Final Accounts of Banking Companies

Project report of accounting in banks and balance sheet
1. INTRODUCTION
A banking company means and includes any company which carries on

business or which transacts banking business in India. A banking business
is generally governed by the provisions of the Companies Act 1956 and
specifically by the Banking Regulation Act. The Banking regulation Act
of 1949 came into force on 16th March 1949 as a result of long-felt need to
regulate the banking business in India and protect the interest of number
of depositors.
The existence of well- organized, regulated and efficient banking system

is pre-requisite for economic growth. Banks are agencies responsible for
mobilizing and channeling of funds in a country. The major institutions
carrying business,
in India, include:
(a) Nationalized banks

(b) State bank of India and Associates banks
(c) Foreign banks having branches in India
(d) Co-operative banks
(e) Rural banks and
(f) Private sector banks.
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2. DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONS OF A BANK
Banking has been defined by section 5 of the Banking Regulation Act and
means:
(a) accepting deposits of money from public

(b) for the purpose of lending or investment and deposits are repayable
on demand or otherwise by cheque, draft, and order or otherwise. It
should be noted that company which is engaged in manufacturing
goods and for the purpose of financing business accepts deposits
from the public should not be deemed to transact business of
banking.
In addition to banking business, a bank is permitted under Section 6 of the

Banking Regulation Act to engage in certain class of business which is
incidental to the business of banking. Section 8 of the Banking Regulation
Act prohibits a bank from buying and selling or dealing in goods except in
connection with realization of a security held by it or in connection with
the business of collections or negotiating bills of exchange.
Some of the main functions of modern commercial banks are:

(a) Accepting deposits and providing facilities to depositors of payment
by cheques.
(b) Granting loans and advances (cash credits, overdraft, term loans,
etc.).
(c) Dealing in securities on its own account or on behalf of its

customers.
(d) Opening letters of credits.
(e) Issuing guarantees.
(f) Dealing in foreign exchange.
(g) Transferring money from one place to another through demand

draft, telegraphic transfers, traveler’s cheques, bills, etc.
(h) Merchant banking, i.e. acting as managers to public issues, etc.
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However, any company which is engaged in the manufacturer of goods or

carries on any trade and which accepts deposits of money from the public
merely for the purpose of financing its business as manufacturer or trader
shall not be deemed to transact the business of banking. It may be
mentioned that the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 is not applicable to a
primary agricultural society, a co-operative land mortgage bank and any
other co-operative society except in the manner and to the extent specified
in Part V of the Act.
Some banks are included in the Second Schedule to the Reserve Bank of
India Act, 1934; these are called Scheduled Banks. The Reserve Bank
includes a bank in this schedule if it fulfils certain conditions. The Reserve
Banks gives certain facilities to schedule banks including the following:
(a) The purchase, sale, and re-discounting of certain bills of exchange, or

promissory notes;
(b) Purchase and sale of foreign exchange;
(c) Purchase, sale and re-discounting of foreign bills of exchange;
(d) Making of loans and advances to scheduled banks;
(e) Maintenance of accounts of the scheduled bank in its banking
department and issue department;
(f) Remittance of money between different branches of scheduled banks
through the offices, branches or agencies of Reserve Bank free of cost or
at nominal rates.
Section 6 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 specifies the forms of
business in which a banking company may engage. These are :
(i) borrowing, raising or taking up of money; lending or advancing of
money; drawing, making, accepting, discounting, buying, selling,
collecting and dealing in bills of exchange, hundies, promissory notes,
etc.;
(ii) acting as agents for any government or local authority or any other
person;
(iii) directing for public and private loans and negotiating and issuing the
same;
(iv) effecting, insuring, guaranteeing, under-writing, participating in
managing and carrying out of any issue of shares, stock, debentures etc.;
(v) carrying on and transacting every kind of guarantee and indemnity
business;
(vi) managing, selling and realising property which may come into the
possession of the banking company in satisfaction of its claim;
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(vii) acquiring and holding and generally dealing with any property or any
right, title or interest in such property which may form the security for any
loans and advances;
(viii) underwriting and executing trusts;
(ix) establishing and supporting or aiding in the establishment and support
of institutions, funds, trusts etc.
(x) acquisition, construction, maintenance and alteration of any building
and works necessary for the purpose of the banking company;
(xi) selling, improving, managing, developing, exchanging, leasing,
mortgaging, depositing of or turning into account or otherwise dealing
with all or any part of the property and rights of the company;
(xii) acquiring and undertaking whole or any part of the business of any
person or company;
(xiii) doing all such other things as are incidental or conductive to the
promotion or advancement of the business of the banking company;
(xiv) any other business which the Central Government may specify by
notification in the Official Gazette.
No banking company shall engage in any form of business other than
those referred to above.
 PROHIBITION OF TRADING (SECTION 8)

A banking company cannot directly or indirectly deal in the buying or
selling or bartering of goods. However, it may buy, sell or barter in
connection with the bills of exchange received for collection or
negotiation or can undertake the administration of estates as executors,
trustees or otherwise.
 DISPOSAL OF NON-BANKING ASSETS (SECTION 9)

A banking company can only acquire immovable property for its own use.
Other immovable properties acquired must be disposed off within seven
years from the date of acquisition. However, in any particular case, the
Reserve Bank of India may extend such period of seven years if it is
satisfied, that such extension would be in the interest of the depositors of
the banking company.
 MANAGEMENT (SECTION 10)
Under section 10(a), not less than 51% of the total number of members of
the board of directors of a banking company shall consist of persons
having special knowledge or practical experience in one or more of the
following fields :
1. Accountancy;
2. Agriculture and rural economy;
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3. Banking;
4. Co-operation;
5. Economics;
6. Finance;
7. Law;
8. Small scale industry.
It is also required that not less than two directors should have special
knowledge or practical experience in respect of agriculture and rural
economy and co-operation or small-scale industry. Under section 10(b)
(1), every banking company shall have one of its directors as Chairman of
its board of directors. The Chairman is entrusted with the management of
the whole of the affairs of the banking company. Such Chairman is the
whole-time employee of the banking company and can hold office for a
period not exceeding five years. Other directors who are whole-time
directors can hold office continuously for a period not exceeding eight
years.
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3. REQUIRMENTS OF BANKING COMPANIES AS TO

ACCOUNTS
• Bank Accounting
The book-keeping system of a banking company is substantially different

from that of a trading or manufacturing enterprise. A bank maintains a
large number of accounts of various types for its customers. As a
safeguard against any payment being made in the account of a customer in
excess of the amount standing to his credit or a cheque of a customer
being dishonoured due to a mistake in the balance in his account, it is
necessary that customers’ accounts should be kept up-to-date and checked
regularly. In many other mercantile enterprises, books of primary entry
(i.e., day books) are generally kept up-to- date while their ledgers
including the general ledger and subsidiary ledgers for debtors, creditors
etc. are written afterwards. A bank cannot afford to ignore its ledgers
particularly those concerning the accounts of its customers and has to
enter into the ledgers every transactions as soon as it takes place. In bank
accounting, relatively less emphasis is placed on day books. These are
merely treated as a means to an end-the end being to keep up-to-date
detailed ledgers and to balance the trial balance everyday and to keep all
control accounts in agreement with the detailed ledgers.
In this Unit, we shall concentrate on accounting system followed in, bank
and books of accounts maintained for that purpose. That apart, we shall
take a stock of the returns which a bank is required to file with the Reserve
Bank. Another important aspect in the bank accounts is preparation of
final accounts. The third schedule to the Banking Regulation Act provides
formats for that purpose. Formats of bank final accounts are also covered
The tendency of modern accounting is to adapt the books to a business,

rather than the business to the books, and this practice is particularly
noticeable in bank bookkeeping. Systems and devices may differ among
banks, and even between branches of the same bank, but the basic
principles are the same. Once a clear understanding of bank bookkeeping
in general is obtained, there will be found little or no difficulty in
mastering any of the methods or systems in use by banks.
To grasp thoroly all the underlying principles of bank accounting, it is

necessary to bear in mind that practically everything handled by a bank, in
the ordinary course of its business, is either money itself, or a written
claim or right to money. Consequently the cash book in a bank is the
principal book, and thru its pages must pass a record of every transaction
made by the bank, either in detail or as a total from a supplementary book.
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Thus the cash book gives a bird's-eye view each day of all the work of the
bank. Some banks still use, in addition to the cash book, a modified form
of the old-fashioned journal, but it is preferable to make the cash book the
only posting medium of the general ledger.
It would be quite possible for a newly-opened branch to conduct its

business for the first six months or so with the aid of a cash book and a
ledger, which would serve for all accounts. A register would, however,
soon be necessary.
As the business grew it would be found convenient to have a special

ledger for individual accounts, with the control or key account carried in
the original led-ger, and to have the checks and deposits entered in
a supplementary cash book, with only the totals entered in the general cash
book. Similarly, it would be found necessary in time to open up a discount
register and a liability ledger to look after the increased number of loans.
As the volume of business increases, the deposit ledger is capable of being
indefinitely subdivided, either alphabetically or numerically. Generally,
the ordinary deposit ledger is divided alphabetically and the savings bank
ledger numerically.
From the above it will be noticed that bank bookkeeping, although based
primarily on the cash book and ledger, is susceptible of indefinite
expansion in any direction to meet increased volume of business or other
local exigencies.
 Loose-Leaf Accounting
The vast increase in the number and volume of commercial transactions

during the past twenty years has made the use of loose-leaf ledgers and
other books a practical necessity in modern accounting. In Canadian
banks, particularly, the system has been in successful operation for many
years. The principal objection urged against loose-leaf ledgers - the
question of their validity in a court of law - appears to have died a natural
death. The courts rule so plainly and the logic is so clear, that it is the
original entry that counts and not the assembly of entries in the ledger, that
it is now generally conceded that the loose-leaf ledger is just as acceptable
as evidence in a court as a bound ledger. In fact, with the precautions
observed by the banks in their use of loose-leaf books, the evidence might
be considered even more competent. The following rules are generally
observed:
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1. The keys of all loose-leaf ledgers and transfer binders are kept in the
custody of the manager or of the accountant or other officer specially
authorized, by whom blank sheets are inserted as required, and the used
sheets removed and filed in the transfer binder.
2. After removing the sheets, the officer who has custody of the key must
place a paper seal bearing his signature in the sealing device on the front
of the ledger, and, when opening the book again, must satisfy himself that
his last seal has not been tampered with.
3. A separate sheet must be used for each account, and each sheet must be
signed in the upper right-hand corner by the manager or accountant when
the first entry is made. The officer who signs the sheet must see that the
account is properly indexed.
4. A few blank sheets may be locked in the current ledger for emergency
use, but all others must be kept under lock in the custody of the officer
who holds the key of the ledger.
Bound books have not prevented manipulation and fraud, and the above
precautions combined with the comprehensive checking system of a bank
should practically eliminate the danger of fraudulent substitution of pages.
If a man is determined to be dishonest there are easier and less evident
methods of defrauding than by switching ledger leaves.
 Preparation of Financial Statements and Accounting Date

(Section 29)
A Company registered under the Companies Act 1956 is required to

present its financial statements, i.e. balance sheet and profit and loss
account in the format laid down in Schedule VI annexed to the Companies
Act. Similarly, banking company, (since it is a company) is also required
to prepare and submit its accounts in specified format. The Banking
Regulation Act gives the format of balance sheet and the profit and loss
account in which accounts of banks should be presented and this format is
given in the third schedule annexed to the Banking Regulation Act. RBI
has issued guidelines to follow the new form A (proforma balance sheet)
and form B (proforma profit and loss account) by all companies doing
banking business in India. The government has notified that the books of
accounts of the banking companies shall be closed on 31st March every
year as against 31st December earlier. In practice, banks also close books
on 30th September for internal purpose.
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 Audit (Section 30)
Accounts must be audited by a person duly qualified under any law, for
the time being in force, to be an auditor of companies. However every
banking company is before appointing, reappointing or removing any
auditor, required to obtain the prior approval of Reserve Bank of India.
Submission of Accounts (Sec 31 and 32)

Three copies of the balances sheet and profit and loss account prepared
under Section 29 together with auditors’ report under Section 30 must be
submitted to the Reserve Bank of India within three months from the
period to which they refer. However, it can be extended up to the period of
further three months by RBI.
 Publication of Accounts
Rule 15 of the Banking Regulating (Companies) Rules, 1949 prescribed

that accounts and auditors’ report shall be published in newspaper
circulating in a place where a banking company has its principal office,
within six months from the end of period to which they relate.
4. SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS OF

BANKS
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Banks, like most of the other large-sized institutions, follow the mercantile
system of accounting. Thus, the system of recording classifying and
summarizing the transactions in bank is in substance no different from that
followed in other entities having similar volume of operations. However in
the case of banks the need for the ledger accounts, especially those of
customers, being accurate and up to date is much stronger than most of
other types of enterprises. A bank cannot afford to ignore its ledgers
particularly those containing the accounts of its customers and has to enter
into the ledgers every transaction as soon as it takes place. In the case of
banks, relatively lesser emphasis is placed on books of prime entry such as
cash books or journals. This is unlike most other types of enterprises
where books of prime entry are generally kept up to date while ledgers,
including the general ledger and subsidiary books ledgers for debtors,
creditors are written up afterwards.
Banks follow the accounting procedure of ‘voucher posting’ under which

the vouchers are straightway posted to the individual accounts in the
subsidiary ledgers. (Only in case of Personal Ledger) At the end of each
day, the debit and credit vouchers relating to a particular type of
transactions (e.g. savings bank accounts, current accounts, demand loans
cash credit account etc.) are entered on separate vouchers summery sheets
and the total thereof is posted to the respective control account in the
general ledger. The general ledger trial balance is prepared every day.
 Types of Transactions
The transactions in banks are of two types, cash and non-cash. In the case
of letter, also called ‘transfer transactions’, one or both of account
concerned may be of customers or internal accounts of bank. For example,
if ‘A’ deposits a cheque drawn in his favor by ‘B’, who is also customer of
the branch, the accounts of the two customers will be affected. On the
other hand, if ‘A’ deposits a draft drawn on branch the ‘Draft Account, an
internal account of bank, will be debited’. Likewise, on payment of
interest on deposit accounts, the ‘Interest Account’ at the branch will be
debited and various personal accounts will be credited.
 Vouchers
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Both the debit and credit operations on all accounts, either by customers or
by the banks itself, are made by means of vouchers. There are two kind of
vouchers, one, which evidences only debit to an account and which other,
which contains both debit and credit in different accounts. For the sake of
convenience, the latter kinds of vouchers may be called ‘composite
vouchers’.
The debit vouchers are of many kinds, broadly following:
1. Cheques issued by customers.
2. Cheques/ Pay orders issued by banks.
3. Withdrawal of money by saving bank account holders.
4. Drafts issued by another branches of banks payable at branch.
5. Draft issued by another banks on branch, in terms of an approved

arrangement between the two banks.
6. Dividend / Interest warrants issued by bank’s customers and

payable by branch in terms of an approved arrangement.
7. Traveler’s cheques issued by any branch of the bank which

presented to the branch for payment.
8. Drafts / Pay orders issued by the branch itself which are cancelled at
the request of customer and amount is refunded to him.
9. Letters of authority signed by the customers, containing standing

instructions.
10. Instruments like traveler’s cheques/gift cheques, etc.of other banks

which are paid by branch in terms of an approved arrangement.
11. Debit vouchers prepared by the branch on its printed stationary

which are authorized by a designated official of the bank and may
also carry authority from the customers in some cases to debit his
account at the branch.
12.In respect of realization of collection instrument sent to other

branches of the bank, a debit advice (which may be known by
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different names in different banks) prepared by the other branch

may itself as a debit voucher.
13.In case of remittance of funds by one branch to the other branch by

means of telegraphic transferor mail transfer, the bank may treat the
advice of transfer itself as debit voucher or may prepare a separate
debit voucher.
The credit vouchers are also of many kinds, broadly the following:
1. Pay –in-slip filled by customers (depositors as well as borrowers)

for deposit the amounts in their accounts. Generally, the pay-in-
slips are in standard format adopted by the bank but there may be
cases of a special kind of pay-in-slips in respect of some customers
pursuant a formal agreement between the bank and customer.
2. Applications for issue of demand drafts, mail transfer telegraphic

transfer, banker’s cheques, pay orders, gifts cheques, traveler’s
cheques, and other similar instruments. Some of these application
may be made on behalf of the branch itself it has to make.
3. Credit vouchers prepared by the branch on its printed stationary

which are authorized by an official of the bank. Normally theses
vouchers are signed on behalf of the branch only but there may be
some instance where the customer concerned also signs on the
voucher as evidence that the transaction actually pertains to him.
Examples are: deposits of locker charges (credit to an income
account of the bank), deposits of money for purchase of non-
judicial stamps requires for execution of document in favor of the
bank, etc.
4. Challans for deposit into the account of Central/State Government,

e.g. on account of Direct/Indirect taxes or under schemes like public
provident fund, etc.
5. On payment of collection instruments from other branches of the

bank, a credit advice (which may be known by different names in
different banks) or copy of the collection schedule received from
the other branch may itself be treated as a credit voucher.
It may be stated here in case of debits or credits of similar nature to a large

no. of accounts in the same ledger or group of ledgers (e.g. debit on
account of periodic interest, inspection charges, etc. or credit on account
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of periodic payment of interest to depositors), it is a common practice

among the banks to prepare a consolidated voucher on their stationary and
enclosed thereto a list containing details of accounts debited/credited and
the amount of debit/credit.
As stated earlier apart from debit vouchers and credit vouchers, there is
also category of ‘composite vouchers’. These vouchers record the
particulars of both debit and credit accounts. Most of the transactions
covered by composite vouchers pertain to the internal accounts to the
bank, i.e. non-customers accounts. Examples are: bills received for
collection, letters of credit issued by the branch, guarantee issued by the
branch, etc. Such vouchers may also be prepared to rectify an error while
debiting or crediting accounts. For example, in case of current account is
debited in general ledger instead of cash credit account by mistake, the
composite vouchers will show debit to cash credit account with
corresponding credit to current account.
All entries in personal ledgers and the summary sheets are checked by
persons other than those who have made entries. Most clerical errors are
thus detected immediately.
A trial balance of personal ledgers is prepared periodically, usually every

two weeks and agreed with general ledger control accounts. In banking
parlance, this exercise is referred to as ‘balancing of books’.
 Banker’s Books
According to Section 2 (3) of the Banker’s Books Evidence Act,

‘Bankers Books’ include ledgers, day book, cash books, account books
and all other books used in ordinary business of a bank.
Generally the following books are maintained by the bank to keep up-to-
date records of its customers.
 Cash Book
All cash receipts and payments are recorded in the receiving cashier’s cash
book and paying cashier’s cash respectively. After this on the basis of pay-
in slips received by receiving cashier and cheques and withdrawal slips
received by paying cashier, these transactions are entered first in the
accounts of customers and after that Day Book are written. This is called
‘Slip System’ of posting.
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 Ledger Book
General Ledger contains the total accounts of each ledger. Besides the GL,
the following ledger books are maintained:
1. Current Accounts Ledger
2. FD Accounts Ledger
3. RD Accounts Ledger
4. Loan Ledger
5. Investment Ledger
6. Bills discounted and purchased Ledger
 Other Books
1. Clearing Register
2. Securities Register
3. Draft Register
4. Bills for collection Register
5. Dishonored cheques Register
6. Safe deposit vault Register
7. Letter of credit Register
 Teller's Records
The teller's cash book or blotter consists of a skeleton ruling with no

printed headings, these being written in daily by the teller according to his
requirements. Were the headings printed it would require a specially
printed book for each class of teller, and even then it might not be suitably
spaced for local requirements.
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A teller should arrange his entries, debit, and credit to conform with the
general system of the office. Cheque should be sorted out and entered
according to the divisions of the ledger, thus balancing with the various
supplementaries. If the checks are very numerous, separate sheets, suitably
ruled, can be used; these can be entered on an adding machine or by an
assistant.
A teller's book is, in reality, a skeleton cash book, and the entries should
be so arranged that the books of the various departments should balance
with the combined entries of the tellers.
All parcels of money received are acknowledged, and entered in a special

book. If the advice comes in first it should be at once entered in this book,
and the parcel inquired for if necessary. Money parcels dispatched are also
entered in a book. Great care is necessary in handling money parcels. Both
sent and received parcels should be counted by two men in each other's
presence and, in the case of the former, it is necessary to have the parcel in
the uninterrupted custody of two men from the time it is counted and
sealed until it is delivered to the express company or post office.
The relative advices and acknowledgments should be carefully watched

and any delay immediately inquired into.
 Supplementary Cash Book
In this book are entered all the deposit slips, checks, and other vouchers
pertaining to the ordinary deposit and savings bank ledgers. The ruling is
simple, requiring no printed headings, and consists of columns for folio,
names of customers and amount of vouchers - two sets of columns to a
page. Two pages will easily contain a day's entries for a small branch, the
first or left-hand column being used for deposits and the remaining three
for checks, the latter being much more numerous. The savings deposits
and checks, being comparatively few in number, are entered at the end of
the day under their own headings at the foot of the ordinary checks and
deposits respectively, though in some small branches they are entered in
the general cash book.
In offices where it is found necessary to split up the deposit ledger into

two or more alphabetical divisions, a special "supplementary" is devoted
to each division including the savings bank ledger. It is not necessary to
open up an account in the general ledger for each division of the deposit
ledgers.
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If the savings ledger contains a large number of accounts, it will be found

of great advantage to split it up into several sections or blocks of accounts,
as this greatly facilitates the location of errors when balancing. A special
form of supplementary cash book should be used with a money column
for each block of accounts.
In the case of a current account which has an unusual number of checks at

a certain period of the month or year - for instance, payroll or dividend
checks - it is permissible to detail a day's checks once, either in the
supplementary cash book or ledger, and enter the total only with a
reference in the other book.
In the larger offices of some of the banks, where the volume of checks is
unusually heavy, a loose-leaf form of supplementary cash book is used in
connection with the adding machine, the names being typewritten in
afterward. Where this form is adopted, care should be taken to see that the
sheets are consecutively numbered and filed, and that each sheet is signed
by the two checking officers.
5. PRINCIPAL BOOKS OF ACCOUNT
The principal books of accounts, subsidiary books and statistical records

generally maintained by banks are described in the following. It may,
however, be emphasized that the exact nature of such books may differ
from one book to another, depending upon the individual requirement of
each bank.
 General Ledger
The general Ledger contains the control accounts of all personal ledgers,
the profit and loss account and different asset and liabilities accounts.
There are certain additional accounts also (known as contra accounts)
which are kept with the view to keeping control over transactions which
have no direct effect on the asset and liabilities of bank and represent
agency business handled by bank on which it earns service charges, (or
commission) e.g. Letters of credit opened, bills received or sent for
collection, guarantees given, etc.
 Types of General Ledger:
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1. Old Style
Although bank book-keeping is supposed to be very simple, there are

many ways of doing the same thing and therefore every bank may find
something in the methods of some other bank, which would be worth its
while to adopt.
The general ledger most often found is the old-fashioned ledger, this
ledger needs no explanation. It is sometimes ruled with two columns on
each side, the inside columns being used to bring down the totals from day
to day, instead of directly under the day's work. These additional columns
prove a blessing, when an analysis of previous work is desired. The
footings are usually made in a hurry and are often so large and heavy that
it is hard to tell them from the actual debits and credits. It should be borne
in mind that the general ledger is continually used to prepare statements of
all kinds. Every item of unusual nature should be properly explained on
the ledger. For example, the profit and loss account frequently contains
debits representing loans, discounts, or overdrafts charged off. Money
subsequently recovered from these losses is credited to this account. The
record on each side should be so plain that any item may be traced back,
in order to show both debit and credit without referring to tickets or
journal of any kind. It is worth while to itemize the expense account in the
same way unless a detailed expense account is kept separately. Do not
debit expense with "Hargood & Co.'s bill, $122.30," but "Stationery,
$122.30." A few years hence the bank may be dealing with another
stationer.
Three Column Ledger
Another form of ledger has the money columns together, making it much
easier to strike the balance. The debit balances should be struck in red and
the credit balances in black ink when using this form.
Boston Ledger
A ledger on the style of the Boston ledger, a thorough explanation of

which will follow later, is used in many banks and found satisfactory. In
this ledger the names of the accounts are written or printed down the
middle or side of the page. The days are placed side by side, across the
page. A small column may be left for remarks beside each of the debit and
credit columns as noted in the figure. It is preferable to arrange the asset
accounts in proper order on the upper part of the page and the liabilities on
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the lower part. When the postings have been made and the balances struck
and proved, a complete daily statement will be made on the ledger it-self.
The objection to this style of general ledger is that an analysis of any

account is a very trying task because of the meager explanations of debits
and credits. A large New York bank has adopted a form which does away
with this objection. The front part of the ledger is a two column Boston.
The back part of the ledger is ruled like the old style ledger. The postings
are all made first in one section and then in the other. The bookkeeper
takes off a trial balance of the old style section at frequent intervals and
compares the balances in each account with the balances in his skeleton
section. If this duplication of the ledger should seem useless, the desired
results can be obtained by keeping a skeleton ledger and an analytical
account for such accounts as "profit and loss," "expense," etc. The Boston
ledger and the old style each have their advantages as a general ledger. A
union of the two combines all the good points of both, and when bound in
the same cover furnishes, with a very small amount of extra work, as
comprehensive a volume as one could wish.
Date Memorand Debit Credi Balance

a t
Balance Ledger
Assets Monday, July 12, 2009 Tuesday, July 13, 2009
Memo. Dr. Memo. Cr Balance Memo. Dr. Memo. Cr Balance

. .
Boston Ledger
A very simple point overlooked by most general ledger keepers using a

Boston ledger may prove valuable. When closing the books at the end of a
fiscal period, enter a trial balance of the ledger in the statement book
before any closing entries are made, and another after closing the earning
and expense accounts into profit and loss. If a statement of earnings and
charges is desired, covering a period dating from before the closing of the
books to a period after the closing, it may be very easily prepared by
simply deducting the balances in the accounts chargeable to profit and loss
on the first day of the period from the balances shown as of the closing
date, and adding to the differences obtained, the balances in the same
accounts on the last day of the period. Proper addition must be made to
Page18
each side of the resulting statement for charges and credits made directly
to profit and loss account.
 Profit and Loss Ledger
Some banks maintain a profit and loss account in the general ledger and
maintain separate books for each revenue and expense heads/sub-heads.
Some banks maintain columnar books having separate columns for each
revenue and expense heads/sub-heads. These books are prepared from
vouchers. The total of debits and credits of each day are posted on profit
and loss account in general ledger from voucher summery sheets. In some
banks, the revenue accounts too maintained in general ledger itself, while
in others, board revenue heads are kept in general ledger and their details
are kept in subsidiary ledgers.
For managerial purpose, the accounts in profit and loss ledgers are more
detailed than those shown in published profit and loss accounts of banks.
For example, there are separate accounts for basic salary, dearness
allowance, and various others allowances, which are grouped together in
published accounts. Similarly various accounts comparing general
charges, interest paid, and interest received, etc. are maintained in the
profit and loss ledgers.
 Subsidiary Books
 Personal ledgers
Each control account in the general ledger is supported by a subsidiary

ledger (or more than one subsidiary ledger if the number of accounts is
large). Thus in respect to control accounts relating to accounts relating to
accounts of customers, subsidiary ledgers are maintained for:
a) Various types of deposits accounts (saving bank accounts,
recurring account, current accounts, etc) which contains accounts of
individuals customers. Each account holder is allotted a separate
folio in the ledger:
b) various types of loans and advances related accounts (cash
credit, term loans, demand loans, bills purchased and discounted,
letters of credit, bank guarantees issued, etc.) wherein the liability
of each customer is reflected. Generally there is no separate ledger
for overdraft accounts which are granted in current account.
However some branches maintain these accounts in separate ledgers
depending upon the number of regular borrowers under the facility.
Page19
Separate registers are maintained to record the particulars of term deposits

(including derivatives like call deposits, certificate of deposits, etc.) Banks
generally do not allot separate folios to each customer. The register
divided in to various sections, each section for particular period of
deposits and/or the rate of interest payable on deposits. As mentioned
earlier, postings to these ledgers are made directly from summary sheets.
The voucher summary sheets prepared in the department which originates
the transactions, by the persons other than who writes the legers they are
subsequently checked with the vouchers by persons generally unconnected
with writing of ledgers/registers or the voucher summery sheets.
 Current Deposit Ledger
The ordinary or current deposit ledger is a very active and important book
in a bank, and one which calls for both accuracy and dispatch on the part
of the clerk in charge, as errors can easily be made, involving the bank in
serious loss. The deposit ledger is invariably a loose-leaf book and ruled
as shown in Figure 22. This form is invariably used by all the banks. The
so-called Boston ledger has been tried several times, but was not found
practicable in Canada, owing perhaps to the method of marking or
accepting checks by a direct debit to the account. The accounts are
arranged alphabetically, and are therefore self-indexing, but an index is
usually kept on the tagged sheet dividing the alphabet.
In small offices there is usually only one current ledger used, A-Z. As
work increases and becomes too much for one ledger-keeper, a second
ledger can be opened divided A-K and L-Z. For three ledgers the divisions
generally run A-G, H-O, and P-Z, and for four the divisions are A-C, D-K,
L-R and S-Z.
As the ledger is loose-leaf there is no accumulation of dead leaves, but the

general regulations regarding loose-leaf ledgers given in Section 3 of this
chapter should be observed closely.
BANK
Sheet No. Account No.
Name
Address
Date Particulars Debit Credit Dr. Balance Date Particulars Debit Credit Dr. Balance
or Cr. or Cr.
Page20
Current Deposit Ledger
 Bills Registers
Details of different types of bills are kept in separate registers which have
suitable columns. For example, bill purchased inward bills for collection;
outward bills for collection, etc. are entered serially on a daily basis in
separate registers. In the case of bill purchased or discounted party-wise
details are also kept in normal ledger form this is done to ensure that
sanctioned limits of parties are not exceeded.
Entries in registers are made by reference to the original documents. A

voucher of the total amount of the transactions of each day is prepared in
respect of each register. This voucher is entered in the day book. When the
bill is realized or returned its original entry in register is marked off. A
daily summery of such realization or returns is prepared in separate
registers whose totals are taken to vouchers which are posted in day book.
In respect of bills for collection, contra vouchers reflecting both sides of
transactions are the prepared at the time of the original entry is reversed on
realization.
Outstanding entries are summarized at stipulated intervals and their totals

agreed with the balance of the respective control accounts in general
ledger.
 DEPARTMENTAL JOURNALS
Each department of the Bank maintains a journal to note the transfer

entries passed by it. These journals are memoranda books only, as all the
entries made there are also made in the Day Book through Voucher
Summary Sheets. Their purpose is to maintain a record of all the transfer
entries originated by each department. For example, the Loans and
Overdraft Section will pass transfer entries for interest charged on various
accounts every month, and as all these entries will be posted in the journal
of that department, the office concerned can easily find out the accounts in
respect of which the interest entry has been passed. Since all vouchers
passed during the day are entered into the Day Book only in a summary
form, it may not be possible to get this information from the Day Book
without looking into the individual vouchers. Moreover, as the number of
departments in a banks is quite large, the Day Book may not be accessible
at all times to all departments.
Page21
As has been mentioned earlier, two vouchers are generally made for each
transaction by transfer entry, one for debit and the other for credit. The
vouchers are generally made by and entered into the journal of the
department which is affording credit to the other department. For example,
if any amount is to be transferred from Current Account of a customer to
his Saving Bank Account, the voucher will be prepared by the Current
Accounts Department and entered in the journal of that department.
 Other Registers/Records
There are different Registers/Records to record the detail particulars of

various types of transactions. These Registers/Records do not from part of
the books of accounts but support the entries/balances in the various
accounts some of the important Registers/Records relate to the following:
(a) Drat issued (separated registers may be maintained for drafts

issued by the branch on other branches of same bank and those on the
branch of its correspondents in India or abroad). Depending upon the
value of business, some branches may have separated registers on
some other basis also like weather the draft issued advised is prepared
or not, registers exclusively for some high volume customers of the
bank, the range, within which amount of draft falls, e.g. below Rs. 1
lakh, Rs 1-10 lakh, Rs 10 -100 lakhs, etc.
(b) Drafts paid (separate registers may be maintained on the

same pattern as an in case of draft issued)
(c) Issue and payment of:
1. Telephonic transfers
2. Mail transfers
3. Bankers cheques/Pay orders/traveler’s cheques/Gift

cheques
4. Letters of credit.
5. Letters of guarantee
Page22
Entries in these registers are made from original documents which are also
summarized on vouchers every day. These vouchers are posted in Day
book.
Outstanding entries are summarized at stipulated intervals and their totals

are agreed with respective control accounts in the ledger.
There are frequent transactions amongst the branch of bank which are
settled through the mechanism of inter-office accounts. The examples of
such transaction include payment/realization of bills/cheques, etc. sent for
the collection by one branch to other e.g. for government related business.
All such transfers of funds are canalized through nodal account (this has
different names in different banks such as Head-office account, Inter-
office account, and so on.). This is a circular account for the banks as well
as the auditors for two reasons: first many funds have been prepared on
banks through this account and second, banks are now required to make
provision for entries routed through this account which remain
unreconciled beyond a time period specified by Reserve Bank of India.
Banks maintain a Suspense Ledger to record various suspense accounts.

As mentioned earlier a trial balance is prepared in banks every day.
Sometimes due to clerical errors e.g. preparing the voucher summery sheet
balance and the trial balance may not tally. In such situation the difference
is temporarily transferred to a suspense account (in case of short debit) or
to sundry deposits account (in case of short credit).
Similarly transaction of transitory nature e.g. travel advance to employees,
Are also recorded in suspense account pending their adjustment related
income/expenses account. Some banks maintains separate ledger for
suspense account and sundry deposit accounts. The amounts lying in
theses accounts need regular monitoring to clear them.
Suitable registers with back-up registers to record classification under

numerous sub-heads are maintained for:
a) Establishment expenses
b) Interest and discount income
c) Incomes by way of commission
d) Interest expenditure
e) Provision for interest accrued but not due on deposits
Page23
f) Fixed Assets
g) Stationary consumed/in hand
h) Interest payable to and receivable from head office,

in respect of advances and depositors respectively. A peculiar feature
of accounting systems in banks is that the branches, nationally, have
no funds of their own. All deposits accepted at branch are deemed to
have been passed on bank’s head office and all loans made at branch
are deemed to have been made out of funds received from the head
office. The head office pays interest to branch for its deposits and
charges interest from the branch for its loans and advances. The rates
of such interest charged and paid by head office are decided by the
head office during the course of the year and are an important factor
in calculating profit and loss of branch. The mechanism may be
known by different names in different banks. All calculation in this
regard is done at the branches only and suitable entries are passed,
generally at year end. These entries however get offset in the process
of consolidation of accounts and have no effect on financial statement
of the bank as a whole.
i) Instruments received from customers for

payment/collection by branch. Clearing of locally payable
instruments is an important function of banks. Some banks maintains
separate registers to maintain details of various types of instruments
lodged by customers where as some other banks use a common book
to record all kind of instruments lodged by customers.
Separate Registers are maintained to record summaries the transactions

relating to a particular head of account like Current Account, Saving Bank
Account, Cash Credit, Term loans. Such books may be called ‘Log
Books’, ‘Day Book’, etc. The totals of these books are carried over to
Cash book.
Some other registers may be: Stop Payment Register, Locker Access
Register, Demat Register, Drawing Power Register used for monitoring of
CC Accounts etc.
 OTHER MEMORANDA BOOKS
Page24
Besides the books mentioned above, various departments of the bank have
to maintain a number of memoranda books to facilitate their work. Some
of the important books are described below:-
Cash Department
(a) Receiving Cashiers’ cash book
(b) Paying Cashiers’ cash book
(c) Main cash book
(d) Cash Balance book
The main Cash Book is maintained by persons other than the cashiers.
Each cashier keeps a separate cash book. When cash is received, it is
accompanied by pay-in-slip or other similar document. The cashier makes
the entry in this book
This book contains a record of all the vouchers and entries representing
the transactions of each day. Theoretically, the particulars of every item in
the cash book should be entered in detail, but owing to the wide extension
of banking facilities and the constantly increasing volume of checks and
other entries, it has been found necessary to use supplementary books for
recording particulars of any class of items whose volume is sufficient to
warrant a separate book - only the day's totals are carried into the general
cash book. The majority of entries, especially in a large office, are
therefore in the form of totals, and very few detailed entries have to be
made; but all entries, when made, should be definite as to source and
sufficiently self-explanatory to be understood by any one at any time - ten
years after, if necessary.
In the larger offices, the officers in charge of the different departments

after balancing their books hand to the cash-book clerk the totals in the
form of a signed memorandum, and even in the smaller offices it is
advisable to have the clerks entering up the various supplementary books,
give a similar memorandum of their totals. This limits the responsibility
and adds to the efficiency of the staff.
Debit and credit entries for cash book, other than the totals referred to
above, are represented by vouchers giving the necessary particulars,
signed by the manager, accountant or other authorized officer, and it
should be an imperative rule that any slip, which does not contain
sufficient particulars or which lacks the necessary signature, should be
refused by the cash-book clerk and referred back to the teller for
completion. In order to facilitate the sorting and checking of these
Page25
vouchers, distinctive colored paper or printing should be used; for

instance, yellow, debit slips and white, credit slips.
It should constantly be borne in mind that as the cash book and its
supplementary books are recognized in a court of law as the books of
original entry, faulty or meager particulars might cause serious trouble.
Verbal explanation, even if available, would not be admitted. Examine a
bank cash book of twenty or thirty years ago: there could be no better
object lesson of what a cash book should be. Copper-plate writing and
ample particulars are characteristic.
Quick Payment System - Banks introduce different systems so that their

customers may receive payment of cash etc. quickly. The most prevalent
system is the teller system. Under this system tellers keep cash as well as
ledger cards and the specimen signature cards of each customer in respect
of Current and Saving Bank Accounts. A teller is authorised to make
payment up to a particular amount, say, Rs. 1,000. On receipt of the
cheque, he checks it, passes it for payment, enters it in the ledger card and
makes the payment to customer. The teller also receives cash deposited in
these accounts.
Outward Clearing:
(a) A Clearing Cheques Received Book for entering cheques received

from customers for clearing.
(b) Bank wise list of the above cheques, one copy of which is sent to the
Clearing House together with the cheques.
A person checks the vouchers (foil of pay-in slips) and lists with the
Clearing Cheque Received Book. The vouchers are then sent to
appropriate departments, where customers’ accounts are immediately
credited. If any cheque is received back unpaid the entry is reversed.
Normally, no drawings are allowed against clearing cheques deposited on
the same day but exceptions are often made by the manager in the case of
established customers.
Inward Clearing
Cheques received are checked with the accompanying lists. They are then
distributed to different departments and the number of cheques given to
each department is noted in a Memo Book. When the cheques are passed
Page26
and posted into ledgers, their number is independently agreed with the
Memo Book. If any cheques are found unplayable, they are returned back
to the Clearing House. The cheques themselves serve as vouchers. Book
which is checked by the chief cashier. The pay-in-slip then goes to the
Main Cash Book writer who makes an entry in his books. The cash book
checker checks the entry with the slip and then the counter-foil of the slip
is returned back to the customer and the foil is sent to the appropriate
department for entering into the ledger. The foil is used as a voucher. Cash
is paid against a cheque or other document (e.g. traveller’s cheque,
demand draft, pay order, etc.) after it has been duly passed and entered in
the appropriate account in the ledger. Cheques, demand drafts, pay orders,
etc. are themselves used as vouchers.
Loans & Overdraft Departments
(a) Registers for shares and other securities held on behalf of each
customer.
(b) Summary Books of Securities giving details of Government securities,
shares of individual companies etc.
(c) Godown registers maintained by the godown-keeper of the bank.
(d) Price register giving the wholesale price of the commodities pledged
with the bank.
(e) Overdraft Sanction registers.
(f) Drawing Power book.
(g) Delivery Order books.
(h) Storage books.
Deposits Department
(a) Account Opening & Closing registers.

(b) For Fixed Deposits, Rate registers giving analysis of deposits
according to rates.
(c) Due Date Diary.
(d) Specimen signature book.
Establishment department
(a) Salary and allied registers, such as attendance register, leave register,
overtime register, etc.
(b) Register of fixed assets, e.g., furniture and fixtures, motor cars,
vehicles, etc.
(c) Stationery registers.
(d) Old records register.
Page27
General
(a) Signature book of bank’s officers.

(b) Private Telegraphic Code and Cyphers.
 STATISTICAL BOOKS
Statistical records kept by different banks are in accordance with their

individual needs. For example, there may be books for recording
(i) Average balance in loans and advances etc.
(ii) Deposits received and amount paid out each month in the various
departments,
(iii) Number of cheques paid,
(iv) Number of cheques, bills and other items collected.
The above is not an exhaustive list of accounting records kept by a bank.
6. PREPRATION AND PRESANTATION OF FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS OF BANKS
A banking company is not required to prepare financial statements in

accordance with Schedule VI of the Companies Act, 1956.
Form A of third schedule gives the format of a balance sheet and form B
gives the format of a profit and loss account. These formats have been
revised w.e.f. 1st April 1991 and the profit and loss account and balance
sheet of banking company for the year ended 31st March 1992 and
onwards have to be prepared in new form as discussed below.
7. FORMS OF BALANCE SHEET AND PROFIT AND LOSS

ACCOUNT
Page28
With the nationalisation of major commercial banks and changes brought

about in the economic and financial policies by the Government, the
environment in which the banks operate has undergone a complete
change. However, there was little effort to bring about a change in the
financial statements of banks to reflect the reality of the impact of the
environment. There were suggestions emphasising a need for revising
formats in which banks publish their financial statements as prescribed
under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. A Committee under the
Chairmanship of Shri A. Ghosh, Deputy Governor, RBI, was constituted
to examine, inter alia the desirability of greater or full disclosure in the
published accounts of banks having regard to the need for disclosure,
public accountability of banks, requirement and maintenance of
confidentiality between banker and customer and the requirement of
maintaining the reputation and credit-worthiness of banks. The Committee
after due deliberation has suggested suitable changes/amendments in the
forms of balance sheet and profit and loss account of banks, having regard
to :
1. Need for better disclosure
2. Expansion of banking operations both area-wise and sector-wise over

the period, Need for improving the presentation of accounts etc. The
revised formats are given below which include Form A for Balance Sheet,
Form B for Profit and Loss Account and eighteen other schedules of
which two relates to notes and accounting policies.
THIRD SCHEDULE: FORM A
Page29
Form of balance sheet
Balance Sheet as on 31st March………..
(000’s omitted)
Particulars Schedule As on As on
No. 31.3.__ 31.3.__
(current year) (pervious year)
CAPTIAL AND LIABILITES
Capital 1
Resaves and surplus 2
Minorities Interest 2A
Deposits 3
Borrowings 4
Other Liabilities and Provision 5
TOTAL
ASSETS
Cash and balance with RBI 6
Balance with banks and money at call 7
and short notice
Investments 8
Advances 9
Fixed Assets 10
Other Assets 11
TOTAL
Contingent liabilities 12
The Following schedules are required to be furnished with

The Balance Sheet of Banking Companies:
Page30
PARTICULARS RS. Rs.

Schedule 1 Capital
I. For nationalized banks

Capital (fully owned central government) …
II. For banks incorporated outside India

i) Capital ( the amount brought in by banks by way of …
start-up capital prescribed by RBI should be shown
under this head)
ii) Amount of deposit kept with RBI under Section 11(2) …
of The Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
Total …
III.For other banks:

Authorized capital (… shares of Rs. … each) …
Issued capital (… shares of Rs. … each) …
Subscribed capital (… shares of Rs. … each) …
Call-up capital (… shares of Rs. … each) …
Less: Calls unpaid …
Add: Forfeited shares …
Total …
Schedule 2 Reserves and Surplus
I Statutory Reserves
Opening balance …
Additions during the year …
Deductions during the year … …
II Capital Reserves
Opening balance …
III Share premium

Opening balance …
Page31
IV Revenue and the other reserves

Opening balance …
V Balance in Profit and Loss Account …
Total ( I + II + III + IV + V ) …
Schedule 3 Deposits
A I. Demand Deposits
From banks …
From others … …
II. Savings banks accounts …
III. Term Deposits
From banks …
From others … …
Total ( I, II, and III) …
B i) Deposits of branches in India …

ii) Deposits of branches outside India … …
Grand total ( A and B ) …
Schedule 4 Borrowings
I. Borrowings in India
i) Reserve Bank of India …
ii) Other Banks …
iii) Other institutions and agencies … …
II. Borrowings outside India …
Total ( I and II ) …
Secured borrowings in I and II above …
Schedule 5 Other liabilities and provisions
i) Bills payable …
Page32
ii) Inter office adjustment (net) …

iii) Interest accrued …
iv) Others ( including provisions) …
Total …
Schedule 6 Cash and bank with RBI
I. Cash in hands ( including foreign currency notes) …

II. Balance with RBI in:
i) Current Account …
ii) Other Accounts …
Total I and II …
Schedule 7
Balance with banks and Money at Call and Short
notice
I. In India
i) Balance with banks:
a) in Current Accounts …
b) in Other Accounts … …
ii) Money at call and Short notice
a) With banks …
b) With other institutions … …
Total ( i and ii ) …
II. Outside India

i) In Current Accounts …
ii) In other Deposits Accounts …
iii) Money at Call and Sort notice …
Total ( i, ii, and iii) …
Grand Total ( I and II) …
Schedule 8 Investment
I. Investments in India in
i) Government Securities …
ii) Other approved Securities …
iii) Shares …
Page33
iv) Debentures and Bonds …

v) Subsidiaries and/or joint ventures …
vi) Others to be specified …
Total …
II. Investments outside India in

i) Government Securities ( including local authorities ) …
ii) Subsidiaries and/or joint ventures abroad …
iii) Other investment ( to be specified) …
Total …
Grand Total ( I and II) …
Schedule 9 Advances
A i) Bills Discounted and Purchased …

ii) Cash Credits, Overdraft, and Loans payable on …
Demand
iii) Term loans …
Total …
B i) Secured by tangible Assets …

ii) Covered by bank/Govt. guarantees …
iii) Unsecured …
Total …
C I Advances in India
i) Priority Sector …
ii) Public Sector …
iii) Banks …
iv) Others …
Total …
II Advances out side India

i) Due from banks …
ii) Due from others: …
a) Bills purchased discounted …
b) Syndicate Loans …
c) Others …
Total …
Grand Total ( CI. and C II) …
Page34
Schedule 10 Fixed Assets
I Premises
At cost as on 31st March of the preceding year
Deduction during the year …
Depreciation to date … …
II Other fixed assets ( incl. furniture and fixtures)
At cost as on 31st March of the preceding year
Deduction during the year …
Depreciation to date …
Total ( I and II ) …
Schedule 11 Other Assets
I. Inter office adjustment (net) …

II. Interest acrrude …
III. Tax paid in advance/ Tax deducted at source …
IV. Stationary and stamps. …
V. Non-banking assets acquired in satisfaction of claims …
VI. Others* …
Total …
* In the case there is any unadjusted balance of loss (i.e. when the loss
exceeds the aggregate of capital, reserves and surplus), the same may be
shown under appropriate footnote.
Schedule 12 Contingent liabilities
I. Capital against the bank not acknowledged as debts …

II. Liability for partly paid investment …
III. Liability on Account of outstanding forward …
Exchange contracts
IV. Guarantees given on behalf of constituents …
In India …
Outside India … …
V. Accepts endorsements and other obligation …
VI. Other items for which the bank is contingently ..
Liable
Total …
2. Comments on Balance Sheet items
Page35
Schedule 1 : Capital
I. Nationalized Banks
a) Capital (fully owned by central government) : The capital owned by the

Central Government as on the date of the balance sheet including the
contribution on from government, if any. For the participating in the
World Bank projects should be shown.
b) Banking companies incorporated outside India:

i) The amount brought in by banks by way of start-up capital as prescribed
by RBI should shown under this head.
ii) The amount deposit kept with RBI, under the subsection 2 of Section
11 of Banking Regulation Act 1949 should also be shown.
II. Others Banks (Indian)
Authorized, issued, subscribed, called up capital should be given

separately. Calls-in-Arrears will be deducted from the called up capital
while the paid up value of forfeited shares should be added thus arriving at
the paid –up capital. Where necessary items which can be combined
should be shown under on head for instance Issued and subscribed Capital
Notes General: The changes in above items, if any, during the year say,
fresh contribution made by the government, fresh issue of capital
capitalization of reserves etc. may be explained the notes.
Schedule 2 : Reserves and surplus
I. Statutory reserves: Reserves created in terms of Section 17, or other

Section of Banking Regulation Act must be separately disclosed.
II. Capital Reserves: The expression Capital Reserves shall not include
any amount regarded as free for distribution through the profit and
loss account. Surplus on revaluation should be treated as a capital
reserves. Surplus on translation of financial statements of foreign
branch (which includes fixed assets also) is not a revaluation
reserve.
III. Share premium: Premium on issue of shares capital may be shown

separately under this head.
Page36
IV. Revenue and other reserves: The expression ‘Reserve Revenue’ shall
mean any reserve other than capital reserve. This item will include
all reserves other than those separately classified. The expression
‘reserve’ shall not include any amount written –off or retained by
providing for any known liability.
V. Balance of profit: Includes balance of profit after appropriations. In

case of loss balance may be shown as deduction.
Schedule 3 : Deposits
AI Demand deposits:
i) From banks
ii) From others: includes all bank deposits, repayable on demand,
of non-bank sectors. Credit balance in overdraft, cash credit
accounts, deposits payable at call, overdue deposits, inoperative
current accounts, matured time deposits, and cash certificates,
certificates of deposits, etc. are to be included under this category.
AII Savings Banks Accounts: Includes all savings banks deposits

including inoperative savings bank accounts.
AIII Term Deposits:
i) From banks: Includes all type of bank deposits repayable after

specified term
ii) From others: Includes all types of deposits of non banks sector
repayable after specified term. Fixed deposit, cumulative and
recurring deposits, cash certificates, certificates of deposits, foreign
currency non resident deposits accounts, annuity deposits, deposits
mobilized under various schemes, ordinary staff deposits, etc. are to
be included under this category.
BI Deposits of branches in India.
II Deposits of branches outside India

The total of two A and B will agree with total Deposits of bank.
Notes: General:
Page37
a) Interest payable on deposits which is accrued in but should not show

under others liability.
b) Matured time deposits and cash certificates, etc. should be treated as
demand deposits.
c) Deposits under special scheme should be included under term deposits
if they are not payable on demand. When such deposits are matured
for payment they should be shown under demand deposits.
d) Deposits from banks will include deposits from the banking system in
India, co-operative banks, foreign banks, which may or may not have
presence in India.
Schedule 4 : Borrowings
I Borrowings in India:
Reserve bank of India: Includes the borrowings/refinance obtained

by Reserve Bank of India.
Other banks: Includes the borrowings/refinance obtained by

commercial banks (including cooperative banks)
Other institutions and agencies: Includes the borrowings/refinance

obtained by Industrial Development Bank of India, Export Import
Bank of India, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development of India and other institutions, agencies (including
liability against participation certificate, if any)
II Borrowings out side India:
It includes the borrowing of Indian branches abroad as well as

borrowing from foreign branches.
Secured borrowings included above. This item will be separately

shown Includes secured borrowings/refinance in India and outside
India.
Notes: General:
Page38
a) The total of I and II will agree with the total of borrowing shown in
the balance sheet.
b) Inter –office transactions should not be shown as borrowings.
c) Funds raised by foreign branches by way of certificates of deposits
notes; bonds, etc. should be classified depending upon
documentation, as ‘deposits, borrowings’ etc.
d) Refinance obtained by banks from Reserve Bank of India and
various institutions are being brought under the head borrowing,
hence advances will be shown at the gross amount on the assets
side.
Schedule 5 : Other liabilities and provisions
I Bills payable: the bank provides the facility remitting funds from
one place to another by means of bank drafts, telegraphic transfer,
circular notes, pay orders etc. the person including to remit the
money with the bank and get a pay order or bank draft in exchange
money deposited. Alternatively he may request the bank for making
a telegraphic transfer from his account to the account of the person
to whom he want to remit the money. The paying bank reimbursed
by the bank who issues such draft or institutions. The banks also
issue travelers cheques and gift cheques for carrying or remitting
money .If any such drafts, cheques, etc. remain uncashed on day of
the preparation final accounts of final accounts, they are shown
under the heading ‘Bills Payable’ in the Balance Sheet.
II Inter Office (or Branch) Adjustment (Net): This item represents the
difference on account of incomplete recording of transactions
between one branch and another branch or one branch and head
office. It may have a debit or a credit balance. In case of credit
balance; it should be shown under this head It may be noted that
only net portion is to be shown of inter office accounts, inland as
well foreign.
III Interest Accrued: It includes accrued but not due on deposits and
borrowings
IV Others (Including provisions) : It includes net provision for income

tax and other taxes like interest tax (less advance payments, tax
deducted at source, etc.) surplus aggregate in provisions for bad
debts provision account, surplus in aggregate in provisions for
depreciation in securities contingency funds, which are not
disclosed are reserves but are actually in the nature of reserves,
Page39
proposed dividend/transfer to Government, other liabilities which

are not disclosed under any of many heads such as unclaimed
dividend provisions and funds kept for specific purpose, unexpired
discount, out standing charges, like rent conveyance, etc. certain
types of deposits like staff security deposits, margin deposits, etc.
where the repayment is not free, should also be included under this
head.
Notes: General:
a) For arriving at the net balance of inter-office adjustments all

connected inter-office accounts should be aggregated and the net
balance only will be shown, representing mostly items in transit and
unadjusted items.
b) The interest accruing all deposits, whether the payment is due or not,
should be treated as a liability.
c) It is proposed to show only pure deposits under this head ‘Deposits’
and hence all surplus provisions for bad and doubtful debts
contingency funds, secret reserves, etc. which are not netted off
against the relative assets, should be brought under the head ‘Others’
(including provisions).
Schedule 6 : Cash and Balance with Reserve Bank of India
I Cash in hand (including foreign currency notes);
II Balance with RBI:

a) in current account;
b) in other accounts.
Includes cash in hand foreign currency notes and also foreign branches in
case of banks having such branches.
Schedule 7 : Balance with Other banks and Money at Call and short
notice
I In India:
i) Balance with banks
a) In current accounts;
b) In order to deposit accounts: include all balance with banks in
India (including co-operative banks). Balance in current accounts
and deposit accounts should be shown separately.
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ii) Money at Call and Short notice

a) With banks
b) With other institutions. This item mainly represents the loans
given by one bank to another for a short period Call loans are
repayable at any time the bankers recalls them while short notice
advances are repayable within a short notice of (say) 24 hours.
The maximum notice period is for two weeks. This includes
deposits repayable within fifteen days or less than fifteen days
notice lent in the inter-bank call money market.
II Outside India:
i) Currents accounts and
ii) Deposits accounts: Includes balance held by Indian branches of the
banks outside India. Balance held with the foreign branch by other
branches of bank should not shown under this head but should be
included in inter-branch accounts. The amounts held in ‘Current
Accounts’ and ‘Deposits Accounts’ should be shown separately.
iii) Money at Call and Short notice: Includes deposits usually classified
in
foreign countries as money at call and short notice.
Schedule 8 : Investment
I Investments in India:
i) Government securities: Includes Central and State Government

treasury bills. Theses securities should be shown at the book value.
However, the difference the book value and market value should be
given in notes to balance sheet
ii) Other approved Securities: Securities other than Government
Securities which are according to Banking Regulation Act, 1949 are
treated as approved securities, should be including here.
iii) Shares: Investments in shares of companies and corporations not
included in the b above should be included here.
iv) Debentures and bonds: investment in debentures and bonds of
companies and corporations not included in the b above should be
included here.
v) Investment in Subsidiaries/Joint ventures: Investment in Subsidiaries/
joint ventures (including RRBs) should be included here.
vi) Others: Includes residual investment, if any, like gold, commercial
papers, and other instruments in nature of shares/debentures/bonds.
II Investments out side India:
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a) Government Securities (including local authorities): All foreign

Government securities issued by local authorities may be classified
under this head.
b) Subsidiaries and/or Joint ventures abroad: All investment made in
share capital of subsidiaries floated outside India and/or joint
ventures abroad can be classifies under this head.
c) Others: All other investments outside India may be shown under this
head.
Schedule 9 : Advances
A i) Bills Discounted and Purchased:
The banks also give advances to their customers by discounting their

bills. Net amount after deducting the amount of discount is credited
to the account of customer. The banks may discount the bills with or
without security from the debtor in addition to one or more persons
are already liable on the bill.
ii) Cash-credit, Overdrafts and Loans Repayable on Demand:
Cash-credit: A cash credit is an arrangement by which a bankers

allows his customer to borrow money up to certain limit. Cash credit
arrangements are usually made against the security of commodities
hypothecated or pledged with the bank.
In case of a cash credit facility the borrower need not borrow at once
the whole of the amount he is likely to require, but draw such
amounts as when required. He/she can put back any surplus amount
which he may find with him for the time being. Interest on
cash credit account has to be paid on the amount actually drawn at
any time and not on the full amount of the credit allowed.
Overdrafts: The customer may be allowed to overdraw his/her

current account with or without security if he/she requires temporary
accommodation. These arrangements is like cash credit is
advantageous
from the customer’s point of view, as he/she is require to pay interest
on the actual amount used by him/her.
Loans: A loan is kind of advance made with or without security. In

case of loan the banks makes a lump sum payment to the borrower or
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credits his deposits account with the money advanced. Repayments

may be made in installments or or at the expiry of the certain period.
The customer has to pay interest on the total advance whether he
withdraws the money from his account (credited with the loan) or
not. A loan once repaid full or in part cannot be drawn again by the
borrower unless the banker sanctions as fresh loan.
Term loans: A loan may be in form of demand loan Demand loan is

payable on demand It is usually for a short period not exceeding a
year. While term loans are given for a fixed term usually exceeding a
year.
In classification under Section ‘A’ all outstanding-in India as well as

outside-less provisions made, will be made under three heads
indicated above and both secured and unsecured advances will be
included under these heads Term loans should be mentioned
including overdue installments.
B i) Secured by Tangible Assets:

All advances or part advances which are secured by tangible assets
may be shown here. The item will include advances in India and
outside India.
ii) Covered by Bank/ Government Guarantee
Advances in India and Outside India, to extent they are covered by
the guarantees of Indian and foreign Governments and Indian and
foreign Banks, DICGC, ECGC, Indian and foreign banks are to be
included.
iii) Unsecured:
All advances not classified under i) and ii) will be included here.
Total of ‘A’ should tally with total ‘B’.
C i) Advances in India (Priority Sectors, Public Sector; Banks and

Others)
Advances should be broadly classified into ‘Advance in India’ and

‘Advances outside India’. Advance in India can be further classified
on sectoral basis as indicated. Advances to sectors, which for the time
being are classified as priority sectors, according to the instructions of
Reserve Bank are classified under the head ‘Priority Sectors’ such
advances are excluded fro item ii i.e. advances to public sector.
Page43
advances to Central and State Government Companies and

Corporation
which are according to statutes, to be treated as public sector
companies
are to be included in the category ‘Public Sector’.
All advances to the banking sector includes co-operative banks will
come under the head ‘Banks’. All the remaining advances will be
included under the head ‘Others’ and typically this category will
include non-priority advances to the private, joint and co-operative
sectors.
Notes: General:
a) The gross amount of advance including refinance and rediscounts but

excluding provisions made to the satisfaction of auditors should be
shown as advances.
b) Term loans will be loans not repayable on demand
c) Consortium advances would be shown net of share from other
participating banks/institutions.
Schedule 10 : Fixed Assets
I Premises
i) At cost as on 31st March of the preceding year;\
ii) Additions during the year;
iii) Deductions during the year;
iv) Depreciation to the date.
Premises wholly or partly owned by the banking company for the
propose of business including residential premises should be shown
against ‘Premises’. In the case of premises and other fixed assets, the
previous balance, addition thereto, and deductions there from during
the year as also the total depreciations written off, should be shown.
Where sums have been written off on reduction of capital or
revaluation of assets, every balance sheet subsequent to the reduction
or revaluation should show the revised figures for the period of five
years with the date and amount of revision made.
II Other Fixed Assets (including furniture and fixtures)
i) At cost as on 31st March of the preceding year;\

ii) Additions during the year;
iii) Deductions during the year;
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iv) Depreciation to the date.
Motor vehicles and all other fixed assets other than premises but including
furniture and fixtures should be shown under this head.
Schedule 11 : Other Assets
They include following:
1) Inter-office Adjustment (Net): The inter office adjustment balance, if

in debit, should be shown under this head. Only net positions of
Inter-office accounts, includes as well as a foreign should be shown
here. For arriving at the net balance of inter-office accounts should
be aggregated and the net balance, if in debit only should be shown
representing mostly items in transit and unadjusted items.
2) Interest Accrued: Interest accrued but not on investments and

advances, and interest due but not collected on investments will be
the main components of this item As a bank normally debits the
borrower’s account with interest due on advances. Only such
interest as can be realized in the ordinary course should be shown
under this head.
3) Tax paid in advance/deducted at source: The amount of tax

deducted at source securities on securities, advance tax paid, etc. the
extent that these items are not set off against relative tax provisions
should be shown under this head.
4) Stationary and Stamps: Only exceptional items of expenditure on

stationary like bulk purchase of security paper, loose leaf or other
ledger, etc., which are shown as quasi assets are to be written off
over a period of time should be shown here. The value should be on
realistic basis and cost escalation should not be taken into account
as these items for internal use.
5) Non banking assets acquired in satisfaction of claims: Immovable

properties/tangible assets acquired in satisfaction of claims are to be
shown under this head.
Page45
6) Others: This will include items like claims which have not been
met, for instance, clearing items debit items representing additions
to assets or reduction in liabilities which have not been adjusted for
technical reasons, want of particulars, etc., advances given to the
staff by a bank as employer and not as a banker, etc. Items which
are in the nature of expense, which are pending adjustments, should
be provided for and provision netted against this item so that only
the realizable value is shown under this head. Accrued income other
than the interest may also be included here.
Schedule 12 : Contingent liabilities
1) Claims against bank not acknowledge as debt

2) Liability of partly paid installments: Liabilities on partly paid shares,
debentures, etc. will be included in this head.
3) Liquidity on account of outstanding forward contracts: Outstanding
forwards exchange contracts may be include here.
4) Guarantees given on behalf of constituents:
a) In India
b) Outside India;
Guarantees given on behalf of constituents in India and Outside
India may be shown separately.
5) Acceptance, Endorsement, Other obligations: This item will include
letters of credit and bills accepted by the bank on behalf of customers.
In such cases the bank takes upon itself the responsibility for
payment. In order to keep a paper record of such liability, the bank
maintains customer acceptances, endorsement and guarantee register.
All obligations undertaken by the bank as a result of guarantees,
endorsement, acceptance, etc. are recorded here. At the end of the
accounting year if some of these obligations remain undisbursed they
are to be shown as contingent liabilities under this head.
6) Other Items For Bank is Contingent Liable: Arrears of cumulative
dividends, bills rediscounted under underwriting contracts remaining
to be executed on capital account and not provided for, etc. are to be
include here.
Bills for collection
A banking company receives a large number of bills of exchange for

collection purpose. So in order to keep a systematic record of such bills, it
maintains a book called ‘Bills for Collection Register’. On receipt of bill
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for collection, an entry is made in this register. On collection of exchange,

besides making a note of this fact in the bills for collection register,
following accounting is also passed by the banker:
Cash account (with the amount of bill collected) Dr

……….
To Customers Account
……….
(with the amount of bill collected less commission charges)
To Commission Account
……….
At the end of accounting period the amount of bills yet to be collected is

ascertained from the bills for collection register. the total amount of such
bill is shown here.
Compulsory deposits
In case certain persons are required to make compulsory deposits with a

bank as per income tax, excise rules, etc. these deposits have been
received by the concerned bank on behalf of the concerned authority.
They may be include in the category of Demand Deposits and shown in
the Balance
Sheet accordingly.
Notes and instructions for compilation
General Instructions
1) The format of balance sheet and profit loss account cover all items
likely to appear in these statements. In case bank doesn’t have any
particular item to report, it may be omitted from formats.
2) Corresponding comparative figures of the previous year are to be
disclosed as indicated in the formats. The words ‘current year’ and
‘previous year’ used in the formats are only to indicate the order of
presentation and may not appear in accounts.
3) Figures should be rounded off to the nearest thousand rupees. Thus,
a sum of Rs. 19,75,940.78 will appear in balance sheet as Rs. 19.76.
Page47
PREPARATION OF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT
Form B
Third Schedule
Page48
Form of Profit and Loss Account

Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March ……
Particulars Schedule Year ended
Number (Rs.)
I. Income:
Interest Earned 13 ….
Other income 14 ….
II. Expenditure:
Interest Expended 15 ….
Operating Expenses 16 ….
Provisions and Contingencies … ….
III. Profit/Loss:
Net Profit/(Loss) of the year ….
Total ….
IV. Appropriations:
Transfer to Statutory Reserves …..
Transfer to other Reserves ….
Transfer to Government Proposed Dividend ….
Balance Carried over to Balance Sheet ….
Total ….
Schedules to be annexed with Profit and Loss Account
Particulars Rs.
Schedule 13: Interest Earned

(I) Interest/ Discounts on Advances/Bills ...
(II) Income on Investments …
(III) Interest on balances with RBI and other inter bank …
funds
(IV) Others …
Total …
Schedule 14: Other Incomes
(I) Commission, Exchange and Brokerage …

(II) Profit on Sale of investment
Less: Loss on Sale of investment
(III) Profit on revaluation of Investment
Less: Loss on revaluation of Investment
(IV) Profit on Sale of Land/Building and Other Assets
Less: Loss on Sale of Land/Building and Other Assets
Page49
(V) Profit on Exchange transactions

Less: Loss on Exchange transactions
(VI) Income earned by way of dividend, etc., from
subsidiaries
Companies and/or joint ventures abroad/in India.
(VII) Misc. Income
Total
Note: Under items II to V loss figures be shown in brackets
Schedule 15 : Interest Expended

(I) Interest on Deposits
(II) Interest on RBI/Inter-Bank Deposits
(III) Others
Total
Schedule 16: Operating Expenses

(I) Payment to and Provisions for Employees
(II) Rent, Taxes and Lighting
(III) Printing and Stationary
(IV) Advertisement and Publicity
(V) Depreciation on Banks Property
(VI) Directors’ Fees, Allowances and Expenses
(VII) Auditors’ Fee and Expenses
(Including Branch Auditors)
(VIII) Law Charges
(IX) Postage, Telegrams, Telephones, etc.
(X) Repairs and Maintenance
(XI) Insurance
(XII) Other Expenditure
Total
Note: Corresponding figures for the immediately preceding financial year

should be shown in separate columns
COMMENTS ON FROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT ITEMS
Schedule 13 A Interest Earned
1. interest/Discount on Advances/Bills: includes interest and discount

on all types of loans and advances like cash-credit, demand loans,
overdrafts, exports loans, term loans, domestic and foreign bills
Page50
purchased and discounted (including those rediscounted), overdue

interest and also interest subsidy, if any relating to such
advances/bills.
2. Income on Investments: Includes all income derived from the
investment portfolio by way of interest and dividend
3. Interest on balances with Reserve Bank of India and other inter-
bank funds: Includes the interest on balances with Reserve Bank of
India and other banks, call loans, money market placements, etc.
4. Others: Includes any other interest/discount income not included in
the above heads.
Schedule 14 B Other Incomes
1. Commission, Exchange and Brokerage: Includes all remuneration

on services as a commission on collection, commission/exchange
on remittance and transfers, commission on letter of credits, letting
out lockers and guarantees, commission on Government business,
commission on other permitted agency business including
consultancy and other services, brokerage etc. on securities It does
not include foreign exchange income.
2. Profit on sale of investment: Less loss on sale of investment
3. Profit on revaluation of investment: Less loss on revaluation of
investment.
4. Profit on sale of land, building and other assets: Less loss on sale
of land, building and other assets. Includes profit/loss on the sale of
securities, furniture land and buildings, motor vehicle, gold, silver,
etc. Only the net position should be shown. If the net position is a
loss, the amount should be shown as a deduction. The net profit/loss
on revaluation of assets may also be shown under this item
5. Profit on Exchange transactions: Less loss on exchange
transactions Includes profit/loss on dealing in foreign exchange, all
income earned by way of foreign exchange commission and charges
on foreign exchange transactions excluding interest which will be
shown under interest. Only the net position should be shown. If the
net position is a loss, the amount should be shown as a deduction.
6. Income earned by way of dividends, etc. from subsidiaries,
companies, joint ventures, abroad/in India.
7. Miscellaneous Income: Includes recoveries from constituents for
godown rents, income from the banks properties, security charges,
insurance, etc. and any other miscellaneous income. In case any
item under this head exceeds one percentage of the total income,
particulars may be given in the notes.
Page51
Schedule 15 C Interest Expenses
1. Interest on deposits: Includes interest paid on all types of deposits

from banks and other institutions.
2. Interest on RBI/Inter-Bank Borrowings: Includes discounts/interest
on all borrowings and refinance from the Reserve Bank of India and
other banks.
3. Others: Includes discount/interest on all borrowings and refinance,
penal interest paid, etc. may also be included here.
Schedule 16 D Operating Expenses
1. Payments to and provisions for employees: Include staff salaries

wages, allowances, bonus, other staff benefits, like provident fund,
pension, gratuity, leave fare concessions staff welfare medical
allowances to staff, etc.
2. Rent, taxes and Lighting: Includes rent paid by the banks on
buildings and municipal and other taxes paid excluding income tax
and interest tax, electricity and other similar charges and levies.
House allowance and all similar payments to staff should appear
under head ‘Payments and provisions for employees’.
3. Printing and Stationary: Includes books and forms and stationary
used by bank and other printing which are not incurred by way of
publicity expenditure.
4. Advertisement and Publicity: Includes expenditure incurred by the
bank for advertisement and publicity purpose including printing
charges of publicity matter.
5. Depreciation on Banks Property: Includes depreciation on bank’s
own property, motor cars and other vehicles, furniture, electric
fittings, vaults, lifts, leasehold properties, non banking assets, etc.
6. Director’s fees, allowances and expenses: Includes sitting fees and
all other items of expenditure incurred on behalf of directors. It
includes the daily allowances, hotel charges, conveyance charges,
etc. which though in the nature of reimbursement of expenses
incurred may include under this head. Similar expenses of local
committee members may also be included in this head.
7. Auditors’ fees and expenses: (including branch auditor’s fees and
expenses) Includes the fees paid to the statutory auditors and branch
auditors for professional services rendered and all expenses for
performing their duties, even though they may be in the nature of
reimbursement of expenses. If external auditors have been
appointed by the bankers themselves for internal inspection and
Page52
audits and other services, expenses incurred in that context

including fees may not be included this head but shown under ‘
Other Expenses’.
8. Law Charges: All legal expenses and reimbursement of expenses,
incurred in connection with legal services are to be included here.
9. Postage, telegrams, telephones, etc: Includes all postage charges
like stamps, telegram, telephones, teleprinters, etc.
10. Repairs and maintenance: Includes repairs to bank’s property, their
maintenance charges, etc.
11. Insurance: Includes insurance charges premium paid to DICGC,
etc. to the extent they are not recovered from the concerned parties.
12. Other expenditure: All expenses other than those which are not
included in any other heads like, licences fees, donation,
subscription of papers, periodicals, entertainment expenses, travel
expenses, etc. may be included in this head. In case any particular
item under this head exceeds one percent of the total income
particulars may be given in the notes.
E Provisions and Contingencies
Includes all the provisions made for bad debts and doubtful debts,
provision for taxation, provisions for diminution in the value of
investments, transfer to contingencies and other similar items.
8. ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF SPESIFIC ITEMS
Accounting treatment of some specific items in the profit and loss account
and balance sheet are as per following.
A. Bad Debts and Provisions for Doubtful Debts
The amount of bad debts and provision for bad debts has to be charged
under heading ‘Provision and Contingencies’ in the Profit and Loss
account. In the Balance Sheet, the advances are shown after deducting
Page53
both bad debts and provisions for bad debts. It may be noted the banks
collect from their branches information regarding bad debts and doubtful
debts also. The schedule of Advances to be filled by the branches contains
separate column regarding doubtful debts in respect of ‘bills purchased
and discounted’, cash credits and overdrafts and unsecured loans.
However while consolidating the Schedule of Advances at the head office
level, for balance sheet purposes, the advances are shown net of any bad
or doubtful debts.
B. Provision for Taxation
The amount of provision for taxation has to be charged to the Profit and
Loss account under heading ‘Provisions and Contingencies’ in the Balance
Sheet, it will be shown under the heading ‘Other liabilities and
Provisions’, on the liability side.
C. Rebate on b Bills Discounted
This refers to unexpired discount. A banking company charges discount in

advance for the full period of the bill of exchange or promissory note
discounted with it. The accounting entry made is as follows:
Bills discounted and purchased a/c Dr.

To Customers’ a/c
To Discount a/c
Customer’s account is credited with the net amount remaining after

deducting the amount of discount. The amount credited to discount
account represents the earning of the bank. However it may be possible
that the bills discounted may mature after the close of financial year, It
will be not be appropriate to take to the credit of the Profit and Loss
account, that part of the discount charged, which relates to next year. An
accounting entry is, therefore, passed for unearned discount in the
following manner:
Discount a/c Dr.

To Rebate on Bills Discounted a/c
(with the amount of unearned discount to the next period)
Rebate on bills discounted, if already appears in the trial balance, is taken

to the Balance Sheet on ‘liabilities side’. However, if an adjustment has to
be done after the preparation of the trial balance, in respect on bills
discounted the amount of such rebate (i.e. unearned discount) will be
Page54
deducted from the total discount in the profit and loss account and will
also appear as a liability in the balance sheet.
9. IMPORTANT ITEMS OF BALANCE SHEET
Let us consider some of the peculiar items of assets and liabilities

appearing in the bank’s balance sheet.
Balance sheet: Assets Side
The various items of assets in the balance sheet are arranged according to
liquidity order.
Page55
1. Money at Call and Short Notice
These are related to inter-bank transactions. Under this arrangement

money borrowed one bank from other bank usually for one to fourteen
days. Banks having surplus money advance such loans. Banks having
short supply of money, contacts the banks having surplus funds or vice
versa for this purpose. Alternatively, they may approach the primary
dealers in the money market for deploying their surplus funds or making
good the deficit. The rate of interest on which money is supplied fluctuates
every day even within the day.
2. Advances
Under this head, the following items are covered:

1. Loans
2. Cash credit
3. Overdraft
Loans: A loan is advance of fixed amount given to customer for a specific

period.
Cash credit: A is an arrangement by which the bank agrees to lend money

up to a fixed limit against pledge or hypothecation of some securities.
Customers need not draw the whole at home.
Overdraft: Under this arrangement, the customer is permitted to over
draw the money from his current account up to a certain limit against
some specific securities like L.I.C policy banks fixed deposits receipts
national savings certificates, quoted shares.
3. Bills Receivable being Bills for Collection as Per Contra
Customers deposit into bank the draft and the bills for collection and
credit to their accounts. The bank keeps the register for recording the bills
for collection. On collection, cash account is debited and customers
account is credited. At end of the accounting year, when some bills are left
uncollected, following entry is passed:
Bills received being bills for collection a/c…………Dr.

To bills for collection being bills receivable account
Page56
It is contra item in the balance sheet. The first account denotes the amount
receivable and it is shown on assets side. The second one denotes the
amount payable to the customer and is shown on the liabilities side of the
balance sheet.
4. Acceptance Endorsement and other Obligations
They represent the liabilities which the bank has assumed on behalf of its
customers, the bank may accommodate his customer in the following
ways:
1. by opening letters of credit
2. by accepting bills on behalf of the customer
3. by making endorsement on promissory notes prepared by the
customer
4. by issuing letters of guarantee to make payments if the customers
fail to pay
In all these cases, the bank is liable to third parties. Hence, it is liability.
While undertaking such liabilities the bank obtains customer guarantee
from its customers which enables it to claim the amounts from its
customers. Therefore, it is an asset. At the end of the accounting year, the
following entry is passed for recording unrecorded bills:
Constituent’s Liability for Acceptance, Endorsement or other
Obligations a/c ………………………..DR.
To Acceptance, Endorsement or other Obligations.
It is contra item in the balance sheet. The first accounts appears on assets
side while the other on liabilities side.
5. Non-Banking Assets
A bank cannot acquire certain assets but it can always lend against the
security of such assets. This means that some times, in case of failure on
part of the loanee to repay the loans, the bank may have to take possession
of such assets. Profit or loss on disposal of such assets should be disclosed
separately in the profit and loss account.
6. Gold and Silver
Gold appears under ‘Investment’ and silver appears under ‘other assets’
Page57
7. Lockers or Safe Deposits Vaults
These are assets and are included are included under furniture
8. Branch Adjustment Account
There are many transactions that take place between the head office and
the branches and between one branch to another towards the end of
financial year. When such transactions appear they are properly recorded
in books of branch or head office when the transactions take place but in
the absence of any advice or completion of the transactions, they remain
unrecorded in the books of other party. Because of these transactions there
is always balance left in branch account in the head office books. This
balance is called ‘Branch adjustment account’. This appears on assets side
of the balance sheet if it has a debit balance and on liability side if it has
credit balance.
Balance Sheet: Liabilities side
9. Share Capital
Under this head, authorised, subscribed and issued and paid up capital are
shown separately. As in the case of any other limited company, calls in
arrears are reduced from paid up capital and forfeited shares amount is
added to it.
10. Reserves Fund and Other Reserves
Every banking company incorporated in India shall before declaring a

dividend, transfer a sum equal to twenty per cent of net profit each year
(as per profit and loss account) to reserve fund.
11. Deposits and Other Accounts
There are amounts lying in the credit of customers accounts. Fixed

deposits are for a fixed period whereas savings bank and current accounts
balances are repayable on demand. Contingency accounts, include the
provision for contingencies, provision for taxation, etc. These are merged
with current accounts.
12. Bills for Collection and Acceptances and Endorsements are

Contra Items
Page58
These are explained in the above point’s number 3 and 4
10. DISCLOSURE REQUIRMENTS OF BANKS TO BE ADDED AS

NOTES TO ACCOUNTS ( in Schedule 17)
1. Non- performing Assets (NPA)
The banks have to classify their advances into four broad groups (i)
standard assets, (ii) sub-standard assets, (iii) doubtful assets and (iv) loss
assets. Broadly speaking, classification of assets into the above categories
should be done taking into account the degree of well defined credit
weaknesses and extent of dependence on collateral security for realisation
of dues. Banks should, therefore, keep the following definitions in mind
while classifying the assets.
Financial Statements of Banking Companies

(i) Standard Assets - Standard asset is one which does not disclose any
problems and which does not carry more than normal risk attached to the
business. Such an asset is not a NPA.
(ii) Sub-standard Assets - Sub-standard asset is one which has been
classified as NPA for a period not exceeding 12 months. In such cases, the
current net worth of the borrower/guarantor or the current market value of
the security charged is not enough to ensure recovery of the dues to the
bank in full. In other words, such an asset will have well-defined credit
weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are
characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank will sustain some
loss, if deficiencies are not corrected. In the case of term loans, those
where installments of principal are overdue for period exceeding one year
should be treated as sub-standard. An asset where the terms of the loan
agreement regarding interest and principal have been renegotiated or
rescheduled after commencement of production, should be classified as
sub-standard and should remain in such category for at least two years of
satisfactory performance under the renegotiated or rescheduled terms. In
other words, the classification of an asset should not be upgraded merely
as a result of rescheduling, unless there is satisfactory compliance of the
above condition.
(iii) Doubtful Assets - A doubtful asset is one which has remained NPA
for a period exceeding 18 months. In the case of term loans, those where
instalments of principal have remained overdue for a period exceeding 18
months should be treated as doubtful. Here too, as in the case of sub-
standard assets, rescheduling does not entitle a bank to upgrade the quality
of an advance automatically.
Page59
A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in that

classified as sub-standard with the added characteristic that the
weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently
known facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.
(iv) Loss Assets - A loss asset is one where loss has been identified by the
bank or internal or external auditors or the RBI inspection but the amount
has not been written off, wholly or partly. In other words, such an asset is
considered uncollectible and of such little value that its continuance as a
bank asset is not warranted although there may be some salvage or
recovery value.
It may be noted that the above classification is meant for the purpose of
computing the amount of provision to be made in respect of advances and
not for the purpose of presentation of advances in the balance sheet. The
balance sheet presentation of advances is governed by the Third Schedule
to the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, which requires classification of
advances altogether differently.
Taking into account the time lag between an accounts becoming doubtful
of recovery, its recognition as such, the realization of the security and the
erosion over time in the value of security charged to the banks, it has been
decided that banks should make provision against sub-standard assets,
doubtful assets and loss assets on the following basis:
(a) Loss assets: The entire amount should be written off or full provision
should be made for the amount outstanding.
(b) Doubtful assets: (i) Full provision to the extent of the unsecured
portion should be made. In doing so, the realizable value of the security
available to the bank should be determined on a realistic basis.
DICGC/ECGC cover is also taken into account (this aspect is discussed
later in this chapter). In case the advance covered by CGTSI guarantee
becomes non-performing, no provision need be made towards the
guaranteed portion. The amount outstanding in excess of the guaranteed
portion should be provided for as per the extant guidelines on provisioning
for non-performing advances.
(ii) Additionally, 20% - 100% of the secured portion should be provided
for, depending upon the period for which the advance has been considered
as a doubtful asset, as follows:
Period for which the advance has been % of provision on secured

portion
Considered as doubtful
Page60
Up to 1 year 20%
More than 1 year and up to 3 years 30%
More than three years 50%
i. Outstanding stock of NPA’s as on 31.03.2004

w.e.f. 31.03.2005 60%
w.e.f. 31.03.2006 75%
w.e.f. 31.03.2007 100%
ii. Advances classified as doubtful for more than three years on or after
01.04.2004
w.e.f. 31.03.2005 100%
(c) Sub-standard assets : A general provision of 10% on total outstanding

should be made without making any allowance for DICGC/ECGC cover
and securities available. An additional provision of 10% (i.e., total 20% of
total outstanding) is required to be made on ‘unsecured exposure’ ab initio
sanction of loan. Generally such a situation may arise in case of personal
and education loans etc. Unsecured exposure is defined as ‘an exposure
where the realizable value of security is not more than 10% of the
outstanding exposure (fund based and non-fund based). Security should
not include guarantees, comfort letters etc
(d) Standard assets : A general provision of a minimum of 0.40% of total
standard assets should be made. It has been clarified that the provision
should be made on global laon portfolio basis and not on domestic
advances alone.
Provision for Certain Specific Types of Advances
The guidelines also deal with provisioning for certain specific types of
advances as follows :
Advances Secured Against Term Deposits, National Savings Certificates,
Surrender Value of Life Policies, etc.
Advances secured against term deposits, NSCs eligible for surrender,
Indira Vikas Patras, Kisan Vikas Patras and life insurance policies are
exempted from provisioning requirements. Accordingly, the banks need
not treat such accounts as NPAs. It may be noted that advances against
gold ornaments, government securities, and all other kinds of securities
are not exempted from provisioning requirements.
Advances Guaranteed by Government of India and/or State Governments

According to the guidelines, credit facilities where government guarantees
are available, although overdue, should not be treated as NPA. However, it
Page61
needs to be noted that such exemption from classification of advances as

NPA is only for the purposes of assets classification and provisioning
norms and not for the purposes of recognition of income. In other words,
if such a credit facility meets the criteria for being classified as NPA,
income in respect of the facility should not be recognised until it is
actually realized. Also, in the case of state government guarantees, this
exemption is available only where the guarantees have not been invoked.
The State Government guaranteed accounts which have been invoked
upon becoming NPA are to be treated at par with other advances for
purpose of asset classification, income recognition and provisioning
norms. Advances Under Rehabilitation Packages
Where additional facilities are granted to a unit under rehabilitation
packages approved by the Board for Industrial and Financial
Reconstruction (BIFR) or by term-lending institutions or the bank (on its
own or under a consortium arrangement), provision should continue to be
made for the dues in respect of existing credit facilities. As regards the
additional facilities, provision need not to be made for a period of one year
from the date of disbursement in respect of additional facilities sanctioned
under rehabilitation packages approved by BIFR/term-lending institutions.
Similarly, no provision need be made for a period of one year in respect of
additional facilities granted to a sick small-scale industrial unit in
accordance with a rehabilitation package/nursing programme drawn up by
the bank itself or under a consortium arrangement. After the period of one
year, the bank in consultation with its auditors would take a view whether
there is need for making provision in respect of the additional facilities
sanctioned.
Take-out Finance
In the case of take-out finance, if based on record of recovery, the account
is classified by their lending bank as NPA, it should make provision for
loan losses as per the guidelines. The provision should be reversed when
the account is taken over by the taking-over institution. On taking over the
account, the taking-over institution should make provisions as per the
guidelines. For this purpose, the account should be considered to have
become NPA from the actual date of its becoming so, even though the
account was not on the books of the taking-over institution on that date.
Provisioning in advances covered by the guarantees of DICGC/ECGC

: In the case of advances guaranteed by Export Credit Guarantee
Corporation (ECGC) or by Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee
Corporation (DICGC), provision is required to be made only for the
balance in excess of the amount guaranteed by these corporations. In case
the bank also holds a security in respect of an advance guaranteed by
Page62
ECGC/DICGC, the realizable value of the security should be deducted

from the outstanding balance before the ECGC/DICGC guarantee is off-
set. The Reserve Bank of India has also clarified that if the banks are
following more stringent method of provisioning in respect of advances
guaranteed by ECGC/DICGC, such banks may continue to do so.
The manner of determining the amount of provision in respect of
ECGC/DICGC guaranteed advances in accordance with the above
guidelines is illustrated below. (It may be noted that these illustrations are
merely intended to facilitate understanding of the RBI guidelines; they
have not been issued by the RBI.)
Banking companies are required to make additional disclosure in the

Schedule 17 on ‘Notes on Accounts’ regarding movement of the
provisions for NPA (excluding the provisions on standard assets) and
depreciation on investments as per the following format:
2 Movement of provisions held towards NPA

Particulars As on 31-3-200x As on 31-3-
200x
(Current year) (Previous
year)
Opening Balance
Add: Provisions made during the yr.
Sub-total
Less: Write off bad debts/ write
Back of excess provisions
Closing Balance
3 Movement of provisions held towards Depreciation on Investments

Particulars As on 31-3-200x As on 31-3-
200x
(Current year) (Previous
year)
Opening Balance
Add:
(a) Appropriation from Investment
Fluctuation Reserves during the yr
(b) Provisions made during the year
Less:
(c) Transfer to Investment
Fluctuation Reserves during the yr.
(d) Provision made during the year
Page63
Closing Balance
4. Asset Classification, Income Recognition and Provision Norms

Assets classification
(a) A bank’s advances are divided between performing and non-

performing assets. An advance giving income on continuous basis is
called a performing asset. A non–performing asset, on other hand, is
one remains out of order for ninety days.
A term loan is treated as NPA, if the interest instalment remains

overdue for more than 180 days while a cash credit/overdraft
account treated as NPA, if the outstanding amount remains over and
above sanctioned limits/drawing power more than ninety days
The bill purchased/discounted is treated as NPA, if bill remains

overdue and unpaid for ninety days. In other case (i.e. where the
outstanding amount is less than drawing power) it is treated as NPA
it there is no credit is less than the debit to the account on account
of interest, interest during the ninety days preceding the date of the
balance sheet.
(b) Incoming Recognition
The income from performing assets is recognised on accrual basis

and interest income from non-performing assets is recognised on
cash basis. In case interest on NPA is already recognised in the
books of accrual basis, the same should be adjusted by making
provisions for income recorded but not received on NPA.
(c) Assets classification for provisioning requirement

The rules regarding classification and provisioning requirements are
listed below:
Page64
Category Standard Sub- Doubtful Loss Assets

Assets Standard Assets
Assets
Definitional A Which has Which has Which has been
requirements performing remained remained identified by
asset with NPA for a NPA for a internal and
just normal period not period external auditors,
risk attached exceeding exceeding RBI inspectors
eighteen eighteen
months months
Provisioning 0.40% 10% of total Unsecured 100% of total
requirement outstanding portion outstanding
-100%
Secured
portion –
Debt
doubtful
20% up to
one year 1 to
3 years 30%
more than 3
years 50%
(d) Investment Classification
1. Investment by banks include as under:

2. Government Securities
3. Approved securities
4. Shares
5. Debenture and bonds
6. Subsidiaries/joint venture
7. Others (commercial paper, units of mutual funds, etc)
The first two, viz., Government securities and Approved securities are
generally used for meeting statutory liquidity ratio and are called SLR
securities. The remaining securities are known as non-SLR securities.
The banks were required to bifurcate their SLR securities into ‘current’
and ‘permanent’ categories. The minimum ratio prescribed most recently
was 75; 25 for current and permanent investments. The current SLR
Page65
securities and entire non-SLR securities were to be written down to market

value. This leads to depreciation being shown in account. The permanent
securities were carried at cost.
As per new guidelines, both SLR and Non SLR securities are to be
divided in three categories viz.,
1. Held to maturity
2. Available for sale
3. Held for trading
Category 1 is like old permanent category 2 and 3 are like current
category. The investment under ‘Held to maturity’ should not exceed 25%
of banks total investment. The banks have the freedom to decide on extent
of holding under ‘available for sale’ and held for trading category.
The securities acquired by banks to the intension to hold them up to
maturity
are classified as under Hold to the maturity. The security, acquired by
banks with intention of trading, by taking advantage of short term
price/interest rate movement, is classified under ‘held for trading’. The
remaining securities are classified under the category ‘available for sale’.
The securities held for trading are to be sold within ninety days. The profit
and loss on securities ‘held to maturity’ is to be transferred to Profit and
Loss account. The profit is subsequently transferred to Capital Reserves
Account. The securities ‘held to maturity need not to be marked to market.
The remaining two categories are marked to market.
THIRD SCHEDULE: FORM A
BALANCE SHEET OF STATE BANK OF INDIA
Page66
AS ON 31ST MARCH 2009
(000’s omitted)
Particulars Schedule As on 31.3.09 As on 31.3.08
No. (current year) (pervious year)
CAPTIAL AND LIABILITES
Capital 1 634,88,02 631,47,04
Resaves and surplus 2 71755,51,31 60604,91,23
Minorities Interest 2A 2228,27,31 2028,12,09
Deposits 3 1011988,32,63 776416,51,88
Borrowings 4 64591,64,43 66023,17,07
Other Liabilities and Provision 5 153627ffl,37 121565,32,52
TOTAL 1304825,74,07 1027269,51,83
ASSETS Schedule As on 31.3.09 As on 31.3.08
No. (current year) (pervious year)
Cash and balance with RBI 6 741.81,06,66 74817,25,54
Balance with banks and money at 7
call and short notice 51100,62,90 14211,16,16
Investments 8 372231,44,86 273841,72,43

Advances 9 750362,38,45 603221,94,04
Fixed Assets 10 5223,47,75 4662,78,97
Other Assets 11 51746,73,45 56514,64,69
TOTAL 3048Z5,74,07 1027269,51,83
Contingent liabilities 12 860686,08,21 945770,20,75
Bills for Collection 49938,35,27 25225,90,75
Schedules to be annexed with balance sheet
(000’s omitted)
PARTICULARS As on 31.3.09 As on 31.3.08
Page67
(Current Year) (Pervious Year)

Schedule 1 Capital RS. Rs.
Authorized capital 10,00,00,000 10,00,00,000

(100,00,00,000 shares of Rs. 10
each)
Issued capital 634,96,85 631,55,87
(63,49,68,500 (Previous Year
63,15,58,654)
Equity Shares of Rs. 10 each)
Subscribed and Paid up capital 634,88,02 631,47,04
Total 634,88,02 631,47,04
Schedule 2 Reserves and Surplus
I Statutory Reserves Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.

Opening balance 25218,10,9 20379,03,6
1 8
Additions during the year 5508,57,95 4839,07,23
Deductions during the year
30726,68,86 25218,10,91
II Capital Reserves
Opening balance 422,58,37 418,14,39
Deductions during the year
1267,30,69 422,58,37
III Share premium
Opening balance 20098,96,7 3510,57.33
5
7
Deductions during the year 1,21,18 28,70,25
20657,92,52 20098,96,75
IV Investment Reserves
Opening balance 62,17,87
Additions during the year 62,17,87
Deductions during the year 62,17,87
---- 62,17,87
V Revenue and the other reserves
Opening balance 2419,83,14 6195,56,07
3085,71,33 2419,8314
VI Foreign currency Transaction
Reserves
Opening balance 179,18,14 6195,56,07
Page68
3085,71,33 2419,83,14
VII Balance in 33,93 33,93
Profit and Loss Account
Total 57312,81,62 48401,19,11

( I + II + III + IV + V+ VI + VII )
Schedule 3 Deposits
A I. Demand Deposits
From banks 107,61,84,16 12313,40,67
From others 99991,73,42 85820,12,34
II. Savings banks accounts 198224,26,85 154229,28,65
III. Term Deposits
From banks 13657,16,00 7065,47,74
From others 419438,12,37 277975,64,69
Total ( I, II, and III) 742073,12,80 537403,94,09
B i) Deposits of branches in India 710031,51,22 514676,06,76

ii) Deposits of branches outside 32041,61,58 22727,87,33
India
Total ( i and ii ) 742073,12,80 537403,94,09
Schedule 4 Borrowings
I. Borrowings in India
i) Reserve Bank of India ---- 1300,00,00
ii) Other Banks 919,9460 7853,58,39
iii) Other institutions and agencies 2758,35,89 3648,95,17
II. Borrowings outside India 50035,37,72 38924,87,17
Total ( I and II ) 53713,68,21 51727,41,13

Secured borrowings in I and II above 2871,60,35 4367,87,76
Schedule 5
Other liabilities and provisions
i) Bills payable 18929,87,60 19159,90,43

ii) Inter office adjustment (net) 5706,71,55
iii) Interest accrued 6981,15,56 5092,21,85
iv) Others ( including provisions) 79142,82,71 59110,17,56
Total 110697,57,42 83362,29,84
Schedule 6 Cash and balance with RBI
Page69
I. Cash in hand (including foreign 4295,51,58 3220,31,11

currency notes and gold)
II. Balance with RBI
In Current Account 51248,14,36 20900,60,36
In Other Accounts 2,51,33 27413,70,11
55546,17,27 51534,61,58
Schedule 7Balance with banks and Money at Call and Short notice
I. In India
i) Balance with banks:
a) in Current Accounts 926,20,81 1105,19,38
b) in Other Accounts 10688,99,53 2608,31,90
ii) Money at call and Short notice
a) With banks 13207,17,33 6559,00,00
b) With other institutions … …
Total ( I and ii ) 24822,37,67 10472,51,28
II. Outside India

i) In Current Accounts 13656,54,41 1252,31,93
ii) In other Deposits Accounts 1326,93,90 749,15,34
iii) Money at Call and Sort notice 9051,76,61 3457,73,37
Total ( I, ii, and iii) 24035,24,92 5459,20,64
Grand Total ( I and II) 48857,62,59 15931,71,92
Schedule 8 Investment
I. Investments in India in
i) Government Securities 226217,47,04 140734,03,68
ii) Other approved Securities 1892,68,08 2738,25,17
iii) Shares 4590,41,76 4502,53,72
iv) Debentures and Bonds 14888,97,79 17628,77,57
v) Subsidiaries and 3617,01,17 3766,46,03
/or joint ventures
vi) Others 18264,51,76 14960,04,07
(Units/Commercial Papers, etc.)
Total 269471,07,60 184330,10,24
II. Investments outside India in

i) Government Securities 742,59,28 394,23,41
( including local authorities )
ii) Subsidiaries and/or joint 1255,45,95 613,80,25
ventures abroad
Page70
iii) Other investment 4484,82,86 4163,13,19

(shares, debenture, etc.)
Total 6482,88,09 5171,16,85
Grand Total ( I and II) 275953,95,69 189501,27,09
Schedule 9 Advances
A i) Bills Discounted and Purchased 47183,96,60 36733,49,02

ii) Cash Credits, Overdraft, 223679,92,68 151999,99,96
and Loans payable on Demand
iii) Term loans 271639,31,14 228034,70,64
Total 542503,20,42 416768,19,62
B i) Secured by tangible Assets 350026,92,43 284231,06,15

ii) Covered by bank/Govt. 78601,23,99 20244,75,74
guarantees
iii) Unsecured 112875,04,00 112292,37,37
Total 542503,20,42 416768,19,62
C I Advances in India
i) Priority Sector 143637,56,31 119230,51,18
ii) Public Sector 36241,55.02 23025,00,32
iii) Banks 334,21,71 77,66,24
iv) Others 276502,90,85 218295,16,99
Total 456716,23,92 360628,34,73
C II Advances out side India

i) Due from banks 4411,79,75 2135,16,19
ii) Due from others:
a) Bills purchased discounted 29308,58,76 15543,40,45
b) Syndicate Loans 27094,47,16 19856,62,20
c) Others 24972,10,83 18604,66,05
Total 85786,96,50 56139,84,89
Grand Total ( CI. and C II) 542503,20,42 416768,19,62
Schedule 10 Fixed Assets
I Premises
a) At cost as on 31st March 1488,44,58 1448,62,77

of the preceding year
Page71
Deduction during the year 1,48,03 38,29

Depreciation to date 637,90,51 557,30,25
953,13,51 931,14,33
b) Premises including other fixed 263,43,74 234,25,82

Assets under construction
II Other fixed assets

( incl. furniture and fixtures)
At cost as on 31st March 6561,73,29 5493,19,27
Of the preceding year
Deduction during the year 20,92,03 76,80,88
2615,21,32 2163,74,01
III. Leased Assets
At cost as on 31st March 938,16,91 1120,10,41

Of the preceding year
Additions during the year
Deduction during the year 12,68,65 181,93,50
3,70,41 49,62,81
Less: Lease Adjustment and (2,35,74) 5,28,88

Provisions
6,06,15 44,33,93
Total ( I, II and III ) 3827,84,72 3373,48,09
Schedule 11 Other Assets
I. Inter office adjustment (net) 11340,53,28

II. Interest accrued 6729,50,51 6298,14,48
III. Tax paid in advance 3642,81,18 2477,86,74
/ Tax deducted at source
IV. Deferred Tax Assets (net) 1026,88,68 42,04,56

V. Stationary and stamps. 95,65,85 95,60,12
VI. Non-banking assets acquired in 35,18 34,91
satisfaction of claims
VII. Others 26238,05,98 24162,48,42
Total 37733,27,38 44417, 02,91
Schedule 12 Contingent liabilities
I. Capital against the bank not 2191,81,62 799,73,02

acknowledged as debts
Page72
II. Liability for partly paid 2,80,00 2,80,00

investment
III. Liability on Account of 289429,24,01 310457,51,74
outstanding forward
Exchange contracts
IV. Guarantees given on behalf of
constituents
In India 4644,40,41 35159,13,45
Outside India 2417,29,03 14503,88,10
V. Accepts endorsements and 109093,49,09 74706,09,41
other
obligation
VI. Other items for which the bank 250020,71,54 375167,32,35
is contingently Liable
Total 7233699,75,70 810796,48,07
Form B
Third Schedule
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT OF STATE BANK OF INDIA

FOR YEAR ENDED ON 31ST MARCH 2009
Page73
(000’s omitted)
Particulars Schedule As on 31.3.09 As on 31.3.08
Number (current year) (pervious year)
I. Income:
Interest Earned 13 63788,43,38 48950,30,71
Other income 14 12690,78,90 8694,92,84
TOTAL 76479,22,28 57645,23,55
II. Expenditure:
Interest Expended 15 42915,29,37 31929,07,69
Operating Expenses 16 15648,70,44 12608,60,60
Provisions and Contingencies … 8793,99,82 6378,42,79
TOTAL 567357,99,63 50916,11,08
III. Profit/Loss:
Net Profit/(Loss) of the year 9121,22,65 6729,12,47
Profit brought forward 33,93 33,93
Transfer form general reserve … 9,37
TOTAL 9121,56,58 6792,55,77
IV. Appropriations:
Transfer to Statutory Reserves 5291,79,28 4839,07,23
Transfer to investment reserves … 62,17,87
Transfer to Capital reserves 826,55,32 4,43,98
Transfer to Revenue reserve and 306,89,30 300,00,00
Other reserves
Transfer to Proposed Dividend 1841,15,26 1357,66,13
Tax on Dividend 248,03,47 165,86,63
Loss from 606,80,02
State Bank of Saurashtra
Balance Carried over 33,93 33,93
to Balance Sheet
TOTAL 9121,56,58 6792,55,77
Schedules to be annexed with Profit and Loss Account

(000’s omitted)
Particulars As on As on 31.3.08
31.3.09 (pervious
(current year)
year)
Schedule 13: Interest Earned
Page74
(I) Interest/ Discounts on Advances/Bills 46404,71,49 35228,11,19

(II) Income on Investments 15574,71,51 11944,16,36
(III) Interest on balances with RBI and other inter 1474,37,74 1200,07,40
bank funds
(IV) Others 335,22,64 577,95,76
Total 63788,43,38 48950,30,71
Schedule 14: Other Incomes
(I) Commission, Exchange and Brokerage 7617,23,54 5914,25,45

(II) Profit on Sale of investment (net) 2567,29,02 16498391
(III) Profit on revaluation of Investment (net) (56,50) (703,50,07)
(IV) Profit on Sale of Land/Building and Other Assets (2,95,42) 11,04,09
(net)
(V) Profit on Exchange transactions (net) 1179,24,92 692,69,81
(VI) Income earned by way of dividend, etc., from 409,60,28 197,40,55
subsidiaries
Companies and/or joint ventures abroad/in India.
(VII) Income from financial lease 26,67,00 31,86,36
(VIII) Misc. Income 894,78,06 901,32,74
Total 12690,78,90 8694,92,84
Note: Under items II to V loss figures be shown in
brackets
Schedule 15 : Interest Expended

(I) Interest on Deposits 37936,84,73 27072,58,10
(II) Interest on RBI/Inter-Bank Deposits 2555,01,04 3938,43,98
(III) Others 2423,43,60 1918,05,63
Total 42915,29,37 319292,07,69
Schedule 16: Operating Expenses

(I) Payment to and Provisions for Employees 9747,31,23 7785,86,94
(II) Rent, Taxes and Lighting 1295,13,73 993,41,81
(III) Printing and Stationary 232,82,08 188,87,76
(IV) Advertisement and Publicity 251,22,95 173,23,16
(V) Depreciation on Banks Property (other than 739,12,43 651,04,24
leased assets)
Depreciation on leased assets 24,01,69 28,93,67
(VI) Directors’ Fees, Allowances and Expenses 99,81 1,23,20
(VII) Auditors’ Fee and Expenses 103,69,68 97,34,58
(Including Branch Auditors)
(VIII) Law Charges 74,61,19 60,45,14
Page75
(IX) Postage, Telegrams, Telephones, etc. 279,73,25 216,57,72

(X) Repairs and Maintenance 160,58,83 235,82,73
(XI) Insurance 529,01,89 415,84,36
(XII) Other Expenditure 2210,41,68 1759,95,29
Total 15648,70,44 12608,60,60
11. ADDITIONAL DISCLOSURE PRESCRIBED BY RBI
In addition to the disclosure to be made in the balance sheet and profit and
loss account, in pursuance of the requirements of the Third Schedule to the
Act, the RBI has directed, Circular NO. BDOD.BP.BC.
NO.59/21.04.018/2005-06, dated January 30, 2006 that the following
information should be disclosed by way of notes on accounts:
List of Disclosure Items
Page76
• Capital adequacy ratio

• Capital adequacy ratio-tier T capital
• Capital adequacy ratio-tier II capital
• Percentage of shareholding of the Government of India
in nationalized banks
• Amount of subordinated debt raised as tier II capital
• Gross value of investments, etc.
• Provisions made towards depreciation in the value of investments
• Movement of provisions held towards depreciation on investments
• Repo transactions
• Non-SLR investment portfolio
• Forward rate agreement/interest rate swap
• Exchange traded interest rate derivatives
• Disclosures on risk exposure m derivatives
• Percentage of net NPAs to net advances
• Movement in NPAs
• Amount of provisions made towards NPAs
• Movement of provisions made towards NPAs
• Details of Loan assets subjected to restructuring
• Restructuring under CDR
• Details of financial assets sold to a SC/RC for asset reconstruction
• Provision on standard assets
• Interest income as a percentage to working funds
• Non-interest Income as a percentage to working funds
• Operating profit as a percentage to working funds
• Return on assets
• Business (deposits plus advances) per employee
Profit per employee
• Maturity pattern of loans and advances
• Maturity pattern of investment securities
• Maturity pattern of deposits
• Maturity pattern of borrowings
- • Foreign currency assets and liabilities
• Exposure to real estate sector
• Exposure to capital market: investment in equity shares, etc.
• Bank financing for margin trading
• Exposure to country risk
• Details of single borrower/group borrower limit exceeded by the bank
• Provision made towards income tax during the year
• Disclosure of penalties imposed by RBI
• Consolidated financial statements —AS 21
• Segment reporting —AS 17
Page77
• Related party disclosure — AS 18

• Other disclosures as required under the relevant accounting standards
Page78

Final Accounts of Banking Companies

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Final Accounts of Banking Companies

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Project report of accounting in banks and balance sheet

A banking company means and includes any company which carries on

The existence of well- organized, regulated and efficient banking system

(a) Nationalized banks

2. DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONS OF A BANK

(a) accepting deposits of money from public

In addition to banking business, a bank is permitted under Section 6 of the

Some of the main functions of modern commercial banks are:

(c) Dealing in securities on its own account or on behalf of its

(d) Opening letters of credits.

(e) Issuing guarantees.

(f) Dealing in foreign exchange.

(g) Transferring money from one place to another through demand

(h) Merchant banking, i.e. acting as managers to public issues, etc.

However, any company which is engaged in the manufacturer of goods or

(a) The purchase, sale, and re-discounting of certain bills of exchange, or

 PROHIBITION OF TRADING (SECTION 8)

 DISPOSAL OF NON-BANKING ASSETS (SECTION 9)

 MANAGEMENT (SECTION 10)

3. REQUIRMENTS OF BANKING COMPANIES AS TO

The book-keeping system of a banking company is substantially different

The tendency of modern accounting is to adapt the books to a business,

To grasp thoroly all the underlying principles of bank accounting, it is

It would be quite possible for a newly-opened branch to conduct its

As the business grew it would be found convenient to have a special

The vast increase in the number and volume of commercial transactions

 Preparation of Financial Statements and Accounting Date

A Company registered under the Companies Act 1956 is required to

 Audit (Section 30)

Submission of Accounts (Sec 31 and 32)

Rule 15 of the Banking Regulating (Companies) Rules, 1949 prescribed

4. SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS OF

Banks follow the accounting procedure of ‘voucher posting’ under which

The debit vouchers are of many kinds, broadly following:

1. Cheques issued by customers.

2. Cheques/ Pay orders issued by banks.

3. Withdrawal of money by saving bank account holders.

4. Drafts issued by another branches of banks payable at branch.

5. Draft issued by another banks on branch, in terms of an approved

6. Dividend / Interest warrants issued by bank’s customers and

7. Traveler’s cheques issued by any branch of the bank which

9. Letters of authority signed by the customers, containing standing

10. Instruments like traveler’s cheques/gift cheques, etc.of other banks

11. Debit vouchers prepared by the branch on its printed stationary

12.In respect of realization of collection instrument sent to other

different names in different banks) prepared by the other branch

13.In case of remittance of funds by one branch to the other branch by

1. Pay –in-slip filled by customers (depositors as well as borrowers)

2. Applications for issue of demand drafts, mail transfer telegraphic

3. Credit vouchers prepared by the branch on its printed stationary

4. Challans for deposit into the account of Central/State Government,

5. On payment of collection instruments from other branches of the

It may be stated here in case of debits or credits of similar nature to a large

of periodic payment of interest to depositors), it is a common practice

A trial balance of personal ledgers is prepared periodically, usually every

According to Section 2 (3) of the Banker’s Books Evidence Act,

1. Current Accounts Ledger

6. Bills discounted and purchased Ledger

4. Bills for collection Register

5. Dishonored cheques Register

6. Safe deposit vault Register

7. Letter of credit Register

The teller's cash book or blotter consists of a skeleton ruling with no

All parcels of money received are acknowledged, and entered in a special