Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESERVATION - FULL
J.ILANGUMARAN
HEAD ACHE…?
• EAT FISH!
• Eat plenty of fish -- fish oil helps
prevent headaches. So does ginger,
which reduces inflammation and pain.
HEAVY FEVER ….?
• EAT YOGURT!
• Eat lots of yogurt before pollen season.
• Also-eat honey from your area (local
region) daily.
TO PREVENT STROKE….. ?
• DRINK TEA!
• Prevent buildup of fatty deposits on artery
walls with regular doses of tea.
• (Actually, tea suppresses my appetite and
keeps the pounds from invading....Green tea is
great for our immune system)!
INSOMNIA.. (CAN'T SLEEP…?)
• HONEY!
• Use honey as a tranquilizer and sedative.
ASTHMA……. ?
• EAT ONIONS!!!!
• Eating onions helps ease constriction of bronchial
tubes. (When I was young, My mother would make
onion packs to place on our chest, helped the
respiratory ailments and actually made us breathe
better).
ARTHRITIS… ?
Mackerel Fish
Sardines Fish
• BANANAS - GINGER!!!!!
• Bananas will settle an upset stomach.
• Ginger will cure morning sickness and
nausea.
BLADDER INFECTION…. ?
• EAT PINEAPPLE!!!
• Bone fractures and osteoporosis can be
prevented by the manganese in
pineapple .
MEMORY PROBLEMS…?
• EAT OYSTERS!
• Oysters help improve your mental functioning
by supplying much-needed zinc.
COLD …?
• EAT GARLIC!
• Clear up that stuffy head with garlic.
(Remember, garlic lowers cholesterol, too .)
COUGHING….?
• EAT APPLES!
• Grate an apple with its skin, let it turn
brown and eat it to cure this condition .
(Bananas are good for this ailment)
CLOGGED ARTERIES….?
• EAT AVOCADO!
• Mono unsaturated fat in avocados lowers
cholesterol.
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE….?
CELERY OLIVES
The above operations are listed in alphabetical order not in sequence of importance
• The unit operations may also include
numerous different activities. For
example agitating, beating, blending,
diffusing, dispersing, emulsifying,
homogenizing, etc.
• One of the key elements to food
processing is the proper selection and
combination of unit operations into more
complex integrated processing systems
MATERIALS HANDLING
• Materials handling includes such varied operations as hand
and mechanical harvesting on the farm, refrigerated trucking
of perishable produce, box car transporting of live cattle and
pneumatic conveying of flour from rail car to bakery storage
bins
• Throughout such operations emphasis must be given to
maintaining sanitary conditions, minimizing product losses,
maintaining the material quality, minimizing bacterial growth,
and timing all transfers & deliveries so as to minimize the
holdup time
CLEANING
• Foods by the nature of the way they are grown or produced
on farms in open environment requires cleaning before use
• Cleaning ranges from simple removal of dirt from egg shells
with an abrasive brush to the complex removal of bacteria
from a liquid food by passing it through a micro porous
membrane
• Grains must be cleaned of stones before use
• Cleaning can be accomplished with brushes, high velocity air,
steam, water, vacuum, magnetic attraction of metal
contaminants, mechanical separation and so on
• Some cleaning methods are dictated by surface
characteristics of the product
• Many types of soil dirt can be cleaned with mild alkaline
detergents
SEPARATING
• Separating can involve separating a solid from a solid OR solid
from a liquid OR liquid from a solid
• One of the commonest forms of separating is the hand sorting
and grading of individual units as in the case of vegetables
and fruits
• Mechanical and electronic sorting devices are developed to
avoid the problems in manual sorting
• Difference in color can be detected by a photo cell and this
can be done at enormous speeds
• Light shining through eggs can detect blood spots
• Automatic separation according to size is easily accomplished
by passing fruits or vegetables over different size screens and
holes
A TYPICAL SEPARATOR
The skins of fruits and vegetables may be removed
using a lye peeler
DISINTEGRATING
• Operations which subdivide large pieces of food into smaller
parts are classified as disintegrating
• It may involve cutting, grinding, pulping, homogenizing and so
on
• Normally dicing [cubing] of vegetables is done in automatic
machines
• The cutting of meat is still a time consuming hand-labor
operation
• When disintegrating is done by grinding heat is produced and
this heat may denature the proteins. To avoid this grinding
operations are normally done in frozen form
• Homogenizing produces disintegration of fat globules in milk
B. DICING EQUIPMENT
A. SLICING EQUIPMENT
PUMPING
• Moving fluids from one processing step to
another is done by pumping
• There are many kinds of pumps. The choice is
dependent on the character of food to be
moved
• Cam and piston pump, Gear pumps, Lobe
pumps, Screw pumps, Vane pumps and
Shuttle block pumps are normally used for this
purpose
MIXING
• There are many kinds of mixtures depending on the materials
to be mixed
• Mixing solids with solids, solids with liquids and liquids with
liquids can be done
HEATING
• Many foods are heated to destroy microorganisms
• Some are heated to drive away moisture and to develop
flavors
• Some are also heated to make them more tender
• Foods are heated by conduction, convection and radiation or
a combination of these
• Foods are sensitive to heat
• Prolonged heating causes burned flavors, dark colors and loss
of nutritional value
• Foods may be heated or cooked using toasters, direct
injection of steam, direct contact with flame, using electronic
energy as in the case of microwave ovens, etc.
b). HORIZONTAL SCRAPED SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGER
COOLING
• Cooling is the removal of heat energy and this
may be done to the degree of chilling to
refrigerator temperature. Beyond this range
the food is frozen
• Milk is cooled by passing them in thin layers
through heat exchangers
• There are many types of commercial freezers
• Quick freezing is done to preserve the food
quality. Liquid nitrogen at -196 degree celcius
is used for this purpose
PLATE FREEZER
LIQUID NITROGEN FREEZER
EVAPORATION
• Evaporation is principally used to concentrate
food by removal of water
• It is also used to recover desirable volatiles
and to remove unwanted volatiles
• Grapes and some other fruits are dried in sun
light
• All liquids boil at low temperature under
reduced pressure
DRYING
• The objective of drying is to remove water with minimum
damage to the food
• Evaporators will concentrate foods twofold or threefold but
the driers will take food very close to total dryness
• Driers are used to prepare products like milk powder and
instant coffee
• Liquid foods are normally subdivided either as a spray or as a
film and then the moisture is removed quickly with the help
of circulating heated air
• Small food pieces such as peas and diced onions can be dried
by moving through a long tunnel oven
• Over heating and shrinkage by the removal of moisture will
give poor quality to the food and this can be avoided by freeze
drying
FORMING
• Foods are often formed into specific shapes
• Pressure is applied to form the desired
shapes. If necessary heating is also done in
some cases
• Forming is an important operation in making
breakfast cereals. This is done by pressure
extrusion through dies
PACKAGING
• Food is packaged for many purposes.
• Some reasons are containment for shipping, dispensing,
unitizing in to appropriate sizes, improving the usefulness,
protect from microbial contamination, physical dirt, insect
invasion, light exposure, flavor pickup, flavor loss, moisture
pickup, moisture loss and physical abuse
• Food is packaged in metal cans, glass & plastic bottles, paper
& paper board, wide variety of plastic & metallic films and
combinations of these
• Packaging is done by continuous automatic machines at a
speed of 1000 units per min
• The container forming is dependent on the type of the food
OVERLAPPING UNIT OPERATIONS
• The division or grouping of the unit operations is not
fixed and perfect. There can be overlapping
• Any total food process will always be a series of unit
operations, performed in a logical sequence
• In modern food processing these operations are so
connected as to commonly permit smooth,
continuous automatically controlled production
• So that the sequence is dependent on the type of the
food, the industry by which it is processed, etc.
ENERGY CONSERVATION
• All the unit food processing unit operations require
considerable amounts of energy. Thus the energy cost is a
significant part in food production
• Care must be taken while designing the unit operations for
optimizing energy use
• Dehydration, concentration, freezing, sterilization and other
operations are being reevaluated in terms of times and
temperatures
• There are many methods to conserve energy throughout the
food production. Today it is also common to employ energy
conservation specialists for energy auditing and management
FOOD DETERIORATION AND ITS CONTROL
DEGREES OF PRESERVATION:
• Sterilization
• Commercial sterilization
• Pasteurization
• Blanching
• Sterilization refers to 121 deg C of wet heat for 15 min or more
• Commercial sterilization refers to killing pathogens
SELECTING HEAT TREATMENTS
The selection of the heat treatment is based on
• Time-temperature combination required to inactivate the most
of the heat resistant pathogens and spoiling microorganisms in
a particular food
• Heat penetration characteristics of a particular food
• The D value and z value are used to characterize the heat resistance
of a micro-organism and its temperature dependence respectively.
• There are a large number of factors which determine the heat
resistance of microorganisms, but general statements of the effect
of a given variable on heat resistance are not always possible.
• The following factors are known to be important.
MARGIN OF SAFETY
COLD POINT IN FOOD MASSES
• When heat is applied from the outside the food nearest to the
heating surface will reach sterilization temperature sooner then the
food near the centre
• The point in a food or inside a heating “can” which is the last to
reach the final heating temperature is called as the cold point
• Knowledge about the cold point is important in determining the
process time
• Sufficient time must be allowed to bring the cold point of a given
food mass to the required temperature in any heating process
• In heating food inside a can the cold point will be located in very
centre of the can
• Both conduction and convection heating methods are used to heat
food
DETERMINING PROCESS TIME AND PROCESS LETHALITY
MICROWAVE HEATING
HOT PACK AND HOT FILL
• Packing of previously heat treated foods into
clean containers while the food is still hot
• This is most effective with acid foods
• Many fruit juices are hot packed in the
temperature not less than 77 deg C
FLASH 18 PROCESS
• When conventional hot pack process is not possible for low
acid foods [heating above 100 deg C and filling in the
containers above 100 deg C] flash 18 process is used
• This is also known as Smith-Ball process
• The entire canning process is done in a pressure chamber
under a pressure of 18 to 20 psig above atmospheric
• Under this process the boiling point will be raised above 124
deg C and facilitates the canning process
• The filling process at this temperature also provide
commercial sterilization and pasteurization
COLD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION
DETAILED
REFRIGERATION LOAD
CALCULATION
HEAT TRANSMISSION
OVERALL COEFFICIENT OF HEAT
TRANSFER — U
The overall coeffcient of heat transfer, U, is defned as the rate of heat
transfer through a material or compound structural member with
parallel walls.
The U factor, as it is commonly called, is the resulting heat
transfercoeffcient after giving effect to thermal conductivity,
conductance, and surface flm conductance, and is ex-pressed in
terms of BTU/(hour) (square foot of area)(°F TD).
It is usually applied to compound structures such as walls, ceilings, and
roofs.
The formula for calculating the U factor is complicated by the fact that
the total resistance to heat fow through a substance of several layers
is the sum of the resistance of the various layers.
The resistance of heat fow is the reciprocal of the conductivity.
Therefore, in order to calculate the overall heat transfer factor, it is
necessary to frst fnd the overall resistance to heat fow, and then fnd
the reciprocal of the overall resistance to calculate the U factor.
AIR INFILTRATION
PRODUCT LOAD
The heat to be removed from a product to reduce its
temperature above freezing may be calculated as fol-
lows:
SUPPLEMENTARY LOAD
ELECTRIC MOTORS
Since energy cannot be destroyed, and can only be changed to a different
form, any electrical energy transmitted to motors inside a refrigerated space
must undergo a transformation.
Any motor losses due to friction and ineffciency are immediately changed to heat
energy.
That portion of the electrical energy converted into useful work, for example in
driving a fan or pump, exists only briefy as mechanical energy, is transferred to
the fluid medium in the form of increased velocity, and as the fuid loses its
velocity due to friction, eventually becomes entirely converted into heat
energy.
A common misunderstanding is the belief that no heat is transmitted into the
refrigerated space if an electric motor is located outside the space, and a fan
inside the space is driven by means of a shaft.
All of the electrical energy converted to mechanical energy actually be-comes
a part of the load in the refrigerated space.
Because the motor effciency varies with size, the heat load per horsepower as
shown in Table 16 has different values for varying size motors.
While the values in the table represent useful approximations, the actual electric
power input in watts is the only accurate measure of the energy input.
EQUIPMENT SELECTION
An additional 5% to 10% safety factor is often added to load
calculations as a conservative measure to be sure the
equipment will not be undersized.
If data concerning the refrigeration load is very uncertain, this
may be desirable, but in general the fact that the
compressor is sized on the basis of 16 to 18 hour operation
in itself provides a sizable safety factor.
The load should be calculated on the basis of the peak
demand at design conditions, and normally the design
conditions are selected on the basis that they will occur no
more that 1% of the hours during the summer months.
If the load calculations are made reasonably accurately, and
the equipment sized properly, an additional safety factor
may actually result in the equipment being oversized during
light load conditions, and can result in operating difficulties.
Some manufacturers of commercial and low temperature
coils publish only ratings based on the temperature
difference between entering dry bulb temperature and
the evaporating refrigerant temperature.
Although frost accumulation involving latent heat will
occur, unless the latent load is unusually large, the dry
bulb ratings may be used without appreciable error.
Because of the many variables involved, the calculation
of system balance points is extremely complicated.
A simple, accurate, and convenient method of forecast-
ing system performance from readily available manu-
facturer’s catalog data is the graphical construction of
a component balancing chart.
END OF REFRIGERATION LOAD
CALCULATION
PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION OF
MEAT PRODUCTS
SAUSAGES MANUFACTURE
SPECIAL EXTRUSION DIE FOR FORMING
AND FILLING SAUSAGE CASING
SEA FOODS
MILK PRODUCTS
RELATED MILK PRODUCTS
• Vitamin D milk
• Multi-vitamin mineral milk
• Low sodium milk
• Soft curd milk
• Low lactose milk
• Sterile milk
• Evaporated milk
• Sweetened condensed milk
• Dried whole milk
• Low fat milks, etc.
MILK SUBSTITUTES
BEER MANUFACTURE
COFFEE PRODUCTION PRACTICES
PRECOOLING
COOLING is generally considered the removal of field
heat from freshly harvested products to inhibit spoilage
and to maintain preharvest freshness and flavor.