.3 Reversibility: The 5mL of 5% gelatin solution and 1 mL of 10% MgSO4 are reversible.

III. PROCEDURES
QUALITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE SIGN OF THE CHARGE ON COLLOIDAL PARTICLE BY CAPILLARY ANALYSIS

Filter paper negatively charge against water. Difference in electrical charge results the ascent of colloids to different heights on strips of filter paper. Negatively charged colloids rise with their dispersion medium at a slower rate than water. Positively charged colloids neutralized at the point where the filter paper touches the surface of the solution and only the dispersion medium will ascend by capillary attraction.

III. PROCEDURES
QUALITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE SIGN OF THE CHARGE ON COLLOIDAL PARTICLE BY CAPILLARY ANALYSIS

1.Secure 2 beakers of the same size. 2. Place 25mL of 0.1% acid fuchsin in one, and the same volume of 0.1% methylene blue on the other. 3. Suspend a strip of filter paper (15x5 cm) from a horizontal glass rod, top of the beaker. 4. Allow 2cm of the filter to soak in the solution. 5. Record results observed.

III. PROCEDURES
B. Suspensions:
Suspensoid particles in water carry electrical charges and are precipitated by ions that carry charges of opposite sign but not by ions that carry of the same sign.
1. 2. 3. Place 5mL of 1% Ferric Hydroxide in a test tube. Add normal NaCl solution a drop at a time counting the number of drop and shaking after each addition until a permanent precipitate is formed. Note down your result.

Precipitate was formed. We added 15 drops of normal NaCl solution to the ferric hydroxide before it formed a permanent precipitate. Ferric hydroxide is a suspensoid, their electrical charges are stable and only small amount of electrolytes are needed to cause precipitation.

III. PROCEDURES
C. DIALYSIS: 1. 2. 3. Place 5mL of 1% starch solution and 5mL of NaCl solution in a cellophane bag. Tie the mouth of the bag and immerse it on a beaker containing clean water. Allow to stand for 30-40mins, before removing the bag from the beaker. Take 5mL of the clean water from the beaker and place it on a test tube. Add 3-5 drops of Lugols iodine solution mix and observe result. On another tube, place 5mL of the clean water from the beaker and add 3 drops of AgNO3 and observe for turbidity or precipitate formation.

4.
5. 6.

III. PROCEDURES
C. DIALYSIS: Which of the substances inside the bag diffused out of the semipermeable membrane? The NaCl solution diffused out of the cellophane, which is a crystalloid. Crystalloids are substances which can diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane. In a test tube that contains 5mL of clean water from the beaker, 3 drops of Lugols iodine soultion was added and we observed that the soultion formed or turned into a cloudy or turbid in appearance and it is the same in the solution inside the beaker where the immersed cellophane bag containing the starch and NaCl. This test confirmed that NaCl is a crystalloid.

III. PROCEDURES
D. ADSORPTION:

a.
b. c.

Place 20 mL of 0.01% aqueous solution of methylene blue in an erlenmeyer flask. Add 10 mcg of animal charcoal and shake vigorously. Filter and note the color of the filtrate.
The color of the filtrate is colorless.

d. Allow the filter paper and its contents to dry on the funnel. e. Pour 10mL of 95% ethyl alcohol over the animal charcoal and collect the filtrate in a clean test tube.

III. PROCEDURES
D. ADSORPTION:

How much of the dye is recovered? 9mL of dye was recovered.

Explain the behavior of methylene blue towards the animal charcoal. When methylene blue adheres on the surface of the particles of animal charcoal, adsorption is taking place, and is due purely to physical force. The greater the surface of the adsorbing agent, the greater is adsorption.

III. PROCEDURES
D. ADSORPTION: f. Place 25mL of 1% brown sugar solution in a beaker. g. Add 1 gram of powdered animal charcoal and boil for 5 minutes with occasional stirring. h. Filter while hot and note the color of the filtrate. The color of the filtrate is light brown.

III. PROCEDURES
E. VISCOSITY

1. 2.
3. 4.

Fill a clean 10mL pipette with distilled water. Hold it vertically at eye level and allow the contents to drain, timing up with the second hand of a watch, the time required to empty it. Repeat using ferric hydroxide solution. Carefully note the time required to empty the pipette. Compare the results obtained for both solutions.

Formulate a theory to explain the differences in viscosities. What conditions affect viscosity?