1.3.

Truncation Errors:

1.3.1. Exercises: Following are some known results about the sum of certain infinite series: Evaluate
the first eight partial sums and the corresponding truncation errors in each case and complete the table.
1 1 1 ( 1) n1 1 1 1 1 2
(a) 1       ln 2 (c) 1 2
 2  2  2  
2 3 4 n 2 3 4 n 6

1 1 1 ( 1) n1  1 1 1 1 6
(b) 1      (d) 1        
3 5 7 2n  1 4 36 56 76 ( 2n  1) 6 960

n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

( 1) n 1 tn 1.0000 -0.5000 0.3333 -0.2500 0.2000 -0.1667 0.1429 -0.1250

tn 
n Sn 1.0000 0.5000 0.8333 0.5833 0.7833 0.6167 0.7595 0.6345
S  ln(2) S  Sn 0.3069 0.1931 0.1402 0.1098 0.0902 0.0765 0.0664 0.0586

( 1) n1 tn
tn  Sn
2n  1
S  /4 S  Sn
1 tn
tn 
n2 Sn
S  2 /6 S  Sn
1 tn
tn 
( 2n  1) 6 Sn
S   6 / 96 S  Sn

1.3.2. Exercises: Using the results in each of the the previous table, obtain approximate values for

(a) ln 2 (b) 

State the accuracy of your answer in each case.

1.3.3. Exercises: Taylor series expansions for the functions e x and sin(x ) , together with truncation
errors are:
x x2 x3 xn e
(e) ex  1    
1! 2 ! 3 ! n! ( n  1) !
x3 x5 x7 x 2 n 1 ( 1) n sin( )
(f) sin( x )  x      , where  is some number in (0, x ) .
3! 5! 7! ( 2n  1) ! ( 2n ) !

1
Hence obtain, values of e and sin  correct to ten decimal places.
 2