1.

CARBON COMPOUNDS ARE COMPOUNDS

WHICH CONTAIN THE ELEMENT OF (CARBON).
2. CARBON COMPOUNDS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO
TWO GROUPS:
-ORGANIC COMPOUND
-INORGANIC COMPOUND
3.ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
- OXIDES OF CARBON (CO,CO
2
)
-CARBONATES (CaCO
3
)
-HYDROGEN CARBONATES (NaHCO
3
)
-CYANIDES (KCN)
-METALLIC CARBIDES (Al
2
C
3
)

4. HYDRO + CARBON ARE THE SIMPLEST OF ALL
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CONTAINING ONLY
CARBON AND HYDROGEN.



5. HYDROCARBONS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO
GROUPS:
- SATURATED HYDROCARBON (SINGLE BOND)
-UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (DOUBLE OR
TRIPLE BOND)

6. SATURATED HYDROCARBON MOLECULES ARE
MADE ENTIRELY OF CARBON-CARBON SINGLE
BONDS.

7. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON MOLECULES
CONTAIN AT LEAST ONE CARBON-CARBON
DOUBLE OR TRIPLE BOND. UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS CONTAIN MULTIPLE BONDS.





ALKANES
1. THE ALKANES ARE A FAMILY OF SIMPLE
HYDROCARBON WITH GENERAL FORMULA
C
n
H
2n+2
n = 1, 5
C
25
H
52
physical properties of alkanes:
-

alkanes are covalent compounds which
consist of simple molecules. These
molecules are held together by weak
intermolecular forces.
-electrical conductivity:
cannot conduct electricity
-melting and boiling point:
Low melting and boiling
point
-solubility :
Dissolve in organic solvent
but insoluble in water
-density:
Less dense than water
2. SATURATED HYDROCARBON
3. BALL AND STICK MODEL



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
1. COMBUSTION INVOLVE OXYGEN,
INCOMPLETE and COMPLETE
2. HALOGENATION




ALKENES:
1. ANOTHER FORMS OF
HYDROCARBON
2. GENERAL FORMULA
C
n
H
2n

3. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON,
DOUBLE BOND
4. FUNCTIONAL GROUP???
-IS A GROUP OF ATOMS WHICH
DETERMINES THE CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE ORGANIC
MOLECULE

NAMING THE ALKENES????
IF ALKANES ARE USING ANE
(HEPTANE) naming the alkenes
are using ENE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES
1. MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
ARE LOW
2. THE GREATER THE NUMBER OF
CARBON ATOMS, THE GREATER
THE SIZE OF MOLECULES,
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
INCREACE, MELTING AND
BOILING POINT ALSO INCREASE.
3. DENSITY LOW
4. SOLUBILITY IN WATER DO
NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER BUT
DISSOLVE IN ORANIC SOLVENT
5. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
CANNOT CONDUCT







CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES:
1. COMBUSTION
2. ADDITION REACTIONS:
- HYDROGENATION + H2
- HALOGENATION + Cl2, Br2, F2, I2
- HYDROGEN HALIDES (halogen)
+HCl, HF, HBR, HI
- HYDRATION +H2O
- HYDROXYL GROUP +OH ::::
ETHENE DECOLOURIZES THE
PURPLE SOLUTION OF ACIDIFIED
POTASSIUM MANGANATE (vii),
- ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM
MANGANATE (vii) SOLUTION CAN
BE USED AS A REAGENT TO TEST
FOR THE PRESENCE OF A CARBON-
CARBON DOUBLE BOND
3. POLYMERISATION REACTION

COMPARING AND CONSTRASTING
BETWEEN ALKANE AND ALKENE
ALKANE ALKENE
BONDING

single double
TYPE OF
HYDROCARBON

saturated unsaturated
REACTIVITY

Low high
TYPE OF
REACTION

Substitution
combustion
Addition
combustion




Hexane and hexene
Hexane Hexene
Reaction with
oxygen
Yellow, sooty
(percentage of
carbon is lower)
Yellow, very
sooty
(percentage of
carbon is
higher)

Reaction with
bromine
No visible
change
Reddish brown
decolourize

Reaction with
acidified
potassium
manganate (VII)
No visible
change
Purple
decolourize






Homologous series
- Is a group or family of organic compounds
that has certain characteristics.
- Can be represented by a general formula
- Successive members differ from each other
by CH
2

- CAN BE PREPARED BY SIMILAR METHOD
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHANGE REGULARLY
WITH INCREASING NO OF CARBON ATOM
- SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

FUNCTIONAL GROUP
=IS A SPECIAL GROUP OF ATOMS ATTACHED TO
AN ORGANIC MOLECULE.

ISOMERISM
= IS A PHENOMENON WHEREBY TWO OR MORE
MOLECULES ARE FOUND TO HAVE THE SAME
MOLECULAR FORMULA

ISOMERS
=ARE MOLECULES WITH THE SAME MOLECULAR
FORMULA, BUT WITH DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL
FORMULAE.

ISOMERISM IN ALKANES
ISOMERISM IN ALKANES
DRAWS ALL THE ISOMERS OF C
4
H
8
DRAWS ALL THE ISOMERS OF C
4
H
10








ALCOHOLS
1. ALCOHOLS ARE NON HYDROCARBON
2. CONSIST NOT ONLY CARBON AND HYDROGEN,
BUT ALSO OXYGEN
3. CONTAIN HYDROXYL GROUP C-O-H
4. SHOULD NOT BE CONFUSED WITH HYDROXIDE
ION ( OH
-
)
5. C
n
H
2n+1
OH
6. METHANOL, ETHANOL, PROPANOL,
BUTANOL..ETC
7. SIMILAR TO ALKENES, ISOMERISM IN
ALCOHOLS IS CAUSED BY
- THE BRANCHING OF THE CARBON CHAIN
- THE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE
HYDROXYL GROUP
8. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL
- FROM SUGARS AND STARCH BY
FERMENTATION
- FROM PETROLEUM FRACTIONS BY
HYDRATION

9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL:
-IT IS A LIQUID AT ROOM CONDITION
-COLORLESS
-SHARP SMELL
-COMPLETELY MISCIBLE WITH WATER
-LOW BOILING POINT
-HIGHLY VOLATILE
10. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL
- COMBUSTION
- OXIDATION
- DEHYDRATION
11. THE ETHENE PRODUCED CAN BE DETECTED BY
THE FOLLOWING TESTS:
- IT DECOLORISES REDDISH BROWN
-IT DECOLORISES PURPLE ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM
MANGANATE (VII) SOLUTION
12. THERE ARE TWO METHODS TO CARRY OUT A
DEHYDRATION OF ETHANOL IN THE LABORATORY.
-ETHANOL VAPOR IS PASSED OVER A HEATED
CATALYST SUCH AS UNGLAZED PORCELAIN CHIPS,
POROUS POT, PUMICE STONE OR ALUMINIUM
OXIDE.
-ETHANOL IS HEATED UNDER REFLUX AT 170c
WITH EXCESS CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID