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Hungarian noun phrase

Hungarian noun phrase


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This page is about noun phrases in Hungarian grammar.

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Hungarian noun phrase

Syntax
The order of elements in the noun phrase is always determiner, adjective, noun.

Grammatical marking
With a few important exceptions, Hungarian does not have grammatical gender or a grammatical distinction between
animate and inanimate.

Plurality
Hungarian nouns are marked for number: singular or plural.
However, Hungarian uses the plural form sparsely for nouns, i.e. only if quantity is not otherwise marked. Therefore
the plural is not used with numerals or quantity expressions. Examples: t fi ("five boys"); sok fi ("many boys");
fik ("boys").
In phrases that refer to existence/availability of entities, rather than their quantity, the singular is used in Hungarian
(unlike in English): Van szk a szobban "There are chairs in the room", Nincs szk a szobban "There aren't chairs
in the room". (The singular may be considered as partitive here.) Also, product names are usually written out in the
singular, e.g. Lmpa "Lamps".
Hungarian also uses a singular noun when the possessor is plural but the thing possessed is singular, e.g. a fejnk
("our heads", where each person has one head).
The plural noun marker is the suffix -ok/(-ak)/-ek/-k/-k.
Before possessive suffixes, the plural k appears as ai or ei, e.g.:
(laks vs) laksok ("flats/apartments")
(laksom vs) laksaim ("my flats/apartments")
When used predicatively, adjectives are also marked for number (see adjective marking). The suffix is -ak/-ek/-k.
Pairs of body parts
Hungarian uses paired body parts in the singular, even if the pair is meant together, and even if several people's pairs
of body parts are meant. One piece of a pair is described as: "egyik lba" ("one of his legs"). As can be seen, pairs of
body parts are considered as one in Hungarian.
lb leg

Singular possessor Plural possessor

Singular possession lba


lit. "his/her leg"
in fact: his/her legs
Plural possession

lbai
his/her legs

lbuk
lit. "their leg"
in fact: their legs
lbaik
their legs

Note the number of the noun in the following examples:


Tnc kzben
sszegabalyodott a lba.
(lit. "his/her leg")

His/her legs got tangled up during the dance (with his/her own ones).

Tnc kzben
sszegabalyodott a lbuk.
(lit. "their leg")

Their legs got tangled up during the dance.


1. People's own legs got tangled up or
2. People's legs got mutually tangled up with each other's, affecting at most one leg per person or
3. People's both legs got tangled up whether with their own, their partner's or other people's legs. In other words,
there remained probably no leg without having gotten tangled up.

Hungarian noun phrase

Note: if one wants to emphasize the third case (the involvement of people's both legs and their multiple relations),
the actual plural number (Tnc kzben sszegabalyodtak a lbaik, lit. "their legs") might also be used, but the above
(singular) option can fully suffice in this case, as well.
Apparent plural endings and homonymy
The letter k also occurs at the end of certain words which thus may appear plural. Examples include emlk ("a [piece
of] memory"), farok ("tail"), kldk ("navel"), knyk ("elbow"), sarok ("corner"/"heel"), pocok ("vole"), pspk
("bishop"), rsek ("archbishop"), szemldk ("eyebrow"), zsk ("sack") etc. The name of the mole used to be
vakondok but this form took on a plural meaning and the word is mostly used today as vakond.
Homonymy may occur between a word in the singular and another in the plural. Examples:
Homonymous word Meaning as a singular form Meaning and parsing as a plural form
farok

"tail"

"bottoms", "buttocks"
far + ok
(not usually used in the plural)

pack

"bloke", "chap"

"blots", "blotches"
paca + k
(cf. a/e/o/ lengthening before suffixes)

telek

"lot" (real estate)

"winters"
tl + ek
(cf. vowel-shortening)

Person
Forms for "you"
Beside te (plural ti), which are used informally, there are polite forms for the second person pronouns: n (plural
nk) and maga (plural maguk). n is official and distancing, maga is personal and even intimate and some people
think it has rude connotations. (There are some older forms for you, like kend, which is still used in rural areas.) See
in more detail: T-V distinction for Hungarian.
The polite 2nd person forms n and maga take the grammatical forms of the 3rd person, e.g. for verbs and possessive
suffixes. For example te krsz (second person, informal), but n kr or maga kr (second person, formal), just like
kr (third person).

Impersonal usage
Hungarian does not have a distinct impersonal or generic pronoun (cf. English "one"), but there are two ways of
expressing this:
The 3rd person plural (cf. English "they"), for example Azt mondjk, hogy a lny bolond. ("They say the girl is
crazy.")
The phrase az ember (lit. "the human"), for example Az ember nem is gondolna r. ("You'd never think of it.")

Hungarian noun phrase

Determiners
Articles
Hungarian has definite and indefinite articles. The definite article, a, changes to az before a vowel. The indefinite
article is egy, an unstressed version of the word for the number "one". Articles are invariable (i.e. not marked for
number, case, etc.)

Demonstrative determiners
The demonstrative determiners (often inaccurately called demonstrative adjectives in English) are ez a/ez az ("this")
and az a/az az ("that").

Numerals
Hungarian numbers follow an extremely regular, decimal format. There are distinct words for 1 to 9, 10, 20, 30, 100,
1000 and 1000000. The tens from 40 to 90 are formed by adding -van/-ven to the digit. When the numbers 10 and 20
are followed by a digit, they are suffixed with -on/-en/-n/-n (on the oblique stem). Compound numbers are formed
simply by joining the elements together. Examples:

t ("five")
tz ("ten")
tizent ("fifteen")
tvent ("fifty-five")
szztvent ("one hundred and fifty-five")

As in English, a number can function as a determiner or as a stand-alone noun. As a noun it can take all the usual
suffixes.
Suffixes used only on numerals and hny ("how many?"):
-odik/(-adik)/-edik/-dik for ordinal numbers, e.g. tdik ("the fifth")
-od/(-ad)/-ed/-d for fractional numbers, e.g. td ("a fifth")
-os/(-as)/-es/-s for adjectival numbers (numeric adjectives), e.g. ts
The numeric adjectives do not have an exact equivalent in English. They are used when English uses a construction
such as "bus number 11": a tizenegyes busz, "room 303": a hromszzhrmas szoba.

Quantity expressions
Suffixes used specifically with numerals, hny ("how many?") and other quantity expressions:
-szor/-szer/-szr for how many times, e.g. tszr ("five times"), sokszor ("many times")
-fle and -fajta for "kind(s) of", e.g. tfajta ("five kinds of")
-an/-en/-n for numeric adverbs
The use of the adverbs suffixed with -an/-en/-n is best illustrated by examples: Sokan voltunk. ("There were a lot of
us.") ten vannak. ("There are 5 of them.") Ketten mentnk. ("Two of us went.")

Hungarian noun phrase

Possession
Possessive suffixes
In Hungarian, pronominal possession is expressed by suffixes applied to the noun. The following suffixes are used
for singular nouns:
Singular
1st person

2nd person (informal)

Plural

-om/-am/-em/-m/-m -unk/-nk/-nk
a(z n) hzam
a (mi) hzunk
my house
our house
-od/(-ad)/-ed/-d/-d -otok/(-atok)/-etek/-tk/-tok/-tek/-tk
a (te) hzad
a (ti) hzatok
your (singular) house your (plural) house

3rd person
-a/-e/-ja/-je
and
a(z ) hza
2nd person (formal or official) his/her/its house
a(z n) hza
your (formal) house

-uk/-k/-juk/-jk
a(z ) hzuk
their house
ahzuk/aznkhza(!)
your (fml, pl) house.

The following suffixes are used for plural nouns:


Singular
1st person

2nd person (informal)

-aim/-eim/-im
az (n) hzaim
my houses

Plural
-aink/-eink/-ink
a (mi) hzaink
our houses

-aid/-eid/-id
-aitok/-eitek/-itok/-itek
a (te) hzaid
a (ti) hzaitok
your (singular) houses your (plural) houses

3rd person
-ai/-ei/-i
and
a(z ) hzai
2ndperson(formalorofficial) his/her/its houses
a(z n) hzai
your (formal) houses

-aik/-eik/-ik
a(z ) hzaik
their houses
ahzaik/aznkhzai(!)
your (fml, pl) houses

The hza, hzai type (i.e., like the one with a singular possessor) is used in the 3rd person plural except when no
pronoun or only the is present before it, e.g. a szlk hza "the parents' house". In other words, the plural -k of the
3rd person suffix is left from the noun if there is a lexical possessor preceding it.
The definite article is usually used. It can be omitted in a poetic or literary style. It may also be omitted at the
beginning of the sentence in colloquial speech.
The possessor can be emphasized by adding the subject pronoun, e.g. az n hzam ("my house"). In this case the
definite article must be used. For the 3rd person plural, the 3rd person singular pronoun is used, e.g. az hzuk (not
az k hzuk).

Hungarian noun phrase

Words with -j
Certain consonant-final stems always use the suffixes with -j for a singular noun with a 3rd person singular
possessor, e.g. kalap ("hat"): kalapja ("his/her hat"). This group also uses the -j for a singular noun with a 3rd person
plural possessor, e.g. kalapjuk ("their hat"). The -j is also inserted for a plural noun (with a possessor of whichever
person and number), e.g. kalapjaim ("my hats"), kalapjaid ("your (sg. fam.) hats"), kalapjai ("his hats"), etc.
The two most common types are the following:
Type

his/her xxx their xxx

Without -j hza
(see above)

Mostly
with -j

my xxx's
your
his/her
our
your
their

hzuk

hzai etc

(kalapuk)

kalapja

kalapjuk

Other examples

(all words with


c cs dzs sz z s zs j ny ty gy h)
hang, papr, program

kalapjai etc.

There is much variance, but in general, the -j variant is usually safer than the variant without -j, except with the
specific endings listed above. (Usually the variant without -j is more traditional and the one with -j is more recent.)
Where a form applies the j, the other forms will apply it too. An exception is the uncommon type of bart ("friend")
where the -j type is incorrect with a plural noun: bartja ("his/her friend"), bartjuk ("their friend") but bartaik
("their friends"), without j The most common other examples of this type are eld 'predecessor' and utd 'successor'.
Word endings and suffix types
Several endings (c, cs, dzs, sz, z, s, zs, j, ny, ty, gy, h, i.e., affricates, spirants, palatal/ized sounds and h) only allow
the variant without -j in both singular and plural, as shown in the charts above. On the other hand, the words that
always take the -j variant form a rather small group: only those ending in f or ch.
For the other endings, there are no clear-cut rules (so these forms are to be learnt one by one), only regularities exist.
Words with a long vowel or another consonant preceding the ending consonant often take the -j variant, as well as
international words do (e.g. programja, oxignje, fesztivlja "his/her program, oxygen, festival"). Vowel-dropping
and vowel-shortening stems always use the variant without -j, just like most words using -a as linking vowel (e.g.
hzat, hzak "house": hza "his/her house").

The endings v, l, r, m, g, k usually take the variant without -j (e.g. gyereke, asztala "his/her child, table"), but a minority among them take
it (e.g. hangja, dikja "his/her voice, student" but again knyve, szma "his/her book, number").

For words ending in n, p, t, the regularities are basically similar, but there is wide variance. Words ending in -at/-et (a suffix), however,
usually take the variant without -j.

The majority of words ending in b, d use the -j suffix (e.g. darabja, csaldja "his/her/its piece, family" but lba, trde "his/her leg, knee").

Apparent possessive suffixes and homonymy


Certain words (with or without suffixes) have endings which are identical with a possessive suffix. Examples:

Hungarian noun phrase

Homonymous word

Interpretation without the possessive suffix


Parsing

szm

Interpretation with the possessive suffix

Meaning

Parsing

Meaning

Person Number

(base form) "number"/"song"

szj + m

"my mouth"

(base form) "wave" (n)

hulla + m

"my corpse"

llam

(base form) "state" (as in politics)

ll + am

"my chin"

ram

(base form) "current" (as in water/electricity)

r + am

"my price"

perem

(base form) "(b)rim"

per + em

"my lawsuit"

karom

(base form) "claw"

kar + om

"my arm"

erd

(base form) "fortress"

er + d

"your strength"

2nd

kacsa

(base form) "duck"

kacs + a

"its tendril"

3rd

vza

(base form) "vase"

vz + a

"its framework"

fnk

(base form) "doughnut"

fa + nk

"our tree"

1st

aptok

apt + ok
plural

"abbots"

apa + tok

"your [pl.] father"

2nd

falatok

falat + ok
plural

"pieces/bites of food"

fal + atok

"your [pl.] wall"

hullm

szemetek

sttk
ruk

szemt+ek "pieces of trash"


plural

1st

singular

plural

szem+etek "your[pl.]eye[s]"

(base form) "pumpkin" (lit. "baking pumpkin") st + tk

"your [pl.] oven"

ru + k
plural

"their price"

"wares, products"

r + uk

3rd

Notes:

For the szemt szemet(ek) change, see Oblique noun stem.


For the apa ap(tok), hulla hull(m) change, see Oblique noun stem.
For the plural marked with "[s]" in "your [pl.] eye[s]", see Pairs of body parts.
For the different link vowels after words taken as absolute or relative stems (like fnk and sttk here), see The accusative suffix after other
suffixes.

A homonymy is also possible between the same possessive ending of two unrelated words, if one ends in a
consonant and the other in a vowel: falunk may be parsed as falu + nk ("our village") or fal + unk ("our wall").
A similar kind of homonymy may arise with vowel-dropping words (see the dolog/dolg- type under Oblique noun
stem). Examples:
Lexeme with vowel-dropping stem
Nominative

Nominative with
possessive suffix

Lexeme with regular stem


Nominative

Nominative with
possessive suffix

alom
alma
(litter [of animals]) (his/her/its litter)

alma
(apple)

almja
(his/her/its apple)

rem
(medal)

rme
(his/her medal)

rme
(coin)

rmje
(his/her coin)

halom
(pile, stack)

halma
(its pile/stack)

halma
(halma)

halmja
(his/her halma)

karizom
(arm muscle)

karizma
karizma
(his/her arm muscle) (charisma)

karizmja
(his/her/its charisma)

Hungarian noun phrase

8
karom
(claw[s])

karma
(its claw[s])

karma
(karma)

karmja
(his/her/its karma)

Note that the first person singular possessive form of hal (fish) is not the above halom but exceptionally halam, cf. a
link vowel.
Examples:
A kiskutya bepiszktotta az almt. (The puppy soiled its litter OR the apple.)
Bedobta az rmt a folyba. (He/she threw his/her medal OR the coin into the river.)
A macsknak fontos a karma. (Its claws OR the karma is/are important for a cat.)
Finally, another kind of homonymy may arise between a noun with a possessive suffix and a verb: hasad "your
stomach (belly)" or "it tears/rips", rad "your price" or "it floods", fogad "your tooth" or "he/she/it
receives/accepts"/"he/she/it bets".

Possessive construction with 2 nouns


There are 2 possible forms for a possessive construction with 2 nouns. In both of them the noun which is possessed
takes the 3rd person possessive suffix.
1. The possessor is an unsuffixed noun, e.g. Istvn laksa ("Istvn's flat/apartment")
2. The possessor is a noun suffixed with -nak/-nek and the possessed noun is preceded by a/az, e.g. Istvnnak a
laksa ("Istvn's flat/apartment")
The first form is used as default and the second is used to emphasize the possessor or for clarity. It also enables the
possessor to be moved within the sentence, e.g. Ennek a laksnak sehogy se tallom a kulcst ("I can't possibly find
the key of this flat/apartment.") Note the sehogy se tallom ("I can't possibly find") wedged in between the parts of
the possessive structure.
If the 3rd person plural possessor is a lexical word, not a pronoun (thus the plurality is marked on it), the possession
will be marked like the 3rd person singular: a szlk laksa (not a szlk laksuk) ("the parents' flat/apartment"). In
other words, the plurality of the 3rd person plural possession is only marked once: either on the possessor (in the
case of lexical words) or on the possession (in the case of pronouns), cf. az laksuk (above).

Possessive pronouns
The following pronouns are used to replace singular nouns:
Singular
1st person

az enym

2nd (informal) a tied/a


person (formal) tid
(official) a mag
az n
3rd person

az v

Plural
a mienk/a mink
a tietek/a titek
a maguk
az nk

az vk

Note: Where two variants are given, the one with a long vowel is more literary.
The following pronouns are used to replace plural nouns:

Hungarian noun phrase

Singular
1st person

az enyim a mieink

2nd (informal) a tieid


person (formal) a magi
(official) az ni

3rd person

Plural

az vi

a tieitek
a
maguki
az nki
az vik

-/-i to replace possessed noun


The suffixes -/-i are used to express possession when the noun is not stated:
Istvn: "Istvan's", for singular noun: "the thing belonging to Istvan",
Istvni: "Istvan's", for plural noun: "the things belonging to Istvan".
Hence comes the unusual vowel sequence: fiaii, which means "those belonging to his/her sons". Fia- (his/her son)
-i- (several sons) -- (belonging to) -i (several possessions).
The suffixes are also used to form the question word ki ("whose?").

Positional suffixes
Hungarian follows a strict logic for suffixes relating to position. The position can be "in", "on" or "by". The direction
can be static (no movement), movement towards or movement away. Combining these gives 9 different options.
Interior
Static position

-ban/-ben
in
laksban
in the flat/apartment

Movement towards -ba/-be


into
laksba
into the flat/apartment
Movement away

-bl/-bl
out of
laksbl
out of the flat/apartment

Surface

Adjacency

-on/-en/-n/-n
on
lakson
on the flat/apartment

-nl/-nl
by, at
laksnl
by/at the flat/apartment

-ra/-re
onto
laksra
onto the flat/apartment

-hoz/-hez/-hz
to
lakshoz
to the flat/apartment

-rl/-rl
off
laksrl
off the flat/apartment

-tl/-tl
from
lakstl
from the flat/apartment

Note 1: -nl/-nl is also used with the meaning "at the home of" (cf. French chez, German bei).
Note 2: -ban/-ben is usually pronounced in the spoken informal speech without the final n except when followed by
a word beginning with a vowel, thus coinciding with the into-forms.

Hungarian noun phrase

10

Town/city names
For town/city names, the rules for selecting the right group are as follows:
1. Towns outside the historical Kingdom of Hungary (i.e., towns that don't have a native Hungarian name) use the
-ban/-ben group
2. Most towns within Hungary use the -on/-en/-n/-n group
3. Approx. fifty towns within Hungary use the -ban/-ben group
This group includes all town names ending in -n, -ny and -vros ("city/town"), most with -m, -i and some with
-r. For example Sopronban, Debrecenben; Grdonyban; Dunajvrosban; Esztergomban, Komromban,
Veszprmben; Zamrdiban; Egerben, Gyrben
A few towns within Hungary traditionally use a different ending, -ott/-ett/-tt/-t, for position, see locative case for examples. This locative,
however, always can be replaced by one of the above suffixes. Those towns that can also use the -on/-en/-n/-n group (e.g. Pcsett or Pcsen) use
-ra/-re and -rl/-rl for movement. Gyr, however, where the alternative form is with -ban/-ben, uses -ba/-be and -bl/-bl for movement.

Differentiating place names with suffix groups


The difference of the two suffix group may carry a difference in meaning:
"Interior" cases:
inessive, illative, elative
(in, into, out of)

"Surface" cases:
superessive, sublative, delative
(on, onto, off)

towns/cities in other countries than Hungary


certain towns/cities in Hungary

counties, provinces
countries

most towns/cities in Hungary


islands

The below cases may exemplify the above tendencies but in actual usage they are not always followed so strictly as
described:
Tajvanon means "on (the island of) Taiwan" but Tajvanban is "in (the country of) Taiwan" (here the usage is
parallel to English) Note: Tajvanon may also refer to the country
Tolnn means "in (the town of) Tolna" but Tolnban is "in the county of Tolna" Note: Tolnban may also refer
to the town
Velencn means "in the Hungarian town of Velence" but Velencben is "in the Italian city of Venice (in
Hungarian: Velence)" Note: Velencben may also refer to the Hungarian town
Insider and outsider usage
There may also be difference between "insider" and "outsider" usage: one may prefer the suffixes expressing the
"interior" relation and the others those expressing the "surface" relation (the difference extends to the suffixes of
static position and those of the two kinds of movement).
In some cases, the local usage is encouraged based on traditional usage in literature and linguistic history, e.g.
Cskszeredban[2] (instead of Cskszeredn) as well as Nagyszombatban (instead of Nagyszombaton, which latter
even coincides with the form "on Holy Saturday"). In other cases, the "outsider" usage is considered more received
or even normative, for example:
General/
Storaljajhelyen
outsider usage (surface)

Balmazjvrosbl
(interior)

Insider usage Storaljajhelyben Balmazjvrosrl


(interior)
(surface)

Hungarian noun phrase

11

Cases and other noun suffixes


A note on terminology
The concept of grammatical cases was first used in the description of Ancient Greek and Latin grammar, which are
fusional languages. Over the centuries the terminology was also used to describe other languages, with very different
grammatical structures from Indo-European languages. Some linguistsWikipedia:Avoid weasel words believe that
the concept does not fit agglutinative languages very well. Rather than using the "case" paradigm and terminology
for describing Hungarian grammar, they prefer to use the terms "(case) suffixes" and "endings".Wikipedia:Citation
needed Despite these opinions, nowadays the term "case" is used by most Hungarian linguists.
The criterion for an ending to be a case (according to today's generative linguistic grammars of Hungarian) is that a
word with that ending can be a compulsory argument of a verb. This difference is usually unimportant for average
learners of the language.
However, it is useful to know that only actual cases can follow other suffixes of the word (such as the plural or the
possessive suffix) and the other noun endings can only be added to absolute stems. For example, laks-om-mal exists
("with my flat/apartment"), but *laks-om-ostul doesn't.

Case endings
laks - flat/apartment
Suffix

Meaning

Example

Meaning of the example

Case name

subject

laks

flat/apartment (as a subject)

Nominative case

-ot/(-at)/-et/-t/-t

direct object

lakst

flat/apartment (as an object)

Accusative case

-nak/-nek

indirect object

laksnak

to the flat/apartment

Dative case

-val/-vel (Assim.) with

lakssal

with the flat/apartment

Instrumental-comitative case

-rt

for, for the purpose of

laksrt

for the flat/apartment

Causal-final case

-v/-v (Assim.)

into

lakss

[turn] into a flat/apartment

Translative case

-ig

as far as, up to

laksig

as far as the flat/apartment

Terminative case

-knt

as, in the capacity of

laksknt in the capacity of a flat/apartment, as a flat/apartment Essive-formal case

-ul/-l

by way of (less frequent) laksul

by way of a flat/apartment

Essive-modal case

-ban/-ben

in

laksban

in the flat/apartment

Inessive case

-on/-en/-n/-n

on

lakson

on the flat/apartment

Superessive case

-nl/-nl

by, at

laksnl

by/at the flat/apartment

Adessive case

-ba/-be

into

laksba

into the flat/apartment

Illative case

-ra/-re

onto

laksra

onto the flat/apartment

Sublative case

-hoz/-hez/-hz

to

lakshoz

to the flat/apartment

Allative case

-bl/-bl

out of

laksbl

out of the flat/apartment

Elative case

-rl/-rl

off, about, concerning

laksrl

off the flat/apartment


about/concerning the flat/apartment

Delative case

-tl/-tl

from, away from

lakstl

(away) from the flat/apartment

Ablative case

Assimilation works with -val/-vel and -v/-v: the initial sound of these suffixes will change to the preceding sound,
if it is a consonant other than v, e.g. laks + -val appears as lakssal. (In words ending in a vowel or v, there is no
change, e.g. sv|val "with the lane", haj|val "with the ship".)

Hungarian noun phrase

12

Accusative suffix
After -l, -r, -j, -ly, -n, -ny, -s, -sz, -z and -zs, the accusative suffix is usually added directly to the noun rather than
using a link vowel, e.g. lakst. For the other consonants, a link vowel is used.
-l, -r, -j, -ly, -n, -ny,
-s, -sz, -z, -zs

Other consonants
(-b, -c, -cs, -d, -dz, -dzs, -f,
-g,
-gy, -h, -k, -m, -p, -t, -ty, -v)

asztalt, embert, bajt, slyt, telefont,


lnyt,
lakst, buszt, pnzt, rizst etc.
darabot, lbat, ebet, kbt
padot, holdat, ebdet, kdt
etc.

The accusative suffix after other suffixes


As shown in the above chart, -ot/(-at)/-et/-t/-t is the accusative suffix for nouns with no other suffix. However, if
the accusative suffix is added to a relative stem, that is, to a noun which already has another suffix (i.e. a plural or
possessive suffix), -at/-et is used. Examples:
Absolute stem
with accusative
Back

Relative stem
with accusative

ablakot ("window") ablakomat ("my window")


ablakokat ("windows")
ablakaimat ("my windows")

Front
gymlcst ("fruit") gymlcsmet ("my fruit")
(rounded)
gymlcsket ("fruits")
gymlcseimet ("my fruits")

Sometimes the quality of the link vowel of the accusative can differentiate between otherwise homonymous words:
Homonymous
word
in the nominative

The word as an absolute stem


with accusative

The word as a relative stem


with accusative

fnk

fnkot ("doughnut"):
fnk ("doughnut") + -ot (acc.)

fnkat ("our tree"):


fa ("tree") + -nk ("our") + -at (acc.)

sttk

sttkt ("pumpkin"):
sttket ("your/pl. oven"):
sttk ("pumpkin") + -t (acc.) st ("oven") + -tk (your/pl.) + -et (acc.)

Accusative without marking


The accusative can be expressed without the -t morpheme after the first and second person singular possessive
suffixes. For example:
Ltom a kalapod. or Ltom a kalapodat. "I [can] see your hat."
Ltod a kalapom. or Ltod a kalapomat. "You [can] see my hat."
The accusative personal pronouns engem ("me") and tged ("you") are also used without the -t suffix (engemet and
tgedet are rather infrequent).
The third case where the accusative remains unmarked is the infinitive, e.g. Szeretek kirndulni ("I like hiking", lit.
"I like to hike"). (When the same meaning is expressed with a derived noun, the accusative -t appears: Szeretem a
kirndulst.)

Hungarian noun phrase

13

Apparent accusative endings and homonymy


The letter t also occurs at the end of certain words which thus may appear accusative. Examples include eset
("case"), falat ("a bit of food"), ht ("week"), kabt ("coat"), kert ("garden"), ktet ("volume" [of books]), lakat
("padlock"), lapt ("shovel"), part ("shore", "bank", "coast"), prt ("party"), sajt ("cheese") etc.
Telling them apart:
Ending
-et

Function

Examples

part of the stem

fzet "exercise book" (nom.)

accusative suffix

hegy+et "mountain" (acc.)

Notes
If it occurs after a word with or in it, it is more likely to be part of the
stem because such words usually take as linking vowel before the -t, e.g.
kd+t, t+t. (Exceptions include fld+et, knyv+et, tz+et and fl+et.) So
ktet is more likely to be a word on its own than a suffixed form of the
hypothetical noun stem *kt (because its accusative would be probably
*kt+t).

Homonyms: szelet "slice" (nom.) vs. szl+et (shortening the base) "wind" (acc.)
-at

part of the stem

lakat "padlock", bocsnat


"pardon"

traditional
accusative suffix

gy+at "bed" (acc.), haj+at


"hair" (acc.), hj+at "fat" (acc.),
vaj+at "butter" (acc.)

in the case of a handful of words

Homonyms: llat "animal" (nom.) vs. ll+at "chin" (acc.), falat "a bit of food" (nom.) vs. fal+at "wall" (acc.), fogat "team of horses"
(nom.) vs. fog+at "tooth" (acc.)
Consonant part of the stem
+t
accusative suffix

sajt "cheese" (nom.)


baj+t "trouble" (acc.), faj+t
"species" (acc.), zaj+t "noise"
(acc.)

Homonyms: prt "[political] party" (nom.) vs. pr+t "couple" or "pair" (acc.)
-t, -t

lengthened form of anya "mother" any+t (acc.),


words ending in a mese "fairy tale" mes+t
or e
(acc.)
lengthening the a/e lb+a "his/her leg" lb+t
of the preceding
(acc.), kez+e "his/her hand"
possessive suffix
kez+t (acc.)
part of the stem

lapt "shovel", pecst "stamp"

Homonyms:

-t

Without a possessive suffix: apt may be "abbot" (nom.) or "father" (acc.).


With a possessive suffix: srt may be "pellet" (nom.) or "his/her beer" (acc.); szemt may be "waste/garbage" (nom.) or "his/her
eye[s]" (acc.); menyt may be "weasel" (nom.) or "his/her daughter-in-law" (acc.).

accusative of a
word ending in

takar+t "blanket", metr+t


"underground/subway"

accusative of a
word ending in o

allegro allegr+t, Oslo


Osl+t

mostly foreign words in Hungarian

part of the stem

kompt "preserved fruit" spent


"spinach"

in the case of a handful of words

Hungarian noun phrase

-ot

14

the accusative of a
word ending in a
consonant

rab+ot "prisoner", pad+ot


"bench"

the most common case

the wrongly spelt


accusative form of
words ending in o

*allegrot, *Oslot (they should be


written like above, with long
final before t)

mostly foreign words in Hungarian

part of the stem

bot "stick", llapot "state" or


"condition", gyapot "cotton"

these three words and their compounds

Homonymy may also arise between accusative nouns and verbs, e.g. vlaszt may mean "answer" (n, acc.) or "s/he
chooses/elects" and nevet may mean "name" (n, acc., from nv) or "s/he laughs".
The accusative of terem ("room"/"hall") is termet (see vowel-dropping) instead of the regular teremet (which could
come from tr with vowel-shortening, meaning "my square", acc.). On the other hand, teremt means "s/he creates".
Termet is another homonymy as it may be another word in the nominative ("stature"). This latter bunch of
examples shows eloquently that knowing stem types and recognizing them are essential for interpreting a Hungarian
word correctly.

Other noun endings


Suffix

Meaning

Example

Meaning of the
example

"Case" name

or
-nak/-nek

of
(morphologically identical
with the nominative or the
dative case)

laks
or
laksnak

of the flat/apartment

Genitive case

-kpp(en)

as, by way of

lakskpp,
lakskppen

by way of a
flat/apartment, as a
flat/apartment

Formal case

-onknt/(-anknt)/-enknt/-nknt/-nknt per, by

laksonknt

per flat/apartment, by
flat/apartment

Distributive case

-ostul/(-astul)/-estl/-stl/-stul/-stl,
-ostl/(-astl)/-estl/-stl/-stl/-stl

together with (restricted in


use)

laksostul,
laksostl

together with the


flat/apartment

Sociative case

-ott/(-att)/-ett/-tt/-t

in (only for some Hungarian


town/city names)

(Gyr)tt/(Pcs)ett

in Gyr/in Pcs

Locative case

-onta/(-anta)/-ente/-nte

every xxx (only for


time-related words)

(nap)onta

daily

Distributive-temporal
case

-kor

at (only for time-related words) (hat)kor

at six

Temporal case

Notes:
For more examples of the endings, refer to the article List of grammatical cases.
The special status of the genitive case can be illustrated with the following example: "the key of the
flat/apartment" is a laks kulcsa or a laksnak a kulcsa (nominative or dative case). The case marking is on the
possessed object rather than the possessor.

Hungarian noun phrase

15

Incorrect classifications
The following endings are sometimes counted as cases, but are in fact derivational suffixes, see Adjectives and
adverbs
Suffix

Meaning

Example

Meaning of the example

"Case" name

-an/-en/-n

(rvid)en

briefly

"Modal-essive case" #1

-lag/-leg

laksilag

as far as a flat/apartment is concerned "Modal-essive case" #2

-szor/-szer/-szr

(hrom)szor three times

"Multiplicative case"

Slight noun irregularities


a/e/o/ lengthening before suffixes
Words ending in a, e, o or become lengthened before most suffixes:
Nominative

Suffixed forms

alma
"apple"

almt

almk*

almm*

almnak

almval

almrt

almv

almig

almul

almban

almn

almnl

almba

almra

almhoz

almbl

almrl

almtl

krte
"pear"

krtt

krtk*

krtm*

krtnek

krtvel

krtrt

krtv

krtig

krtl

krtben

krtn

krtnl

krtbe

krtre

krthez

krtbl

krtrl

krttl

Oslo

Oslt

Oslk*

Oslm*

Oslnak

Oslval

Oslrt

Oslv

Oslig

Oslul

Oslban

Osln

Oslnl

Oslba

Oslra

Oslhoz

Oslbl

Oslrl

Osltl

Malmt

Malmk* Malmm* Malmnek Malmvel Malmrt

Malmv

Malmig

Malml

Malm

Malmben Malmn

Malmnl Malmbe

Malmre

Malmhz Malmbl Malmrl Malmtl

The asterisk means that almk/krtk (the plural) and almm/krtm (the possessive forms) can be suffixed further,
e.g. almkat, almknak etc., almmat, almdat, almjt etc., almimat, almidat, almit etc., almmnak, almdnak,
almjnak etc.
Those cases with small letters can be formed, but they are not meaningful, unless figuratively (e. g. Oslk lit. means
"Oslos", but naturally Oslo doesn't have plural, although the case technically can be formed; Oslul means "as an
Oslo", which is also dubious).
The suffix -knt is an exception as it doesn't lengthen the a/e, e.g. almaknt, krteknt. Compounds don't lengthen
the vowel, either, e.g. almal, krtel ("apple/pear juice").
Otherwise, this rule extends to all nouns and adjectives, e.g. Coca-Cola Coca-Colt, Coca-Colnak etc.
Short o and endings only occur with foreign words (like Oslo and Malm above) since Hungarian or
Hungarianized words lengthen these vowels at the end of the word, e.g. eur, metr, vide, sztere, fot, diszk etc.

Hungarian noun phrase

16

a link vowel
Certain back-vowel nouns, e.g. hz ("house"), always use the vowel a as a link vowel where the link vowel is usually
-o/-e/-, except with the superessive case -on/-en/-n/-n.
The link vowel -o/(-a)/-e/- occurs with the following suffixes:

-ok/(-ak)/-ek/-k/-k for noun plurals, e.g. hzak ("houses")


-om/(-am)/-em/-m/-m for 1st singular possessive, e.g. hzam ("my house")
-od/(-ad)/-ed/-d/-d for 2nd singular possessive, e.g. hzad ("your (singular) house")
-otok/(-atok)/-etek/-tk/-tok/-tek/-tk for 2nd plural possessive, e.g. hzatok ("your (plural) house")
-ot/(-at)/-et/-t/-t for accusative case, e.g. hzat ("house")
-onknt/(-anknt)/-enknt/-nknt/-nknt, e.g. hzanknt ("per house")
-ostul/(-astul)/-estl/-stl/-stul/-stl, e.g. hzastul ("together with the house")
-odik/(-adik)/-edik/-dik for ordinal numbers, e.g. nyolcadik ("the eighth")
-od/(-ad)/-ed/-d for fractional numbers, e.g. nyolcad ("an eighth")
-os/(-as)/-es/-s for adjectival numbers, e.g. nyolcas ("number eight")
-onta/(-ante)/-ente/-nte for distributive occasions, e.g. nyaranta ("every summer", from nyr "summer")

Theoretical:
-ott/(-att)/-ett/-tt/-t for position
This irregularity sometimes help differentiate between otherwise homonymous verbs and nouns:
Homonymous Meaningasan ll
word
astemnoun
Meaningasa
normalverb

chin

fog

he
stands

tooth

he
catches

fal

wall

he
devours

Pluralformof
theastemnoun

llak chins

fogak teeth

falak walls

1stpersonsingular
oftheverb

llok I
stand

fogok I catch falok I


devour

hal

fish tr

storage/magazine

he
dies

heopens sth.up

vr

castle

he
waits

zr

lock

he
closes

halak fish trak storages/magazines vrak castles zrak locks


[pl.]
halok I
die

trok Iopen sth.up

vrok I wait

zrok I
close

The case of nyl is similar ("rabbit" or "he reaches out") except that it becomes short in the plural as a noun (nyulak,
cf. the ht type) and remains long as a verb (nylok). Beside rak (the plural of the a stem word r, "price") rok also
exists ("ditch"). Finally, beside vgyak ("desires"), vgyok may also occur as a verb ("I desire") although it is
expressed as vgyom in standard Hungarian (cf. -ik verbs).

Oblique noun stem


Some nouns have a second stem which is used with certain suffixes. This is most commonly derived from the main
stem by shortening or elision of the final vowel. A few nouns insert the letter "v" to derive the oblique stem.
It is used with the following suffixes:

Hungarian noun phrase

17

Nominative base/stem
(given for comparison)

ht
dolog
("week") ("thing")

t
("lake")

hetek

dolgok

tavak

Possessive 1st person singular hetem

dolgom

tavam

2nd person singular heted

dolgod

tavad

3rd person singular hete

dolga

tava

Plural

1st person plural

hetnk

dolgunk

tavunk

2nd person plural

hetetek

dolgotok

tavatok

3rd person plural

hetk

dolguk

tavuk

Accusative

hetet

dolgot

tavat

Distributive

hetenknt dolgonknt tavanknt

Sociative

hetestl

Distributive-temporal

hetente

Superessive

(hten)

dolgon

tavon

hetes

dolgos

tavas

Derived adjective

dolgostul

tavastul

Note: as with other nouns, the plural and the possessive forms (the first seven rows) are independent of cases so they
can take the suffixes of other cases than the nominative: hetek|bl, dolgom|hoz, dolgaimhoz etc. The forms in the
latter five rows (which have suffixes of certain cases) cannot have more suffixes attached.

Stem with -on/-en/-n/-n


For -on/-en/-n/-n, the vowel-shortening base uses the nominative stem, e.g. hten, but the other types
(vowel-dropping and -v- bases) use the oblique stem, e.g. dolgon, tavon, as it is shown in the examples above.
Also, the back-vowel nouns which use an a link vowel have o as the link vowel instead, e.g. hzon ("on the house").
As noted above, when it is added to tz ("ten") and to hsz ("twenty") to form compound numbers, e.g. tizenegy
("eleven"), huszonegy ("twenty-one"), these vowel-shortening bases use the oblique stem.

Differentiating -an/-en from -on/-en/-n/-n


The suffix -an/-en, used with numbers and adjectives, is not to be confused with the above suffix -on/-en/-n/-n.
Their vowel can only be a or e, even on words which would normally use o or : cf. tn (on the number five) and
ten (numbering five), haton and hatan (for the latter form, see Quantity expressions).

Order of noun suffixes


Where more than one type of noun suffix occurs, the plural suffix is first (normally -k but -i with possessives). The
possessive suffix follows this and the case suffix is last.

Hungarian noun phrase

18

Pronominal forms
Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns are ez ("this") and az ("that"). They can take the full range of case endings. For most
suffixes, preservative consonant assimilation occurs.

Subject and object pronouns


Pronouns exist in subject (nominative) and object (accusative) forms.
Because the verb suffix is marked for both subject and object, the pronouns are not usually used, i.e. it is a pro-drop
language. The pronouns are used for contrast or emphasis or when there is no verb.
Singular

Plural

Subject Object Subject


1st person

2nd (informal) te
person (formal) maga
(official) n
3rd person

Object

engem mi

minket or bennnket

tged
magt
nt

ti
maguk
nk

titeket or benneteket
magukat
nket

ket

Hence, the English pronoun "you" can have no fewer than thirteen translations in Hungarian.

Cases with personal suffixes


For the other forms which are listed above as cases, the equivalent of a pronoun is formed using a stem derived from
the suffix, followed by the personal suffix. For example, benned ("in you") or for emphasis tebenned ("in you") has
the stem benn- which is derived from the front variant of the position suffix -ban/-ben ("in").
Note: When the stem ends in a long vowel, the 3rd person singular has a suffix.
maga and n do not use these forms. They are conjugated like nouns with the case suffixes, e.g. magban, nben.
Suffixes that use a back vowel stem:
Suffix

Stem

-am/-m -ad/-d -a/-ja -unk/-nk -atok/-tok -uk/-juk

-NL/-nl

nl-

nlam

nlad

nla

nlunk

nlatok

nluk

by/at me etc.

-RL/-rl

rl-

rlam

rlad

rla

rlunk

rlatok

rluk

off me etc.
about me etc.

-RA/-re

r- (!)

rm

rd

rnk

rtok

rjuk

onto me etc.

hozztok

hozzjuk to me etc.

rajtatok

rajtuk

-HOZ/-hez/-hz hozz- (!) hozzm hozzd hozz hozznk


-on/-en/-n/-n

rajt- (!)

Suffixes that use a front vowel stem:

rajtam

rajtad

rajta

rajtunk

Meaning

on me etc.

Hungarian noun phrase

19

Suffix

Stem

-em/-m

-ed/-d

-e/-je -nk/-nk -etek/-tek -k/-jk

-val/-VEL

vel-

velem

veled

vele

velnk

veletek

velk

with me etc.

-tl/-TL

tl-

tlem

tled

tle

tlnk

tletek

tlk

(away) from me etc.

-RT

rt-

rtem

rted

rte

rtnk

rtetek

rtk

for me etc.

-nak/-NEK

nek-

nekem

neked

neki

neknk

nektek

nekik

to me etc.

bennk

in me etc.

-ban/-BEN benn- (!) bennem benned benne bennnk bennetek

-bl/-BL bell- (!) bellem belled belle bellnk belletek bellk


-ba/-BE

bel- (!) belm

beld

bel

belnk

beltek

beljk

Meaning

out of me etc.
into me etc.

No personal forms exist for the other suffixes: -v/-v, -ig, -knt, -ul/-l, -kpp(en), -stul/-stl,
-onknt/(-anknt)/-enknt/-nknt/-nknt, -ott/(-att)/-ett/-tt/-t, -onta/(-anta)/-ente/-nte, -kor. Their personal variants
can be only paraphrases (e.g. addig ment, ahol llt "he went as far as him" > " as far as where he stood").

Postpositions with personal suffixes


Most postpositions (see there) are combined with personal suffixes in a similar way, e.g. alattad ("under you").
Note: The personal forms of stand-alone postpositions are paraphrases, e.g. rajtam tl "beyond me", hozzm kpest
"as compared to me".
Personal suffixes at the end of postpositions:
-am/-em -ad/-ed -a/-e -unk/-nk -atok/-etek -uk/-k
-m
-d
-ja/-je
-nk
-tok/-tek -juk/-jk

See also the section Overview of personal endings: typical sound elements.
Note:
In the same way as for the cases with personal suffixes, when the postposition (stem) ends in a long vowel, the
3rd person singular has a suffix (see the bolded forms in the last row).
Postpositions in bare (unsuffixed) forms are capitalized.
Postpositions with three-way distinction
under/below
me etc

From ALL
allam
allad
alla
allunk
allatok
alluk

over/above
me etc

FLL
fllem
flled
flle
fllnk
flletek
fllk

next
to/beside me
etc
MELLL
melllem
mellled
mellle
melllnk
mellletek
melllk

in front
of me etc

ELL
ellem
elled
elle
ellnk
elletek
ellk

behind
me etc

MGL
mglem
mgled
mgle
mglnk
mgletek
mglk

between me
(& others) etc

KZL
kzlem
kzled
kzle
kzlnk
kzletek
kzlk

around
me etc

(from/to)
my direction
etc
FELL
fellem
felled
felle
fellnk
felletek
fellk

Hungarian noun phrase

(At/in) ALATT
alattam
alattad
alatta
alattunk
alattatok
alattuk

To

AL
alm
ald
al
alnk
altok
aljuk

20
FLTT
flttem
fltted
fltte
flttnk
flttetek
flttk

MELLETT
mellettem
melletted
mellette
mellettnk
mellettetek
mellettk

ELTT
elttem
eltted
eltte
elttnk
elttetek
elttk

MGTT
mgttem
mgtted
mgtte
mgttnk
mgttetek
mgttk

KZTT or
KZT
kzttem or
kztem
kztted or kzted
kztte or kzte
kzttnk or
kztnk
kzttetek or
kztetek
kzttk or kztk

KRL (!)
krlttem
krltted
krltte
krlttnk
krlttetek
krlttk

FL
flm
fld
fl
flnk
fltek
fljk

MELL
mellm
melld
mell
mellnk
melltek
melljk

EL
elm
eld
el
elnk
eltek
eljk

MG
mgm
mgd
mg
mgnk
mgtek
mgjk

KZ
kzm
kzd
kz
kznk
kztek
kzjk

KR
krm
krd
kr
krnk
krtek
krjk

FEL
felm
feld
fel
felnk
feltek
feljk

Postpositions without three-way distinction


after me
etc

UTN
utnam
utnad
utna
utnunk
utnatok
utnuk

instead of
me etc

HELYETT
helyettem
helyetted
helyette
helyettnk
helyettetek
helyettk

without me through/by me etc


etc
(figurative)

NLKL
nlklem
nlkled
nlkle
nlklnk
nlkletek
nlklk

LTAL
ltalam
ltalad
ltala
ltalunk
ltalatok
ltaluk

against
me etc

ELLEN
ellenem
ellened
ellene
ellennk
ellenetek
ellenk

because of
me etc

MIATT
miattam
miattad
miatta
miattunk
miattatok
miattuk

for my purpose
etc

VGETT (never
used as a pronoun)

"according to
me",
in my opinion
etc
SZERINT
szerintem
szerinted
szerinte
szerintnk
szerintetek
szerintk

towards me etc
(figurative)

IRNT
irntam
irntad
irnta
irntunk
irntatok
irntuk

Derived postpositions with possessive suffixes


These below are declined like words with possessive suffixes plus cases:
for/to me etc
rszemre
rszedre
RSZRE
rsznkre
rszetekre
rszkre

szmomra
szmodra
SZMRA
szmunkra
szmotokra
szmukra

by my help etc
rvemen
rveden
RVN
rvnkn
rveteken
rvkn

segtsgemmel
segtsgeddel
SEGTSGVEL
segtsgnkkel
segtsgetekkel
segtsgkkel

in my case etc on my part etc


esetemben
esetedben
ESETBEN
esetnkben
esetetekben
esetkben

rszemrl
rszedrl
RSZRL
rsznkrl
rszetekrl
rszkrl

Rszre and szmra are often interchangeable. To express sending or giving something (to someone), usually
rszre is preferred. On the other hand, to express the affected party of some perception or judgement (good, bad,
new, shocking, unacceptable etc. for someone), only szmra can be used, as well as when expressing goal,
objective, intention, or other figurative purposes.

Hungarian noun phrase

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Placeholders in Hungarian
See Placeholder names in Hungarian

Duplication with demonstrative determiners


When the noun has a plural suffix, a "case" suffix or a postposition, this is duplicated on the demonstrative. As with
the demonstrative pronouns, for most suffixes, preservative consonant assimilation also occurs. Examples:
Basic form with definite article

With demonstrative determiner

a laksok ("the flats/apartments", subject) ezek a laksok ("these flats/apartments", subject)


a lakst ("the flat/apartment", object)

ezt a lakst ("this flat/apartment", object)

a laksban ("in the flat/apartment")

ebben a laksban ("in this flat/apartment")

a lakssal ("with the flat/apartment")

ezzel a lakssal ("with this flat/apartment")

a laks alatt ("under the flat/apartment")

ez alatt a laks alatt ("under this flat/apartment")

As peripheral phenomena, there also exist non-duplicating forms, like e, ezen, eme, azon and ama (the latter two
referring to distant objects), but they are poetic or obsolete (cf. ";yonder"). For example: e hzban = eme hzban =
ebben a hzban ("in this house"). Ezen and azon are used before vowel-initial words, e.g. ezen emberek = ezek az
emberek ("these people"). The duplicating forms (as in the chart above) are far more widespread than these.

External links
HungarianReference.com's section on noun cases [3] Guide to Hungarian noun cases (currently inaccessible)
(Hungarian) Galla utn szabadon j magyar automatikus nyelvtan [4]: jokes on stem words appearing as those
having certain suffixes (used as a source in this article)

References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Hungarian_language& action=edit


http:/ / adatbank. transindex. ro/ vendeg/ htmlk/ pdf3367. pdf
http:/ / www. hungarianreference. com/ Nouns/
http:/ / futyi. transindex. ro/ ?cikk=54

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors


Hungarian noun phrase Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581970273 Contributors: Abondolo, Adam78, Babajobu, Belovedfreak, Dc197, Download, FilipeS, Florian
Blaschke, Gargaj, MZMcBride, Madacs, Mister C4, OrenBochman, Peter Isotalo, Raoulduke25, Rev-san, Sardanaphalus, That Guy, From That Show!, V79benno, Walrus heart, Woohookitty,
Zigomer trubahin, 29 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors


File:Specialkeys hungarian keyboard.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Specialkeys_hungarian_keyboard.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5
Contributors: Cserlajos, Javier Carro, Man vyi, Qorilla, Tacsipacsi, Tomchiukc

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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