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TRANSMISSION LINES DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION
BY
K.VEERABHADRA RAO
RETD.CHIEF ENGINEER,AP TRANSCO
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DEVELOPMENT OF AC TRANSMISSION LINES
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DESIGN BASIS
1.ECONOMIC FACTORS
2.NETWORK SAFETY
3.REDUNDANCY
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MAIN COMPONENTS
1. CONDUCTOR
2. CONDUCTOR ACCESSORIES
a) REPAIR SLEEVES b) COMPRESSION JOINTS
c) VIBRATION DAMPERS d) SPACERS / SPACER
DAMPERS
3. EARTH WIRE
a) COMPRESSION JOINTS
b) VIBRATION DAMPERS
c) COPPER EARTH BONDS
4. INSULATORS
7. OPGW
9. TOWERS
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ADVANTAGES OF ACSR
LINES
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STANDARDS
1. IS:398 IEC-1098-1991:
SPECIFICATION FOR ALUMINIUM
CONDUCTORS FOR OVERHEAD
TRANSMISSION LINES
2 IS-398 PART-II : ACSR
3. IS-398 PART-V : ACSR FOR 400 kV AND ABOVE
4. IEC-1232 : ALUMINIUM CLAD STEEL WIRES FOR
ELECTRICAL PURPOSES
5.IS-1778 :REELS AND DRUMS FOR BARE
CONDUCTORS
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PRINCIPAL PARAMETERS OF ACSR
1. APPLICABLE STANDARDS
2. NO./WIRE DIA.AL./STEEL
3. SECTIONAL AREA OF ALUMINIUM (SQ,mm)
4. TOTAL SECTIONAL AREA (SQ,mm)
5. OVERAL DIA.(mm)
6. APPROXIMATE WT(.KG / KM)
7. DC RESISTANCEAT 20 DEG.C( OHM/KM)
8. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH ( KN)
9. FINAL MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (KG/cm)
10. COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION (PER DEG.C)
11.LAY RATIO( MAX./MIN.)
12.TECHNICAL PARTICULARS OF STEEL AND AL.STRANDS
a) strand dia. b) cross sectional area c) wt./km d) min.breaking load befor stranding
and after stranding KN e)zinc coating of steel wire f) joints in strands g) chemical
composition of steel wire
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IMP. TYPE TESTS
1.ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH
2.CORONA EXTINSION VOLTAGE
3.RADIO INTERFERENCE VOLTAGE
4.DC RESISTANCE
5.STESS STAIN TEST
This test is to collect the creep data of the
conductor.Creep is due to settlement of strands and due to
non -elastic elongation of metal when subjected to load.The
manufacturer shall furnish the amount of creep in
10,20,30,40,50 years along with supporting
calculations.The calculation to be based on every day temp.
and tension 22 % of UTS. for 400 kV
and 25 %UTS for 220 kV
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INSULATOR STRINGS
TYPES OF INSULATORS
1. PORCELAIN DISC INSULATORS,LONG ROD INSULATORS
2.TOUGHENED GLASS
3.POLYMER SILICON RUBBER/ALLOY OF SILICON RUBBER AND EPDM
NORMAL SIZES
1.254 X 145 mm 70KN/90KN EMS. 280mm CREEPAGE
2.280 X 170 mm 120 KN/160KN,
280mm/330mm/430mm CREEPAGE
3.305 X 145 mm 120 KN,
280mm /330mm/430mm CREEPAGE
4.305 X 170 mm 160 KN
280mm /330mm/430mm CREEPAGE
BALL DIA--16mm, 20mm
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INSULATOR STRINGS---- CONTINUED
TYPES OF STRINGS
1.SINGLE SUSPENSION
2.DOUBLE SUSPENSION
3.SINGLE TENSION
4. DOUBLE TENSION
5.V-SRTING
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CONSTRUCTION WORKS
1. SURVEYS
a) ROUTE ALIGNMENT
b) DETAILED SURVEY c) CHECK SURVEY
i) PROFILES
ii) SOIL PARTICULARS
iii) SAG TEMPLATE
iv)TOWER SPOTTING
v) RIGHT OF WAY
3. FOUNDATIONS
i) DESIGN FOR DIFFERENT SOILS ii) EXCAVATION PLAN
iii) FORM BOXES iv) STUB SETTING
v) CONCRETING vi) REVETMENTS
vii) EARTHING
4. TOWER ERRECTION
i) TOWER SCHEDULES ii) INSEPCTION AND SORTING
OUT MEMBERS
iii) TREATMENT OF JOINS iv) ASSEMBLY
v) TIGHTENING AND PUNCHING OF BOLTS AND NUTS
vi) FIXING ACCESSORIES
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CONSTRUCTION WORKS contd..
5. INSULATOR HOISTING
8. FINAL CHECKING
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COST COMPONENTS
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DESIGN BY PROBABILISTIC METHOD
IEC-826
CLIMATIC LOADS
a) RETURN PERIODS OF CLIMATIC EVENTS
1) 50 YEARS
2) 150 YEARS
3) 500 YEARS
b) DRAG COEFFICIENT OF CONDUCTOR
c) TERRAIN CATEGORIES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
a) RELIABILITY (STRUCTURAL)
OR
PROBABILITY OF SURVIVAL
b) SECURITY (STRUCTURAL)
c) SAFETY
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DESIGN BY PROBABILISTIC METHOD
IEC-826
COORDINATION OF STRENGTH OF COMPONENTS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAJOR COORDINATION WITH
COMPONENT MA JOR COMPONENTS
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TO FAIL FIRST TANGENT TOWER TOWER,FOUNDATIONS,
HARDWARE
NOT TO FAIL FIRST ANGLE TOWER TOWER,FOUNDATIONS,
WITH 90% CONFIDENCE HARDWARE
DEAD END TOWER TOWER,FOUNDATIONS,
HARDWARE
CONDUCTOR CONDUCTORS, INSUL-
LATORS, HARDWARE
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LOADINGS ON TRANSMISSION LINES
LIVE LOADS
1. WIND LOADS
a. NON-SNOWY REGIONS
b. WITH ICE SNOWY REGIONS
c. WITHOUT ICE SNOWY REGIONS
2. DEAD LOADS
a. WEIGHT OF TOWER
b. WEIGHT OF CONDUCTORS,
c. HARDWARE AND INSULATORS
3. SPECIAL LOADS
a. EXTERNAL LOADS DURING
b. CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANACE
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REQUIREMENT OF LOADS
1.RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS
CLIMATIC LOADS UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
2.SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
FAILURE CONTAINMENT LOADS UNDER BROKEN WIRE CONDITION
3.SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
LOADS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE LOADS
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METHODOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN
OF TRANSMISSION LINES
ESTABLISH SAFETY SELECT SECURITY SELECT
REQUIREMENTS REQUREMENTS RELIABILITY
1. TOWER HEIGHT
2. TOWER WIDTH
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ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
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DESIGN PARAMETERS
1. NO.OF CIRCUITS
2. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
a. WIND
b. TEMPERATURE
c. ISOKERANIC LEVEL
d. SEISMIC INTENSITY
e. ICE FORMATION
3. ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
4. CONDUCTOR
5. EARTH WIRE
6. INSULATOR STRINGS
7. SPAN
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LOADINGS
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LOADINGS contd..
NATURE OF LOADS
1. TRANSVERSE LOADS(T)
WIND LOAD ON TOWER STRUCTURE, CONDUCTOR, GW & INSULATOR
STRING
COMPONENT OF MECHANICAL TENSION
2. VERTICAL LOADS(V)
SELF WEIGHT
LOADS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
3. LONGITUDINAL LOADS(L)
RELIABILITY CONDITION (NORMAL CONDITION),
SECURITY CONDITION (BROKEN WIRE CONDITION) AND
SAFETY CONDITION (CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE) HAVE ALL
THE ABOVE LOADS UNDER THEIR LOADING COMBINATIONS.
SAFTETY CONDITION HAS BOTH NORMAL AND BROKEN WIRE CONDITION.
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ANTI CASCADING CHECKS
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BROKEN WIRE CONDITION
(BWC)
SINGLE CIRCUIT: ONE PHASE OR GW BROKEN WHICH EVER IS
MORE STRINGENT FOR A PARTICULAR MEMBER
MULTI CIRCUIT:
SUSPENSION TOWER: ANY ONE PHASE OR GW BROKEN WHICH
EVER IS MORE STRINGENT FOR A PARTICULAR MEMBER
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DESIGN OF TOWER MEMBERS
STRESS ANALYSIS:
1. GRAPHICAL DIAGRAM METHOD: NOW OBSOLETE
2. ANALYTICAL METHOD
3. COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS: 3D ANALYSIS
SELECTION OF MATERIAL
i) BOLT DIAMETER FLARGE WIDTH
16MM 45 MM
ii) MINIMUM THICKNESS: 5 MM LEG
4MM BRACINGS/REDUNDENT MEMBERS
iii) GRADE OF STEEL : MILD STEEL AND HIGH TENSILE STEEL
iv) STENDERNESS RATIO:
LEGS < 120
BRACINGS < 200
REDUNDENT < 250
TENSION < 400
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DESIGN OF TOWER MEMBERS contd..
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
SELECTION OF MEMBERS
i) CLASS 4.6
ULTIMATE BEARING STRESS - 3552 Kgf IN 5mm TH.sECTION
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ULTIMATE SHEARING STRESS - 4464 Kgf SINGLE SHEAR
TESTING OF TOWERS
TESTING
1. BOLT SLIP TEST 2. BWC/ANTI CASCADE CONDITION
3. NC 4. DESTRUCTION TEST
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APPLICATION OF LOADS
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QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN
1. QUALITY POLICY
2. QUALITY CONTOL(QC) DEPARTMENT
3. QUALITY PLANNING
4. DESIGN AND DRAWING
5. COMPANY STANDARDS
6. INSPECTION EQUIPMENT, TOOLS AND GUAGES
7. MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
8. INSPECTION OF INCOMING MATERIAL
9. BOUGHTOUT ITEMS
10. IN-PROCESS INSPECTION
11. DOCUMENTATION
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DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
1. TYPE OF LOADS
a. COMPRESSION OR DOWN WARD THRUST
b. TENSION OR UPLIFT
c. LATERAL FORCES OR SIDE THRUST BOTH, TRANSVERSE AND
LOGITUDINAL DIRECTIONS
2. SOIL PARAMETERS
a. LIMIT BEARING CAPACITY
b. DENSITY OF SOIL
c. ANGEL OF EARTH FRUSTRUM
3. SOIL INVESTIGATION
a. TYPY OF SOIL
b. GROUND WATER TABLE
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DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS contd..
4. TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
a. NORMAL DRY SOIL FOUNDATION
b. WET SOIL FOUNDATION
c. PARTIAL SUBMERGED FOUNDATION
d. FULLY SUBMERGED FOUNDATION
e. BLACK COTTON SOIL FOUNDATION
f. PARITAL BLACK COTTON SOIL FOUNDATION
g. SOFT ROCK/FISSURED ROCK FOUNDATION
h. HARD ROCK FOUNDATION
i. SANDY SOIL FOUNDATION
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DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS contd..
6. REVETMENT ON FOUNDATION
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THE END
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