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A COMPLETE GUIDE TO ALL THE CAREER OPTIONS AND COURSES AFTER


10+2


CAREERS
AFTER
10
th
& 12
th

- SHIVAM PANCHAL
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
HARCOURT BUTLER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, KANPUR




PLAN YOUR CAREER: START EARLY:
AND BE WHAT YOU WANT TO BE
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START PLANNING YOUR CAREER FROM THIS DAY ONWARDS






.
Dedicated:
To my Father
To my Country
And
To the Indian Students
..

PROLOGUE TO THE FIRDT EDITION


Journey
Of
A thousand miles,
Begins
With
Small
Steps.

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I dont know . one often hears these words from youngsters who are confused about what to study
and career paths to follow.
Around 90% of the teenagers are confused, not having a proper guidance for their career and what to
do?? Unaware of their potential and strengths. It is very natural for a student in our country, to not
know how to proceed. The goal of this book is to guide the students in choosing the right career after
school and providing a lot of career options from which they can choose one, of their own interest.
Now, let me ask you a question, What is your career? Forget about how you define this to others for
now, and just think for a bit about how you define your career to yourself. What does it mean to you to
have a career? Is it just your job? Is it something you do to make a living? Is it what you do for money?

Your career is the journey you take to reach your goals throughout your life including the progress and
actions taken by a person throughout his lifetime. It is a lifelong process and defines where you will
stand in your life. Wait a minute.... What are your goals in your life??
Are you still thinking, then believe me, you haven't achieve your goals yet and there is a long way to go
and you are unaware of what you are....

You must remember that just completing any course does not guarantee a job, lifelong satisfaction,
which comes only from within. One must look for different components that can add values to ones
profile.
Besides, there are certain careers which are preferred over the others, as they are deemed to be more
lucrative / respected / successful. As a result, many students sit for entrance exams under immense
pressure. Other courses have high cut offs where students who are equally bright but have scored
moderate marks get left behind.
Thus, their course choice leaves them struggling to barely manage the course which they have joined.
Those who manage to pass the graduate course are again at crossroads as when they join the work force
they are dissatisfied and unhappy. All this arises because the students do not do any career planning
and choose institutes giving little weightage to the course or choose a course giving a little weightage to
their own strengths and capabilities.
This is exactly why this book is determined to help the students so that they make right choices. The
surest and shortest way to do this is by empowering each and every student by helping them discover
their inherent talent, their unique aptitude combination, and thereby guiding them on to the right
career path and helping them make the RIGHT career choice.
In addition to empowering and guiding the student towards the right career, this book is also dedicated
to providing detailed information on various career options, courses, and colleges in India which help
the students know a career in details and make an informed choice.
Its time to say good-bye to all the confusions, tensions and apprehensions about your future. I am here
to guide you in this not-so-easy task of choosing a career. I have tried to make it simple for you by
providing complete information regarding different fields the usual and the not-so-usual, the different
and the not-so-different, the exciting and the not-so-exciting. In short, we have attempted to cover each
and every topic to facilitate you choose your career. Read carefully, and make the right choice.
Thus with sincere dedication and a hundred percent commitment you can achieve whatever you want.


.......
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If you can dream it,
you can achieve It.
-Zig Zagler



Introduction
This section consists of following articles:
Choosing a career?
Making the right career choice
Career Planning? Importance of Career Planning...
Success story: Inspiring stories of success
Dealing with Failure
Be Wise, Humble and Polite
THE RIGHT CHOICE, the letter to the parents:
Career options after 10th Class
Options before going to college life
Course versus college dilemma
Right career course to choose after 10+2











Choosing a career?
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Choosing a career is a big deal, it is an involved process that is based on a number of things, including
your interests, skills, work-related values, and personality.
Here is what an individual says about his career dilemma........ I personally went to college to be a high
school teacher. I realized after a year and 1/2 that I hated it. I worked in a restaurant for a year, then
taught tuitions for 2-3 months, then when I was 25 I stumbled into a marketing position and have been
in marketing ever since (for 7 years). I wish I'd gotten a degree in marketing....

I am sure you would have come across instances like the one above; unfortunately we come to realize
the mistakes we have made only in the later stages in life when situations cannot be changed or
reversed.
These kinds of mistakes when making a career choice can be avoided by simply following the two steps
listed below:
Exploration: The most important factor in choosing the right career is exploration, the more we explore
and understand ourselves and our likes and dislikes, the more likely we will be able to find a fulfilling
career. Unfortunately, many put no more thought into choosing a career than they do in buying a new
pair of Shoes. Unfortunately, you cant get a refund on 4 or 5 years of education if you decide you dont
like it.
Exploration are of different types but the one I am referring to is Exploration of oneself, you need to
find out everything that you can about your needs, desires, wants, aptitudes, talent and personal
preferences. Once you have a solid grasp on this then you begin exploring ways in which you can put this
special combination of attributes to beneficial use for yourself.

Exploration of yourself should involve discussion with friends, analysis of your background and
experiences you have had both professionally and personally; tests and quizzes that will help you better
understand yourself; leaning to trust your feelings and instinct
Having explored yourself and optimized your resources dont wait "Get out there and do something",
once youve found out more, and then you need to get yourself some experience.



Making the right career choice
Choosing the right career might be one of the most important decisions that one makes. Being satisfied
with what you do on a daily basis is the key to success and happiness.
Step 1- Know Yourself
1. There is no universal right career. What you have to find is what the right career is for YOU.
2. The first step in finding the right career for you is knowing yourself. While there are many ways
to introspect and analyze yourself the most scientific way is to go by your hobbies, interests
and aptitude. Build your hobby into your passion.
3. The right career assessment test can also measure your interests, aptitudes and personality
traits and then integrates the results to provide you with the career best recommendations.
Step 2- Know your options
1. Once you have completed the test you will get a better understanding of what the right career
choices are for you. The next step is to better understand these career options which are
provided in the book.
2. Learn the details about what it means to have a career in a particular field. What does a
particular career option mean, what are the educational requirements, which colleges offer
these courses, what are the job options once you get the degree?
How do you find out all this information?
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This book will help you to find your career.
Read articles on the Internet, browse through websites, ask industry experts and career
counselors / career guide and gather as much information as you can.
Step 3- Make an Informed Decision
1. After step 1 and 2 are complete you are ready to make an informed decision. Take the
information you gathered about yourself in step 1 and couple it with what you learned in step
2.
2. Introspect, speak to your family and friends and then make the right career choice and go on to
have a successful career.


CAREER PLANNING? Importance of Career Planning...

Planning a career is a lifelong process, which begins by choosing the course stream of your choice,
getting a job and growing in the job. It is important to think wisely while selecting the right career and
arriving at the right decision. The process of choosing a career is an introspective and important task.
Here are some tips that will help you decide how to choose a career option that suits you:
Interests
It is the most important thing while deciding a career. When you study a subject and enjoy attending
lectures, performing practical or doing the course work, etc. it will increase your chances of improved
grades in colleges and further success in the profession when your work life begins.
Skills
Another important aspect while deciding a career to be taken into account is your skills set. Talk to your
family members, friends and teachers to find more about your skills. Doing a course work where your
natural skill sets utilized, increases your chances of success both in the academics and further in the
profession.
Priorities
Prioritize your choices; you will enjoy working if you are comfortable and have access to facilities you
need. For example, if you hate traveling then do not choose a career which involves touring.
Work Environment Preference
Choosing work environment that fits your lifestyle including surroundings, people etc. and the sort of
duties you will prefer your work life will be an advantage. Choose for a course where you may find
suitable environment to work. For example, if youre an asthmatic then do not choose for a course in
civil engineering. A civil engineer requires lot of field work.
Work Satisfaction
Satisfaction in work is very important. Choosing a career, which may give you a sense of satisfaction, is
important and ultimate key to success. For example, if you enjoy design building then you may choose a
course in architecture. Select a career options which you enjoy most like the sports, painting, designing
etc.
Knowing Your Career Options
Make a list of the career options which you think suit bests to your personality and strengths. If you like
working in the nonprofit sector? Maybe youll want to consider a career in social work. Do you like to
create things? Maybe a job in engineering and development for a large corporation is in the cards. Are
you inclined towards glamorous jobs? Maybe a career in films or aviation will be the best for you.
Now its time for you to decide. Keeping in mind people switch careers between five to eight times
during the course of their working lives. For now, choose a career based on your careful research and
analysis and Good luck!

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Career planning is one of the most important factors of your professional life. First, you should have a
clear idea whether you want to pursue a job or would like to prefer to be on your own. One should
always remember that there is a throat cut competition for creating space in this world of work.
Second, keep this in view of new developments primarily created by the information technology (IT) and
globalization of the economy; there are more options than ever before. You must have to look for these
options. Never forget that specialization is really important in today's world.
Excel your strengths/weakness??
Why do I need to know my strengths and weaknesses?
How do I know my strengths and weaknesses?
Can I work on my weaknesses?
Should I be capitalizing on all my strengths?
Get the answers of your questions, and get away from all of your confusion related to career related
choice and future.
ROLE OF PARENTS
Encourage your child to pursue extracurricular activities.
Cultivate productive habits.
Take help of professional counselor.
Be open to the inclination oh the child.
ROLE OF TEACHER IN CAREER DEVELOPMENT
Help student to understand their strengths and weaknesses.
Counsel and provide information in time.
Encourage professional habits.
Lead by example-Walk the Talk and Talk the Walk.
One of the best ways to choose the right career is to go by your hobbies and interests, be it sports,
fashion, writing, meeting and interacting with people, teaching, cooking, dance, music, fine arts etc.
Focus your strengths on the career you choose. And you must advance confidently in the direction of
your Dreams and Endeavour to live the life which you have imagined.
The following guidelines in this regard may prove useful:
Ideally, the choice of a career should be an individuals own because it is the individual who will
face the consequences. Any kind of pressure, be it parental of from the peer side, can prove
harmful to his or her interests.
An ideal career for you would be the one which ensures a perfect match between your interests,
aptitude, abilities and the requirement of the profession, so giving you the job satisfaction in
terms of work and returns.
The right choice of a career begins with a dream. A dream is where you want to see yourself one
day. It could be flying an aero plane, performing a complex surgery, leading an international
company, to be a top class engineer, biotechnologist, film actor, model, singer, and musician
and so on. A Chinese proverb says People who dont have dreams dont have much.
Dreams help us to have a goal. If we go through the success stories of people who reached the
top of success and analyse the secrets behind their exemplary achievements in their life, one
common thing they all share is to have a goal. In this sense, your dream turning into a goal, will
define the direction for action.
To realise your dream and achieve your goal, you will have to plan your and start as early as you
can. Postponing the essential activity could cause delay in fulfilling your career aspirations.
The biggest advantage of career planning is that you choose your career in the right earnest
You get focused. Secondly, in the process of career planning, you go through relevant
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information in many forms i.e. newspapers, magazines, internet, TV etc., consulting your
parents, teachers, seniors, career counselors or knowledgeable and experienced persons.
Next essential step is to know yourself. Discover you talent and determine your interests i.e.
what you love to do. You have to honest with your interest, aptitude and abilities.
Similarly, there is an equal need to identify your skills, upgrade or learn new ones in accordance
with requirements of the profession.
Personality and ones outlook towards life, in general and career, in particular, makes a
significant difference with regard to the fulfillment of ones career goal. Thus you need match
your personality with your career.
It is time to say goodbye to all your confusions, tensions and apprehensions about your career,
We are here to guide you in this not so easy task of choosing a career. We have tried to make it simple
for you by providing complete information regarding different fields- the usual and not so usual, the
different and the not so different, the exciting and the not so exciting. In sort, we have attempted to
cover each and every topic to facilitate you choose your right career.
Read carefully, and make the right choice.
..

If you fail to plan,
You are planning to fail.
-William Shakespeare



Success story
Abraham Lincoln
1.Lost his job
2.got defeated for legislature
3.started business and failed
4.wife died of a fatal disease
5.experienced nervous breakdown
6.contested in election for speaker in legislature and lost
7.Tried for nomination in a political party and lost
8.applied for the post of land officer and didnt get it
9.contested for senate and lost
10.contested for vice president and lost again
11.contested for senate and lost
And two year later
GOT ELECTED AS PRESIDENT OF AMERICA Abraham Lincoln

Failure is the mother of success.

Inspiring stories of success
Many people who want to achieve success in life, career or business fail to do it because they don't
know what it takes to be successful and how the road to success looks like. They just see the final
result, which is the successful person, without having any idea about what this person went through.
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By knowing the inspirational stories of successful people you will learn how the road to success looks
like and your chance of succeeding in life will become much higher.
Inspirational stories of successful and famous people
Below are short and quick inspirational stories of some of the most successful people that can help
you know a lot about the approach required to reach success.
Soichiro Honda Success story: Soichiro Honda is the founder of the company Honda which is
one of the well known large automotive companies. Honda's story starts when he went for a job
interview to work for the Toyota Company. Honda was rejected and was told that he is not fit
for the job!! The man didn't give up and decided to create a company that competes with
Toyota and so Honda was born!! If there is anything we can learn from this inspiring success
story it would be to never give up.
Stephen king's inspirational success story: Most people know Stephen king the famous writer
but few know about his life story. Stephen's first novel was rejected almost everywhere it was
submitted to the extent that he threw it in the garbage!! His wife got the story out of the
garbage and insisted that he submits it again and in the end he became the Stephen king we
know now!! There is a very important lesson you must come up with from this inspirational
success story which is that rejections should make no sense at all if you believe in yourself
Thomas Edison motivational success story: Thomas addition's success story is one of the stories
that can motivate anyone after experiencing failure. Thomas failed about 999 times to invent
the lamp before he succeed in doing it on the 1000th attempt. When people asked him how did
you manage to keep going even though you were failing all the time he replied telling them,
each time it didn't work i used to say i discovered a new way how to not invent the lamp.
Thomas Edison success story should make you conclude that failure should never stop you even
if it occurred more than once.
Oprah Winfrey's success story: One of the inspirational stories that really motivated me the first
time i read about it was the success story of Oprah. Oprah is one of the most popular TV icons
nowadays and she is also one of the richest women on our planet but this is not how her story
began. Do you know that Oprah was fired from her job and was told that she was not fit for TV
earlier in her life?
Bill gates success story: Bill gates the founder of Microsoft is one of the most inspirational
business leaders living these days but do you know that his idea of creating a computer that has
a graphical interface and a mouse was rejected when he first submitted it to another company?
Some people even say that the papers of the project were thrown in his face!! Now he became
bill gates!!
J.K. Rowling Who doesnt know this remarkable separated single mom once almost
desperate? We all know her as the famous Harry Potter series writer. But did you know that she
wasnt always rich? That it took her cafe after another cafe to actually finish her first book? Her
book were also rejected, things did not actually turn good for her overnight. It was her faith and
belief that what she has written is worth sharing to this world. Now, J. K. Rowling is worth over
$1.1 Billion not to mention that she was able to sold over 400 million books across the globe.
Sounds incredible and Herculean? No way, you too can follow her footsteps in so many ways.

Life lessons learned from these inspirational success stories??
Certainly these success stories are not told for the sake of entertainment but they are told in order to
inspire, motivate and encourage people to succeed in work, business or life.
The most precious lessons you should come up with from these inspirational success stories are:
1. Rejection should never stop you
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2. Failure is not a problem at all
3. People who reject you know nothing
4. Believing in yourself is the key to success in life
How to reach success
When rail roads were first invented engineers started to notice that the rail lines break at different
points with no apparent reason. When they investigated further they found that sunlight resulted in
the expansion of the metal forming the rail causing a pressure that breaks the line at its weakest
points.
As a walk around, rail roads were redesigned to include slots that allows the expansion and
contraction of the metal without breaking it.
So you might be asking yourself what does this has to do with reaching success?
The moral of the story is simple; reaching success is only a matter of failing first then modifying your
approach to become successful!!
Success comes after failure
Of course there might be few people out there who succeeded from the first attempts but the
majority of successful people failed many times before they managed to reach success.
A very large percentage of billionaires faced financial troubles at many points in their lives and some
of them even lost all of their money and had to start all over again.
Learning is all about making mistakes first then knowing how to avoid these mistakes in the future.
You have to do things wrong before you can learn how to do them the right way and thus in order to
reach success you must first know how to not become successful.
Do you remember the first time you tried to ride a bicycle or use a skateboard?
How many times did you fall? How many things have you done wrong?
I am sure you fell tens of times yet you kept learning until you knew how to avoid your mistakes.
WE CAN CHANGE/SUCECED
Name What was he/she? What did he/she become?
Albert Einstein Ordinary patent clerk World famous scientist
Abraham Lincoln Poor farmers son President of America
Beethoven Deaf Renowned music composer
Franklin D. Roosevelt Sick and both legs paralyzed President of America
Homer blind Greatest Greek writer
M. S. Oberoi Simple clerk One of the biggest chain hotel
owner in the world
C. N. Janaki Both legs polio Famous swimmer, mentioned in
book Special People by Oxford
University
Narendra modi


Richard Branson
Father owning a tea stall at railway
station and he sold tea

Suffered from Dyslexia and a
Pretty bad student
Prime minister of India


One of the richest man in UK,

Instead of blaming darkness, light a candle if you can
stop blaming instead take action
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Generate enthusiasm
operate to your potential
Destroy negative attitude
Change can start with ourselves and can begin only from within
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The true measure of success Is how many times
You can bounce back From failure.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Dealing with Failure
It is not easy realizing that all of the hard work that you put in to reach success did not work out the way
you thought to be. No one expects failure in advance and always comes unexpected, instead learn from
their mistakes. It is important to note that a failure is not a failure any more, if you learn something
meaningful out of it. Experience of failure can make you wiser, smarter person and leads you towards
success. In other words, failure can be good for us, but it is upon us to decide how we take it. There are
people who let failure take over them and surrender to it, while there are also some who really cares
about the reason for failure and get up and do something about it. However some effective ways of
dealing with failure are:
Forget about what people say:
Your success is your own, your career belongs to you and no one other that you yourself have any right
to comment or interfere in this thing. It is basic human nature that we easily get influenced and affected
by people around us and what they say about us. It is a fact that people do like to gossip about the
failures of other people, remember, this is your life, and what others say should not matter. If someone
really care about you, they will not say hurtful things to you aimed at your failures instead they would
come to you and motivate you to overcome your failures and also give you suggestions to improve you
in a better way. People who stay by your side when youre down will be the ones who will be genuinely
happy when you progress.
Try again:
Failure should not be a setback; instead you should see it as another opportunity to perform even
better. Give it another shot and try to learn from your mistakes, try harder than ever. Give it your 100%.
You gave it your best shot, and leave the rest to God. Person with such attitude never faces failure for
more than once and quickly learns from his mistakes.
Motivate yourself:
Motivation is the key to success. Never lose faith in yourself and remain motivated throughout. Not
believing we are good enough rests at the heart of fearing failure. Failures serve as proof of this greatest
fear, causing us to want to withdraw and not try again for fear of being further exposed as inadequate
and incapable. Most important thing to do is to have faith in you. In times like these, people often have
a feeling of worthless and tend to lose hope in themselves. Dont let that get to you. It is very important
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to motivate yourself. Remain normal and try to stay around positive people who lift your spirits and try
your best to keep your distance from negative people who always bring in negative vibes.
Stop worrying:
Things might be miserable for a little while but there is no point worrying unnecessarily and this wont
help. Worrying about the past situation wont help you out in anyway.
Failure as a Lesson
As we have discussed earlier, failure is a part of life. You may encounter failure at any part of life, it is
not the worst that you can expect, but the worst may lie in the way that you deal with it. If you try to
learn something out of it, then failure can be a learning experience. However if you consider failure as
the end of opportunity, then it can be the worst part. To make best out of it try to review, what your
failure has taught you. There are always things to take away from a failure, to inform your future
direction. There may also be case when your partial failure may give you quite an opportunity to return
back even stronger, remember partial failure is also partial success and if you can draw out what was
successful and build on that, the sense of having failed lessens If you are determined to progress then,
failure can help you discover your best self
Another important teaching is that failure is about mastery. It's easy to flip from one new thing
to another. Failure can teach you patience. It's much, much harder to have the patience to
master one thing really well and to do it with precision and exactitude. And to master
something, one must fail at it, a lot. Hence there is an inter-relation among the two.
Failure gives you a chance to know yourself even better. Failure teaches you about will-power,
persistence, self-discipline, and the value of hard work. It is during the failure only, that you
really learn about your inner-powers and how to control yourself during tough situation.

FAILURE
DOES NOT MEANS IT MEANS
You are a failure You have not yet succeeded
You have accomplished nothing You have learned something
You will never be able to do it again You have to do it in a different way
You are inferior You are not perfect, you have to be
You have wasted your life You have to start afresh
You should give up You should try very hard
You will never achieve It takes a little longer
God has abandoned you God has a better idea! You will get the idea if you
have faith in him

DREAM BIG
DREAMING SMALL IS A CRIME!!
Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam
Dream of achieving your career goals, wok hard god will assist you to accomplish them.
According to legendary Napoleon Bonaparte, luck always benefits the stronger forces than the ill
prepared
FORTUNE FAVOURS THE BRAVE

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_____________________________________________________________________________________

The dictionary is the only place where
Success Comes before Work.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Be Wise, Humble and Polite
Being strong isnt enough, the true strength lies in being wise and humble. this famous quote lays
stress on the importance of politeness , because politeness can be possible only when one feels a sense
of confidence due to ones strength of knowledge and wisdom.
Knowledgeable and wise people never get complacent and it is complacency that leads to a false sense
of pride that never allows one to grow and behave well, for example, you are bound to fail in an
interview, if you think that answering every question politely is a waste of time. In fact, such a
situation occurs only when you feel too much confident of yourself. Too much confidence is the result of
lack of strength and ones nervousness gets transformed into assertiveness which gives a semblance of
pride. Such a pride is of no use in the situations where one is supposed to respond to others in positive
matters. One cannot be good and well-mannered, if one is not polite, because politeness is to goodness
what words are to thought. Your thoughts can be best expressed only if you use your words in a
balanced and polite way.
In order to make the point all the more clear you should analyse the feeling expressed by Theodore
Roosevelt, according to him, nine - tenth of wisdom consist in being wise in time. In other words, if
you have something to say never slip it into discussion. Always try to break the negative cycle of apathy
when you talk to somebody or a group of person. Always look cheerful and enthusiastic while
communicating with other. You are advised to make your point by talking about us and we. Try to
never make your point by using you and I. Always try to emphasize that you are trying to include
everyone by making eye contact with all present. Never get irritated or lose your patience, if things are
not going the you want them to. Wise people never give up their humility.
Your words should never smack of pride, because nobody likes people who are arrogant and
complacent. It is your wisdom that teaches you to show your real power by being polite. Politeness
leaves an indelible impression on the minds of all the listeners, who in turn give productive outputs.
Wishing you all the success that your wisdom and politeness brings to you.


THE RIGHT CHOICE, the letter to the parents:
Every student has a unique talent that is usually related to their passion and interest.
Consider cricketer Sachin Tendulkars example. Even though his father was a professor of English, he
was an average student. If his father has insisted that Tendulkars opt a career in any other field besides
cricket, he would have not been as successful as he is today. His father recognized and nurtured his
talent in the sport.
It is important for parents to understand that students who score average or less marks should not be
underestimated. It is important to identify your childs strength and help them develop the same. If a
child is forced to opt for a course or career path depending on the parents preference, he/she will not
do well in that stream.
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If a student does not enjoy the course they pursue, they will not be able to excel in that field. They
should identify their area of passion, take their parents and teacher opinion, and eventually pursue,
what interest them the most. This decision is very important since students have to stick to that career
for the rest of their lives.
Before making a decision on opting for a course or college, student must evaluate everything
individually, they must not depend on information, they get of the internet. Instead, they should visit
the college, speak with students who are currently pursuing the course and check the original university
syllabus before making a choice and must not choose a course or career depending on the
remunerations it can fetch.
While it is important for the student to make the right choice, parent must also support their childs
decision. One common error the most parents make is comparing their child to other children. Parent
and students should also understand that no course is bad; there may be trend of student opting for
popular courses in a particular city. For example, in Mumbai, the trend is to opt for management or
commerce related courses and science, medicine and engineering related course. In the scenario if a
student opts for a BA (History), they are usually questioned on their choice of course. Not many are
aware, but students who usually wish to become IAS/IPS officers pursue a BA (History).
Post class X, students have three options to choose from-arts, science or commerce. Students who
cannot make their career choice at this stage can opt for science. This is because post class XII, a science
student has more career option to choose from.
Commerce students cannot pursue medicine post class XII. However, a class XII science student cannot
only pursue medicine, but also management, commerce and accounting, media etc.
While this is an alternate option for student who is confused, it is best to decide your career path and
choose stream accordingly.
Lastly, when applying for admissions, students usually narrow down on a particular college. In case, they
do not gain admission there, they are usually upset. Student must understand that every college is more
or less the same. Of course, the infrastructure in every college is different, and that affects the teaching
methodology. However, what ultimately matters is the quality of teaching.

Choose a job You love
And,
You will have to never work a day in your life.
-Confucius











Once you have chartered a career path,
ACT
Because no dream can be translated into reality without
ACTION
Because
Without Action
a good decision becomes meaningless,
For
The desire itself can die through lack of an attempt to
Achieve its fulfillment.
-W. Clement Stone
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Options after 10th Class
Level of education in our country is increasing day by day and competition is increasing as well. These
days everyone wants to have the best career and are willing to work extra hard for the success. The
examinations of 10
th
class are an important point in the life of a student in our country and a lot of his
future course depends on his performance as well as his decisions made at this point of time. Any
students after the completion of class 10 board exams are always worried about which stream to choose
in Pre-University Education i.e. to join class 11. Once you complete in your 10
th
class, it is the right time
to think about your career, because at this point of your education you are supposed to choose the
stream, but it is important to know the opportunities and options you will have after pursuing any of the
above. It is very important that before you make an important decision of your career, you have
analyzed all the available options.
Making a decision about your career is not an easy thing to do; most of the students completing their
10th standard are confused about deciding a right career path. There is a lot of external pressure and
expectations also that add on to this confusion. Selecting the right course after class 10
th
is not an easy
task. Your whole life ahead as well as your career depends on your decision, for a successful career,
careful planning and following it up with a workable plan is needed. Before making any move, it is
important to know about all the resources and opportunities and decide well according to your
capabilities. Career exploration, knowledge about ones own self, decision making ability, future goals
are some among the essential elements needed for a successful career planning. You need help of your
parents, siblings, friends and teachers who could help you out in deciding your action, for deciding a
potential career; one can also attend educational fairs, career guidance seminars that allows you to get
in touch with several institutes and courses.
Choosing a career path is one of the most important decisions of anyones life and whole future is
dependent on this particular decision. Which choosing the right career path, it should be kept in mind
that the career path should be decided solely on the interest of the candidate and the parents should
not force them to take up courses of their choice instead motivate them to follow their actual interest.
The decision should not be influenced by parents occupation, parents interest, parents aspiration, job
opportunity, family standards, family business, students score in particular subject, or anything else. It
is important for the parents or guardians to understand the interest of their children in terms of their
future goal, role model, whatever they like and it would be better if according they suggest their child by
providing various options to reach that goal. If children do whatever they like or have interest in, they
tend to give in their 100% effort to achieve success.
At the same time, it is also the duty of the parents and elder siblings to make the candidate aware of
other possible opportunities, pros and cons, other various factors. At the same time it is also important
that they should not influence the candidate to go in a particular direction where they want him to go,
that would be unfair. It is the duty of each and every parent to empower their child to make a decision
best for their child and at the same time should also not enforce them to a certain stream. Both the
student and the parents must think from the long term prospective rather short term or easier career
path. To obtain a strong foundation for further studies like graduation and post graduation, a good
option after 10th is studying +2. The selection of the streams in +2 depends upon the students aptitude,
grade and marks. But the most important factor is one's keen interest in the subject and the purpose for
selecting the course. The main or popular streams available after the 10
th
level are:
Science Stream with Non-medical (PCM)
Science Stream with Medical (PCB)
Commerce Stream
Arts or Humanities Stream
Science Stream with Non-medical (PCM):
16
Once you complete your 10
th
class, you have to make a choice of subjects for your higher studies. For
those students who are interested in engineering or non-medical line can opt for science subjects with
PCM (physics, chemistry and mathematics) as their major subjects and 2 other subjects of their choice. It
is important to note that if you are a hardworking person and you really have interest in technical line
then only you should pick up these subjects. These days a lot of parents are forcing their children into
non-medical stream and doing engineering these days has become a fashion and everyone seems to be
joining this bandwagon without analyzing their capabilities. A lot of parents are forcing their children
into engineering thinking that engineering would be best career option for them, but there are other
career options also that provides an opportunity for equal respect and equally satisfying career as
engineering. It is more important to analyze your capabilities and act accordingly, rather that following a
bunch of like-minded people.
Science Stream with Medical (PCB):
Medical stream provides an excellent opportunity for those who are really interested in life-sciences,
have a great inner quality of helping others as well as those who are really motivated about discovering
something new for human life. Science stream with major subjects as PCB (physics, chemistry and
biology) gives an opportunity for those interested in medical field. This field requires in a lot of sincerity
and hard work. There is no escape for hard work in this line. After taking PCB foe your 11
th
and 12
th
you
can appear for various competitive exams and choose form a lot of courses on the basis of your interest
and percentage. At graduation level you can opt for MBBS, BDS, nursing, course in biotechnology,
veterinary studies, forensic sciences as well as other courses related to human body as well as human
surroundings. Study about human body can be very interesting but at times can get really tough. In this
field, there is no chance of even smallest error, as here in medical field your small mistake can be fatal
for someone. So in this field you need to be extra cautious and only people with great sense of ability
only get successful in this field.
Commerce Stream:
Commerce stream offers another lucrative career option for those having interest in mathematics and
calculations. Some of the popular graduate courses offered through the commerce stream are B.Com,
BBA, BMS, BBM, CFA, CA, ICWA, CFP etc. Mostly major commerce colleges offer subjects such as
Business economics, financial accounting, Business communication, Marketing, Business law, Business
finance, Auditing, Cost accounting, Income tax from which students has to choose their subject of
interest. A student has to take total six subjects along with English and one additional subject during
their 11
th
and 12
th
standard. Commerce stream is for those interested in business studies as well as for
those having a lot of interesting into accounting and offers a good career with some really lucrative pay
packages. Students who are interested to pursue a career in Banking, Insurance, Stock Broking or any
other finance related jobs may choose the economics stream. There are lots of opportunities in India in
this field due to the economic liberation and growth.
Arts or Humanities Stream:
A lot of students after completing their 10
th
opt for the arts stream. Arts stream has a wide variety of
subjects which can offer exciting career opportunities for the students. Selection of Arts stream after
10th examination enables to pave the way for choosing some gripping careers other than engineering or
medical studies. This stream offers subject History, Geography, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology,
English, Hindi and Sanskrit for the higher secondary level. But one has to opt for four compulsory
subjects in addition to English and a Modern Indian Language. If anyone has interest to pursue a career
in mass media, journalism, literature, sociology, social service, human psychology, politics, economics
and history then you must choose Arts stream after passing 10th examination. It is just not enough that
you are creative, it is also required that you should love competition because creative fields involve lots
of competition and pressure to meet deadlines that means it involves lots of hard work . You can select
subjects of your choice and those having keen interest in the language or literature can choose language
17
of their choice. Arts stream provides a career option for the creative people who want to make a career
in the field of arts and culture.
Some other Career Options
Those discussed above were few popular options for those who wish to study further and carve out a
career for them. There are also few candidates who are not interested in the studying part and are more
interested in some professional job oriented course or simply want a job by clearing competitive
examinations. There can be different reasons for such behaviors. At times there are students who do
not belong to high class family and supporting their education is not possible for their family, on the
other hand there are also those who are not interested in studying further and just think that
completing 10
th
was enough for them. For such candidates few options can be:
Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and Industrial Training Centers (ITCs):
ITIs and ITCs provide professional training in various job oriented courses and make candidates suitable
to perform a particular job like cutting hair, operating machine, stitching and embroidery etc.
Constituted under Ministry of Labour, Union Government of India, Government-run ITIs and privately-
run ITCs are training organizations which provide training in technical field as well as other job oriented
courses. ITI courses are designed to impart basic skills needed for a specified trade like electrician,
machinist, fitter, plumber, turner, welder etc. and depending upon trade, the duration of course may
vary from one year to three years. After passing the course a person may opt to undergo practical
training in his trade in an industry. A National Trade Certificate (NTC) in provided by NCVT (National
Council for Vocational training) in the concerned trade and to obtained this certificate one has to qualify
the All India Trade Test (AITT). These people can find job openings in government sectors like Indian
Railways, telecom departments etc. after qualifying a written examination. Also those passing out
successfully from it is can easily get job in different industries as well.
Polytechnic Diploma after 10th: Polytechnic is a technical institute which imparts technical education in
India. These are not affiliated to any Universities but are recognized by AICTE. they offer three year
diploma course in engineering in various streams, a diploma in Polytechnic can make you eligible for
Junior engineering /Supervisors jobs. There is a large scope in this degree.
Career in Paramedical & Allied sciences
Vocational Courses
Indian Army:
Indian Army also provides an opportunity for the candidates to join in with army after completing the
matriculation. Though there are different entry levels for the candidates to enter army but it is also
possible that after matriculation, one can join in Indian Army to the posts of soldiers in technical trade
through written exams like Indian Army Soldier Clerks Examination, Indian Army Soldier General Duty
(N.E.R.) Examination, Indian Army Soldier Technical (M.E.R.) Examination, Indian Army Soldier Nursing
Assistants (M.E.R.) Examination etc. on successfully clearing the examination candidates are required to
undergo compulsory training and upon successful completion candidates join in at their respective
ranks.
Staff Selection Commission (SSC) exam:
Staff Selection Commission every year advertises its various posts for which eligibility starts from
matriculation. A lot of posts like those of clerks require only matriculation as the minimum qualification
and candidates right after completing their 10
th
can apply for these positions.


Options before going to college life
You will soon be out of school and are looking forward to college life. There are many colleges in India
and the word college brings many thoughts to mind. While for some it is about reaching the corridors of
the Top engineering colleges, or Top Medical colleges on the other hand there are many who are not
18
sure about what course to do and which college to join. So while one is readying oneself for life after
12th, but the dilemma about which college to choose and which course to choose from the wide array
of courses after 12th only increases.
There are many options in front of you
1. Remain in the chosen stream and choose a higher education
If you have science with PCM you can go for higher education in many professional and educational
courses like engineering, architecture, design, Information Technology, and pure sciences degrees in
physics, chemistry, mathematics, statistics etc. If you have science with PCB you can go for MBBS, allied
medical fields like dentistry, Ayurveda, veterinary etc. Lot of interesting options are available in bio
chemistry, microbiology, biotechnology, bioinformatics and pure sciences like botany, zoology, and
research in biological sciences. If you have commerce you can go for B Com, Eco Hons or hone your skills
in the financial sector. If you took humanities you can go for BA in your chosen subject and move to
professional courses.
2. Appear in an Entrance exam
Depending on the stream you have you can sit for an entrance-exams-after-12th. Since most of the
courses are sought after. Most of the reputed colleges take admissions through entrance exams. This is
the trend not only for courses like engineering, medicine, law, design etc Many universities use entrance
tests because the number of applicants is generally very large. If you are interested in joining the Armed
forces then you can also sit for exams like NDA.
One needs to plan for these entrance exams as these are held at different times in the year and one has
to fill the application and follow the process to appear in the exam. While some entrance exams are also
available in an online format like JEE for engineering there are still many which are offered in online and
offline mode both, so you need to plan the test centre and travel etc.
3. Change the stream and choose a higher education
Many a times we take a particular stream just to keep the options open after 12th. This is the time to
make that choice and choose from various career options available. Depending upon your aptitudes and
interest you can make a switch to other course and career options. Colleges in India do allow some
switches but there are some restrictions also. Like from science to commerce in possible but from
commerce to science is not possible. So ideally one should explore the college and course and carefully
look for the eligibility criteria to make the right decision in right time.
4. Choose a professional course
There are many professional courses that one can opt for after 12th and most of the times the
admissions are through entrance-exams-after-12th. Since these are sought after courses and there are
many takers one should prepare for the entrances. For some courses like engineering and medicine the
preparation starts right after you have given exams after 10th. Other than engineering, medicine there
are many professional courses like Law, Management, Hotel Management, Design, Mass communication
and Journalism etc which one can opt for to make a successful career. Most of these courses offer good
career opportunity so one should choose the course that matches best with ones strengths (read:
Aptitude and Personality).
5. Choose vocational course Vocational courses like Travel and Tourism and Office administration also
offer good choice for many.
So by now, you know of four different things that you can do to decide about what to do after
12th.Actually there are many students who think that they know what to do after 12
th
but sadly they
are mistaken. You see as per a recent study, almost 80% or more people at work place feel stressed out
because they are career misfits. The genesis of his problem is because of the wrong choices they make
after 12th
6. Plan... In case you do not get the course/ college of your choice
Admissions are competitive whether it is professional courses or others; there are limited seats and
19
many takers. So even if you are the best and suited for that course admissions are not guaranteed. In
that case the role of a good guidance comes into picture, which will help you explore other Career
Options that suit your talent profile or will tell you alternative ways to reach your career goals. For
example you want to become a journalist and are not able to make it to BA journalism course...you can
still go for a related graduation and in your PG take up journalism course. Like that you need to set your
goals and reach your career goal. So by now, you know of four different things that you can do to decide
about what to do after 12th.Actually there are many students who think that they know what to do
after 12
th
but sadly they are mistaken. You see as per a recent study, almost 80% or more people at
work place feel stressed out because they are career misfits. The genesis of his problem is because of
the wrong choices they make after 12th
So what is the right method to decide what to do after 12th?

Course versus college dilemma
A student, who has recently appeared for board exams, faces the course versus college dilemma. When
the course one wishes to pursue is not offered at the college of their own choice, it leads to further
confusion.
He/she has two options either focus on the course of his/her choice, irrespective of the college brand or
to graduate from a college that has good reputation.
Now the question here is: if you have not scored above 90%, will you not pursue your dream career?
While everyone wants to graduate from a nationally renowned institute people with average score
should not be deterred from pursuing a course from their own choice, even if it means completing your
degree from an average college. It is important for you to make the right choice focus on your goal and
do well professionally. Remember, you have to spend your whole life, if you have not opt the career of
your own choice, it can make all the difference, choosing a course over college is wise.
Turn your hobby into a proper career, and look at your own interest and strength and explore careers
around that and keep updating yourself with ever changing world.


...

You can never cross the ocean until you have Courage
To lose sight of the shore.


Nothing is impossible,
The word itself says,
I
Am
Possible.
Andre Hepburn

...............

20
RIGHT CAREER COURSE TO CHOOSE AFTER 10+2

It is very important to choose a right course especially after 12th because it is the stepping stone of your
career. The career course you choose after the completion of your 10
th
and 12th decides what and where
you are going to be in your future.
Many students not able to decide or they do not have the proper guidance on which course to choose or
which course is suitable for them. Because of this they end up with choosing any course which they
regret after doing. So choosing a right career course after 12th is very important.
So to choose a right course, one should be aware of the different courses available and also what the
courses are all about. Likewise there are different questions a student should clear before choosing any
particular stream or course. For this, students can also go for career counseling but for now you can see
the list of courses after 12th in different streams
Engineering
Medicine
Commerce
Law
Arts and Design
Architecture
Humanities and Social Science
Mass, Media and Communication
Tourism, Hospitality and Hotel Management
Basic and Applied Sciences
Education and Teaching
Library and Information Science
Defense
Merchant Navy and Shipping Industry
Aviation and Event Management
IT & Computer applications
Agriculture
UPSC & SSC and other govt. exams.
Sports & Physical education
Offbeats












21
Career in Engineering


What is engineering?

People generally have a reasonable idea of what a dentist, a lawyer or a teacher does. However, the
scope of the activities covered by the term engineer is more difficult to summarize.
In todays world, engineers are mainly concerned with maintaining and improving living standards and
quality of life in a society. Almost every aspect in our lives has somehow been influenced by engineers
the water we drink; the buildings we live in, learn in and work in; the products created in factories;
the computers we surf the net on; medical services and technologies we rely on; the appliances and
vehicles that make our lives more efficient and comfortable.
Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics and appropriate experience or
tact knowledge to find suitable solutions to a problem. As a discipline, engineering is the work of skills,
which require a high end imagination focused on a point, to devise the best possible plan to meet a
need. Unlike, other professions where, practice and pattern may work, engineering is more about hit
and try instinct, using the innovative skills. It is also about fixing things so as to make the objects to serve
its purpose in the best possible and most efficient way.
Engineering has become one of the top career choices, after one completes pre university education
in science stream.
To engineer literally means to make things happen. Engineering is about the design and production
of useful products and services. Engineering know-how converts scientific knowledge into technology
and then technology into successful innovation!
Here are just a few reasons why you should consider a career in engineering.
Engineers have diverse careers
Engineers are in demand
Engineers get to do cool stuff
Engineers work everywhere
Engineers get to travel
Engineers work on interesting projects
Engineers have a good work/life balance
Engineers can earn good money
Engineers have a great lifestyle
Engineers have diverse careers
Engineering is an exciting career. Engineers achieve great things. Throughout history, people
working in engineering have contributed to their communities, countries, colleagues and
22
civilizations by making tools, machines and countless other things to help people improve their lives
and progress onto better things.
The diversity of engineering means that whatever your interest, there is probably a place for you
working in engineering. From information technology to medical science and mining, from building
roads to space travel, engineers are working to make things happen.
Engineers are in demand
There is growing skill shortage of trained engineering workers across all engineering sectors. are the
number one barrier to business growth and delivery., technology Current workforce projections
show that Australia needs more engineers (TAFE and university graduates) to maintain the level of
growth in the Australian economy.
We need more engineering personnel to build roads, support hospitals, staff climate change
projects, modernize Australias Defence Force and the list goes on.
What does a skills shortage mean for people considering engineering as a career choice job
security? It is that simple.
Engineers get to do cool stuff
Being an engineer means you get to be the first to develop or try out new technologies like artificial
hearts, developing and delivering better constructed environmentally sustainable buildings like the
first undersea house! Engineers design and build virtual reality worlds, soccer fields or new planets.
Engineers discover and patent new materials that can cure cancer or cure the common cold.
Engineers are involved in making the future a reality.
Engineers work everywhere
Engineers work everywhere: in cities, regional and rural communities, even remote wilderness
areas.
Some engineers work business offices, classrooms, others in factories or research labs; some work
outdoors or even in outer space.
Some engineers undertaken double degrees and go into medicine, law, business management, or
policy. An engineering education will prepare you for many different careers.
Engineers get to travel
Just think that right after graduation from TAFE or university you might be earning a relatively good
income and/or be offered work on interesting and challenging projects in interesting parts of
Australia or the world.
An engineering career offers the opportunity to travel around the world making a difference and
contributing to communities. It is a versatile and rewarding career which can take students
anywhere they want to go either with companies, governments, aid organisations, or as your own
boss.
Engineers work on interesting projects
Engineers usually work in project teams made up of people with expertise in different areas such as
accounting, law, project management, surveying, drafting to name a few.
Engineers have a good work/life balance
Flexibility and effective time management skills are key skills engineers need to manage and work.
Engineers can earn good money
The growing skill shortages across many fields of engineering are generating higher graduate salaries
and other benefits for engineering graduates. See the comparative income table between engineers
and other disciples.
Additionally, there is plenty of work for engineering graduates with full-time employment
percentages ranging from 86.2 per cent to 98.7 per cent.
Engineers have a great lifestyle
23
Because engineers have good incomes and have a good work/life balance, engineers get to enjoy
their many different hobbies and interests. An engineering career is very well paid which means
engineers have the financial security that allows you to really enjoy life.
Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing
career in the field of Engineering.
Do you have Good problem-solving ability?
Do you have mathematical precision?
Do you have design skills?
Do you have computer skills?
Do you have good communication skills?
Do you have good planning ability and a knack for working under pressure?
Do you have good manual, technical as well as mechanical aptitude?
Do you have ability to unite scientific discoveries with commercial applications to solve the
problems?
Do you have a good background of physics, electronics and engineering?
Are you open minded and to implement new ideas?
Do you have enquiring and scientific bent of mind?
Have you take adequate laboratory training for expert handling of advanced equipment?
Do you have sound analytical skills and a natural propensity for research work?
Do you love systematic way of working?
Do you prepare a written plan before doing any practical?
Do you enjoy laboratory environment?
Do you have ability to work independently?
Do you have analyzing and interpreting skills?
Do you read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?

VARIOUS BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING ARE;
Engineering, like other sciences is a broad discipline which is often broken down into various branches,
which gives the student training in a specific field.
The four major sub-discipline of engineering are:
Chemical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Electrical Engineering
However with the technical advancement and overlapping of various disciplines, engineering is an
evolving science which has undergone further diversification with time.
Aeronautical Engineering.
Agricultural Engineering.
Automobile Engineering.
Applied Electronics and Instrumentation
Biochemical Engineering
Bio Technology
Bio Medical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Chemical and Alcohol Technology
Civil Engineering
Computer Science Engineering
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering
Electronics & Telecomm Engineering
Electronics Engineering
Electronics Instrumentation & Control
24
Environmental Engineering
Food Technology
Industrial Engineering
Industrial Production Engineering
Information Technology
Instrumentation & Control
Instrumentation Engineering
Leather Technology
Man Made Fibre Technology
Manufacturing Technology
Marine Engineering
Material Science
Mechanical & Industrial Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Nuclear Engineering
Nano Engineering
Oil Technology
Metallurgical Engineering
Plastic Technology
Production Engineering
Textile Engineering
Production and Industrial Engineering
Paint Technolog

Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)
Location of the IITs.IIT name
The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a group of autonomous engineering institutes of India. The
IITs are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 which has declared them as "institutions of
national importance. The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 lists sixteen institutes located at
Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Delhi, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Jodhpur, Kanpur,
Kharagpur, Mandi, Mumbai, Patna, Ropar, Roorkee and Varanasi. Each IIT is an autonomous
institution, linked to the others through a common IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The
IITs award degrees starting from B.Tech to Ph.D.
The IITs have a common admission process for undergraduate admissions. It was based on IIT-JEE,
replaced by Joint Entrance Examination in 2013. The graduate level program that awards M. Tech.
degree in engineering is administered by the older IITs (Kharagpur, Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, Delhi,
Guwahati, and Roorkee). M.Tech. admission decisions are made on the basis of Graduate Aptitude Test
in Engineering (GATE). In addition to B. Tech and M. Tech programs IITs also award other graduate
degrees such as M.Sc. in Engineering, Maths, Physics and Chemistry, PhD and more. Joint Admission Test
to M.Sc. (JAM) and Common Entrance Examination for Design (CEED).
IIT alumni have achieved success in a variety of professions. IITs are Institutes of National Importance
established Institutes

IITs and locations, sorted alphabetically
Name Photo
Short
Name
Established City/Town State/UT Website
IIT Bhubaneswar

IITBBS 2008 Bhubaneswar Odisha www.iitbbs.ac.in
IIT Bombay

IITB 1958 Mumbai Maharashtra www.iitb.ac.in
25

IITs and locations, sorted alphabetically
Name Photo
Short
Name
Established City/Town State/UT Website
IIT Delhi

IITD
1963(founded
in 1961)
New Delhi Delhi www.iitd.ac.in
IIT Gandhinagar

IITGN 2008 Gandhinagar Gujarat www.iitgn.ac.in
IIT Guwahati

IITG 1994 Guwahati Assam www.iitg.ac.in
IIT Hyderabad

IITH 2008 Hyderabad
Andhra
Pradesh
www.iith.ac.in
IIT Indore

IITI 2009 Indore
Madhya
Pradesh
www.iiti.ac.in
IIT Jodhpur

IITJ 2008 Jodhpur Rajasthan www.iitj.ac.in
IIT Kanpur

IITK 1959 Kanpur
Uttar
Pradesh
www.iitk.ac.in
IIT Kharagpur

IITKGP 1951 Kharaghpur West Bengal www.iitkgp.ac.in
IIT Madras

IITM 1959 Chennai Tamil Nadu www.iitm.ac.in
IIT Mandi

IIT
Mandi
2009 Mandi
Himachal
Pradesh
www.iitmandi.ac.in
26

IITs and locations, sorted alphabetically
Name Photo
Short
Name
Established City/Town State/UT Website
IIT Patna

IITP 2008 Patna Bihar www.iitp.ac.in
IIT Roorkee

IITR
2001(founded
in 1847)
Roorkee Uttarakhand www.iitr.ac.in
IIT Ropar

IITRPR 2008 Rupnagar Punjab www.iitrpr.ac.in
IIT (BHU) Varanasi

IIT(BHU)
2012(founded
in 1919)
Varanasi
Uttar
Pradesh
www.iitbhu.ac.in



Future IIT : Indian School of Mines, with approval of its Finance Committee, Executive Board and
General Council, had forwarded the proposal for its conversion into an IIT in 2009, after which a detailed
project report was prepared as per the directions of the Union Ministry of Human Resource and
Development. In September 2011, a resolution was passed by the Government of Jharkhand,
recommending the Government of India to convert ISM to an IIT. In June 2012, the Planning Commission
favoured this conversion during the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017). It may be noted that for this
conversion, a Bill has to be introduced in Parliament by the Union HRD Minister. ISM is the only institute
of India selected by National Development Council or NDC to be converted into an IIT in the 12th Five
Year Plan.ISM students have already obtained the support of majority of M.P.'s on this matter. A
meeting of IIT Council for the same was held on 12 January 2013. In this meeting, setting up of an expert
committee for review of this matter was proposed.

National Institutes of Technology (NITs)

National Institute of Technology, Agartala
Motilal Nehru National Institute of
Technology, Allahabad
Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology, Bhopal
National Institute of Technology, Calicut
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur
Malaviya National Institute of Technology,
Jaipur
National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
National Institute of Technology,
Jamshedpur
National Institute of Technology,
Kurukshetra
27
Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur
National Institute of Technology, Patna
National Institute of Technology, Raipur
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
National Institute of Technology, Silchar
National Institute of Technology, Srinagar
S V National Institute of Technology, Surat
National Institute of Technology Karnataka,
Surathkal
National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirapalli
National Institute of Technology, Warangal
National Institute of Technology, Arunachal
Pradesh (Yupia)
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
National Institute of Technology, Goa
National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya
National Institute of Technology, Nagaland
National Institute of Technology, Manipur
National Institute of Technology Mizoram
National Institute of Technology
Uttarakhand
National Institute of Technology, Delhi
National Institute of Technology,
Puducherry


Engineering and Architecture Entrance Exams
A new JEE Main and JEE Advanced pattern introduced from 2013
In the academic year 2013, the first version of the modified JEE for admission to non IIT central technical
institutions and separately for the 15 premier IITs was held. The same format was followed in 2014 as
well.
In the new format, there are two examinations- JEE Main conducted by the CBSE for admission to non
IIT central technical institutions such as 30 NITs and IIITs. In an effort to normalize the school marks , as
different boards award marks differently, 40% weightage was given to it and 60% to the JEE Main score.
Top 1.50 lakh students from the score of JEE Main are allowed to sit in the JEE Advanced, for admission
to the IITs and ISMs. So the aspirants to IITs will have to make sure to perform well, both in entrance
exam and at school as well.
A quick look at the changes:
Two examinations- JEE Main and JEE Advanced. JEE Main conducted by CBSE and JEE Advance
conducted by the IIT Joint Admission Board (IIT-JAB)
In JEE Main-40% weightage to school marks and 60% to JEE Main score.
Top 1.50 lakh scorers of JEE Mains are selected to sit in JEE Advanced


National Level Engineering entrance exam
Popular Name Full Form
JEE Advanced Indian Institutes of Technology Joint Entrance Examination
JEE Main Joint Entrance Examination Main
BITSAT Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Test
VITEEE Vellore Institute of Technology Engineering Entrance Exam
PACET Planning and Architecture Common Entrance Test
ATIT Admission Test for ICFAI Science and Technology
28
ISAT through JEE Mains
MERI Entrance Exam Marine Engineering & Research Institute Entrance Exam
NATA National Aptitude Test in Architecture


State Level Engineering entrance exam
Popular Name Full Form
MHTCET Maharashtra's Common Entrance Test
CET Karnataka's Common Entrance Test
TNEA Tamil Nadu Engineering Admissions
UPSEE Uttar Pradesh State Entrance Exam
COMEDK Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka
EAMCET Engineering, Agriculture and Medicine Common Entrance Test
KEAM Kerala Engineering Architecture Medical Examination
Assam JAT Assam Joint Admission Test
CENTAC JET Pondicherry Centralized Admission Committee Joint Entrance Test
Bihar CET Bihar Common Entrance Test
KRLMPCA CET Karnataka Religious & Linguistic Minority Professional Colleges Association Common
Entrance Test
BPEE CET Jammu and Kashmir Board of Professional Entrance Examinations Common Entrance
Test
Punjab CET Punjab Technical University Combined Entrance Test
Orissa JEE Orissa Joint Entrance Examination
RPET Rajasthan Pre Engineering Test
MP PET Madhya Pradesh Professional examination Test
WB JEE West Bengal Joint Entrance Examinations Board
IPU CET Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test
CPET Combined Pre-Entrance Test
PJET Puducherry Joint Entrance Test
29


University Level Engineering entrance exam
Popular Name Full Form
SRM EEE SRM Engineering Entrance Exam
VEE Vels Entrance Examination
Tripura JEE Tripura Joint Entrance Examination
TMISAT Tolani Maritime Institute of Science Aptitude Test
JMI EEE Jamia Milia Islamia Engineering Entrance Exam
NET NERIST Entrance Test
VMU EEE Vinayaka Mission University Engineering Entrance Examination
AUEEE Annamalai University Engineering Entrance Exam
AEEE Avinashilingam University Engineering Entrance Exam
IMU CET Indian Maritime University Common Entrance Test
VSAT Vignan University Entrance Test
KIIT EE Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Engineering Entrance Exam
Amrita Amrita Engineering Entrance Examination
BVP EEE Bharati Vidyapeeth Engineering Entrance Exam
CIPET JEE Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology Joint Entrance Exam
KEE Karunya Entrance Examination
SAAT Siksha O Anusandhan University Admission Test
SPA School of Planning and Architecture
PMUET Periyar Maniammai University entrance test
BSAUEEE B S Abdur Rehman University Engineering Entrance Exam
CUSAT CAT Cochin University of Science and Technology Common Admission Test
Sliet Sliet Engineering Test
JNU EEE Jawaharlal Nehru University Engineering Entrance Exam
BEEE Bharath University Engineering Entrance Exam

30
Top 100 Engineering colleges (India Outlook)

Rank Name of Institute City G/P
IC
(30)
I&F
(20)
PS
(15)
II
(15)
P
20)
T
(100)

Government = G; Private = P; Intellectual capital =IC; Infrastructure and Facilities=I&F; Pedagogic Systems=PS;
Industry Interface=II; Placements=P; T= Total;
1 IIT Kanpur Kanpur G 28.3 18.9 13.8 13.2 18.5 92.7
2 IIT Kharagpur Kharagpur G 27.9 18.8 13.7 13.5 18.3 92.2
3 IIT Bombay Mumbai G 27.2 18.6 13.0 13.7 18.7 91.2
4 IIT Madras Chennai G 26.7 18.3 13.3 12.9 17.8 89.1
5 IIT Delhi Delhi G 26.1 18.5 12.7 13.4 18.1 88.8
6 BITS Pilani Pilani P 25.8 17.8 13.5 13.5 17.3 87.9
7 IIT Roorkee Roorkee G 25.5 18.6 12.9 12.4 16.3 85.6
8 IT-BHU Varanasi G 23.9 18.2 12.7 11.9 15.9 82.6
9 IIT Guwahati Guwahati G 25.2 18.1 12.5 10.5 15.1 81.4
10 College of Engg, Anna University Guindy G 25.3 16.7 12.4 12.8 14.1 81.3
11 Jadavpur University, Faculty of Engg & Tech Calcutta G 25.2 16.4 11.7 11.4 15.4 80.1
12 Indian School of Mines Dhanbad G 24.7 15.5 12.2 12.2 14.7 79.3
13 NIT Warangal G 24.9 16.9 11.8 11.5 14.0 79.1
14 BIT, Mesra Ranchi P 23.6 13.7 12.3 12.3 14.2 76.1
15 NIT Trichy G 24.0 17.3 10.4 10.5 13.5 75.7
16 Delhi College of Engineering New Delhi G 22.4 15.9 12.6 10.8 13.8 75.5
17 Punjab Engineering College Chandigarh G 22.0 17.7 10.1 09.3 15.8 74.9
18 NIT Suratkal G 23.9 17.1 10.3 10.1 13.3 74.7
19 Motilal Nehru National Inst. of Technology Allahabad G 22.8 16.5 11.3 09.9 14.1 74.6
20 Thapar Inst of Engineering & Technology Patiala p 21.6 16.3 12.3 12.2 12.0 74.4
21 Bengal Eng and Science University, Shibpur Howrah G 23.0 15.7 12.0 10.5 12.1 73.3
22 MANIT Bhopal G 23.5 16.3 10.6 10.4 12.4 73.2
23 PSG College of Technology Coimbatore G 21.8 14.9 09.8 13.6 12.8 72.9
24 IIIT Hyderabad G 21.3 16.3 10.3 10.7 13.9 72.5
25 Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur G 23.0 15.5 11.3 10.2 12.4 72.4
26 Malviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur G 22.5 16.5 10.4 09.2 13.0 71.6
27 VNIT Nagpur G 21.8 15.7 10.8 10.2 12.5 71.0
28 NIT Kozhikode G 21.9 16.8 09.9 10.2 11.9 70.7
29 Dhirubhai Ambani IICT Gandhinagar P 22.7 16.3 10.6 09.6 11.2 70.4
30 Osmania Univ. College of Engineering Hyderabad G 22.7 14.0 10.3 10.9 12.4 70.3
31 College of Engineering, Andhra University Vishakhapatnam G 22.5 12.7 10.7 10.8 13.5 70.2
32 Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology New Delhi G 22.0 16.5 09.3 09.7 12.0 69.5
33 NIT Kurukshetra G 21.8 15.7 09.9 09.6 12.0 69.1
34 NIT Rourkela G 20.4 14.6 10.3 10.3 13.3 68.9
35 SVNIT Surat G 20.3 14.2 10.1 10.6 13.6 68.8
36 Govt. College of Engineering Pune G 21.2 12.2 11.1 11.5 12.7 68.7
37 Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal p 21.7 12.8 11.2 10.4 12.5 68.6
38 JNTU Hyderabad G 21.8 12.5 10.9 10.2 12.9 68.3
39 R.V. College of Engineering Bangalore p 20.6 13.2 10.8 10.6 13.0 68.2
40 NIT Jamshedpur G 19.9 13.4 10.4 10.4 14.0 68.1
41 University Visvesvaraya College of Engg. Bangalore G 22.0 13.3 09.6 09.9 12.8 67.6
31
42 VJTI Mumbai G 20.3 12.6 10.7 10.5 13.4 67.5
43 Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore P 20.3 16.9 09.8 10.1 10.3 67.4
44 Coimbatore Institute of Technology Coimbatore G 20.4 13.0 10.8 12.2 10.9 67.3
45 SSN College of Engineering Chennai P 21.4 12.7 11.3 11.2 10.6 67.2
46 IIIT Allahabad G 19.2 13.6 12.0 10.5 11.8 67.1
47 College of Engineering Trivandrum G 19.3 16.1 08.9 09.4 13.3 67.0
48 NIT Durgapur Durgapur G 20.5 12.4 11.3 10.7 12.0 66.9
49 SIT Calcutta G 22.9 13.4 10.1 08.9 11.5 66.8
50 Mumbai University Inst of Chemical Tech Mumbai G 20.2 12.5 11.4 10.0 12.6 66.7
51 Sardar Patel College of Engineering Mumbai p 20.1 12.7 10.2 10.4 13.2 66.6
52 P.E.S. Institute of Technology Bangalore p 19.5 13.1 11.0 11.7 11.0 66.3
53 Maharashtra Institute of Technology Pune p 20.3 13.4 10.0 10.2 12.3 66.2
54 Amrita Institute of Technology & Science Coimbatore p 19.8 12.2 12.1 10.5 11.5 66.1
55 National Institute of Engineering Mysore p 19.6 11.9 12.0 10.2 12.2 65.9
56 B.M.S. College of Engineering Bangalore p 19.7 13.1 10.9 09.6 12.3 65.6
57 Laxminarayan Institute Of Tech. Nagpur G 20.3 12.4 10.3 10.1 12.4 65.5
58 Nirma Institute of Technology Ahmedabad p 19.3 13.9 10.2 10.0 12.0 65.4
59 IIIT Pune G 19.4 12.6 10.2 10.3 12.7 65.2
60 Amity School of Engineering Noida p 19.7 13.5 09.3 10.1 12.5 65.1
61 JNTU Kakinada G 19.8 12.9 09.8 10.1 12.4 65.1
62 S.J. College of Engineering Mysore P 19.7 12.8 10.8 09.4 11.9 64.6
63 Chaitanya Bharathi Inst. of Technology Hyderabad P 19.3 13.3 09.8 09.2 12.9 64.5
64 IIIT Bangalore G 19.0 11.6 12.1 10.7 10.9 64.3
65 SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai P 21.0 12.4 09.3 08.4 13.1 64.2
66 SASTRA Thanjavur P 18.5 13.2 12.0 10.3 10.1 64.1
67 Bangalore Institute of Technology Bangalore P 19.5 11.8 10.5 10.2 12.0 64.0
68 The Technological Inst. of Textile & Sciences Bhiwani G 19.7 12.9 11.3 09.3 10.7 63.9
69 IIIT Gwalior G 19.7 12.7 10.2 10.3 10.9 63.8
70 JNTU Anantpur G 18.9 12.4 11.3 09.0 11.8 63.4
71 M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology Bangalore P 18.7 14.2 10.1 08.7 11.5 63.2
72 Gitam Vishakhapatnam P 19.2 14.8 10.6 06.2 12.3 63.1
73 NIT Hamirpur G 18.3 14.8 09.7 07.9 12.2 62.9
74 NIT Jalandhar G 19.6 12.7 09.3 09.1 12.2 62.8
75 SV University Engineering College Tirupati G 19.8 11.5 10.3 10.1 10.7 62.4
76 NIT Raipur G 18.7 13.1 09.6 09.1 11.8 62.3
77 Vasavi College of Engineering Hyderabad P 19.6 14.1 09.6 07.1 11.8 62.2
78 The ICFAI Inst of Science and Technology Hyderabad P 20.5 08.4 11.9 11.6 09.7 62.1
79 NIT Patna G 19.7 12.2 10.7 09.2 10.2 62.0
80 Cummins College of Engg for Women Pune G 20.1 08.7 11.7 11.3 10.1 61.9
81 VIT Pune P 17.9 11.2 11.7 10.0 10.5 61.3
82 Shri Ramdeo Baba K.N. Engineering College Nagpur P 18.7 13.3 10.4 08.2 09.7 60.3
83 Muffakham Jah Engineering College Hyderabad P 17.1 12.2 08.1 10.2 12.4 60.0
84 Karunya Institute of Technology Coimbatore P 18.1 12.1 08.9 08.4 12.3 59.8
85 D.J. Sanghvi Mumbai P 18.2 12.9 08.1 09.5 11.0 59.7
86 Sathyabhama Engineering College Chennai P 17.6 12.4 09.5 08.2 11.8 59.5
87 Kongu Engineering College Erode P 17.8 12.7 09.3 08.5 11.2 59.4
88 Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Sivakasi P 17.5 13.8 08.7 08.5 10.8 59.3
89 Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Ludhiana G 17.7 12.4 08.6 08.8 11.6 59.1
32
90 Hindustan Inst of Engineering Technology Chennai P 18.9 11.3 09.2 09.3 10.2 58.9
91 SDM College of Engineering Dharwad P 16.5 12.7 08.0 09.6 11.7 58.5
92 R.V.R. & J.C. College Of Engg Guntur P 16.8 12.1 09.6 08.7 11.2 58.4
93 Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi New Delhi G 19.8 10.2 08.8 08.7 10.8 58.3
94 K.L. College of Engineering Veddeswaram P 17.8 12.8 09.4 07.5 10.7 58.2
95 Dharmsinh Desai Institute of Technology Nadiad P 16.1 12.1 10.3 09.1 10.1 57.7
96 S.G.S. Institute of Technology & Science Indore G 16.1 11.3 09.8 09.5 10.3 57.0
97 Jabalpur Engineering College Jabalpur G 15.9 12.5 08.2 08.5 11.8 56.9
98 Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering Trivandrum P 15.5 12.5 07.9 08.7 09.9 54.5
99 G.H. Patel College of Engg & Technology Vidyanagar G 15.1 12.8 09.5 07.4 09.6 54.4
100 Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Bhubaneshwar P 14.9 12.9 08.1 08.5 09.8 54.2



Top 10 Private Engineering Colleges in India
RANK Name of Institute
1 Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani
2 Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Mesra (Ranchi)
3 International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad
4 PSG Coll of Tech., Coimbatore
5 Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University (JNTUH) Coll of Engg., Hyderabad
6 Manipal Inst. of Tech., Manipal
7 Thapar University, Patiala
8 Inst. of Tech, Nirma University
9 PES Inst. of Tech., Bangalore
10 National Institute of Engineering (NIE), Mysore


Top Private Coaching Institutes for Engineering
In India, every second parents want their child to become and engineer or doctor. And for that, they
want them to get admission in best engineering college. It's little bit difficult, specialy when there is are
only 16 IITs and 30 NITs in case of engineering aspirants, along with few other top institutes.
Nearly, 14, 00000 students appeared for the Joint Entrance Exam (JEE). The total number of seats
available in IITs and NITs was around 25,370 (IITs- 9885 + NITs- 15485). This means, only 2% of the total
applicants who applied for JEE 2013 made it through to the IITs and NITs.
However, it often becomes quite difficult to figure out the perfect coaching institute which can help you
in getting prepared.
Here are 10 coaching institutes which you can consider for such competitive exam preparation:
Vibrant Academy
An academy founded to facilitate IIT aspirants, Vibrant has emerged as a strong contender among
the top coaching institutes. With a record selection percentage of 43.2% (1243 out of total 2836)
from regular classroom courses in the 2013 JEE Advance, the institute has set a benchmark for itself
and its competitors. The complete system of coaching is based on real requirements of a student to
crack IIT-JEE.
Resonance
With its foundation in 2001, Resonance has come a long way. With 12 classroom program study
centres across the country, 300+ full time faculty members out of which 25% faculty members are
33
from the IITs, and with the highest number of students qualifying for JEE Advance from a single
institute in India; this coaching institute has the power to provide future IITians and doctors to the
nation.
Bansal Classes
A pioneer in the coaching industry, Bansal Classes has never failed to prove its worth when it comes
to various competitive entrance exams. With two students in Top 10 All India Rankers and 19 in Top
150 All India Rankers in JEE Advance 2013, Bansal Classes is definitely a class apart. Its objective is to
provide equal studying opportunities to all students appearing for competitive examinations.
FIITJEE, Delhi
With nearly 4,000 students achieving an All India Rank in JEE (Mains) 2013, and 3,729 students
achieving a rank in JEE (Advance), FIITJEE has been a favorite destination for various competitive
exams. It provides an ideal launch pad for serious JEE aspirants.
Narayana
Narayana is the one of the renowned names when it comes to engineering coaching institutes. With
centres in 17 major cities including Delhi, the institute offers researched study materials along with
experienced teachers. With nearly 400+ selections in JEE Mains and 200+ selections in JEE Advance,
this institute never failed to impress students.
Allen Career Institute
Nearly 45,000 students took admissions in classroom courses in Kota in 2012-13 session. With 990
total selections (37 students in top 1000) in JEE Advance 2013, 380 total selections (11 in top 20) in
AIIMS 2013 and 23189 total selections (34 in top 100), the success of Allen Career Institute can be
easily seen.
Vidya Mandir Classes
Vidya Mandir has made a reputation among IIT aspirants by providing classroom courses in more
than 30 cities. With nearly 48 top scorers through classroom course and 9 top scorers through
correspondence course in the JEE Advance, Vidya Mandir is definitely worth a thought.
Aakash Institute
Aakash Institute has been quite famous for helping students in realising their dreams of becoming
doctors and engineers. A phenomenal centre for excellent coaching, Aakash's students have been
delivering astonishing results in various medical and engineering entrance exams
IITiansPACE
IITiansPace was established in 1999 with a sole motive to guide students in Mumbai who wanted to
get through good Engineering and Medical colleges. In past 15 years, IITiansPace has not only made
its mark in Mumbai but has expanded hugely by opening its centres in various cities in India
including one centre in Dubai. Students of this institute have not done wonders only in IIT entrance
but performed outstandingly in various Olympiads.
Super 30
Fascination towards Mathematics and a will to help economically poor students with IIT dreams
paved the way for Super 30. Based in Patna, Super 30 comprises of 30 talented students with a goal
to make it big. So far, Super 30's track record has been amazing by delivering 100% success rate as
all its 30 students cracked IIT for three consecutive years: 2008, 2009 and 2010.
Career Point, Kota: For jee mains and State Engineering Entrance Exams, Career Point, Kota is
considered as the best coaching institute all over the country.





34

How to choose the right Engineering Branch?
Computer Science and Engineering
1. Do you like computers?(I am talking about games and internet)
2. Do you want to do something new in computer?
3. Do you always experiment with your computer and surprise others ?
4 Are you strong enough in mathematics and logic making skills ?
5. Do you like puzzles?
6. Are you having a good IQ?
If you answer most of the question in yes then this is the branch for you and you are made for this
branch. This branch require a good logic making skills and good aptitude ,innovation and hard work. If
you are having all these things in you then go for this branch. Information Technology This branch
requires the same skills as in Computer science & engineering. There is a little bit difference in their
syllabus content. There is no big difference as far as placement and job opportunity is concerned both
the branch are equally good and well payed.
Electrical & Electronics
1. Have you ever open your switch board and repair it?
2. Do you want to know the functioning of your home electrical appliances?
3. Do you want to know what is really going on in a computer CPU?
4. Are u interested in sensors & transistor?
5. Do you want to make your own robot?
If yes then this is the branch for you, again there is a small difference in electrical and electronics most
of the syllabus content are same. In most college theses are separate branches but in some college they
are same. In short we can say that electronics is subset of electrical. As far as placement and job
opportunity is concerned then it depend from college to college.
Mechanical & production engineering
1.Are you interested in bike and cars design?
2.Do you take interest in functioning of daily routine things ?
3.Do you ask basic question to your teachers(i.e how this works ? how that works ?)
4.Do you like physics ?
5.Do you like to make some new mechanism ?
6.Do you like to use your engineering skills for a common man life ?
if yes then you are at right place this is the branch for you. This branch require a real hard work. In most
of the colleges mechanical and production are different branches but there syllabus content are more or
less similar but in few college this is combine. There is a misconception that in this branch's job
opportunity are less as compared to computer science and electronics. Again it's depend upon individual
.This is called evergreen branch ,now a days there are a lot of job opportunity and money in this sector if
you have talent and ready to work hard.
Civil Engineering
1.Are you interested in building making ?
2.Are you ready to rock the world by your talent ?
3.Have you ever think how this can be done after seeing a building ?
if yes then this is the branch for you. There is a misconception that in this branch's job opportunity are
less as compared to others branch. It is not so, if you are hardworking and talented then there are a lot
of opportunity in this sector.
Then best of luck and go ahead. I think now you can decide your branch If you don't get the branch of
your choice by mistake or due to your lower rank then don't worry I will tell you how to deal with this
situation. This is not the end.
35

The human resource ministry has decided to modify the existing two-tier format of the Joint
Entrance Examination (JEE) by integrating JEE Main and JEE Advanced into a single entrance
test.
The changes, according to the Ministry, will be implemented from 2015.
The new unified examination will serve as the gateway to undergraduate engineering programs in all
central governments funded engineering schools across the country. As a necessary precursor to this
new admission format, the government has urged all engineering colleges to conduct a counselling for
students in 2014.
The existing two-tier format includes one preliminary (JEE Main) and one advanced (JEE Advanced) test.
While the JEE Main is used for selecting deserving candidates for all central government funded
technical schools, including the Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) and National
Institutes of Technology (NITs), JEE Advanced serves as the entrance exam for admission into the
Indian Institutes of Technologies (IITs).
It is worth mentioning that only those who rank amongst the top 1, 50,000, are qualified to appear in
JEE Advanced.


You need to be well prepared for college and branch selection process, counselling in
Engineering Entrance Exams is not an easy task.
Here is a sort of a problem faced by an individual: A student is tense, his IIT-JEE results are out and he
does not stand a chance. He is confident of cracking AIEEE, but the scores will be out only by June 6. He
has given the State Board exam but is awaiting results. He has offers of admissions from two private
universities and both want him to join before May 31.
If we were to advise this student, we would suggest that if the private university has a reasonably good
placement record and the branch offered is to his liking, he must take it. The Government of India has
come out with strict ruling that no college can withhold more than Rs. 1,000 of fees if a candidate
withdraws before the last date.

But even the issue still does not get sorted, here are some questions that would be in his mind for the
next two months until he finally freeze on that elusive engineering seat:


Should I wait for AIEEE or should I take VIT admissions?


Will I get a seat in Mechanical at NIT Trichy?


Is LNMIIIT a good bet?


Which branch would be suitable for me? Is Mechanical still the coveted branch?


Do IT and Computer Science have any more traction?

The engineering ball game
Admissions is a complicated process because it varies by the entrance exam, the type of institution and
the State in which the institution is located. Like him, one in four engineering aspirants takes the IIT.
Maybe one in two would take AIEEE and almost everyone eligible would look at the state-level
test/admissions. The only exceptions would be those who score very high but still prefer a St. Stephens
to NIT, Trichy. Such a tribe is very minuscule. The students have a hierarchy of admissions:


Established IITs - Top priority


Established NITs - Second Priority


Established players


New players who have brand recall - next level


Other colleges
36

If the admissions schedule too follow this criterion, life would be easy for the student. But that is not the
case. The private and deemed universities begin their counselling quite early, the AIEEE counselling goes
on for about two-and-a-half months and State counselling varies from a one-time face-to-face affair
lasting five minutes to a three-round online affair. In such times, being prepared is the least a student
can do.

Branch selection process
In selecting a branch your first priority must be your interest However, Ashwin Kumar a BE pass-out
from CSMV University has a different opinion. According to him barring a few students, most do not
have very defined preferences when they appear for Engineering. So he says, it makes sense to have
only negative preferences, that is, branches you will not take. Then assess the branch that opens up
maximum possible jobs, he says. According to him Mechanical fits the bill because a range of
companies including public sector look for them and next to circuit branches, even for IT companies
(the largest recruiters in campus) it is the most preferred branch. Sonali Kanal, a student of the same
college has a different take. She would go by personal preferences. She is pursuing her third year
Instrumentation and has already earned a pre-placement offer from GE-Medical. So the verdict is
split. Interest is the prime concern. But if you are not too particular, then go for a branch which
opens up opportunities.


Engineering Vs Medicine

Studying medicine or engineering has been two of the most popular options for students since long
time. Both of the fields have created excitement among students and attracted many students owing to
the best career opportunity. In fact, both provide most wanted careers to students who opt for these.
Students across the world find themselves at the crossroads after completing their high school. It is
really confusing to decide from these two fields of science and choose one as a career. For toppers, the
decision to opt between engineering and medicine is the most difficult task. However, there seems to be
a bias towards engineering which is only natural and reflected in the numbers of doctors and engineers
across the country. Though there are far more numbers of engineering college in our country and even
worldwide as compared to number of medical schools.
Comparing both of the fields can be quite debating, but still there are facts associated with the both.
Four years of engineering study can fetch a decent paying job as soon you graduate, whereas it is at
least 8 years of hard work to study medicine and even then you could not hope to earn as much as an
engineer. Normally a medical student requires 4 years of MBBS with one year of internship and a three
year masters in a particular medical field. However, the nobility aspect of a medicine career attracts
many students towards medicine and tends to attract a lot of female students. Being able to provide
relief to people, curing their ailments and in some cases, saving their lives is a big enough incentive for
some to be lured by this noble profession and satisfaction is something more than money can really get
you. However, there are lots more differences between medicine and engineering that will be
highlighted in this article.
Engineering
Engineering is the application of scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to design,
build, and maintain structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. Engineering is all
about optimization that how effectively you can discover new things and cut down cost without
compromising the quality. It may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate
solution to a problem or objective. The discipline of engineering is extremely broad, and encompasses a
37
range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas
of technology and types of application. Engineering requires a lot of practical thinking and a good IQ
level. To opt for an engineering course, one need to have clear understanding of the fundamentals in
practical and be enough sharp to make use of science in practical way utilizing his sharpness and
creating something useful. To opt for engineering a student has two ways:
1. First one is to opt for non-medical with major subjects as physical, chemistry and math for his
11
th
standard after completing his tenth. After studying non-medical in 11
th
and 12
th
, student
needs to appear for various entrance exams in order to secure his seat in an engineering college.
2. Second option is to opt for a diploma course in any engineering field after clearing class 10
th
and
after completing their 3 year diploma, students can gain direct entry to second year of
engineering through LEET exam.
Some major branches of engineering are:
Mechanical engineering
Civil engineering
Chemical engineering
Computer Science engineering
Electronics and Communication engineering
Students can choose in from wide range of engineering fields and select one on the basis of their
interest and caliber. There are more than 200 branches of engineering available to choose form, though
course availability may vary from place to place.
Medicine
A doctor is a professional who practices medicine, and is concerned with promoting, maintaining or
restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other
physical and mental impairments. Treating a patient with some common fever or an injured person are
some basic roles of doctors which can get even complicated in the form of some complex surgeries
related to heart, brain or whatever the problem be. There may be doctors who focus their practice on
certain disease categories, types of patients, or methods of treatment known as specialist medical
practitioners or assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care
to individuals, families, and communities known as general practitioners. Medical practice properly
requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines (such as anatomy and physiology)
underlying diseases and their treatment the science of medicine and also a decent competence in its
applied practice the art or craft of medicine.
The Medical Council of India (MCI) controls and monitors medical Education in India. New Colleges or
Universities can grant MBBS, MS, MD or any Graduate or PG degree or diploma only if those colleges are
strictly adhering to the standards set by the Medical Council of India. The MBBS course is of four and a
half year's (54months) duration and is followed by one year of Compulsory Rotating Residential
Internship. Getting admission into a medical school is not an easy thing, since number of medical seats
in India is quite less. To get into a medical school the aspirant first need to opt for medical in his 11
th

standard with physics, chemistry and biology as major subjects. After 11
th
and 12
th
, candidate needs to
go through various screening exams as a part of entrance test to secure a seat for MBBS course, which is
a four and half year course with a compulsory 1 year rotational internship, wherein emphasis is laid on
practical training.
Basic Differences:
Every year there are thousands of students who aspire to be doctors, but eventually end up study
engineering as they think that crack the qualifying exam for entrance into med schools is quite difficult
and also numbers of seats for medical students are quite limited. Then they set out to become engineers
to prove that they can still do something. This choice is never entirely yours and is influenced by several
other external factors that are quite important. These include your parents, the success of your elder
38
siblings in a particular academic area, your teachers and, for some, even friends. Not to say that you
should ignore them but the best bet is to listen to your inner-self and do some search on both these
fields before deciding on one. Following are some considerations that are taken into mind while
deciding between engineering and medicine:
Income:
It is believed that it is much easier for engineers to manage big salary packages as compared to doctors.
Also it is a fact that though engineers mange a salary after 4 years of study, doctors still require nearly 8
years of study to get perfection and big pay scales. This is not something that is same in every case, pay
packages of an engineer as well as doctor vary from person to person. Engineers can be found at many
levels in the organization. You can see some of them running companies as CEOs and you may even see
some engineers providing low paying technical support services. Hence, there is no certainty on income
levels. On the other hand, people in medicine profession invariably earn decent income. Hence this all
depends upon personal capability, though probability is quite high for engineers but even some
surgeons with some great surgical experience do earn very high packages.
Ease of finding a job:
Job opportunity is something that students look out, before they enter into any professional course.
Jobs in engineering sector are quite high but because of so much competition in engineering field, there
is a shortage of jobs in comparison to the candidates. You wont come across many doctors or nurses
who said they were unemployed. The reason can be attributed to the fact that there is less number of
medical professionals than the required amount. If you are the one who wants to land up in a job
immediately after completion of your course, medicine is the right specialty for you. There is little doubt
that engineering profession has too many opportunities; however, finding a desired job can be a tad
difficult.
Challenges:
There can be several challenges associated with the medicine job. Though there are challenges in the
other line also but medicine seems to be quite difficult. Many medicine students leave this field after
first three months of study. The probable reasons can be allergy to smell in operation theater; unable
dissect the frog; the sight of dead bodies haunts them and many more.
Leisure time:
While studying medical or even when you become a doctor, you tend to lose your social life and time for
fun activities. Medicine is a branch that demands a lot. You cannot think of a picnic with your family if
scheduled for an operation. Also they may be posted for emergency duties about which a physician can
never complain. There is a lot of social responsibility also. If you are a kind of a person who prefers to
work five days a week and wants to try lots of other things during the weekend, then you may opt for
engineering.













39
Career in Medicine & Allied Sciences




Contents of this section

Career in Medicine and Allied Sciences: a deep insight
M.B.B.S.
Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
B.D.S.
Bachelor of Dental Surgery
Some other Medical Courses are:
BHMS - Bachelor of Homeopathic Medical & Surgery
B. A. M. S. (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery):
Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery (Unani Medicine): B.U.M.S
BSc. Nurs - Bachelor of Science, Nursing
BPTh - Bachelor of Physiotherapy
BOTh - Bachelor of Occupational Therapy
Master of Chirurgiae (MCh.)
Optometry:
Ophthalmic Assistant Course:
Histopathological Lab Technology:
D. Pharma (Ayurvedic, Siddha Medicine
Lab Technicians:
Sanitary Inspector Course:
General Nursing Training Course:
Dental Mechanic Course:
Dental Hygienist Course:
Radiological Assistant:
Radiography [Diagnosis & Therapy] :
Nuclear Medicine Technology:
BASLP - Bachelor of Audiology & Speech, Language Pathology
BVSc. & AH - Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
B.P. & O. - Bachelor in Prosthetics and Orthotics
Career as Nutritionists
Career as Pharmacist
Career in Nursing
40
Career in Clinical Research
Career in Psychiatry
Career as a Speech Therapist
Career in Paramedical Services
Career in Hospital Management and Administration
Career as an Audiologist
Career in Medical Transcription - options and opportunities
List of Medical Entrance Exams
List of all Medical Courses in India
List of Medical Colleges state wise




Career in Medicine and Allied Sciences
Medicine is a very rewarding, lucrative and respected career option. As a doctor, you can take care of
the health of people, which in itself is a great social service. Doctors are looked upon as much-respected
members of the society. As a doctor, you can help the sick and ailing. You can prevent many illnesses
and help create a healthier society.
There are numerous career opportunities once you complete your study of medicine. With the same
background, you can enter into many related heath fields. The same education and training can help you
take up jobs in other areas of medical field other than being a doctor. In some cases, you may have to
undergo short training or specialization courses.
Why Should I Opt To Study Medicine
It is a very rewarding career if you view it from any angle. You earn a special status in society as a doctor.
As a doctor, you can make a great difference to the lives of numerous people. You can work as a doctor
in a hospital or as a family doctor or general physician. Further, a doctors profession is highly rewarding
in terms of money. Doctors earn attractive pays at all levels. You can look at the following examples:
If you are a doctor in India, there could a huge difference between those in government hospitals and
private hospitals. Although the starting monthly pay for doctors in government and private hospitals
could be Rs. 25,000, it is possible for private hospital doctors to earn around Rs. 200,000 each month.
However, senior doctors in the government hospitals do not normally get anything beyond Rs. 70,000
each month.
The increasing complicated lifestyles giving birth to a variety of ailments have made it impossible for
General Physicians with an MBBS degree to handle all ailments, if you want to go into the depths of any
particular branch of medicine and understand it thoroughly, you can go in for higher specialization after
training as a doctor. There are numerous courses available for specialization like:
Anesthetics
Obstetrics and gynecology
Psychiatry
Ophthalmology
Pediatrics
Pathology
Surgery
Radiology
Trauma management
Orthopedics
Pharmacy
Orthopedics
ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat)
Psychiatry
The demand for medical professionals is tremendously increasing with the unfortunate upsurge of
diseases and ailments day by day. At the same time super specialty hospitals are mushrooming both
within the country and abroad offering employment opportunities. These along with liberalization of
41
economy could bring better opportunities for these professionals in terms of remuneration, research
and working facilities.
Other than Allopathy, medicine also covers different systems like Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani
etc.
There is also Super Specialisations which require a further 3-5 years of study in areas such as Plastic
Surgery, Neurosurgery, Cardio-thoracic surgery, Conito-urinary surgery, Paediatric Surgery,
Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Clinical Haematology.
If more academically inclined, you can choose to take up a career as a lecturer in any medical college.
Medical council of India (MCI) and the Dental council of India (DCI) are the regulatory authorities in
the medical and dental education, respectively. The students must take admission only to those
medical colleges or courses that are approved to MCI and DCI.
Scope
The medical specialists have extensive job opportunities in Hospitals, polyclinics, diagnostic laboratories,
dental and ophthalmic clinics in the government and private sector. They can also take up research and
development work in institutional laboratories or with pharmaceutical companies. Medical job has
unending market demand, earning potential and dignity. In Medical Jobs, there are Jobs for Doctors,
Resident Doctors, Surgeons, Physicians, Pharmacy Jobs, Physical Therapy Jobs, Dental Jobs, employment
for Medical workers and many more. There will always be a demand for doctors and paramedics in the
rural and urban areas of the country and abroad. India has also emerged as the hub for medical
tourism.
Eligibilty
The basic or degree level qualification for a medical profession is MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and
Bachelor of Surgery) which is of 5 1/2 years duration (including 1 year internship). Some hospitals prefer
doctors who are post-graduate MD/MS/M.Sc. Medicine/Ph.D. This field requires updated knowledge so
certificate and diploma courses provides cutting edge to doctors.
Employability Skills
Good memory and recollection ability.
Service mentality, stamina and patience.
Power of concentration, emotional stability and self confidence.
Logical and analytical mind, decision making ability, timely decisions and self motivation.
Willingness to learn throughout their career.
An amiable and sympathetic temperament.
Good intelligence.
A strong sense of responsibility.
Manual and finger dexterity.
Stamina and the ability to stand on their feet continuously at the time of surgery.
Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career
in the Medical field.
Do I enjoy doing experiments with living organisms?
Do I have good memory and recollection ability?
Do I have service mentality?
Do I have good physical and mental stamina?
Do I maintain emotional stability and self-confidence in critical situation?
Do I have logical and analytical mind?
Do I have ability to take timely and right decisions?
Am I self-motivated?
Do I have willingness to learn throughout you career?
42
Do I have an amiable and sympathetic temperament?
Do I have a strong sense of responsibility?
Do I have manual and finger dexterity (especially for surgeons)?
Do I have stamina and the ability to stand on their feet continuously for a long time (at the time
of surgery)?
Do I love systematic way of working?
Do I enjoy hospital environment?
Do I have ability to work independently?
Do I have analyzing and interpreting skills?
Do I read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?
Career opportunities
Doctor in government/private/Army
hospitals.
Researcher
Professor/Dean in Medical College.
Pharmacist
Medical representatives
Pathologist
Physiotherapist
X-ray technician
Dietetics
Job options
Physician
Surgeon
Neurologist
Dermatologist
Ophthalmologist
Dentist
Paediatrics
Cardiology
Obstetrics and Gynaecology






Employers
Government hospitals
Private hospitals.
Nursing homes/clinics
Health departments.
Army, navy and air force, under the
Ministry of Defence.
Charitable institutions.
Medical colleges and training institutes
Research institutes
Industries
Clinical research centres.
Self-employment: Dispensary, Clinic,
Hospital.
Some Courses after 12th standard:
M. B. B. S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) Eligibility: 12th std with Biology.
Duration: 5.5 years Mode of admission: (Entrance examination) CET/PMT
B. D. S. (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) Eligibility: 12th std with Biology. Duration: 4 years Mode of
admission: Entrance examination
B. H. M. S. (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery) Eligibility: 12th std with Biology.
Duration: 5.5 years Mode of admission: Entrance examination
B. A. M. S. (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery) Eligibility: 12th std with Biology.
Duration: 5.5 years Mode of admission: Entrance examination
Courses after graduation:
M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) Eligibility: M.B.B.S. degree Duration: 3 years. Mode of admission:
Entrance examination
M.S. (Master of Surgery) Eligibility: M.B.B.S. degree Duration: 3 years. Mode of admission:
Entrance examination
D.M Eligibility: M.D. degree Duration: 2-3 years
M.Ch. Eligibility: M.S. degree Duration: 2 years
Some paramedical courses:
43
B.Pharma (Bachelor of Pharmacy) Eligibility: 12th Science (Biology) DPharma Duration: 4 years.
B.Sc Nursing Eligibility: Pass 10+2 with Science Duration: 4 years.
B.P.T (Physiotherapy) Eligibility: Pass in 12th class Science Duration: 4.5 years.
B.O.T (Occupational Therapy) Eligibility: Pass 10+2 with PCB (physics, chemistry and
biology). Duration: 3 years.
B.U.M.S (Unani Medicine) Eligibility: (10 + 2) with Science, Urdu up to 10
th
class
cation. Duration: 5.5 years.
B.Optometry Eligibility: EYECET examination is necessary to pass to go for B. Optom
Degree. Duration: 2 years.
Ophthalmic Assistant Course Eligibility: High school diploma or equivalent. Duration: 2 years.
Histopathological Lab Technology Duration: 1 year.
D. Pharma (Ayurvedic, Siddha Medicine) Eligibility: 12th pass Science Duration: 2 year.
B.Sc Programme in Lab Technicians Eligibility: 10+2 Duration: 1 year.
Sanitary Inspector Course Eligibility: Class X as well as Class XII with science Duration: 1 year.
General Nursing Training Course Eligibility: 10+2 science (Biology).Duration: 3.5 years.
Dental Mechanic Course Eligibility: 12th science Duration: 2 years.
Dental Hygienist Course Eligibility: 12th Science(Biology). Duration: 2 years.
Bachelor of Occupational therapy Eligibility: Pass 10+2 Science (Biology). Duration: 3 years.
Radiological Assistant Eligibility: 12
th
pass Duration: 1 year.
Radiography [Diagnosis & Therapy] Duration: 2 years.
Nuclear Medicine Technology Duration: 2 years
Lab.Tech. Course 2 years B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
Blood transfusion 72 weeks B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
Special treatment Assistant: 1 year B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
Operation Theatre Tech. Course 52 weeks B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
Basic Audiology & Speech Therapy 6 months B.Sc. (Botany/ Zoology/ Microbiology).
Dental Assistant: course 85 weeks B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
Nursing assistant: 28 Weeks B.Sc. Botany Zoology, Microbiology.
Certificate course in Yoga: 1 term after SSC. And Diploma in Yoga 1 year.
Certificate course of Proficiency in Ayurveda for Foreign students: 2 years SSC.
Certificate course in Introduction to Ayurvedic Medicinal plants: 3 months SSC.
Diploma in General Nursing: 3 yrs 12
th
std.
Certificate Course in Emergency Medicine Service: 1 year after B.Sc.
Certificate course in Physician Assistant: 1 year B.Sc. (any).
Pharmacology/Biochemistry/Microbiology/Genetics/Physiology: 7 terms after B.Sc. (Pune
University)
Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology (DMLT): B.Sc. 1 year
Certificate Course in Emergency Medicine Service: 1 year B.Sc.
X-ray technician: 72 weeks B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
Nursing assistant: 28 Weeks B.Sc.( Botany Zoology, Microbiology).
Certificate course of Proficiency in Ayurveda for Foreign students: 2 years SSC.
Hospital Management degree: Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Apollo Hospital, and
Hyderabad.
Diploma in General Nursing: 3 yrs 12
th
std .
P.G. Diploma in Dietetics: 1 year Graduate in Biological sciences.
One year Post- graduate certificate course in Counseling. M.A. Psychology (Clinical Psychology).


44
Abroad opportunities
There are numerous opportunities for Indian Doctors in European countries and USA. They can also get
opportunities in International organization such as Red Cross.
Emerging trends
Paramedical Science or allied health science plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnostic tools like microscope, X-ray, ultrasound, Endoscope, CT, MR, Gamma Camera & other
invasive or non-invasive methods & therapeutic technical modes like physiotherapy, radiotherapy,
respiratory therapy, speech therapy etc. are part of the paramedical system. The advancement of
medical science and complex medical equipments, demand for trained and qualified paramedical
manpower is growing.
Biomedical Engineering: This deals with the use of engineering principles to solve the medical and
health related problems. It comprises the physical, chemical, mathematical, computational and
engineering sciences. They design medical devices like artificial hearts, dialysis machines, surgical lasers,
etc. Bio medical engineers investigate the ways to modernize laboratory and clinical procedures. Bio
medical instrumentation, biomechanics, biomaterials, imaging, clinical engineering and rehabilitation
engineering are some of the well-established speciality areas. Diploma, degree, postgraduate diploma
and postgraduate degree courses are available in this field.
Examinations
AIIMS - All India Institute of Medical Sciences. www.aiims.edu
AFMC - Armed Forces Medical College Exam. www.afmc.nic.in
AIPMT - All India Pre-Medical / Pre-Dental Entrance Examination. www.aipmt.nic.in
AIPGDET - All India Post Graduate Dental Entrance Test.
AIPGMET - All India Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test.
Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical Entrance Exam. www.bharatividyapeeth.edu
BHU - Banaras Hindu University Medical Entrance Examination. www.bhu.net.in
DUSET - Delhi University Super-specialty Entrance Test.
Dr.D.Y.Patil Institute All India Common Entrance Test for MBBS and BDS.
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute.
Manipal PMT - Manipal Pre Medical Test.
MH SSET - Maharashtra Super speciality Entrance Test.
Specialisations in the field of Medicine:
One of the many options you have as a healthcare professional is choosing a medical specialty in which
to practice. Whether youre a nurse, a physician, or allied health professional, choosing a medical
specialty will help focus your educational goals, job search efforts, and career choices.
The sooner you identify your true passion in medicine, the more successful you may become, by
working in a field you love. For example, is your passion working with kids, pregnant moms, cancer
patients, or the elderly? Do you want to ease the pain of the dying, or bring new life into the world?
Consider the various specialties:
1. Allergy and Immunology
The medical specialty of Allergy and Immunology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of allergies.
2. Anesthesiology
Anesthesiology is the medical specialty focusing on administering pain-killing drugs during surgery in the
operating room. Anesthesiology also includes the field of Pain Management, a sub-specialty which helps
manage chronic (ongoing) pain in patients with prescription medication, injections, or other therapeutic
methods.
3. Dermatology
The field of dermatology focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, disorders, and
conditions of the skin.
45
4. Emergency Medicine
Emergency Medicine is the field which focuses on emergent, or acute medical care of patients who need
immediate medical attention due to trauma, accident, or a major medical event.
5. Family Medicine
Family medicine is a primary care field overseeing the basic healthcare needs of patients of all ages,
from infant to geriatric.
6. Internal Medicine
Internal medicine is similar to family medicine in that it includes primary care and basic healthcare
management of all areas of a patient's health. However, internal medicine typically does not include
pediatrics or obstetrics, whereas family medicine often does. Additionally, internal medicine includes
more in-depth training and patient care in a hospital setting and acute care. Finally, internal medicine
includes many more sub-specialties such as:
Cardiology
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
Geriatric Medicine
Oncology and Hematology
Hospice and Palliative Medicine
Infectious Disease
Nephrology
Pulmonary Disease
Rheumatology
7. Neurology
Neurology is the medical specialty focusing on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases,
disorders, and conditions of the brain and nervous system. Patients who have suffered a stroke, or who
battle ailments such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's are a few examples of some of the patients
who are treated by neurologists.
8. Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery is a surgical specialty of medicine devoted solely to surgery of the brain.
9. OB/GYN (Obstetrics & Gynecology)
Obstetrics is healthcare for pregnant women, including labor and childbirth and providing a safe delivery
of the baby. Gynecology entails the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, disorders, and
conditions of the female reproductive system.
10. Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology is the medical specialty focusing on treatment of the eyes, and retina. Not to be
confused with an optometrist, ophthalmologists can also do eye surgery and prescribe medication
unlike optometrists, who typically focus on eyesight correction and enhancement and prescription
lenses.
11. Orthopaedic Surgery
Orthopaedic surgery entails surgery of the joints, bones, and muscles. Patients with sports injuries or
injuries from an accident may be treated by orthopaedic surgeons, as are patients with some types of
arthritis in the joints which may be surgically repaired.
12. Otolaryngology (E.N.T.)
Otolaryngology is the medical specialty commonly known as "E.N.T.", which stands for ear, nose, and
throat. Otolaryngology includes office-based care, and surgical procedures both in the hospital and in
the office. Therefore, a variety of practice environments and employers are available in this field.
13. Pediatrics
46
Pediatrics is a primary care field of medicine focusing on the healthcare of children, from newborn to
age 18. Most pediatric jobs are office-based, where routine physicals, immunizations, cough and colds,
and "lumps and bumps" are handled frequently. However, there are also numerous pediatric jobs
available at children's hospitals, particularly in pediatric subspecialties such as pediatric surgery.
14. Psychiatry
Psychiatry entails the treatment of patients' mental health and well-being. Psychiatry may be practiced
in an office, providing psychotherapy and medication for more common psychiatric care, or in a
psychiatric hospital for more serious, acute psychiatric issues such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia,
and other issues requiring hospitalization. Psychiatry also involves treatment of patients with addictions
such as drugs or alcohol.
15. Radiology
Radiology is the medical field which entails the use of medical imaging to diagnose a variety of problems
across all specialties and body systems. Radiology is a very high-tech field offering a great deal of job
growth, because it is utilized in conjunction with so many other medical specialties including cardiology,
surgery, oncology, gastroenterology, to name a few.
16. Surgery
General surgeons perform a variety of abdominal and laparoscopic surgeries. Surgeons may also sub
specialize to focus on trauma surgery, vascular surgery, plastic surgery, or cardiac surgery. Surgical
careers involve surgeon, surgical tech, or nurse.
17. Urology
Urology is the medical specialty involving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the urinary tract as
well as the male reproductive system. Urology includes office-based care and surgical treatment.


SOME OF THE MEDICAL ENTRANCE EXAMS IN INDIA

ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (AIIMS MBBS)
All India Institute of Medical Sciences was established in 1952 as an institution of national importance by
an Act of Parliament. The objective was to develop patterns of teaching in undergraduate and
postgraduate medical education in all the branches so as to demonstrate a high standard of Medical
Education in India. Every year more than 80,000 candidates apply for MBBS course in AIIMS for only 70
vacancies, which makes it one of the toughest of entrance examinations. The cost of the application
form for AIIMS is Rs. 1,000 and it can be filled online or offline.
Eligibility: Applicants must have passed 12th standard or equivalent examination with at least 60%
aggregate in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English.
Test pattern and selection: AIIMS Entrance for MBBS is a paper-based test of 3 hours duration. It has
200 multiple-choice and reason-assertion type questions. There are 60 questions each from Physics,
Chemistry and Biology and 20 questions from General Knowledge. There is negative marking for
incorrect answers. After the declaration of the result a final list for counselling is prepared based on
merit.
Website: www.aiims.edu , www.aiims.ac.in
ALL INDIA PRE-MEDICAL TEST (AIPMT)
All India Pre-Medical/ Dental Test conducted by the CBSE, New Delhi is amongst the toughest exams for
admission to various reputed medical colleges spread across the country. The form is available offline
for Rs. 800. It can be also be filled online for Rs. 700.
Eligibility: A candidate should be aged between 17-25 years and passed 12th with at least 50% marks
with PCB
47
Test pattern and selection: The Preliminary Examination is of 3 hours duration and consists of one
paper containing 200 objective type questions from Physics, Chemistry and Biology (Botany and
Zoology). The Final Examination is also of 3 hours and consists of one paper containing 120 objective
type questions from Physics, Chemistry and Biology (Botany and Zoology).
After the preliminary examination successful candidates will qualify for the final examination and a final
merit list for counselling will be prepared.
Website: www.aipmt.nic.in
There are plenty of good colleges under AIPMT, across the country and state wise. You can check the list
of those colleges on AIPMT official Website with number of seats as well.
AIPGMEE - ALL INDIA POST GRADUATE MEDICAL/DENTAL ENTRANCE EXAM
AIPGMEE-2011 is conducted by AIIMS for admission under 50% seats quota in various postgraduate
(MD/ MS/ Diploma/ MDS) courses in medical and dental colleges in the country run by the Union of
India, State governments (except government of Andhra Pradesh and J&K). The cost of the application
form is Rs. 1,000 and it can be filled online or offline.
Eligibility: The candidate must possess MBBS/ BDS degree from a recognized medical/dental college.
Test pattern and selection: AIPGMEE entrance is a paper-based test of 3 hours duration. It consists of
300 Multiple-choice Questions (MCQs) comprising Pre-Clinical, Para-Clinical and Clinical subjects. Each
answer with correct response will be awarded four marks. One mark will be deducted for each wrong
response. Zero mark will be given for the questions not answered.
Once the result is declared a list of successful candidates in order of merit based on the score obtained
in the entrance examination is prepared and shorlisted for counselling.
Website: www.aiims.edu
www.aiims.ac.in
BHU ALL INDIA PMT
BHU-PMT (Pre Medical Test) is held annually for admission to various bachelors courses in medicine
which include MBBS, BDS, BAMS and BPharm from Banaras Hindu University. The seat distribution is as
follows: MBBS (84 seats); BDS (38); BAMS (78); B.Pharm (33). The cost of the application form is Rs.
1,200 and it can be bought from the designated branches of Bank of Baroda, BHU Branch, SS Hospital,
Varanasi.
Eligibility: The candidates must have passed 12th class examination or equivalent examination with
minimum 50% in English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology (Zoology + Botany) taken together. Candidates
appearing in qualifying examination may also apply.
B.Pharm: A minimum of 60% marks (55% marks for SC/ ST) and respective PC candidates.
Test pattern and selection: Admission to MBBS course is done through an entrance test which has two
stages, PMT Screening and PMT Mains. Only those who qualify in PMT Screening can appear for PMT
Mains for MBBS course. Admission to other courses like BDS, BPharm and BAMS is through only PMT
Screening. The screening exam is of objective type and consists of 200 questions from Physics,
Chemistry, Botany and Zoology whereas the mains exam is of subjective type.
Website: www.imsbhu.nic.in
CMC-VELLORE
Christian Medical College Vellore, which is affiliated to the Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University,
Chennai, holds an all-India entrance test (CMC Vellore Common Entrance Test) every year to select
students for admission into various undergraduate level medical and paramedical courses. The intake
for MBBS is 60 seats. The cost of the application form is Rs. 750.
Eligibility: Minimum 60% marks at 10+2 level each in Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
Test pattern and selection: The entrance exam questions are from Physics, Chemistry, Biology and
General Ability and a few questions of current topical interest. After the declaration of the result a final
list for counselling is prepared based on merit and successful candidates are called for interview.
48
Website: www.cmch-vellore.edu
DELHI UNIVERSITY MEDICAL/DENTAL ENTRANCE TEST (DUMET)
DUMET is held annually for admission to bachelors in medical and dental courses, MBBS and BDS, in
University of Delhi. It is conducted by University of Delhi Faculty of Medical Sciences and is conducted in
Delhi only. MBBS is available in three colleges: Lady Hardinge Medical College, Maulana Azad Medical
College and University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital. BDS is available in
Maulana Azad Medical College. The distribution of 373 seats is as follows: MBBS (LHMC-98 seats,
MAMC-147 seats, UCMS -128 seats), BDS (MAIDS-34 seats).
DUMET Application form is available for Rs. 750 and it can also be downloaded from the website.
Eligibility: The candidates must have passed 12th class examination under 10+2 system with an
aggregate of at least 50%. The school must be situated within the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Test pattern and selection: The test paper is of 3 hours duration. The paper is of objective type and
consists of 200 questions (50 each in Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology). Each question carries 4
marks and for every incorrect response one mark will be deducted. Successful candidates will be allotted
seats according to their rank and number of seats available based on entrance test and personal
interview.
Website: www.fmsc.ac.in
JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF POST GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (JIPMER)
JIPMER is located in Puducherry and conducts a separate entrance test for admission to its MBBS
course. It has 100 seats in MBBS and out of this admission to 82 seats is through JIPMER entrance. The
cost of the application form is Rs. 750.
Eligibility: A candidate should have passed 10+2 or equivalent examination with at least 50% aggregate
marks in PCB.
Test pattern and selection: The entrance test consists of 200 Multiple-choice Questions equally from
English, Physics, Chemistry Zoology and Botany. There are four options for each question and there is be
no negative marking. Successful candidates will be called for counselling and allotted seats according to
their rank and number of seats available.
Website: www.jipmer.edu.in
MANIPAL UGET KARNATKA
Manipal University, Karnataka conducts an All India Manipal University Online Undergraduate Entrance
Test 2011 (UGET 11) for admission to Medical and Engg courses. The intake for the MBBS course is 250
seats and the cost of the application form is Rs. 500.
Eligibility: Candidate should not be below 17 years of age and must have cleared 10+2 or equivalent
education. Eligibility is different for every course.
Test pattern and selection: The MANIPAL UGET online test is of 2 hours duration and the approximate
distribution of questions is as follows: Physics - 60 questions, Chemistry - 60, Biology - 80, English &
General Aptitude - 40 each. Successful candidates will be allotted seats according to their rank and
number of seats available.
Website: www.manipal.edu
ARMED FORCES MEDICAL COLLEGE (AFMC ENTRANCE)
AFMC, Pune, was established in 1948. All the 130 candidates admitted to AFMC 2011, Pune have
compulsory liability to serve as commissioned officers in the Armed Forces Medical Services for seven
years on graduation. The cost of the form for AFMC is Rs. 250.
Eligibility: Applicants must have passed 12th standard or equivalent examination of statutory Indian
University/ Board, securing not less than 60% aggregate marks in the 3 science subjects taken together,
not less than 50% marks in each of the science subjects and not less than 50% marks in English.
49
Test pattern and selection: The entrance exam is a paper-based test on Biology, Chemistry, Physics,
Intelligence, Logic, Reasoning and English Language and Comprehension. Candidates selected in the
written test, will be shortlisted and called for interview at Pune.
Website: www.afmc.nic.in
National Eligibility and Entrance Test
Latest update on NEET UG
According to a recent announcement by CBSE, it is likely that CBSE will conduct AIPMT on 4 May 2014.
However the final decision on NEET UG will be taken after the verdict of the Supreme Court of India.
The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test or NEET-UG is a qualifying entrance exam for students who
wish to study any undergraduate medical course (MBBS), dental course (BDS) or postgraduate course
(MD / MS) in government or private medical colleges in India. NEET-UG (Undergraduate), for MBBS and
BDS courses, will be conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). NEET-UG replaced
the All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) and all individual MBBS exams conducted by states or colleges
themselves. However, many colleges and institutes have taken a stay order and conducted private
examinations for admission to their MBBS and BDS courses. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences
will be also be conducting its own separate examination. Nevertheless, many other reputed institutes
such as the Armed Forces Medical College and Banaras Hindu University have opted to admit students
on the basis of the NEET-UG. The first exam was held on 5 May 2013, and the results were announced
on 5 June 2013. Undergraduate courses at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi,
Postgraduate Institute for Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh, Jawaharlal Institute of
Postgraduate Medical Education & Research JIPMER be outside the NEETs purview as these institutes
were set up by separate laws, which need to be amended in Parliament to introduce the new system.
NEET was initially proposed to take place from 2012 onwards. However, for several reasons, the CBSE &
Medical Council of India deferred NEET by a year. The test was announced by the Government of India
and was held for the first time on 5 May 2013 across India for students seeking admission for both
Undergraduate and Postgraduate Medicine. But on 18 July 2013, SC gives the decision in favour of 115
petitions and cancels the NEET exam and announce that MCI cannot interfere with the admission
process done by colleges.
NEET Undergraduate
The Undergraduate NEET exam was conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education, and held
for the first time on 5 May 2013. With regards to the marking, each correct answer achieves four marks,
with one mark being deducted for every wrong answer.
The syllabus for the NEET-UG is available on the website of the Medical Council of India.
NEET Postgraduate
The Common Entrance Test (CET), also known as the NEET Postgraduate exam, is for admission to
postgraduate medical courses across India. It was held online during 23 November 6 December 2012
.

The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) will conduct a separate medical entrance test for MDS
courses on 13 January 2013.
Syllabus: The Medical Council of India (MCI) announced the syllabus for the NEET-UG in 2011. The
syllabus had been initially published as a draft to invite feedback from other stakeholders. The syllabus
for NEET-PG is the same as that of the MBBS course described in the MCI Regulations concerning
Graduate Medical Education, 1997. The multiple choice questions (MCQs) will be based on the MBBS
syllabus, as will the knowledge that needs to be acquired during the internship period, which is also
described in said Regulations. The distribution of questions, model questions and method of tie breaking
for ranking have been placed on the website, as well as in the Prospectus. The syllabus is very vast and
students have to study 68 hours daily
NEET-UG Results & Merit List Criteria: The Central Board of Secondary Education will be announcing the
results and the All India Merit List for NEET-UG. The merit list and the wait-list will be prepared as per
50
the directives of the Honorable Supreme Court of India, DGHS, MCI and DCI. The results for 2013 were
announced on 5 June.


List of Medical Entrance Exams
AIIMS - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Entrance Exam
AIIMS PG Entrance Exam - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Post Graduate/ Post Doctoral Entrance
Exam
AIPGDET - All India Post Graduate Dental Entrance Test
AIPGMET - All India Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test
AIPGMEE - All India Post Graduate Medical/Dental Entrance Exam
AIPVT - All India Pre Veterinary Test
AIPMT - All India Pre-Medical / Pre-Dental Entrance Examination
AIMS - Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Entrance Exam
Amrita PG Medical Entranc - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham PG Medical Entrance Test
AMUPMDC APGM & APGD CET - AMUPMDC APGM & APGD Combined Entrance Test
AU AIMEE - Annamalai University - All India Medical Entrance Exam
ASSO PGH CET - Association Post Graduate Homoeopathy Common Entrance Test
BVP CET - Bharati Vidyapeeth University Combined Entrance Exam
IMS BHU - BHU Ayurveda Vachaspati [MD (Ay)] / Ayurveda Dhanwantari [MS (Ay)]
BHU B.Sc Nursing & B. Pharm (Ay.) Entrance Test
BHU MD/MS - BHU M.D. / M.S. Entrance Test
BHU - BHU Medical Entrance Exam for D.M. / M.Ch. and M.D.S.
BHU PMT - BHU Medical Entrance Exam for M.B.B.S./B.D.S./B.A.M.S./B.Pharm
BLDE PGET - BLDE Post Graduate Entrance Test
BLDE UGET - BLDE University Under Graduate Entrance Test
CIP PG Entrance Exam - Central Institute of Psychiatry PG Entrance Exam
Chettinad PG Entrance - Chettinad Univeristy Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test
CMC UG AWT - Christian Medical College Ludhiana Entrance Test
CMC Ludhiana PG Entrance - Christian Medical College, Ludhiana Post Graduate Entrance Exam
CET PPMC - Common Entrance Test for Pondicherry Private Medical Colleges
CPMEE - Common Pre Medical Entrance Exam
COMEDK PGET - Consortium of Medical Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka Post Graduate
Entrance Test
COMEDK UGET - Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka Entrance Exam
DMIMS AIPMET - Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences AIPMET
DUSET - Delhi University Super-speciality Entrance Test
DNB CET - Diplomate of National Board Centralised Entrance Test
DNB PD CET - Diplomate of National Board Post Diploma Centralised Entrance Test
GPAT - Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test
Gujarat AIPGDET - Gujarat All India Post Graduate Dental Entrance Test
GUJCET - Gujarat Common Entrance Test for MBBS/BDS
HR PMT - Haryana Pre-Medical Test
HDC MDS CET - Himachal Dental College Masters in Dental Surgery Combine Entrance Exam
HP CPMT - Himachal Pradesh Combined Pre Medical Entrance Test
HPTU SLCET for B.Pharmacy - HPTU State Level Common Entrance Test
IPU CET Medical - Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test Medical
JIPMER - Jawaharlal Institute of Post-graduate Medical Education and Research Entrance Exam
51
JNU CEE - Jawaharlal Nehru University Combined Entrance Exam
JSSU UGET - JSS University Under Graduate Entrance Test
KLE PG AIET - KLE Post Graduate All India Entrance Test
KLE UG AIET - KLE University Under Graduate All India Entrance Test
KAIET - Krishna All India Entrance Test
MP DMAT - Madhya Pradesh All India Dental & Medical Admission Test
MP PMT - Madhya Pradesh Pre-Medical Test
MH PGM PGD CET - Maharashtra Post Graduate Medical, Postgraduate Dental Entrance Exam
MH SSET - Maharashtra Superspeciality Entrance Test
MMU AIET for MD/MS/PG Dip - Maharishi Markandeshwar University All India Entrance Test for
MD/MS/PG Diploma
MMU CET - Maharishi Markandeshwar University Common Entrance Exam
MGDCH JET - Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital - Joint Entrance Test
MGIMS - Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Science Entrance Exam
MGMCRI CET - Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Entrance Exam
MGPGI PGDEE - Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences Entrance Exam
Manipal PMT - Manipal Pre Medical Test
AMUPMDC ASSO-CET - Medical Common Entrance Test - ASSO CET - (Maharashtra)
MAHER - Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research Entrance Exam
MMU AIET for M.Sc Nursing - MMU All India Entrane Test for M.Sc Nursing
NBE FEE - National Board of Examinations Fellowship Entrance Examination
NEET PG - National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for Post Graduates
NIH BHMS Entrance Exam - National Institute of Homoeopathy BHMS Entrance Exam
NUPGET - Nitte University Post Graduate Entrance Test
NUUGET - Nitte University Under Graduate Entrance Test
PGI MD/MS Entrance Exam - PGI Chandigarh MD/MS Entrance Exam
PGIMER - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Entrance Exam
PGIMER Nursing Entrance E - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Nursing
Entrance Exam
PGMET - Post-Graduate Medical Entrance Test
PIMS AICET PG - Pravara Institute of Medical Science AICET PG
PIMS AICET UG - Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences All India Common Entrance Exam
PPMET - Punjab Para Medical Entrance Test
RPMT - Rajasthan Pre-Medical Test
Rajasthan PC PMT - Rajasthan Private Colleges Pre Medical Test
RD Exam - Registered Dietitian Exam
SRU Medical Entrance Exam - Sri Ramachandra University Medical Entrance Exam for MBBS and BDS
SSAHE AIPGET - Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education AIPGET
SRM Entrance Exam - SRM Institute of Science and Technology Entrance Exam
Sumandeep AICET - Sumandeep Vidyapeeth All India Common Entrance Test
SRH University PMEE - Swami Rama Himalaya University Pre Medical Entrance Exam
UPCMET - Uttar Pradesh Combined Medical Entrance Test
UP CPMT - Uttar Pradesh Combined Pre Medical Test
UPCAT - Uttar Pradesh Common Admission Test
UPPGMEE - Uttar Pradesh Post Graduate Medical Entrance Exam
UPPGMET - Uttar Pradesh Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test
UPMT - Uttaranchal Pre-Medical Test
Uttarakhand CMDPGEE - Uttrakhand Combined Medical and Dental Post Graduate Entrance Exam
52
VMU AICEE - Vinayaka Missions University All India Common Entrance Exam

Discontinued Exams
NEET UG - National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for Under GraduatesDiscontinued
AFMC - Armed Forces Medical College Entrance ExamDiscontinued
DUMET - Delhi University Medical-Dental Entrance TestDiscontinued
DUPGMET - Delhi University Post Graduate Medical Entrance TestDiscontinued
PMET - Punjab Medical Entrance TestDiscontinued



Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.)

Duration:

5 Years
Eligibility: 10+2 with 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry and Bio

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.) is the degree that is required to become a
doctor in allopathic medicine. The career in MBBS and higher studies is very rewarding for those
interested in science and dealing with treating sick people. This profession requires a lot of hard work
but gives the satisfaction of curing patients from sicknesses and making life easier and better for them.
If the medical profession could be summed up in a line it would be Doctors save lives. Medicine as a
profession is one of the most sought after careers and it commands tremendous respect in the society.
Simply put, doctors save lives. They do so by preventing disease, diagnosing and treating the diseases.
Doctors are also teachers. They teach the budding doctors in the medical college and later in the
hospital when the young doctors are asked to carry out the practical aspect of medicine, they once again
guide them through it.
Becoming a good doctor is not an easy task. Most of the successful doctors have gone beyond just the
graduation degree (MBBS or equivalent) and gone further to do specialization in their preferred streams
like Medicine, Paediatrics, and Surgery etc. One can also become a super specialist like a cardiologist or
a neurologist.
M.B.B.S. is suited best, for those who have a scientific bend of mind and those who want to serve
humanity. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery is the most coveted of all the Medical Degrees
in India.
What will you study?
Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Subjects
Human Anatomy. Human Physiology Including Bio-Physics. Biochemistry. Introduction to
Humanities & Community Medicine. Forensic Medicine including Toxicology. Dermatology and
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Orthopaedics. Radiotherapy. Ophthalmology. Obstetrics and
Gynaecology. General Medicine. General Surgery. Paediatrics. Obstetrics & Gynaecology.
Dermatology. Ophthalmology. Orthopaedics. E.N.T. (Ear, Nose and Throat). Psychiatry.
Anaesthesiology.
Training Period and Time Distribution as per MCI Regulations
1. Every student shall undergo a period of certified study extending over 4 academic years divided into
9 semesters, (i.e. of 6 months each) from the date of commencement of his study for the subjects
comprising the medical curriculum to the date of completion of examination and followed by one year
compulsory rotating internship. Each semester will consist of approximately 120 teaching days of a
hours each college working time, including one hour of lunch.
53
2. The period of 4 1//2 years is divided into 3 Phases as follows:-
(a) Phase-1 (two semesters) consisting of Pre-clinical subjects (Human Anatomy, Physiology including
Bio-Physics, Biochemistry and introduction to Community Medicine including Humanities). Besides 60
hours for introduction to Community Medicine including Humanities, rest of the time shall be somewhat
equally divided between Anatomy and Physiology plus Biochemistry combined (Physiology 2/3 and
Biochemistry 1/3).
(b) Phase-II (3 semester) consisting of para clinical/clinical subjects.
During this phase teaching of para-clinical and clinical subjects shall be done concurrently.
The para-clinical subjects shall consist of Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine
including Toxicology and part of Community Medicine.
The clinical subjects shall consist of all these detailed below in Phase III.
Out of the time for Para-clinical teaching approximately equal time be allotted to Pathology,
Pharmacology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine and Community Medicine combined (1/3 Forensic
Medicine and 2/3 Community Medicine).
(c) Phase-III (continuation of study of clinical subjects for seven semesters after passing Phase-1)
The clinical subjects to be taught during Phase II and III are Medicine and its allied specialties, Surgery
and its allied specialties, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Community Medicine.
Besides clinical posting as per schedule mentioned herewith, rest of the teaching hours be divided for
didactic lectures, demonstrations, seminars, group discussions, etc. in various subjects.
The Medicine and its allied specialties training will include General Medicine, Pediatrics, Tuberculosis
and Chest, Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Psychiatry, Radio-diagnosis, Infectious diseases etc.
The Surgery and its allied specialties training will include General Surgery, Orthopedics Surgery including
Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Anesthesia, Dentistry, Radio-
therapy etc. The Obstetrics & Gynecology training will include family medicine, family welfare planning
etc.
3. The first 2 semester (approximately 240 teaching days) shall be occupied in the Phase 1 (pre-clinical)
subjects and introduction to a broader understanding of the perspectives of medical education leading
to delivery of health care. No student shall be permitted to join the Phase II (Pare-clinical/clinical) group
of subjects until he has passed in all the Phase 1 (Pre-clinical) subjects for which he will be permitted not
more than four chances (actual examination), provided four chances are completed in three years from
the date of enrollment.
4. After passing pre-clinical subjects, 1 year (3 semesters) shall be devoted to para-clinical subjects.
Phase II will be devoted to para-clinical and clinical subjects, along with clinical posting. During clinical
phase (Phase III) pre-clinical and para clinical teaching will be integrated into the teaching of clinical
subjects where relevant.
5. Didactic lectures should not exceed one third of the time schedule; two third schedule should include
practical, clinical or/and group discussions. Learning process should include living experiences, problem
oriented approach, case studies and community health care activities.
6. Universities shall organize admission timings and admission process in such a way that teaching in
first semester starts by 1st of August each year.
7. Supplementary examination may be conducted within 6 months so that the students who pass can
join the main batch and the failed students will have to appear in the subsequent year.
INTERNSHIP TIME DISTRIBUTION
Compulsory
Community Medicine 3 months
Medicine 2 months
Surgery including Orthopaedics 2 months
Obst./Gynae. Including Family 2 months
54
Welfare Planning 15 days
Paediatric 15 days
Ophthalmology 15 days
Otorhinolaryngology 15 days
Casualty 1 Month
Elective Postings
Elective Subjects
Elective posting will include Two of the following for 15 days in each subject.
Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
Psychiatry.
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.
Anaesthesia.
Radio-diagnosis.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology.
Blood Bank and Transfusion Department.
Some of the Major Institutes offering M.B.B.S.
AIIMS, Delhi
Armed Forces Medical College, Pune
Christian Medical College, Vellore
JIPMER
St. John's Medical College


Advantages or Benefits of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
The prefix of `Dr` before one's name commands respect. That itself is an achievement in itself. Doctors
also are looked upon with great respect as they save lives with their skills so a Doctor gains the status of
a Humanitarian as well.
Doctors command high salaries and can earn lots of money especially in private practice.
Medical graduates are eligible to sit for various postgraduate examinations, including examinations for
membership and fellowship of professional institutions such as Membership of the Royal College of
Surgeons, postgraduate Masters degrees such as a Master of Surgery or Master of Obstetrics and a
postgraduate doctorate in medicine (e.g. Doctor of Medicine, if earned in Ireland, the UK or
Commonwealth nations) and board certification examinations.
MBBS Employment Areas
Biomedical Companies.
Health Centres.
Hospitals.
Laboratories.
Medical Colleges.
Medical Foundation / Trust.
Non-Profit Organizations.
Nursing Homes.
Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology
Companies.
Polyclinics.
Private Practice.
Research Institutes
MBBS Job Types
Anesthetists or Anesthesiologists.
Bacteriologist.
Cardiologist.
Chiropodist.
Chief Medical Officer (CMO).
Clinical Laboratory Scientist.
Dermatologist.
E.N.T. Specialist.
Enterologist.
Gastroenterologist.
General Practitioner.
55
General Surgeon.
Gynaecologist.
Hospital Administrator.
Medical Admitting Officer.
Neurologists.
Nutritionist.
Obstetrician.
Orthopedists.
Pathologist.
Pediatricians.
Radiologist.
Physician.
Physiologist.
Psychiatrists.
Resident Medical Officer.
After completing M.B.B.S. you can become:
Doctor
Surgeon
Eligibility:
To obtain M.B.B.S. admission the basic criteria is that a candidate should have scored more than 50%
marks in physics, chemistry and biology aggregate in their 10+2 grade. To get medical school entry, one
needs to appear for Common Entrance Test (CET) and All India Medical Entrance Examination (AIMEE).
The candidate needs to appear for All India Pre Medical Entrance Test for admission to 15% of the total
seats for medical and dental courses in all medical and dental colleges run by the Union of India. This
test is conducted by Central board of Secondary education.
A basic requirement for applying for medical entrance tests is that the student should be at least 17
years old on or before 31st December of the year of admission. Upper age limit, where specified, is 25
years. Typically, Written tests have questions from physics, chemistry and biology (botany and zoology).
In general, the mix of questions is such that the focus on biology, which is a combination of zoology and
botany, is as much as that on physics and chemistry together. Most of the time there is negative
marking for a wrong answer. This would be indicated in the information bulletin or prospectus. Some
medical entrance tests also have a few questions on general knowledge, personality and intelligence
assessment or English language. The states also conduct their own Pre Medical Entrance Examination for
domiciled candidates.
Specializations:
After MBBS, post graduate level studies (MD or MS) can be conducted and there are many
specializations including General Medicine, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Orthopaedics, ENT, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology etc. There are also
options for super specialization through Ph.D. in any area of medicine. You also have an option of
pursuing Diploma or DNB at various hospitals.
Job Prospects:
There is a great demand of medical professionals and it is increasing due to the unfortunate upsurge in
diseases and ailments day by day. Also many super specialty hospitals are mushrooming offering
employment opportunities. Some of the places where there is job scope for medical professionals are as
follows:
In Government/Private hospitals
In nursing homes/clinics/health departments
In medical services of army/navy/air force
In charitable institutions
In medical colleges and training institutes as teachers
In research institutes and medical colleges as researchers
Private practice/self employment

Top 25 Medical Colleges in India (Medicine/MBBS)
56
1. AIIMS, Delhi
2. Armed Forces Medical College, Pune
3. Christian Medical College, Vellore
4. JIPMER, Puducherry
5. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
6. Lady Hardinge Medical College, Delhi
7. Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi
8. Grant Medical College, Mumbai
9. St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore
10. Madras Medical College, Chennai
11. Stanley Medical College, Chennai
12. King George Medical University, Lucknow
13. B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad
14. Christian Medical college, Ludhana
15. Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi
16. Seth G.S. Medical College, Mumbai
17. Bangalore Medical College, Bangalore
18. University College of Medical sciences, Delhi
19. Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai
20. Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical college, Mumbai
21. M.S. Ramaiah Medical college, Bangalore
22. Medical College & Hospital Kolkata
23. Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai
24. Government Medical College, Chandigarh
25. Jawaharial Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh
Post Graduate Diploma: Child Health (DCH), Laryngology and Otology (DLO), Diploma in Gynecology and
Obstetrics (DGO) Duration is 2 years.
Postgraduate Degree in broad specialties Doctor of Medicine (MD). Duration is 3 years. This degree is
awarded to Physicians. Doctors possessing M.B.B.S. degree is eligible to for this course. M.S. (Master of
Surgery): This degree is awarded to doctors who are doing masters in Surgery. Doctors possessing
M.B.B.S. degree is eligible to for this course. DURATION: 3 years Super specializations: Doctor of
Medicine (DM), and Master of Chirurgiae (MCh).
M.Phil and PhD. D.M: This is a doctorate degree awarded by many universities in US and is equivalent
to a PhD degree. Doctors possessing M.D. degree are eligible to for this course. DURATION: 2-3 years.



Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S.)
Duration: 4 Years
Eligibility: 10+2
"Some tortures are physical; and some are mental; But the one that is both; is dental." Ogden Nash
These are the feelings of the world famous poet. But dentists do various procedures and help us in dental
problems".
B.D.S. or Bachelor of Dental Surgery is an undergraduate dentistry course. The duration of this course is
4-5 years of with internship and without internship. The course can be perused either as a full time
graduate course or as a part time graduate course i.e. through correspondence or distance education.
57
Entrance Examinations are conducted in major cities all over India. Advertisements are given, regarding
issue of application forms for common entrance examination; important dates etc. in all the leading
news papers in India are also notified. The allocation of institution is based on merit.
Dentists are profession who diagnose, prevent and treat disease related to teeth, jaws and soft tissues
of mouth. Dentists also treat injures, infections and other conditions of teeth, jawbones and other
tissues of the oral cavity. Aesthetic or cosmetic dentistry offer restorative treatment to enhance the
patients appearance.
They examine patients' teeth and mouth tissue in order to diagnose and treat problems. Most are
general practitioners, but some specialize by
becoming:
Orthodontists
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons
Pediatric dentists
Periodontics
Prosthodontics
Endodontics
Public health dentists
Oral pathologists
Oral and maxillofacial radiologists
However, this career profile is changing rapidly, creating many opportunities and challenges for job
seekers. With an increasing awareness of oral health and the introduction of new fields like oral
pathology (diagnosis for diseases that affect the mouth), periodontics (care of gums and the diseases
that might afflict them) and orthodontics (straightening and aligning teeth and jaws) have all enhanced
the scope in this field.
Bachelor of Dental Surgery Subjects
Human Physiology
Materials used in Dentistry
Human Oral Anatomy, Physiology, Histology and Tooth Morphology
Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology
Orthodontics
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Bachelor of Dental Surgery Specialisations
There is no specialization at bachelors level.
Job Types
Consultant
Dental assistant
Dental hygienist
Dental surgeons
Dental lab technicians/ceramists
Forensics
Oral pathologists
Medical representatives/ Sales
representatives
Private practitioners
Public health specialists
Professors
Dental clinics
Dental equipment manufacturers
Educational institutions
Hospitals
Pharmaceuticals companies
Courses and Eligibility
Bachelor's degree in Dental Science (BDS), 10+2 with physics, chemistry and biology and clear the pre-
medical entrance examination of states/boards/institutions.
To be a specialist one needs to have a Master's in Dental Science (MDS).
Other Courses in Dentistry are:
Dental Hygienist Certificate Course
Dental Mechanic Certificate Course
Diploma Course In Dental Assistance
58
The Bachelor of Dental Science (BDS) degree programme is a five-year course that is divided into four
parts each of one years duration followed by a year of internship. The Dental Council of India registers
those who have completed the BDS to practice dentistry. After completion of this degree, many
graduates choose to join a government hospital to get hands-on experience.
A BDS degree alone is not considered enough to succeed in this profession so one has to go for a Master
of Dental Science (MDS) degree. One should keep participating in education programmes based on the
specialisation as, Continuous education is an integral and an essential part of this profile.
Upgrading your knowledge is required, even in order to renew your license to practice on an annual
basis. It's is also important to be aware of the developments in the medical field and pharmaceuticals.
Admission to graduate courses in dentistry is through a general, nationwide competitive examination.
The All India Pre-Medical/Pre-Dental Entrance Exam conducted by the CBSE is common for both the
MBBS and the Bachelor of Dental Sciences (BDS). The allocation of institutions is based on merit. Other
than the centrally run medical institutions there is at least one dental college in most states, where
admission is governed by domiciliary status. A merit waiting list up to a number of 1 to 2000 is made on
the base of marks obtained in the Exam. The candidates are assigned their merit list and choice. There
are also private colleges, which under the management quota admit students on an all India basis. But
to be eligible for practice, one must ensure that the Dental Council of India approves the course chosen.
Where to Study
AIIMS, New Delhi
Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi
Army College Of Dental Sciences, Mercury Lines, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, (Andhra Pradesh)
Government Dental College & Hospital, Afzalgunj, Hyderabad
KGMC, Lucknow
R Ahmed Dental College, Kolkata
Government Dental College, Mumbai
Dental College, Dharwad, Karnataka
College of Dental Sciences, Manipal
GDC, Trivandrum
Goa Dental College & Hospital, P.O. Santa Cruz, Bambolim Goa
S.C.B.Medical College, Cuttack, Orissa
College of Dentistry, Indore
Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati
Dental College, Medical Campus, Rohtak
Maharshi Dayanand University Medical College, Rohtak
S.M.S.Medical College, Jaipur
Dr.R.Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata
Christian Medical College, Brown Road, Ludhiana
Guru Nanak Dev Dental College & Research Institute, Sunam, Punjab
The Buddhist Mission Dental College & Hospital, Patna, Bihar
Patna Dental College & Hospital, Agamkuan, Patna
Government Dental College And Hospital, Ahmedabad
Govt. Dental College, Jamnagar
Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital Annamalai Nagar
Meenakshi Ammal Dental College & Hospital, Chennai
Modern Dental College & Research Centre Nainod, Gandhi Nagar, Airport Road, Indore (M.P.)
Govt. Dental College & Hospital Near T.B. Hospital Subhash Nagar, Jaipur
Mahatama Gandhi National Institute of Medical Sciences RIICO Institutional Area, Sitapura, Jaipur

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Some other Medical Courses are:
Bachelor of Homeopathic Medical & Surgery (BHMS )
DURATION: 5.5 years
The Homeopathic Education in India is presently regulated by the National Institute of Homeopathy.
Applicant should have passed HSC Exam from Statutory Board/University in India or equivalence.
About the course:
Homeopathy is a holistic system of medicine, in which the patient is treated as a whole taking into
account the role of body, mind and spirit. Homoeopathy believes in the concept of vital force, which
when becomes disturbed through disharmonious living and thinking, a manifestation of symptoms takes
place which we call disease.
In homeopathy the doctor treats the patient by taking into thought his constitution, his mental makeup,
desires and dislikes, eating habits, reaction to hot and cold climate, sleep, dreams, past and family
history of chronic diseases. Homoeopathic medicines are usually free from any side effects.
The course is of five and a half years duration consisting of one year compulsory internship in
Homoeopathy.
Specialization:
BHMS students can opt for most of the specializations available for MBBS, i.e., Gynaecology, Paediatrics
etc. Apart from these there specializations in the homeopathic field as well in subjects such as materia
(deals with the drugs), organon (deals with principles of homeopathy), repertory (deals with the list of
drugs) and medica.
Job Prospects:
Homeopathic doctors can get jobs in Government/Private hospitals, in nursing homes/clinics/health
departments, in medical services of army/navy/air force, in charitable institutions, in research institutes
and medical colleges as researchers. Apart from that they can go for private practice/self employment
as well.
Specialization:
Candidates who have passed BAMS can apply for post graduate programmes. The Post graduate
programmes are conducted by many recognised institutions and have duration of 3 years leading to
degrees of Doctor of Medicine in Ayurveda (M.D. (Ayu)) and Master of Surgery in Ayurveda (M.S. (Ayu)).
Eligibility:
Students desirous of BHMS (Bachelor of Homoeopathic Medicine & Surgery) should have Higher
Secondary or equivalent qualification (10 + 2) with English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology as well as
attained the age of 17 years on or before 31st December of the year of his admission to the first year of
the course.
Professional Courses
Basically there are two types of courses available in Homeopathy namely Diploma in Homoeopathic
Medicine & Surgery (DHMS) of 4 years duration, including 1-year of Internship and Bachelor of
Homoeopathic Medicine & Surgery (BHMS) of 4 Years + 1 year Internship. The Central Council of
Homoeopathy, a statutory body under Government of India, is the apex body taking care of education,
training and other matters related with Homoeopathy. All the courses must be recognised by
Homoeopathy Central Council Act 1973. At present there are around 200 institutions in the country
offering degree and diploma courses in Homoeopathy, which meet the regulations prescribed by the
Council. Annual intake by these institutions is around 8000. The training period for Homoeopathic
Studies varies with the course undertaken.
National Institute of Homoeopathy, Calcutta, an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare is a model academic institute of Homoeopathy in India. The Entrance Examination
60
for BHMS course is usually held in June/July every year. Post Graduate Education in Homoeopathy was
introduced in 1989 and M.D. (Hom.) is offered in seven different subjects namely Materia Medica,
Organon of Medicine with Homoeopathic Philosophy, Repertory, Pediatrics, Medicine, Psychiatry and
Pharmacy. About 15 institutions have been permitted by the Central Council, India to start Post
Graduate Course in Homoeopathy. Vinayaka Missions University, Salem offers three-year MD (Doctor of
Medicine in Homoeopathy) with specialization in Practice of Medicine, Paediatrics, Psychiatry,
Homoeopathic Materia Medica, Organon of Medicine and Homoeopathic Philosophy, Repertory and
Homoeopathic Pharmacy. Government Homoeopathic Medical College at Thiruvananthapuram and
Kozhikode offer M.D. (Hom) in Materia Medica, Homoeopathic Philosophy, Repertory, Practice of
Medicine and Pharmacy. The eligibility criterion for M.D. is BHMS degree or its equivalent as declared by
the Central Council of Homoeopathy.
Selection of Institutes and Courses
The selection of the institute is important otherwise it would be wastage of precious time and money.
Before selecting any institute, one should consider the following points e.g. reputation of the institute,
recognition of institute, how old the institute is, efficiency of faculty members of the institute,
infrastructure of the institute etc. All the courses & institutes must be recognized by Central Council of
Homoeopathy (http://www.cchindia.com), India for secure future. One should go for higher studies like
M.D. (Hom) for better employment opportunity especially in teaching field.
Colleges, Institutes and Universities
Here is the list of Institutions providing Homoeopathy courses in India:
Ahmedabad Homoeopathic Medical College, Ghuma-Bhopal Road, Ghuma, Ahmedabad.
Assam Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, P.O. Haibergaon, Dist. Nagaon-782
002. Assam
Bakson Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, 36-B, Knowledge Park, Phase-I, Greater
Noida (U.P.) - 201306
Baroda Homoeopathic Medical College, Sailja Complex, Near R.C. Patel Estate, Akota Road,
Vadodara-20.
Bengal Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Ismile, P.O. Asansol-713 301, Dist.
Burdwan.
Bharti Vidyapeeth's Homoeopathic Medical College, Dhankawadi, Katraj, Pune-411043.
Cuttack Homoeopathic Medical College, Naya Bazar Cuttack.
D.N.De. Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, 12, G.K. Road, Kolkata -700 046.
Dhanvantari Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital & Research Centre, Dhanvantari
Campus, Kamatwade, CIDCO, Nashik-8.
District Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, 478, Katju Nagar, Ratlam, MP
Dr. Madan Pratap Khuteta Rajasthan Homoeopathic Medical College, Station road, Vanasthali
Marg, Jaipur-302006
Dr.B.R.Sur Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Near Nanakpura Gurudwara (Ring
Road), Moti Bagh-II, New Delhi-110 021.
Dr.D.Y.Patil Homoeopathic Medical College, Pimpri, Dist.Pune.
Fr.Muller's Homoeopathic Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore-575 002
Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, 191, Zone-I,M.P. Nagar, Bhopal-462 001.
Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College, Ravindra Nagar Post, Cuddapah-516 003. A.P.
Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College, Irnamuttam, P.O. Manacaud, Thiruvananthapuram
Govt.Homoeopathic Medical College, No. 1178, 22 'B' Cross, Magadi Main Road, Bangalore-560
040.
Govt.Homoeopathic Medical College, Karaparamba, Calicut, (Kozhikode)
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Gujarat Homoeopathic Medical College, At & P.O. Savli-391 770, Dist. Vadodara.
Career Prospects and Employment Opportunities
Alternative medicine is becoming popular in society slowly. Homeopathic doctors too are in high
demand especially for diseases that allopathic medicine can't cure in satisfactory ways. It is a very
flexible career option as it can be started later in life and one can continue until older age. Homeopaths
can work part time only or build up a busy practice and develop into a full time occupation with earnings
increasing with the growth of the practice. Success depends on confidence, competence and ability to
attract patients. Advancement is mainly through building up a practice. With experience, homoeopaths
may move onto running seminars,tutorials, teaching at colleges/universities or supervising students and
other practitioners and writing articles, books and health journals. They may get involved in
homoeopathic research, or advise manufacturers on the production of homoeopathic medicines.
After completion of study & training in Homoeopathy a candidate can find job in Homoeopathic
Hospitals and medical colleges, Govt. Dispensaries, Non-Government Organization (NGO). Besides
private practice Homoeopathy offers career opportunities in research institutes (disease and drug
related clinical research) in both government and private sectors. Homoeopathy graduates may work as
a medical officer, administrator & manager, teacher, researcher as well as social reformer. So, the scope
of Homoeopathy is ample & growing fast with the aspirations of coming era especially in the field of
non-curable diseases and disorders.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (B. A. M. S.)

This degree is awarded to those students who have studied ayurveda system of medicine in India. The
Ayurvedic Education in India is presently regulated by the Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM).
DURATION: 5.5 years
Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.) is an integrated medical degree in India,
conferred to those who have studied the integrated system of modern medicine and traditional
ayurveda. The degree is of five and half years duration, including 1 year internship after passing 12th
Science. The person having a BAMS degree can practice anywhere in India. The curriculum includes
studying and teaching of modern anatomy, physiology, principles of medicine, preventive and social
medicine, pharmacology, toxicology, forensic medicine, ENT, Ophthalmology, principles of surgery, etc.
along with Ayurvedic topics. Some experts opine that in future there is possibility of integration of BAMS
and MBBS courses.

Permission to use modern medicine
A BAMS graduate can practice modern / allopathic medicine in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Many
people are unaware of this fact that BAMS doctors can practice modern / allopathic medicine.
.

According to the privileges in the Drugs & Cosmetics Act 1940, Rules 1945 Sec 2ee (iii), States have right
to allow BAMS doctors to use modern medicine, in the practice.
One study claims that it has observed that "BAMS doctors seem to prescribe more irrationally as
compared to MBBS doctors" when comparative evaluation of MBBS and BAMS doctor's prescription
trends was carried out using World Health Organization criteria.
Future after BAMS
A BAMS doctor can work in following domains after completion of the degree.
1. General Practice
2. Research (Clinical research or epidemiological research)
3. Hospital and Healthcare Administration
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4. Health Supervisor (As per High courts decision a BAMS doctor can work for the post of Health
Supervisor)
5. Ayurved Consultation
6. Ayurved Pharmacy
Future education after BAMS
Though the future is not as bright as MBBS, a BAMS graduate can opt for following degrees after BAMS
1. MD/MS (Ayurveda)
2. RAV (Rashtriya Ayurved Vidyapeeth's 1 year certificate course run by AYUSH department of
government of India)
[

3. MBA (Hospital Healthcare Management)
4. MPH (Masters in Public Health from India and Abroad)
5. MSc Health Sciences
6. MSc Nutrition
These days, Ayurveda has become a preferred treatment system not only for Indians, but for patients in
foreign countries too. So, an educational course in ayurveda can give you bright career prospects in
India as well as abroad. After completing an ayurveda course, you can find employment in a private or
government ayurvedic hospital as a doctor or medical officer. You can also run your own ayurvedic
clinic. There is a number of ayurveda colleges in India that offer graduate, postgraduate, certificate and
diploma courses in Ayurveda. This section aims at giving you information about top 10 ayurveda colleges
in India, so that you can make your decision accordingly.
1. Sri Dhanwantri Ayurvedic College, Chandigarh: The College offers graduate and postgraduate courses
in Ayurveda, with specializations in different fields, including anatomy, pathology, pharmacology, ENT,
surgery, pediatrics, gynecology, obstetrics, physiology etc. During the course, the students are given
practical training in their specialized DaburDhanwantriAyurvedicHospital.
2. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore: The University offers Ayurved Vachaspati and
Ayurvedacharya courses with specializations in ENT, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Surgery, Medicine,
Pharmacology and other related disciplines. You can also pursue an MD or MS program in this
university. Admissions are made on the basis of a common entrance test that the university conducts
annually.
3. Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat: Jointly managed by Gujarat government and Indian
government, this university offers several courses in Ayurveda, including BAMS, D.Pharm. (Ayurveda),
B.Pharm. (Ayurveda), M.Pharm. (Ayurveda), MD and Ph.D. The university conducts an entrance
examination, based on which admissions are made into the courses.
4. J.B. Roy State Medical College, Kolkata: This is one of the oldest ayurvedic colleges in India, currently
affiliated to the WB University of Health Sciences. The college offers BAMS, admission to which is made
on the basis of WB Joint Entrance Exam. There are only 60 seats reserved for admission to the program.
5. Ayurvedic Medical College, Kolhapur: Affiliated to the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, the
college offers 5 years undergraduate program in ayureda, which leads to Ayurvedacharya or BAMS
after completion of the course. Any student who has passed 10+2 (science stream) with at least 55%
marks can acquire one of the 60 seats for the program.
6. State Ayurvedic College of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh: Affiliated to the University of Lucknow, the college
offers 5 years BAMS program to the aspiring students. The government of Uttar Pradesh conducts a
common entrance exam every year to fill in the 50 seats allotted for the program.
7. Shri Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur: Affiliated to the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, this
private college offers an undergraduate program in BAMS. To gain admission in the college, you should
have passed 10+2 with Chemistry, Biology and Physics as major subjects. You can pursue a BAMS
program, or may select a course with specialization in any of the 13 disciplines offered by the college.
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8. Rishikul State College, Haridwar: Affiliated to the HNBGarhwalUniversity, the college offers BAMS or
Ayurvedacharya and MD (Ayurveda). The students are given practical training in a 154 bed hospital
adjacent to the college. Admission to the college is made on the basis of an entrance test conducted by
the college.
9. Dayanand Ayurvedic College, Jalandhar: The college offers BAMS, with specialization in Physiology,
Metaphysics, Human Anatomy, ENT, Gynecology, Medicine, Obstetrics, Pediatrics etc. Admissions to
the college are made on the basis of a PMET exam conducted by the PunjabUniversity.
10. Ashtang Ayurveda College, Indore: Affiliated to the Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, the college has 40
seats for their BAMS program. Any student who has passed 10+2 (Science stream) with 50% marks can
give an entrance test conducted by the college, based on which admissions are made into the course
Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine & Surgery Employment Areas
Clinical Trials
Education
Healthcare Community
Healthcare IT
Hospital
Insurance
Life Sciences Industry
On Duty Doctor
Pharma Industry
Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine & Surgery Job Types
Category Manager - Ayurvedic Medicines
Medical Representatives
Business Development Officer - Allopathy / Ayurvedic Pharma Sales
Ayurvedic Doctors
Sales Representatives
Area Sales Executive / Manager - FMCG Company
Product Manager
Assistant Claims Manager - Health
Pharmacist
Manager - Internal Audit
Jr. Clinical Trial Coordinator
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery (Unani Medicine) B.U.M.S
Candidate aspiring for B.U.M.S. course must have passed Intermediate (10 + 2) with Physics, Chemistry
& Biology. Urdu is compulsory up to 10
th
class or equivalent Education. Candidate must have attained
minimum 17 years of age as on 31
st
December of the responding year.
DURATION: 5.5 years
Sprawling on the backseat of the domain of medicine, unani medicine prevails as one of the most
unconventional methods of treatment. It has proven to be effective in healing and is relatively
inexpensive, but yet the general public resort to unani medicine as an alternative remedy. However,
numerous success stories reinstate the power of unani. For instance, a once ten year old boy suffering
from cerebral palsy is now (fifteen years down the line) absolutely cured of his former thinking and
talking disability, thanks to unani treatment! This profoundly unique system of medicine was invented in
Greece and is essentially based on the teachings of Hippocrates. Brought to India by the Arabs and the
Persians, Unani medicine is said to have greatly influenced western medical thought. It traces the
presence of four humours in the body: dam (blood), balgham (phlegm), safra (yellow bile) and sauda
(black bile) which forms the core of the unani principle that relies on the equilibrium or imbalance
between these four humours. Unani medicine and its curative powers continue to be a topic of medical
discussion till now. Read this article and figure out the fastest route to studying and practicing unani
64
medicine.
Eligibility
Those who seek admission into 'Bachelor of Unani Medicine Course' (B.U.M.S) are expected to have
passed their Intermediate / Senior School Certificate Examination (10+2) or an equivalent. Hailing from a
recognized school conducting regular classes, the candidates should pass their exams with 50% and
above marks in the subjects- physics, chemistry and biology. He or She should be 17 years old on the
31st day of December of that particular year of admission. Applicants for B.U.M.S. must appear in the
entrance test conducted by 'jamia hamdard' or any other upcoming university offering the course.
Selections will be made on the basis of performances in the written test and applicants that secure
below 60% marks in total are usually ruled out immediately.
Details Of The Course
Courses in Unani Medicine Include The Following Topics, Amongst Many Others
Infectious Diseases and Prevention
Waterborne Diseases and Prevention
Dehydration and Its Prevention
Kinds, Principles And Importance of Delak (Massage)
Nutritional Deficiencies in Children and Its Prevention
Kinds Of Tassammum In Detail
Symptoms Of Poisoning Like Corrosives Alkali Acid
Baul - Urine Examination
Baraz - Stool Examination
Anti Septics And Disinfectants And Jaraseem
Symptoms and Treatment of Hansons Disease
Classification of Wounds
Haemorrhage Its Prevention and Treatment
Head Injury Foreign Body in Respiratory Passages
Liver Abscess Intestinal Obstruction
Sterilization
Pre-Operative and Post Operative Care
Growth and Disease Of Placenta (Masheema)
Growth of Foetus (Janeen)
Foetal Circulation
Hamal (Pregnancy) Clinical Symptoms, Signs and Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Pregnancy
Anti-Partum And Post-Partum Haemorrage Diseases During Pregnancy
Amraz-E-Niswan (Gynaecology)
Unani Methods Of Paediatrics Diagnosis
Hydricephablus,Epilepsy &Tetanus
Diarrechoea and Dysentery
Infantile Convulsions
Infectious Disease in Children and Unani Treatment
Congenital Heart Diseases
Infantile Nutrition : Their Growth And Mailnutrition
Unani Methods Of Eye Disease Prevention ( Sulaq ,Shaeera , Barda , Zufra )
Specializations
Specializations on post graduate level may vary depending on where the students strength lies. Unani is
a vast study of herbal drug medication and attempts to combat many of the raging diseases that plague
the world today. Whether pediatrics, gynaecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, ENT or
65
psychiatry, unani medicine provides tremendous scope for the aspiring physician. Plenty of PHDs and
diplomas in unani medicine endow students with new and blooming opportunities.
Career Prospects
Once you hold a Bachelors degree in unani medicine, your chances of embarking upon a wonderful
career in the medical field are immense. Unani graduates can find jobs in states and central government
dispensaries, unani hospitals, health department, private nursing homes, unani pharmacies, research
centres as unani hakims and pharmacists. Moreover, you can be a successful and highly paid professor
at a well renowned unani institute.
Some of The Best Institutes Offering Courses In Unani
The Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, New Delhi
Government Unani Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai
Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore
Govt. Nizamia Tibbi College, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University - Chennai, Tamil Nadu

...


B. PTh - Bachelor of Physiotherapy
DURATION: 4.5 years

Applicant must pass in 12th class or equivalent with a minimum aggregate percentage of 50% marks in
physics, chemistry and biology.He/She should pass in english subject also.
About the course:
Physiotherapy, also called Physical Therapy is one of the fastest-growing sectors of Physiotherapy
sciences. It is a treatment method to eradicate disease and disability using physical exercises.
Physiotherapy helps in optimal functioning of the body. It involves the assessment, maintenance,
restoration of the physical function and act of the body and is strongly advised for people with
degenerative disorders, the physically challenged, sports persons and people suffering from arthritis and
neurological disorders. The method includes heat radiation, water therapy, massages, diathermy,
traction and other procedures. The job of a Physiotherapist is challenging but profitable at the same
time. They are qualified to perform physical examination, conduct assessments to determine a diagnosis
process, select appropriate physical therapy interventions to treat the dysfunction, and monitor the
effectiveness of treatment. Physiotherapists use various therapeutic intervention techniques to treat a
patient. Some of them are Manual Therapy, TENS-Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation applied
to control pain, Ultrasound Technique, Electrical Muscle Stimulation, Manipulation, Acupuncture etc.
Job Prospects:
Employment opportunities for physiotherapists are fantastic as it is a career where the demand exceeds
its supply. A physiotherapist could be employed in the rehabilitation departments, municipal
corporations and private bodies.
..

B. OTh - Bachelor of Occupational Therapy
DURATION: 3 years

66
Bachelor of Occupational Therapy is a 3 year program. In order to eligible you must pass 10+2 with
PCB (physics, chemistry and biology). Some institutions may opt for an entrance examination and may
select candidates on the basis of performance in the entrance test.
About the course:
Occupational Therapy is a health profession concerned with enabling people of all ages who may have
physical, mental and/or social challenges to participate in their activities of everyday life, thereby,
promoting their health and well-being through occupation. Enhancing someone's ability to participate in
everyday activities is a central part of occupational therapy. Occupation addresses the range of activities
that people want or need to do in their everyday lives, such as looking after themselves (self-care),
enjoying life (play and leisure), and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their communities
(productivity).
Occupational therapists enable people to do things that will enhance their ability to participate, or by
modifying the environment to better support participation. Clients are actively involved in the
therapeutic process, and outcomes of occupational therapy are diverse, client-driven and measured in
terms of participation or satisfaction derived from participation. Occupational therapy enables people to
achieve health, well being and life satisfaction through participation in occupation.
Job Prospects:
Occupational therapists work in many settings including hospitals, rehabilitation centres, private
practice, community health centres, early intervention centres, social services, schools, government
agencies, industrial and commercial organizations, mental health services, homes, and supported
housing.


M. Ch. The M.Ch degree is the highest degree under the faculty of medicine. Applicant should have M.S.
degree to be eligible for M.Ch.) Master of Chirurgiae (MCh.) also known as post doctoral degrees.
DURATION: 2 years
..

B.Pharma (Bachelor of Pharmacy): Applicant must pass with at least 50% marks in Pre University Course
with biology/mathematics as one of the compulsory subjects, or DPharma (Diploma in Pharmacy).
DURATION: 4 years
..

Optometry:
Optometry is a science that is associated with structure, working and function of human eye. EYECET
examination is necessary to pass to go for B. Optom Degree.
DURATION: 2 years
..

Ophthalmic Assistant Course:
An ophthalmic assistant is a person who works with an ophthalmologist (eye doctor) to provide patient
care by performing many different eye-related clinical functions. You should have a high school diploma
or equivalent. Typical salaries for ophthalmic assistants are very high in every country DURATION: 2
years
..

Histopathological Lab Technology:
67
Management and planning of the laboratory records .Care and maintenance of laboratory instruments
in general. Collection of specimens for laboratory investigations, the importance and significance of
laboratory investigations .Laboratory management and planning, receiving and recording of specimens,
indexing, maintaining records.
DURATION: 1 year
.

D. Pharma (Ayurvedic, Siddha Medicine):
DURATION: 2 year
..

Lab Technicians:
Aspirants of medical laboratory technology can take up courses both at diploma and undergraduate
level. The B.Sc. programme in medical laboratory technology is offered by different medical
colleges/institutions across the country.Lab technicians needs 10+2 as the eligibility
DURATION: 1 year
..

Sanitary Inspector Course:
The sanitary inspector is a health specialist, who is responsible for the execution of sanitary control in
the state in various fields. Candidates should clear the Class X as well as Class XII board exams and
science should be one of the subjects.
DURATION: 1 year
..

General Nursing Training Course:
This course trains an individual to take good care of the patients. Applicant should atleast clear 10+2
board examinations with Physics, Chemistry and Biology.The candidate should be at least 17 years of
age.
DURATION: 3.5 years
..

Dental Mechanic Course:
This course aims to facilitate students to understand and gain knowledge of working with various Dental
Materials on the impressions made for the oral rehabilitation of the patient. This work is done in dental
laboratory in the absence of the patient. The Candidate should have passed the higher secondary school
examination or its equivalent (12 years schooling certificate) with not less than 50 per cent marks in
English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology taken together or any other equivalent examination of any other
country duly recognised.
DURATION: 2 years



Dental Hygienist Course:
This course aims to facilitate students to understand and gain knowledge of working as a chair side
assistant who does oral prophylaxis, give instruction in oral hygiene and preventive dentistry but work
under supervision of Dental Surgeon. The Candidate should have passed the higher secondary school
examination or its equivalent (12 years schooling certificate) with not less than 50 per cent marks in
68
English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology taken together or any other equivalent examination of any other
country duly recognised.
DURATION: 2 years


Radiological Assistant:
Radiology assistants assist radiologists by by doing some radiologic procedures. Candidates must have a
Bachelor of Science in Radiology Assistance, Master of Science in Radiology Assistance or a Radiologist
Assistant Post-Baccalaureate Certificate. Radiologist assistants can expect to earn very high year
DURATION: 1 year


Radiography [Diagnosis & Therapy] :
Six out of ten patients who receive radiotherapy treatment for cancer are cured.British radiographers
are recognised as being among them the best in the world.A radiography degree is a passport to a job.
Radiography students pay no tuition fees and you can qualify for an NHS bursary.
DURATION: 2 years
..

Nuclear Medicine Technology:
The Nuclear Medicine Technologist assists the physician when radioactive materials are used in the
diagnosis and treatment of disease. Graduates may earn a bachelors degree, associate degree, or a
certificate.
DURATION: 2 years



BASLP - Bachelor of Audiology & Speech, Language Pathology
About the course:
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology are concerned with evaluation, treatment and research in
human communication and its disorders. Speech-language pathologists assess and treat persons of all
ages with speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. They may also work with people who have oral
motor problems that cause eating and swallowing difficulties. They use special instruments, as well as
written and oral tests, to determine the nature and extent of impairment, and to record and analyze
speech irregularities. For individuals with little or no speech, speech-language pathologists select
alternative communication systems, including automated devices and sign language, and teach their
use.
Job Prospects:
Job opportunities are available for audiologists and speech language pathologists, both in India and
overseas in the following set ups: Academic
Universities
Medical Hospitals/Clinics (General hospitals, Ear Nose Throat, Pediatric or Neurology clinics)
Special Schools for children with hearing impairment, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism,
learning disability or others
Normal schools
Hearing aid/cochlear implant industries
Hearing conservation program in industries (as industrial audiologist)
Or, Private practice
69
..


BVSc. & AH - Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
About the course:
Veterinary Science is the science of diagnosing, treating and curing the diverse types of diseases in birds
and animals. The subject broadly covers the study of animal physiology, treatment and prevention of
diseases among animals. The basic principles of this specialized branch of study are quite similar to that
of human medical sciences. But the job profile of a veterinary doctor or a vet is much more than that of
a general physician or a surgeon. It involves not only taking care of animal health but also includes
scientific breeding and handling of livestock.Besides giving treatment, Vets perform surgery, prevent
spreading of diseases in animals by administering timely vaccination and medicines and give advice on
care of pets and farm animals.
Specialization:
Generally after doing B.VSc, most candidates go on to do a post graduation, namely a Master in
Veterinary Science. The Postgraduate course in Veterinary Science (M.V.Sc.) is a 2 year course and the
candidate has the option to specialize in areas like medicine, surgery, anatomy, bacteriology,
biochemistry, cardiology, dermatology, microbiology, molecular biology, anaesthesia, gynaecology,
pathology, toxicology, virology pharmacology, etc.
Job Prospects:
Veterinary science offers a large number of avenues of work and the demand for Veterinary doctors has
increased tremendously. Veterinarians can choose to work with the government animal husbandry
departments, poultry farms, dairy farms, sheep and rabbit farms, race clubs, stud farms, private and
government veterinary hospitals and clinics. Wildlife sanctuaries and zoological parks as well as aviaries
need veterinarians. The Army and the Border Security Forces also employ veterinarians for the care and
treatment of their mounted regiments which have horses, mules, camels and dogs. Private practice is
another option they can consider. Teaching is another option as experienced professionals are recruited
in various institutions to train the new entrants to the field. Besides regular practice, vets can also take
up research work, either on their own or in association with the government such as ICAR (Indian
council for Agricultural Research). Pharmaceutical industries appoint veterinary scientists in their
research and development divisions for the research and development of drugs, chemicals and bio-
products particularly antibiotics and vaccines both for human and animal use. They can also work in
technical sales, agribusiness, marketing, pet food manufacturing industries and in management of
industries dealing with animal feed, animal products, milk and meat products processing industries etc.
..


B.P. & O. - Bachelor in Prosthetics and Orthotics
About the course:
Prosthetics and orthotics is a clinical discipline related to the provision of prostheses (artificial limbs) to
people with amputations and orthoses (supportive devices) to those with musculoskeletal disabilities.
The role of the prosthetist/orthotist is a clinical one, with responsibilities including: patient assessment,
prescription, caseload management, design, fabrication, fitting and alignment of prostheses and
orthoses, and the monitoring and review of the devices used by their clients.
The prosthetist/orthotist is an integral member of the health care team who has a clinical, technical,
advisory and educational role.
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The prosthetist/orthotist combines knowledge of anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, pathology and
materials science with skills such in patient assessment, casting, measurement and alignment to
maximize the function and comfort.
Job Prospects:
This profession is a time demanding one but brings with it good employment opportunities and self
practice facilities. Based on their educational qualifications and professional experience P&O
professionals may get posted as Technologists, Consultants, Prosthetists and Orthotists in the
supervisory level, as Technicians or Assistants. With upgrading of skills and considerable amount of job
experience they may become Head of the Department. Those in the teaching field can become
Instructors and Lecturers. Yet others can join R&D cells of government organizations and MNCs as
Researchers. Trained professionals can also start their own manufacturing and maintenance units.
..


Career as Nutritionists
"The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but rather will cure and
prevent disease with nutrition." Thomas Edison
This is probably the best time to take up a career as Nutritionist as people have realized that healthy and
nutritious diet boost immunity, prevents diseases, and improves mental and physical development
among other things.
Nutrition and dietetics are fields related to this food. Nutritionist uses scientific knowledge to
understand the effect of nutritionist and to enhance the impact of food on health and well being on
people and animals. The study the nutrients and they are digested, absorbed, transported, metabolized,
stored, and eliminated by the body. Besides studying how food works in the body, nutritionists are
interested in how the environment affects the quality and safety of foods, and what influence these
factors have on health and disease. This field finds application in medicine, veterinary, agriculture and
public health. Nutritionists advise individuals and the community about food choices for a healthy diet.
Nutritionists do this by using their extensive knowledge of the nutritive value of foods, the important
nutrients required by the body at different stages of development, and the role of nutrients and diet in
health and the prevention of disease.
Highly trained professionals in nutrition are needed to provide expert advice on the nutrition, safety and
health benefits of foods for individuals, the community and the food industry. The study of nutrition
involves the integration of basic science such as biochemistry and physiology and the latest research
findings in nutrition in order to understand how the human body uses nutrients from foods to sustain
life.
A nutritionist is someone who's studied nutrition and may have a graduate degree (M.S. or Ph.D.) in
nutrition from an accredited college. Some healthcare providers (medical doctors, osteopaths, physician
assistants, chiropractors and naturopathic doctors) may be considered to be nutritionists if they've
completed extra study in the area of nutrition and they may practice ""clinical nutrition."" This type of
nutrition is often considered part of alternative or complementary medicine.
Courses and Eligibility
BSc(Nutrition) degree (3 years)
MSc Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, Food and Nutrition, Food Technology
PhD Nutrition
Post graduate diploma in dietetics and clinical nutrition
Eligibility for post graduate courses B.Sc. (Microbiology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Home
Science, Nutrition and Dietetics and other B.Sc. life sciences graduates), B.Pharma, BPT, Graduates
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in Medicine (MBBS, BAMS, BHMS, BUMS, and BNYS), Nursing Graduates, and Other Graduates with
a minimum experience of 1-3 years in the field of Dietetics & Nutrition.
Where to Study
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
Course: M.Sc in Applied Nutrition, PG Certificate Course in Nutrition
University of Delhi Bachelor of Applied Sciences (Hons.) Food Tech
Institute of Home Economics, Delhi Course BHSC; Dip in Dietetics & Public Health Nutrition
Jadavpur University, Kolkata B.Tech./M.Tech. (Food & biochemical engg.)
University of Madras PG Dip in nutrition & dietetics after BSc (chemistry/zoology or human
nutrition) or home science
SNDT Women's University, Mumbai offers Masters in Food Science and Nutrition, Masters in Clinical
Nutrition and PGDiploma Courses in various specialisations.
University of Mumbai PG Dip. in dietetics and applied nutrition
Apollo Medvarsity
University of Madras, Chennai
Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
Maharaja Syajiro University of Baroda, Vadodara
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad
Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad
Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore
Indira Gandhi National Open University ,New Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
Lady Irwin College, New Delhi
Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
University of Calcuttas department of home science offers a BSc in food and nutrition, which
focuses on dietetics and human development. The course contents includes subject such as basic
nutrition, physiology, food preservation, therapeutic nutrition and community nutrition.
Those interested in taking up of course need to have studied biology and chemistry in class XII.
Additionally, aspirants should have55% marks in chemistry and at least 45% marks in class XII, to meet
the eligibility criteria for pursuing the honors degree. After graduation one can directly seek admission
Masters in food and nutrition, however need to take an entrance exam and then can apply for National
Eligibility Test or Research Eligibility Test. Chosen candidate through RET can fetch a grant of Rs 8,000
per month. They can then opt for a PhD or Juniors Research Fellowship.
A BSc in food and nutrition makes students eligible for working for School Service Commission exams;
they can also apply to College Service Commission exams. Dieticians can also work in hospitals and
nursing homes.
Pay and Remuneration
Starting remuneration for nutritionists is in the range of 2 lakhs to 3 lakhs per year.
Career Prospects
Pharmaceuticals and Food processing industries are big employers of nutrionists. The nutrionists work
in tandem with the biomedical team to come up with the right products. Residential schools, airlines,
gymnasiums, spas are other avenues where a nutritionist is highly sought after.
Famous Nutritionists Rujuta
Diwaker whose famous clients include Kareena Kapoor, Anil Ambani, Hirani and Roshni Pithawala
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..

Career as Pharmacist
India has around 24000 pharmaceutical manufacturers however only 25% are in the organized sector.
Apart from serving the country they are one of the largest employers in India. Large number of hospitals
and health care organizations and also offer a big opportunity in the pharmaceutical sector.
Pharmacists are health professionals who dispense prescription medication to patients and provide
information about the medicines their doctors have prescribed them. They explain doctors'
instructions to patients so that these individuals can use these medications safely and effectively. They
aid physicians, dentists and veterinarians by dispensing appropriate medications to patients. Some
pharmacists may also specialize in pharmaceutical research, or in marketing and sales of particular
medications for a company. Many in this field work in drug, department or retail store settings, and
many more work in hospital settings. They are specialists in their knowledge of medications, and must
always be furthering their education in this area since new medications are developed all the time.
In retail settings, the pharmacist compounds drugs, orders supplies when necessary, may advise
physicians on drug interactions, and dispenses medications to people with prescriptions. A pharmacist
cannot give medications to those without prescriptions unless the medications are legally sold over the
counter. Pharmacists are also excellent resources if youre taking over the counter medications and
need advice on whether these will conflict with prescription meds. Theyre further responsible for
making sure patients understand how to properly use prescription drugs. In hospital settings,
pharmacists work in the same manner. A pharmacist in the research setting may be responsible for
developing new drugs, testing drugs, administering pharmaceuticals for specific tests, or studying
developed drugs for safety and possible interactions. Others pharmacists work for pharmaceutical
companies or run independent laboratories. Drug control administration and armed forces also offer a
wide range of opportunities to pharmacists. Some pharmacists also work in sale promotion work as
medical representatives. As a Medical Representative one keeps the medical practitioner informed
about the new drugs and treatments developed by various pharmaceutical companies and thus
indirectly promote their sales.
A diploma or degree holder in Pharmacy, after registering with the State Pharmacy Council, can set up
and run their own pharmacy or chemists and druggists shop to stock and sell medicines and dispense
them according to doctors prescriptions.
Courses and Eligibility
Diploma course (D.Pharm): class 10, Duration 2 Years
Bachelor program (B.Pharm): 10+2 Science with Physics, Chemistry, Maths and/or Biology/Bio
technology/computer science, 4 years, Entrance exam CET.
M.Pharm: 2 years, Completed B.Pharm and entrance exam, some universities give preference to
GPAT score.
PhD program one should have completed masters program in Pharmacy or related field.
Universities and institutes conduct their own exams for admissions. For M Pharm there is one common
exam GPAT and other entrance exams of various institutes.
Bharati Vidyapith University B.Pharm Entrance Exam
BHU B. Pharma Entrance Exam
Guru Gobind Sing Indra Prastha University B.Pharm Entrance Test
MHT-CET B.Pharm Entrance Exam
GPAT
Poona College of Pharmacy B.Pharm Entrance Exam
UPTU B.Pharm Entrance Test
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States have their own entrances:
Maharashtra - MH CET
Goa - GCET
Andhra Pradesh- EAMCET
Rajasthan -RPET
Punjab - PTU CET
Odisa -JEE
Madhya Pradesh-Madhya Pradesh CET
Karnataka- Karnataka CET
Gujarat-GUJCET
Uttar Pradesh-UP CET
West Bengal- WB-JEM

Where to Study
BITS Pilani, Rajasthan
National Institute of pharmaceutical Education and Resaerch, NIPER, Mohali Punjab.
Jamia Hamdard, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi
Course is offered in: Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and
Photochemistry, Pharmacy Practice, Quality Assurance, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
Pharmaceutical Analysis
College of of Pharmaceutical Science, Manipal, Karnataka.
Poona College of Pharmacy, Puna
Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa.
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi
IES College of Pharmacy - Bhopal
Oriental College of Pharmacy & Research, Indore
NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology - Kolkata
Aditya College of Pharmacy & Science - New Delhi
MET Institute of Pharmacy - Mumbai
M.S. Ramaiah College of Pharmacy - Bangalore
Jaipur National University - Jaipur
Government College of Pharmacy - Shimla
Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy - Hyderabad
L. J. Institute of Pharmacy and Research Center - Ahmadabad
National College of Pharmacy - Kozhikode
School of Pharmaceutical sciences (SPS) - Bhubaneshwar Department of Pharmaceutical Science,
Punjab University, Chandigarh
Dept. of Pharmacy, Jadavpur University, Calcutta
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi
Jaipur National University, Jaipur.
Bhartiya Vidyapeeth University, Pune. Website: IT- BHU, Varanasi.
Madras Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai
Bombay College of Pharmacy, Santa Cruz, Mumbai
S.N.D.T. Womens College, Santacruz, Mumbai
R.V.S. College of Pharmacy, 242, Trichy Road, Sulur, Coimbatore
MS University of Baroda, Pharmacy department, Kala Bhawan,Vadodara
Pay and Remuneration
Entry level graduates earn around Rs 2 Lakhs to 2.5 lakhs per annum but the remunerations increase
with the experience and one get Rs 25 30 lakhs per year at senior levels.
..

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Career in Nursing
"It is not how much you do, but how much love you put in the doing" Mother Teresa
A nurse is a healthcare professional who is focused on caring for individuals, families, and communities
so that they attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and functioning. Nurses usually work under the
guidance of physicians and doctors and provide support in basic health care and even in complicated
surgeries.It is a very challenging and responsible profession and is loved by many people. Many people
are coming forward and getting trained in this field. Nurses may practice in hospitals, clinics, physician
offices, private homes and schools, retirement homes etc. Some nurses may also advise and work as
consultants in the healthcare, insurance etc.
Courses and Eligibility
There are numerous colleges offering different courses in nursing due to its increased demands. The
eligibility depends on the type of course. One can go for any of the following choices:
Anyone who has pursued the biology and science combination in standard 12 can go for B.Sc.
nursing course, which is a four-year course. This can be followed by M.Sc. and PhD.
Anyone after standard 10 can go for a diploma course in ANM, which is for two years.
Anyone after standard 12 can go for a diploma course, which is three and a half years in GNM.
Where to Study
AFMC, Pune
Presidency Medical College Bangalore
CMC, Vellore
Christian college of Nursing, Bangalore
Bangalore college of Nursing Chandupur, Bangalore
AIIMS, Delhi
RAK College of Nursing, Delhi
St Stephens Hospital, Delhi
Ahilya Bai College of Nursing, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi
Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospita, Panna Dai School of Nursing, Hari Nagar, New Delhi
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi
Laxmi Bai Batra College of Nursing, Plot No. 45, 46, 47, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, Mehrauli
Badarpur Road
Institute of Public Health & Hygiene, RZ-A-44, Mahipalpur, New Delhi
Jamia Hamdard Faculty of Nursing, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi
Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing, Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi
Pay and Remuneration
A nurse is offered different pay depending on their experience. On entry to this profession, a nurse is
given a salary starting from Rs. 1 lakh to 1.8 lakhs a year. However, higher salary is given in government
sectors. Middle level nurses are given a salary ranging between Rs. 2.5 lakhs to Rs 3.5 lakhs a year.
Career Prospects
The number of health institutes and hospitals are increasing every day and so is the demand for
qualified nurses. After doing B.Sc. nurses can also work as teachers. After post graduation they can do
research or they can hold administrative posts. A nurse can work anywhere where assistance is required
as care provider. Jobs can be found in hospitals private and government, clinics, schools, offices,
orphanages, etc.
A nurse is offered different pay depending on their experience. On entry to this profession, a nurse is
given a reward starting from Rs. 8,000 to Rs. 15,000 monthly. However, higher salary is given in
government sectors. Middle level nurses are given a salary ranging between Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 35,000
monthly. Senior level nurses are offered salary between Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 70,000.
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Famous Personalities
Nursing has offered several brave and great nurses to the world.
Florence Nightingale is one of the most famous nurses known to the whole world due to the service she
did. She was responsible for reforming the entire health system of British military. She helped the British
army men during the world war and this act made her service famous. Mother Teresa who has
contributed a lot spiritually to the world was a very famous nurse. She has done a lot of inspiring
contributions to several nurses. She had set up the great organization of missionaries of charity, which
turned out to be the home of several poor people and orphans. Walt Whiteman was a volunteer nurse.
In addition, he was also a great poet who worked with the Army hospital during a civil war. Mary Todd
Lincoln, wife of Abraham Lincoln, was another famous nurse. She worked a lot in treating wounded
army men during the civil war.



Career in Clinical Research
Clinical research is a scientific study of the effects, risks, efficiency and benefits of a medicinal product.
Clinical research is carried out prior to the release of the medicine in the market. These trials are
undertaken at various stages and studies are conducted after the launch of a new product to monitor
safety and side effects during large-scale use.
A Clinical Research Associate (CRA) is a professional who monitors the administration and progress of a
clinical trial (pharmaceuticals, biologics, or devices) on behalf of a sponsor. A clinical trial is a scientific
study of the effects, risks and benefits of a medicinal product, including new drug substances and
currently marketed drugs. A CRA might also be called a clinical research (or trials) monitor, executive,
scientist or coordinator, depending on the company.
Nature of Work
The most common entry-level position is that of a Clinical Research Associate (CRA). The role of a CRA is
varied:
They are key participants in the design, implementation and monitoring of clinical trials
They shoulder the responsibility of planning and implementing all activities required to conduct
and monitor complex clinical trials and ensure that Good Clinical Practices are followed.
They assist in preparation of presentations, manuscripts of scientific meetings and technical journals.
They attend scientific/professional meetings and training courses as appropriate.
Clinical researchers have a wide array of goals: understanding the etiology of disease and the disease
process, identifying and evaluating potential treatments and their outcomes.
Personality
This is a combination of Medical practice, Surgery and alike on one hand and Pharmacy & Research on
the other. So the candidate should be mentally prepared to put in long working hours with compassion
and humane attitude.
Prerequisites
B. Sc. degree is a must to enter this field. Ideally the industry is looking for science graduates from
pharmacy, medicine, life science and bioscience. Within bioscience too there are various other fields
such as botany, zoology, biochemistry and genetics. Anybody who fulfils these criteria can join the
industry.
Those with Nursing Degrees and or Nursing experience, Life Science degrees, Clinical Research
Coordinators, Laboratory Technicians, Clinical Research Associates, Medical Research Associates, Clinical
Scientists, members of an Institutional Review Board, Investigators, Investigator clinical trial site staff,
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Study Coordinators and Pharmacists can benefit from this course as the online training program gives an
overview of conducting clinical trials, drug development process, and human safety protection.
Professional Courses
Almost all Institutes imparting training in Clinical Research conduct courses like Diploma and Post
Graduation. The PhD facility is in selected few.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Well-known Institutes are Institute of Clinical Research-Delhi, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Academy
for Clinical Excellence-Mumbai,. Besides for a focused hunt for various topics within the Clinical
Research the Internet has a Directory available for Institutes in India and Abroad.
The CRCDM 6 month weekend course at Pune University is useful for:
Doctors - Principal Investigator, Co-Investigator, Medical Advisor, Drug Developers, Regulatory Affairs
Manager, Clinical Research Physician.
Pharmacists, Life Science graduates, Science postgraduates in Biochemistry - Medical writers, Clinical
Research Associate, Site Coordinator, Clinical Research Manager and Drug Development Associate,
Biostatistician, Quality assurance Management
Graduates (MBA) - Business Development, Clinical Project Management, Clinical Research
Management, Regulatory Affair Management. IT
Biostatistician, Engineers, postgraduates in Maths, Applied Maths, operational Research, Statistics -
Clinical Data Manager, Drug Development Associate
After completion of this course Participants should be able to:
Have better understanding of Good Clinical Practice and Standard Operating Procedure for
Clinical Research and Clinical Data Management.
Contribute more effectively in their profession pharmaceutical/ biopharmaceutical companies in
drug development, CROs offering clinical research and clinical data management services, in
bio-IT life science industry, or academic research institution or as clinical investigators at
hospitals/ medical sites conducting trials on subjects.
Support overall clinical trial process electronically by implementing Electronic Data Capture
(EDC) system and Project Monitoring.
Participate in design, conduct and management of global clinical trials conducted at multicentre
sites in India and Overseas.
Have an understanding of evolving regulatory process standards and practices of ICH GCP in
conduct of different therapeutic trials for preparing the submissions made to the regulatory
authorities for seeking market authorization in India, US, EU, Japan etc
Career Prospects
There are various growth opportunities for those who are willing to learn. For the ones interested in
serious research work, a PhD is the ideal solution. There are post graduate degrees and diplomas offered
by various colleges which come in handy to enhance one's career prospects. Specialization in branches
of pharmacy, life sciences, biochemistry will be useful.
The CRA (Clinical Research Associate)will work and Interact with internal/sponsor company personnel
working in clinical trials, e.g. Clinical Study Managers, other CRA's, Drug Safety, Regulatory Affairs,
Quality Assurance, Medical Writers, Statisticians, Data Management, etc. External interactions can
include people from the FDA, a Contract Research Organization, the Hospital Pharmacy Department,
Study site staff particularly the Investigator and Study Coordinator. This means good amount of
exposure with diverse authorities.
Career prospects include a professional career in Clinical Research industry either as a clinical
investigator, site coordinator in at a hospital conducting clinical investigations or CRO (Clinical Research
Organization).Jobs are also available in pharmaceutical industry, drug development, medical writing,
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biostatistics or as a Manager of Clinical Project, Clinical Research Business Development, Clinical
Operations, Data Management, Regulatory Affairs and Auditing of Clinical Trials.
Remunerations
There is high demand for trained professionals in this field; the pay package is impressive at the entry
level.
Freshers can expect a pay packet of around three lakhs or more per annum.
If you have a master's degree backing your qualifications, then the amount is almost doubled.
Clinical research is an industry where experience counts, thus the longer you are in this field;
higher the salary you can expect.
Employment Opportunities
India is the second largest pharmaceutical market in Asia growing by more than nine per cent annually.
According to a report, there are more than 50,000 jobs in clinical research in Pharmaceutical and
Biotechnology companies and Contract Research Organizations are always seeking new Clinical
Investigators to help study new drugs and devices. Fact is that only one in five drugs tested ever
becomes available to the public, it's important to conduct and support many different trials at the same
time. For this specialized manpower is in constant demand.
A well known Research Organization recently reviewed the job positions in this avenue which are i.e.
Business Development in Genomics, Product Manager Quality Control Research Scientist in
Bioinformatics, Clinical Data\Archives Manager, Project Manager Regulatory Affairs Sales, Biostatistician
Clinical Research, Associate Marketing\PR Proteomics Research Associate Technician, Skilled Trades etc.
Medical Writing Technologist Patents\IP Positions Clinical Research Coordinator Technology Transfer
Clinical Research Investigator.
For any other information regarding Fee Structure or else, log on to the Colleges official website.
..

Career in Psychiatry

Psychiatry Courses
with urbanization and industrialization, emotional trauma and stress has increased, giving way to
emotional and behavioral disorders. All these disorders are treated under psychiatry. It is understood
that a psychiatrist is able to identify the mental sickness of a person and may differentiate between a
normal person and a mentally deranged person.
Sometimes these problems are so subtle that it cannot be identified by the normal people. However the
behavioral disorders may result into accidents and strife. These problems also surface due to some
surgical, medical and gynecological treatments.
The job of the psychiatrist is to find the root cause of anxiety, trauma, depression, irritating behavior,
schizophrenia and split personality. So, it covers both the counseling therapies and medicines to treat
the patient.
Current Scenario of Psychiatry
There is no dearth of jobs for people trained in psychiatry in India. Apart from government and private
hospitals, enormous opportunities are there in mental hospitals all through the year. Rehab centers also
employ these experts to treat drug addicts, dipsomaniacs, manic depressives and psychotics, victims of
rape and other abuses, juvenile delinquents and others.
Psychiatrists are also in demand at health institutes, whereas private practice has always been a
lucrative option. Counselors are needed in almost all the social organizations and institutions such as
academic institutions, prison, rehabs, NGOs and corporate houses. They can also become trainers and
motivators.
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Major Psychiatry Exams in India
To go for a course in psychiatry an MBBS degree is required. After that you can either go for a three year
MD course or a two year diploma in psychiatry. All these courses include some practical counseling and
treatment experience at some psychiatric hospital.
National Board of Examinations - DNB course
Central Institute of Psychiatry (CIP) entrance exam
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) entrance Exam
National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) Psychiatry Entrance Exam
Entrance exams of the Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences (IHBAS)
All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AIIPMR)
Top Psychiatry Colleges in India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, New Delhi
National Council of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai
Lady Hardinge Medical College New Delhi
National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore
All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mumbai
.

Career as a Speech Therapist
Introduction
"Speech is the mirror of soul as the man speaks, so is he." Publilius Syrus
This essentially brings out the importance of speech. Some people have difficulty in speech by birth, due
to genetic disorders or may happen due to some reason or incident later in life. Thus, they have to take
speech therapy to improve and communicate better. Speech therapy is an allied medical science which
cures the disorders of speech, voice and language of a person.
Speech therapists diagnose and treat people with speech and communication difficulties due to
congenital, developmental, or acquired disabilities. Speech therapists work with individuals who cannot
produce sounds or do not produce them clearly, who have rhythm and fluency difficulties, or who have
voice disorders. Individuals who have problems producing or understanding language, as well as those
who want to modify an accent, can be helped by speech therapy. The difficulties speech therapists treat
can be caused by neurological disorders, developmental disabilities, learning disabilities, physical
problems, voice pathology, hearing impairments, or emotional disorders.
Courses & Eligibility
The training in Speech Therapy and Audiology is offered at the graduate level. Students from the science
background can take up this B.Sc. course of 3 years duration. Specialization is possible after the B.Sc.
and M.Sc. course which is of 2 years.
Premier training institutions are the Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped,
Bandra, Mumbai and the All India Institute of Speech and Hearing located on the campus of Mysore
University besides the departments in All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi and PGI
Chandigarh.
B. Sc. Speech Therapy and Audiology
B. Sc. in Hearing and Language
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M. Sc. Speech Pathology and Audiology
For B. Sc., in some institutes, a Physics-Chemistry-Biology combination is the eligibility and for some
other institutes, Physics-Chemistry-Maths combination is the eligibility. While some colleges like TN
Medical College, Mumbai, require both PCB and Mathematics at 10+2 to be eligible. PGI, Chandigarh
and AIIMS, New Delhi prefer graduates with psychology/education/BA/B Sc. or MBBS for their course.
Where to Study
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
Course: B.Sc Audiology and Speech & Language
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Course: BSc Speech Therapy and Hearing, MSc Speech Pathology and Audiology
Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
v: Diploma in Audiology and Speech Therapy
University of Bombay, Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Bandra (West)
Mumbai
Course: B.Sc. Hearing & Language M.Sc Hearing Speech and Language
TN Medical College, BYL Nair Charitable Hospital Mumbai
Course: BSc Speech & Hearing M.Sc
Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Course: BSc Hearing Lang. & speech
University of Chennai, Centenary Building Chepauk Chennai
Course: BSc Speech & Hearing M.Sc Audiology & Speech Therapy
University of Mysore, Karya Saudha, Crawford Hall, PB No. 17, Mysore, Karnataka,br>
Course: BSc (Speech Pathology or audiology), MSc speech & Hearing
Kasturba Gandhi Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka
Course: BSc Speech & Hearing
Institute of Speech & Hearing, Hannur Road, Bangalore
Course: BSc Hearing Lang. & Speech
Institute of Nursing, A.B Shetty Marg, Mangalore
Course: BSc Hearing Lang. & speech
All India Institute & Special Hearing Mansazangolhri, Mysore.
Course: B.Sc Hearing Lang. & speech M.Sc
JM Institute of Speech &Hearing, Patna
Course: Diploma in Hearing Language and speech.
Salary
The starting salary in hospital could be between Rs 2-3 lakhs . The earnings in teching sector are more
than this.
..
Career in Paramedical Services
Paramedical (Para- besides) Services are those which assist medical profession in one or many forms e.g.
Radiography, Medical Laboratory Technology, Nursing, Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy etc. Para-
medical professional supports the medical team with closely related functions for complete treatment.
In modern world, Paramedical science has emerged as an important branch of medical science. It is
proved as a milestone in the treatment of communicable, non-communicable diseases. In other words,
we can say that paramedical science is a backbone for medical science because right diagnosis of any
disease is necessary to prevent fatal diseases. Thus, Medical Science will be paralysed without
paramedical science.
The continuous expansion of the health care industry brings a more demand for trained Paramedical
Professionals. The main areas in paramedical education include Physiotherapy, Pharmacy, Nursing,
Occupational therapy, Audiology and Speech therapy, Medical laboratory technology, Radiology/X-Ray
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technology, Dental hygienist and Dental mechanics, Operation theatre assistant, Optometry and
Ophthalmic assistant and other miscellaneous job oriented courses. These courses are offered through
correspondence as well as full time classes.
Nature of Work
Physiotherapy: It is a branch of medical science which is concerned with the assessment, evaluation and
treatment of physical disability, pain resulting from injury, disease or other health related problems. The
professionally trained person who administers this treatment is called as a physiotherapist. A
physiotherapist treats mainly post-operative cases like fracture, dislocation, amputation, neurological
cases, nerve injuries, heart and chest conditions, skin conditions, muscular diseases, burns, plastic
surgery etc.
Pharmacy: The increasing number of hospitals, nursing homes and pharmaceutical companies all over
the country is a clear indication of the growing scope in this sector. A pharmacist's job is to prepare, mix,
compound, or dispense drugs and medicines, ointments, powders, pills, tablets and injections on the
prescription of a medical practitioner, dentist or veterinarian.
Nursing: It is one of the most well-known paramedical professions which is a vital part of medical care.
In the hospital, from general ward to the operation theatre, nursing is the most important component of
patient care. Nursing is an essential component of the healthcare system.
Occupational therapy: It focuses on helping individuals with mental or physical illness / disability to
come back to normalcy. Occupational therapist uses various methods in the treatment of their patients
to assist them in maximum recovery and becoming normal after a prolonged disabling illness. This type
of therapy is patient specific, involving recreational, creative or educational activities.
Audiology and Speech Therapy: Hearing is a crucial means for the acquisition and monitoring of
language and speech. Audiology is the study of hearing disorders. These professionals treat people who
are unable to speak or hear clearly. Audiologist use audiometers and other testing device to measure
the loudness at which a person begins to hear sound, the ability to distinguish between sounds and the
nature and extent of hearing loss. Speech therapist uses special instruments as well as written and oral
test to determine the nature and extent of impairment and to record and analyze speech disorders.
Medical Laboratory Technology (MLT): Medical laboratory technologists examine and analyze body
fluids, tissues, blood typing, microorganisms, screening, chemical analyses, cell counts etc. of the human
body. They play an important role in collecting the information needed for treating most pathology
cases by sampling, testing, analyzing and reporting such investigations.
Radiology and X-Ray technology: Radiographers take x-ray films of body parts used in diagnosing
medical problems. They conduct the x-raying of the patient's body, make the exposure, and then
develop the x-ray film. Experienced radiologist can perform more complex imaging tests. A postgraduate
radiologist normally interprets the x-rays.
Dental Hygienist / Mechanic: These technicians assist dentists in treating patients. Dental hygienists are
trained to perform the specific clinical procedures that aim to prevent dental disease and work under
the supervision of a dentist. The basic job of a dental mechanic is making and repairing artificial teeth,
straightening of teeth & filling of cavities. They also help in the prevention and control of dental caries
(decay) and gum disease. They also take dental X-rays, apply and remove periodontal packs, and advise
the patient on how to take care of the teeth and mouth after operations.
Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation workers play an important role in restoring normalcy to the patient. Care
in a hospital or rehabilitation center may be necessary for people with severe disabilities. In such
settings, a rehabilitation team provides care. Along with the doctor or therapist, this team may include
nurses, psychologists, social workers, other health care practitioners, and family members.
Personality
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Personality of a Paramedical Professional should be according to the circumstances provided. As this is a
team work, so they should have a blend of qualities like sense of responsibility & dedication, good
communication skill, analytical and logical reasoning skill, ability to recall and memorize scientific facts,
physical stamina to work long and irregular hours, patience, cool temperament, team spirit, good
observation power, understanding of people, and an ability to inspire confidence in the patient. Apart
from all these, one must have a pleasant smiling face whatever be the situation.
Pre-requisite
The minimum qualification for getting admission to any paramedical course is plus two (10+2) passed or
equivalent examination with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English. At least 50% of marks should be
secured in each of these subjects. Minimum age limit is for candidate is 17 years.
Professional Courses
The courses available for Paramedical sciences varies from Diploma in particular field of 2 years
duration, Bachelor Degree course of 3 or 4 years duration, Master Degree course of 2 or 3 years as well
as Ph.D. Although eligibility criteria is almost same for all the Paramedical courses but it varies slightly
according to particular courses & disciplines as mentioned below.
Pharmacy: For the three main courses in pharmacy the elgibility criteria is as follows:
D.Pharm. (Diploma in Pharmacy): 10+2 or equivalent with physics, chemistry and biology or
mathematics. This course is of two years duration.
B.Pharm. (Bachelor in Pharmacy): 10+2 or its equivalent with 50% aggregate in physics, chemistry,
biology or mathematics. Alternately, the candidate should have passed D.Pharm. The entrance
examination is conducted with the approval of Pharmacy Council of India. Duration of the course is four
years.
M.Pharm. (Master in Pharmacy): B.Pharm with at least 60% marks from recognized university / institute
(AICTE / PCI approved). Duration of the course is 18 months. Pharmacy teachers with B.Pharm and a
minimum five years of teaching experience in any institution approved by AICTE are also eligible for
M.Pharm course.
Nursing: For nursing courses like B.Sc. in nursing, eligibility is a 10+2 with biology, physics and chemistry.
The course duration is three to four years.
For masters like M.Sc(Nursing) a B.Sc.(Nursing) degree is the eligibility. The course duration is two years.
For General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM), a 10+2 with biology, physics and chemistry is the eligibility
criteria. The course duration is three years and six months. For Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM), and for
Health Worker (female), the minimum qualification is class X pass. Duration of the course is 18 months.
Specialization
How to choose Course/Institute?
The selection of the course/institute depends on personal interest and of course economic conditions of
an individual. Three different Modes of courses are available. Students can opt for Full Time Regular
Course, Part Time Course or Correspondence Course. The employment opportunity is more for full time
regular course & this is suitable for non-working candidates, at the same time for working individuals
part time course or correspondence course is the option. The selection of institute is one of the
important factors to make a better future in the field of Paramedical Science.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Some of the institutes offering paramedical courses are:
1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029.
2. All India Institute of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (AIIPM), Mumbai-400034.
3. All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka.
4. Andhra Medical College, Vishakhapatnam-530 002.
5. BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur-273 013
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6. Govt. Medical College, Amrister-143 001.
7. Govt. Medical College, Patiala-147 001.
8. Grant Medical College. Mumbai-400 008.
9. Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati-781 032.
10. Haji Bachooali Ophthalmic Hospital, KBJM Street, Mumbai-400 012.
11. Institute for the Physically Handicapped, 4, Vishnu Digambar Marg, New Delhi-110002.
12. Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Educational and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry-
605 006.
13. Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum-590 010.
14. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal-576 119.
15. Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai-400 022.
16. Madras Medical College, Chennai-600 003.
17. Mahatma Gandhi University, (School of Medicine), Kottayam-686 560.
18. Medical College, Alappuzha-688 005.
19. Medical College, Gandhinagar P.O. Kottayam-8.
20. Medical College, Kozhikode-673 008.
21. National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research, Olatpur, PO Bairoi, Cuttack-754010,
Orissa.
22. Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad-500 482.
23. Occupational Therapy Training School & Centre, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai-400 012.
24. Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak-124 001.
25. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh-160012.
26. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur(MP)
27. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Jayanagar General Hospital Complex, 4th T Block,
Jayanagar, Bangalore-560 041.
28. St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore-560 034.
29. University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital, Shadhara, Delhi-110 095.
30. University of Delhi, Faculty of Medical Science, Delhi-110 007.
Career Prospects
After completing the basic course in any of the paramedical streams, the candidate can take up a job in
a hospital, nursing home, clinic, health departments etc. With the opening of corporate hospitals like
Apollo Hospital, Escorts Hospital etc, the scope for these professionals has increased tremendously. The
candidates can also choose for teaching as a profession. Besides, they can open their own
laboratories/clinics. The career prospects for different paramedical streams are described below.
Like all other medical and paramedical professionals, Physiotherapist can work in hospitals, orthopedic
departments, schools for mentally retarded and physically disabled children, health institutions and
defense medical establishments. In a senior position like senior physiotherapist, supervisor of physical
therapy, superintendent of physiotherapy in government hospital and as demonstrators, lecturers,
assistant professors, and associate professors in medical colleges.
Pharmacy professional has good prospects as a medical representative. A pharmacist can also find
employment as hospital pharmacist. Candidates with D.Pharm are employed as pharmacist in
government or private hospitals or they can start their own pharmacy. B.Pharm graduates can work as
medical representative or medical detailing man, marketing manager or sales manager, drug inspectors,
and as drug controllers. M.Pharm degree holders can opt for teaching as well as research jobs.
Nursing has wide employment prospects in hospitals, clinics and health department, military, schools, in
training institutes as teachers and in research.
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Occupational therapists work with the patients on various disorders such as orthopedic and
neurological conditions, among other conditions. In schools they evaluate children's ability and provide
therapy. They also supervise adult day care, residential care and mental health care program.
Speech Therapists & Audiologists can work in hospitals, schools, community health and welfare centers,
private practice and even in industry ( to monitor the effect of noise pollution). Postgraduate
qualifications can go for a teaching job or research positions.
Laboratory technician may find job in a hospital, minor emergency centers, private laboratory, blood
donor center, doctor's clinics etc. A technologist can advance to supervisory or management position in
pathology labs and hospitals. They can also work as laboratory manager, consultant, or supervisor in
health care administration.
Employment opportunities for Radiographers are good, both within the country as well as abroad.
Increase in health services' demand more radiographers in nursing homes, hospitals, diagnostic centers
as well as superspeciality hospitals.
Dental hygienist and mechanic can get jobs in dental department of hospitals (government/private),
institutions doing dental research.
Opportunities in Rehabilitation are both in India and abroad. Rehabilitation workers can get job in
private hospitals, nursing homes and diagnostic centers.
Remunerations
The average starting salary for Paramedical Professional varies from Rs.4000/- to Rs 10,000/- per month.
It may go to Rs 20,000/- and more depending on personal skills & experience.
Employment Opportunity
Employment opportunity for Paramedical Professionals is increasing day by day not only in India rather
in the western countries like the USA, Canada, UK, UAE etc. Their role is to help doctors to provide the
correct diagnosis of a disease to enable its best possible treatment. Paramedical sciences have their own
value and significance.


Career in Hospital Management and Administration
Hospital administration has become one of the most lucrative careers in the fast growing field of health
sector for graduates willing to serve the humanity. As health sector is booming day by day in the
perspective of globalization the demand of hospital administrator has increased tremendously. Health
Administration/Management is among the top ten millennium professions according to a recent US
survey. A large number of private hospitals and clinics have come up all over the country. With
increasing emphasis on quality of health care and patient satisfaction there is a tremendous need for
persons with a professional qualification in Hospital Management. The healthcare concept in India has
undergone a tremendous change in recent years. People have become increasingly aware of the
importance of healthcare and this has led to higher expectations and an increased demand for a high
quality of medical care and facilities.
Hospital administration is concerned with planning, organising, staffing, co-ordinating, controlling and
evaluating health services for the community to provide maximum patient care of superior quality at
low cost so as to reduce morbidity and mortality. Administration or management is a science and an art
like medical sciences. Professional hospital administrators have proven how institutions can be managed
efficiently, economically and effectively in a targeted time period.
Health care administration or hospital management provides management skills for the delivery of
healthcare services. Doctors and medical specialists have so far been managing hospitals and health
centers, without possessing the necessary managerial training. Moreover, it takes away precious time
required by doctors to carry out their medical responsibilities. Therefore, of late most large and medium
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sized hospitals have specially trained professional hospital administrators with a management team
responsible for the management of the healthcare services and medical staff, for planning and control,
for continuous supply of materials, the management of the research and clinical work, and so on.
This is an exciting time for healthcare management. Healthcare is changing more rapidly than almost
any other field. The field is changing in terms of how and where care is delivered, who is providing those
services, and how that care is financed. Healthcare management requires talented people to manage
the changes taking place. In their roles, healthcare executives have an opportunity to make a significant
contribution to improving the health of the communities their organizations serve.
Nature of Work
The work of hospital administrators is challenging, responsible and difficult. Hospital administrators
manage hospitals, outpatient clinics, hospices, and drug-abuse treatment centers. In large hospitals,
there may be several administrators, one for each department. In smaller facilities, they oversee the
day-to-day operations of all departments. Administrators make sure hospitals operate efficiently and
provide adequate medical care to patients. They act as liaisons between governing boards, medical staff,
and department heads and integrate the activities of all departments so they function as a whole.
Administrators recruit, hire, and sometimes train doctors, nurses, interns, and assistant administrators.
Administrators plan budgets and set rates for health services. In research hospitals, administrators
develop and expand programs and services for scientific research and preventive medicine. In teaching
hospitals, they aid in the education of new doctors. Administrators plan departmental activities,
evaluate doctors and other hospital employees, create and maintain policies, help develop procedures
for medical treatments, quality assurance, patient services, and public relations activities such as active
participation in fund-raising and community health planning. Hospital administrators work long or
irregular hours. Hospitals are open round the clock 24/7 and administrators may be called in at any hour
to make decisions and resolve disputes. Administrators also attend staff meetings, participate in health
planning councils, go to fund-raising events, and travel to professional association conventions. They
need to keep up with advances in medicine, computerized diagnostic and treatment equipment, data
processing technology, government regulations, health insurance changes, and financing options. While
doctors strive to keep the blood flowing and the heart beating, the hospital administrator is doing his
job in keeping the hospital alive and healthy.
The work of hospital managers, therefore, includes the recruitment and management of other staff, the
maintenance of the hospital and of services other than medical services, accounts and finance,
marketing and communications and security. Hospital managers work from the premises of the hospital
and need to be physically present in the hospital complex. They need to walk around the hospital and
monitor the different services. They also need to maintain good communications with the management
and staff of all departments, doctors and medical specialists, para-medical staff, health workers, and
ensure the well-being of all patients.
Besides an understanding of the functions of the different departments, hospital managers should be
familiar with financial operations, personnel management, purchase of materials and storage,
organizational development and patient care.
Personality
Anyone opting for a career in hospital administration should have a blend of some unique qualities like
innovation, responsibility, self motivation & devotion towards humanity. To be a successful healthcare
professional a person requires a service-oriented bent of mind, high emotional quotient and the ability
to work for long hours. The sector also offers prospects of global recognition with medical tourism
becoming more widespread. Service to man is service to God should be motto of a hospital
administrator.
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Because health services and medical managers are responsible for hundreds of employees and very
expensive equipment and facilities, they must be able to make effective decisions, interpret data, and
understand information systems and finance. Strong leadership skills are necessary to motivate and
execute their decisions. Communication skills, diplomacy, flexibility, and tact are critical because of their
constant interaction with people.
Pre-requisite
For making a career in Hospital Administration the individual may be from medical or non-medical
background. Pre-requisite for career in hospital administration is graduation (medical/non-medical) and
a degree/diploma in Hospital Administration.
Professional Courses
There are many courses available in the field of Hospital Administration for both medical and non-
medical persons e.g. Bachelor of Hospital Administration (BHA) after 10+2/XII standard, Post Graduate
Diploma in Hospital Administration (PGDHA) after graduation in any subject, Master of Hospital
Administration (MHA) or MBA (Hospital Administration) after graduation in any field, as well as M Phil
(Hospital Administration) after MHA.
The primary objective of the courses is to impart training to medical and non-medical students to
empower them to deliver world-class healthcare with a service focus. Indeed, there is a great need for
excellently trained hospital administrators, who can deliver and maintain high standards in healthcare.
The programme combines training in management skills, management principles, accounting and
business communication, along with specialized knowledge on the working of a hospital, marketing of
hospital services and logistics management. You also get to know about basic healthcare and nutrition,
prevention of communicable diseases, community health and other medical related services.
How to choose the Course/Institute?
The selection of the course/institute depends on personal interest and ofcourse economic conditions of
an individual. Three different Modes of courses are available. Students can opt for Full Time Regular
Course, Part Time Course or Correspondence Course. The employment opportunity is more for full time
regular course & this is suitable for non-working candidates, at the same time for working individuals
part time course or correspondence course is the option. The selection of institute is one of the
important factors to make a better future in hospital administration. Some top institutes provide better
placement or even campus selection e.g. TISS, Mumbai, IIHMR, Jaipur, etc. The desired institute must be
selected on the basis of previous placement records of the institute which is the prime factor for a
better tomorrow. PG Diploma course and correspondence course can be selected by those having
medical background e.g. MBBS.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi
http://www.aiims.ac.in
2. Apollo Institute of Hospital Administration
Apollo Hospital Campus
Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad 500033
http://www.apolloiha.ac.in
3. Birla Institute of Technology
Vidhya Vihar Campus,
Pilani, Rajasthan- 333031
http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in
4. Tata Institute of Social Sciences
P.O. Box 8313 , Deonar, Mumbai 400 088
http://www.tiss.edu
mail: pgadmissions@acadsec@tiss.edu
5. Symbiosis Centre of Health Car
Senapati Bapat Road, Pune - 411004,
http://www.schcpune.org
6. Armed Forces Medical College, Pune
Armed Forces Medical College, Wanowrie, Pune
- 411040
http://www.afmcpune.com
7. Kasturba Medical College,
Manipal Kasturba Medical College (KMC)
Madhav Nagar,Manipal-576104

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8. Indian Institute of social Welfare and
Management College
Square West, Kolkata-700 073
Phone :+91-33-22413648 /3756 /5792 /8694
Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad
Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences,Hyderabad
500 082
Faculty of Management Studies (FMS),
Delhi University New Delhi Faculty of
Management Studies, University of Delhi
Delhi - 110007
http://www.fms.edu/
9. Hinduja Institute of Healthcare Management,
Hyderabad
The Coordinator
ASCI-Hinduja Institute of Healthcare
Management
College Park Campus
Road No 3, Banjara Hills
Hyderabad -- 500 034
Email: hihmadmissions@asci.org.in
Web site: www.asci-hihm.org
10. Devi Ahilya Institute of Hospital Administration,
Indore
Institute Of Management Studies
Devi Ahilya University
Takshashila Parisar
Khandwa Road, Indore(M.P)
Web site: www.davv.ac.in
11. Indian Institute of Health Management Research
(IIHMR)
Prabhu Dayal Marg, Sanganer Airport, Jaipur -
302011.
Email- iihr@iihmr.org
Web site: www.iihmr.org

Career Prospects
The career prospects for the young postgraduates in Hospital Management are excellent. It is a well
known fact that hospitals, healthcare organizations are to be managed professionally like any business
entity creating surplus for survival and growth. The emerging health insurance sector adds to the
prospects of these professionals. The scope indeed is large enough to provide ample job opportunities.
Healthcare is a business and, like every other business, it needs good management to keep it running
smoothly. The term "medical and health services manager" applies to those professionals who plan,
direct, coordinate, and supervise the delivery of healthcare.
No wonder large companies like Apollo, Wockhardt, Max, Fortis, Tata and Duncans are setting up state-
of-the-art hospitals and clinics across the country for providing multi-speciality healthcare services.
Moreover, due to the high costs and shortage of doctors for medical treatment in the West, India is
emerging as an alternative centre for medical treatment All this action translates into growing
opportunities for healthcare professionals, not just doctors, nurses and technicians, but managers and
administrators as well. who have an understanding of general management and its application to the
healthcare delivery systems.
So if you are good with people, have patience, tact and communication skills you can look at a fulfilling
career as a manager or consultant with a hospital, nursing home or clinic, working to help people with
medical problems. With some experience you could also set up a nursing home or hospital.
Remunerations
The average starting salary for Hospital Administrator varies from Rs 12,000 to Rs 40,000 per month
according to the Institute. There is no constraint in higher remuneration for deserving candidates.
Employment Opportunities
Employment opportunity is excellent in the field of Hospital Administration if you select a good course
and institute. Because of a growing health services industry, the employment of health services and
medical managers is expanding day by day. Increasing opportunities will be found in large corporate
hospitals private/govt, Clinics Consulting firms, Health insurance organizations, Healthcare associations,
Nursing homes, Mental health organizations, Public health departments, Rehabilitation centers,
Universities and research institutions.
Today, an estimated 100,000 people occupy health management positions at numerous organizational
levels, from department head to chief executive officer. Requirements for senior-level positions in
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healthcare organizations are demanding, but these jobs also offer opportunities to improve the system
of care giving. Thus, the overall conclusion is Hospital Administration is not only a career rather an
opportunity to serve the humanity.
.

Career in Aroma and Spa Therapy
Introduction
"In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous." Aristotle
Who is a spa therapist? Who is an aromatherapist? Spa therapists and aromatherapists help people in
soothing their mind, mood and health; they use essential oils for this purpose. These essential oils are
derived from plant sources and other aromatic compounds are also used. These essential oils have many
beneficial properties like having a antimicrobial effect. Although they are not used widely to treat
medical conditions but are used worldwide as beauty and wellness products and provide relaxation and
rejuvenate the person using them.
What does a professional Aromatherapist do?
Most people assume that aromatherapy is a feel-good and stress relieving therapy but aromatherapy
does much more than that and provide various benefits. A professional aroma therapist works with
clients on a holistic basis, addressing both physical symptoms and their root cause. They usually begin
with taking health history and then plan the sessions. Based on the interview and results of the session,
the aromatherapist chooses appropriate essential oils and creates one or more aromatherapy blends for
the client to use at home. Results are generally seen after one to three weeks of regular essential oil
use, and a client may be seen for several follow-up sessions if necessary.
Courses & Eligibility
There are many powerful scents that range from relaxing lavender to energizing citrus. Aromatherapy
students study how different scents affect the brain on mental, emotional and physical levels and learn
how to use fragrances and essential oils in treatments. The courses cover essential oil blending, theories
of aromatherapy, fragrance extraction methods, taxonomy, chemistry and physiology. People who like
science and are comfortable in chemistry find the course interesting and easy. In India various diplomas
and degree course are available. Some of the courses are Diploma in Aroma therapy and Spa Therapy,
Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yogic Science.
Course Fee
Fee ranges from Rs 5000 to Rs 50 000 depending on the institute.
Where to Study
1. SVYASA, Bangalore offers Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yogic Science (5 years)
2. International School of Aesthetics and Spa, Pune offers PG Diploma in Spa therapies and
Management.
3. Meirana Spa Academy, Gurgaon offers Diploma in Spa Therapies
4. Indo Canadian National Academy, Mumbai offers certificate in Spa Therapy.
5. VLCC Institute, Pune and other centers offer Certificate course in Spa Therapy
6. The open international University for Alternative Medicines, Kolkata offers Bachelor certification
course of 2 years in Aroma Therapy
7. Ananda Spa Institute, Hyderabad offers Spa Diploma
8. Oriental Spa Academy, Jaipur offers certificate course in aroma therapy.

Career Prospects: Careers in the spa and wellness industry are growing at a good rate as people are
going towards more natural ways of healing and health. One can work in a Spa which offers comfortable
work environment and can also open own aromatherapy centre.
..
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Career as an Audiologist

Audiology is an allied health science, which deals with the study of hearing disorders and its
management with non medical aids and rehabilitation strategies.
Who is an audiologist?
Audiologists are experts in the non-medical management of the auditory and balance systems. They
identify and assess the hearing and balance problems and dispense hearing aids and other systems to
manage the condition. In big industries where there is large scale noise pollution, audiologists do
hearing conservation and may plan programs to prevent hearing loss. They work in hospitals or with
medical specialists, speech-language pathologists and in educational institutes.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor's Degree or B.Sc in Audiology (3-4 years). Eligibility for the course is 10+2 pass in science with
Biology/Maths as an optional.
B Sc Speech and Hearing MSc Audiology: Eligibility for the course is B Sc audiology.
M.Sc. Hearing, Language and Speech
M.Sc. Speech and Hearing
Master in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (M.A.S.L.P)
Ph.D.
Speech and Hearing Audiologists need to register with Indian Speech and Hearing Association (ISHA) or
Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI).
Where to Study
1. All India Institute of Speech & Hearing, Manasagangothri, Mysore, offers Diploma in HA & ET, BS Ed
(Hearing Impairment), B.Sc (Speech & Hearing), M.Sc (Audiology), B. Sc (Sp & Hg), M. Sc (Speech
Pathology) and M. Sc (Sp & Hg)
2. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
3. Dr. S.R. Chandrasekhar Institute of Speech & Hearing, Hennur Road, Bangalore, INDIA offers Diploma
course in Special Education (Hearing Impaired) [D.S.E. (Hearing Impaired), Bachelors in Speech-Language
Pathology & Audiology (BSLPA), Masters in Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology (MASLP), Doctoral
Program in Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences
4. National Institute of Physiotherapy & Communication Disorders, Patna
5. National Institute of Speech & Hearing, Karimanal PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, Courses:
Bachelor in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (BASLP), Master in Audiology and Speech
Language Pathology (MASLP)
6. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
7. Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Bandra Reclamation, Bandra (W),
Mumbai offers various diplomas, PG diploma, bachelors and masters level courses in Speech pathology
and audiology.
8. Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai,
Tamilnadu, India offers Master in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology.
Salary
The average starting salary offered to a fresh graduate ranges between Rs.1.2 lakhs -1.5 lakhs. With
increase in experience and skills the salary increases.
Career Prospects
Audiologists find employment in health care and educational establishments and in government and
Non government organizations. Presently there are a few audiologists and with increasing levels of
pollution and urbanization the demand will increase many folds.
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..

Career in Medical Transcription - options and opportunities
Medical Transcription is one of the fastest growing sectors in health care. It is an interesting career
opportunity. A person who accurately transcribes medical records dictated by doctors is known as
Medical transcriptionists. His main duty is to listen and write down the recorded dictations by physicians
regarding patients diagnosis and treatments. He also assists physicians, surgeons by transcribing and
proof reading their dictated report of a patients health history.
Performance and growth of industry in India
Medical Transcription is one of the fastest growing professions in health care industry due to the
increased technological advancement in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It could be one of the
speedy growing IT enable services in India with a rapid change in the outlook in Indian healthcare and
privatization of the insurance sector. The demand for medical transcriptionists is going to increase even
further due to the needs of the aging population and growing popularity of outsourcing transcription by
healthcare providers. If the work standards and quality of services are improved in India then there is a
wide scope of opportunities for the huge mass of English speaking and computer literate people in the
country.

Options and Opportunities
It is lucrative career with lots of options available for a medical transcriptionist. He can either work from
home or work in a hospital for a medical transcription service. Other options include working in a
doctors office, attorneys office, insurance company or a company marketing medical products. With
some good experience one can move on to become a editor, supervisor, trainer or manager of a medical
transcription unit.
Courses Available
- Certificate Course in Medical Transcription
- Medical Transcription Internship Program
- Diploma in Medical Transcription
Qualification required
To get into this field a candidate should have Graduate degree with English comprehension skills.
Training course in Medical Transcriptionist will be an added advantage.
Some good institutes
- Askribe Medical Transcription Services, Andhra Pradesh
- Delta School of Medical Transcription, Himachal Pradesh
- Focus Infosys, Karnataka
- Induj Infotech Ltd, Maharashtra
- Infosoftech Technologies, New Delhi
- Academy of Medical Transcription, New Delhi
- Baja Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi
- K.G Informatino Systems (P) Ltd, Tamil Nadu
- Saral Software Solutions, Gujarat
Entrance exams
- Annamalai University Entrance Exam
- University of Mumbai Entrance Exam
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Entrance Exam
- MGM Institute of Health Science Entrance Exam
- Bala Farid University of Health Sciences Medical Transcrition
90
- BLDE University Post Graduate Entrance Test
- DNB-CET 2011 NATBOARD DNB Common Entrance Test
Could medical transcription be one of the fastest growing IT enabled health care service in India?
Medical transcription is one of the fastest growing fields in health care. The demand for medical
transcriptionist is not only limited to India as they are in huge demand in Western countries too where
the entire healthcare industry is based on insurance and detailed medical records are needed for
processing insurance claims. It could be one of the fastest growing IT enabled service in India also, with
the rapid change in the outlook in Indian healthcare and privatization of the insurance sector. Due to
large population in India, it acts as an ideal location for conducting medical transcription and also at a
comparative low cost which encourages companies abroad to outsource their work to the Indian
medical transcription field.
Not many people in India are aware of the field medical transcription. Medical transcription is an
interesting and challenging career. It is the process whereby one accurately and swiftly transcribes
medical records dictated by doctors and others, including history and physical reports, clinic notes,
office notes, operative reports, consultation notes, discharge summaries, letters, psychiatric evaluations,
laboratory reports, x-ray reports and pathology reports. M.T. or Medical Transcriptionist is a person who
assists physicians and specialty surgeons usually by transcribing, formatting, and proof reading their
dictated medically oriented report of a patient's health history. This dictation covers pretty much
everything that takes place between the health care provider and the patient. Usually, the information
dictated by doctors is recorded either into tape or onto digital voice processing systems. The process of
medical transcription is transferring this information using word processing. Transcription services range
from small, one-person home-based businesses to sophisticated, high-tech corporations which employ
transcriptionists. Some medical transcription services now employ both 'on-site' and home-based
medical transcriptionists. Medical transcription services serve client hospitals throughout the nation and
abroad.
What is the eligibility criterion for pursuing a course in medical transcription?
There are few things that are to be kept in mind before pursuing a course in this particular field. Medical
Transcription does not require specialized IT skills but it requires primary skills like good listening and
language skills and knowledge of medical terms. Fluency in English, especially understanding of
American way of speech and accent is a must to be in this field as there are all type of clients that are
there in this field.

However, an ideal qualification for a medical transcriptionist is Graduation with English comprehension
skill and undergoing a training course in Medical Transcription is an added advantage. Further, the
candidate should be able to quickly develop new skills and adjust with the different accents and diction.
Throughout the career as a medical transcriptionist one would need to keep up with changes in medical
terminologies, medical procedures etc. and have the ability to detect medical inconsistencies in
dictation and fix poor grammar and syntax. One must also have patience, as the work may get
monotonous and repetitive. Regular comprehensive quality training is necessary to be successful in this
field. One should have recent knowledge about various types of new technologies that are coming in the
market.
To start with, the certificate course in medical transcription is of 6 months and the minimum eligibility
criterion is a graduation or equivalent course. The admission for this particular course is on the basis of
written test followed by an interview. Due to the growth in India in this particular field there is an urgent
need to introduce standards for training and quality certification in transcription units. Medical
transcriptionists are in huge demand these days. Therefore institutes like GICED have decided to
conduct an exam to select capable students and train them in the field of medical transcription.
91
This course trains students to work in Medical Transcription industry as transcriptionist, editor, proofer,
super-proofer etc. The students with more experience can rise to levels of super proofer/QA2,
supervisors, account heads, QA managers, production managers etc.
The course is drawn by industry experts in line with requirements from US clients. Campus placement in
industry would be available after the course is completed. A successful Medical Transcriptionist draw
salaries Rs. 10000 to 15000 pm. Editors/ super proofers draw Rs. 15000 to 20000 pm. Heavy emphasis is
given on practice. Classes are conducted by visiting experts Medical Transcriptionist from industry.
Students can take up the course on part time basis. The course covers topics such as medical
transcription system, language of medicine I, language of medicine II and practicals.
Can I have the names of few companies that I
can apply into after I have done my graduation
in the field of medical transcription?
Some of the companies that you can apply into
for a job in the field of medical transcription are
given below:-
Lloyds Medical Solutions Private Limited
Phone: 91-80- 32522525
Website - www.lloydssolutions.com
Spheris India Pvt Ltd,
Phone - 91-80-257157
Website - www.spherisindia.com
Pioneer Transcription Systems
Phone 011-5271696 / 011-5279693
Webcom Infotech Ltd.
Phone 2826352 / 2881176
Transcript Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Phone 91-80-3209040 / 91-80-3102423
ISA Softtech Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Phone 0172-394517 / 0172-394518
Focus Infosys
Phone 5527231
Induj Infotech Ltd.
Phone 8368429
Drish Infotech limited
Phone 0172665653 / 0172665654

What are the various colleges that I can go into for various courses in medical transcription?
There are different institutes for different courses that one can get into. While well-established
companies give training on the job, there are some institutes which offer specialized training in the field.
- Saral Software Solutions, Ahmedabad (Gujarat), Ahmedabad (Ahmedabad Dist.) 380054
- Academy of Medical Transcription, New Delhi (Delhi) 110016
- Bajaj Institute of Information Technology (B.I.I.T.), New Delhi (Delhi)
- Academy of Medical Transcription, New Delhi (Delhi) 110016
- Indian Institute of Medical Transcription (I.I.M.T.), New Delhi (Delhi) 110049
- Medical Transcription Education Center, New Delhi (Delhi) 110065
- Ishwarya Techno Solutions, Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh) 520008
- Indus Academy of Medical Transcription (I.A.M.T.), Secunderabad (Andhra Pradesh) 500017
92


Medical Courses in India
- List of all Medical Courses in India
Medical is the study or practice of medicine. It covers a wide range of health care practices which
include prevention and treatment of illness to maintain and restore health. Medical is one of the
professions which has the most stable future because there is no dearth of clients who want to get well
or look well. No other profession commands such profit and respect as the medical profession.
Degree Courses in Medical

Degree Courses in Medical B.Sc. (Medical Laboratory Technology)
M.B.B.S. B.Sc. (Microbiology with Immunology)
B.A.M.S. B.Sc. (Neurophysiology Technology)
B.A.S.L.P. B.Sc. (Nuclear Medicine Technology)
B.D.S. B.Sc. (Nursing)
B.H.M.S. B.Sc. (Nutrition & Dietetics)
B.M.L.T B.Sc. (Occupational Therapy)
B.Optom. B.Sc. (Operation Theatre & Anaesthesia Technology)
B.P.T. B.Sc. (Ophthalmic Techniques)
B.Pharm + M.B.A. B.Sc. (Perfusion Technology)
B.Pharm + MBA (Pharma Tech) B.Sc. (Physician Assistant)
B.Sc. (Medical Technology in Radiography) B.Sc. (Radiography and Imaging) and (Advanced
Imaging Techniques)
B.Pharm. (Hons.) B.Sc. (Radiography)
B.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) B.Sc. (Radiology & Imaging Technology)
B.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) B.Sc. (Radiotherapy)
B.Pharm. (Pharmaceutics) B.Sc. (Renal Dialysis Technology)
B.Pharm. (Pharmacognosy) B.Sc. (Respiratory Therapy)
B.Pharm. (Unani) B.Sc. (Speech and Hearing)
B.Pharma. (Pharmacology) B.Sc. (Urology Technology)
B.S.M.S. B.Sc. Med. Tech. (Operation Theatre)
B.Sc. (Accident & Emergency Care Tech.) B.U.M.S. (Unani) (Kamil-E-Tibb-O-Jarahat)
B.Sc. (Anaesthesia & Operation Techniques) Bachelor in Medical Radiotherapy
B.Sc. (Audiology and Speech Rehabilitation) Bachelor in Rehabilitation Therapy
B.Sc. (Audiology) Bachelor of Alternative System of Medicine
B.Sc. (Cardiac Technology) Bachelor of Ayurvedic Pharmacy
B.Sc. (Cardiovascular Technology) Bachelor of Electro-Homeopathy Medicine and
Surgery (B.E.M.S.)
B.Sc. (Critical Care Technology) Bachelor of Occupational Therapy
B.Sc. (Dialysis Technology) Bachelor of Optometry and Ophthalmic Technology
B.Sc. (Emergency and Trauma Care Technology) Bachelor of Radio Diagnosis and Imaging Technology
(B.R.I.T.)
B.Sc. (Emergency Medicine Technology) Bachelor of Unani Medicine & Surgery
B.Sc. (Health Information Administration) D.M. (Cardiac Anaesthesiology)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Food Nutrition) D.M. (Cardiology)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Microbiology and Microbial D.M. (Clinical Haematology)
93
Technology)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Nursing) D.M. (Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Optometry and Ophthalmic
Techniques)
D.M. (Clinical Pharmacology)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Physical Therapy) D.M. (Clinical Pharmacology)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Physiology) D.M. (Endocrinology)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Physiotherapy) D.M. (Gastroenterology)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Prosthetic and Orthrotics) D.M. (Hematology) (Clinical Hematology)
B.Sc. (Imaging Technology) (Radiography) D.M. (Hepatology)
B.Sc. (Industrial Microbiology) D.M. (Medical Gastroenterology)
B.Sc. (Medical Imaging Technology) D.M. (Medical Genetics)
D.M. (Medical Oncology) M.Ch. (Neurosurgery)
D.M. (Neonatology) M.Ch. (Ophthalmology)
D.M. (Nephrology) M.Ch. (Paediatric Surgery)
D.M. (Neurology) M.Ch. (Plastic Surgery)
D.M. (Neuroradiology) M.Ch. (Surgical Oncology)
D.N.B. M.Ch. (Urology)
D.N.B. (Anesthesia) M.Ch. (Vascular Surgery)
D.N.B. (C.T. Surgery) M.D.
D.N.B. (Cardiology) M.D. (A.M.)
D.N.B. (Dermatology and Venerenology) M.D. (Accident & Emergency Medicine)
D.N.B. (E.N.T.) M.D. (Agadtantra)
D.N.B. (Endocrinology) M.D. (Anaesthesia)
D.N.B. (Family Medicine) M.D. (Anaesthesiology)
D.N.B. (Gastroenterology) M.D. (Anatomy)
D.N.B. (General Medicine) M.D. (Ayurved Sinddhant and Darshana)
D.N.B. (General Surgery) M.D. (Ayurveda - Basic Principles)
D.N.B. (Nephrology) M.D. (Ayurveda - Dravya Guna)
D.N.B. (Neuro Surgery) M.D. (Ayurveda - Kaumara)
D.N.B. (Neurology) M.D. (Ayurveda - Panchakarma)
D.N.B. (Orthopeadics) M.D. (Ayurveda - Shalya)
D.N.B. (Otorhinolaryngology) M.D. (Ayurveda)
D.N.B. (Pediatrician) M.D. (Bhaishajya Kalpana)
D.N.B. (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) M.D. (Bio-physiology)
D.N.B. (Psychiatry) M.D. (Bio-physiology)
D.N.B. (Radio-Diagnosis) M.D. (Blood Transfusion and Immunohaematology)
D.N.B. (Radiotherapy) M.D. (Chest and Tuberculosis)
D.N.B. (Respiratory Diseases) M.D. (Community Health Administration)
D.N.B. Post Doctoral (Super Specialities) M.D. (Community Medicine)
Doctorate of Medicine In Alternative Medicine
(MDAM)
M.D. (Dermatology)
Post Graduate Diploma in Epidemiology and
Health Management (PGDEHM)
M.D. (Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology)
M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Analysis) + MBA
(Pharma Tech. & Healthcare Mgmt.)
M.D. (Dravya Guna)
M.A.S.L.P. M.D. (Electropathy)
94
M.B.A. (Ayurveda Pharmacy) M.D. (Endocrinology)
M.B.A. (Pharma. Technology) M.D. (Family Medicine)
M.Ch. (Anatomy) M.D. (Forensic Medicine)
M.Ch. (Cardiac Surgery) M.D. (General Medicine)
M.Ch. (CVTS) M.D. (Geriatric)
M.Ch. (E.N.T.) M.D. (Hom-Pharmacy)
M.Ch. (Endocrine Surgery) M.D. (Hom-Practise of Medicine)
M.Ch. (G.I. Surgery) M.D. (Homoeopathic) (Materia Medica)
M.Ch. (Gastroenterology Surgery) M.D. (Homoeopathic) (Paediatrics)
M.Ch. (General Surgery) M.D. (Homoeopathic) (Paediatrics)
M.Ch. (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery) M.D. (Homoeopathic) (Philosophy)
M.D. (Homoeopathic) (Psychiatry) M.P.T.
M.D. (Homoeopathic) (Repertory) M.P.T. (Biomechanics)
M.D. (Hospital Administration) M.P.T. (Cardio-Pulmonary Physiotherapy)
M.D. (Medicine) M.P.T. (Cardiorespiratory)
M.D. (Microbiology) M.P.T. (Cardiothoracic Physiotherapy)
M.D. (Nuclear Medicine) M.P.T. (Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Specialties)
M.D. (Obstetrics & Gynaecology) M.P.T. (Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Specialties)
M.D. (Ophthalmology) M.P.T. (Community Rehabilitation)
M.D. (Paediatrics) M.P.T. (Hand Conditions)
M.D. (Panchkarma) M.P.T. (Musculoskeletal)
M.D. (Pathology) M.P.T. (Neuro-Physiotherapy)
M.D. (Pediatrics) M.P.T. (Neurology)
M.D. (Pharmacology) M.P.T. (Ortho-Physiotherapy)
M.D. (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) M.P.T. (Pediatrics)
M.D. (Physiology) M.P.T. (Sports-Physiotherapy)
M.D. (Prasuti Tantra and Stri Roga) M.Pharm (DDRS)
M.D. (Preventive and Social Medicine) M.Pharm (Pharmaceutical Management)
M.D. (Psychiatry) M.Pharm (Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs)
M.D. (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine) M.Pharm.
M.D. (Radiodiagnosis) M.Pharm. (Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics)
M.D. (Radiology) M.Pharm. (Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics)
M.D. (Radiotherapy) M.Pharm. (Biotechnology)
M.D. (Respiratory Medicine) M.Pharm. (Clinical Pharmacy)
M.D. (Roga Nidan) M.Pharm. (Clinical Practice & Research)
M.D. (Transfusion Medicine) M.Pharm. (Cosmeceutics)
M.D. (Unani) M.Pharm. (Drug Discovery and Drug Development)
M.D.S. M.Pharm. (Drug Regulatory Affairs)
M.D.S. (Community Dentistry) M.Pharm. (Medicinal Natural Products)
M.D.S. (Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality
Assurance)
M.D.S. (Conservative Dentistry) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Analysis)
M.D.S. (Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
M.D.S. (Oral Medicine and Radiology) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
M.D.S. (Oral Medicine) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Market and Management)
M.D.S. (Oral Pathology and Microbiology) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance)
95
M.D.S. (Oral Pathology) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Technology and
Biopharmaceutics)
M.D.S. (Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopaedics)
M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutics) + MBA (Pharma Tech. &
Healthcare Mgmt.)
M.D.S. (Orthodontics) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutics)
M.D.S. (Pediatric Dentistry) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Technology)
M.D.S. (Pedodontia and Preventive Dentistry) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutics) + MBA (Pharma Tech. &
Healthcare Mgmt.)
M.D.S. (Pedodontics) M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutics)
M.D.S. (Periodontics & Preventive Dentistry) M.Pharm. (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry)
M.D.S. (Preventive Community Dentistry) M.Pharm. (Pharmacognosy)
M.D.S. (Prosthodontics) M.Sc. (Maternity Nursing)
M.D.S. (Public Health Dentistry) M.Sc. (Medical Imaging Technology)
M.P.H. M.Sc. (Medical Lab Technology)
M.Pharm. (Pharmacology) M.Sc. (Medical Surgical Nursing)
M.Pharm. (Phytopharmaceuticals & Natural
Products)
M.Sc. (Microbiology & Immunology)
M.Pharm. (Quality Assurance) + MBA (Pharma
Tech. & Healthcare Mgmt.)
M.Sc. (Mental Health Nursing)
M.Phil (Translational Health Science) M.Sc. (Nursing)
M.Phil. (Medical and Social Psychology) M.Sc. (OBST. and Gyane Nursing)
M.Phil. (Neurophysiology) M.Sc. (Obstetrics & Gynecology Nursing)
M.Phil. (Neurosciences) M.Sc. (Occupational Therapy)
M.Phil. (Psychiatric Social Work) M.Sc. (Operational Research)
M.S (Ayurveda) M.Sc. (Optometry)
M.S. M.Sc. (Orthopedics)
M.S. (Anaesthesiology) M.Sc. (Paediatric Nursing)
M.S. (Anatomy) M.Sc. (Pharmacology)
M.S. (Cardiothoracic Surgery) M.Sc. (Pharmacy)
M.S. (E.N.T.) M.Sc. (Psychiatric Nursing)
M.S. (General Surgery) M.Sc. (Pharmacology)
M.S. (Laparoscopy and GI Endoscopy) M.Sc. (Psychiatric Nursing)
M.S. (Neurosurgery) M.Sc. (Psychiatry)
M.S. (Obstetrics & Gynaecology) M.Sc. (Public Health)
M.S. (Ophthalmology) M.Sc. (Public Health)
M.S.(Orthopaedics) M.Sc. (Speech and Hearing)
M.S. (Otolaryngology) M.Sc. (Speech Language Pathology)
M.S. (Otorhinolaryngology) M.Sc. Med.Tech. (Pathology)
M.S. (Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation) Master in Occupational Therapy
M.S. (Plastic Surgery) Master in Psychotherapy and Counselling
M.S. (Prasutitntra and Stree Rog) P.B.B.Sc. (Nursing)
M.S. (Radio Diagnosis) Ph.D. (Audiology)
M.S. (Shalakya Tntra) Ph.D. (Ayurved Sindhant)
M.S. (Urology) Ph.D. (Ayurveda)
M.S. (Vascular Surgery) Ph.D. (Child Development)
M.S.P.T. (Hons.) Ph.D. (Clinical Nueroscience)
96
M.Sc. (Anatomy) Ph.D. (Clinical Psychology)
M.Sc. (Audiology and Speech Rehabilitation) Ph.D. (Community Medicine)
M.Sc. (Audiology) Ph.D. (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics)
M.Sc. (Child Health Nursing) Ph.D. (Immunology)
M.Sc. (Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs) Ph.D. (E.N.T.)
M.Sc. (Community Health Nursing) Ph.D. (Medicine)
M.Sc. (Endocrinology) Ph.D. (Neurochemistry)
M.Sc. (Epidemiology) Ph.D. (Neuromicrobiology)
M.Sc. (Hospital & Health Information
Administration)
Ph.D. (Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology)
M.Sc. (Human Anatomy) Ph.D. (Neuroscience)
M.Sc. (Human Physiology) Ph.D. (Nursing)
Ph.D. (Nutritional Science) Diploma in CVT Nursing
Ph.D. (Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology) Diploma in Dental Hygienist
Ph.D. (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery) Diploma in Dental Mechanics
Ph.D. (Orthodontics) Diploma in Dental Mechanics
Ph.D. (Orthopaedics) Diploma in Diabetology
Ph.D. (Paediatrics) A.N.M. (Nursing)
Ph.D. (Panchakarma) Advance Post Graduate Diploma in Stem Cells and
Regenerative Medicine
Ph.D. (Pathology) Advance Post Graduate Diploma in Stem Cells and
Regenerative Medicine
Ph.D. (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry) Advanced Diploma in Dialysis Centre Management
Ph.D. (Periodontics) Advanced Diploma in Ophthalmic Care Management
Ph.D. (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology) Advanced Diploma in Pharmaceutical Management
Ph.D. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Advanced Diploma in Technical & Analytical Chemistry
Ph.D. (Pharmaceutical Medicine) Advanced Postgraduate Diploma in Clinical Research
Management (APGDCRM)
Ph.D. (Pharmaceutical Sciences) Certificate Course in Prasava Vigyana
Ph.D. (Pharmaceutics) D.N.A.
Ph.D. (Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry) D.N.B. (Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
Ph.D. (Pharmacognosy) Diloma Course in Abhyanga Mardan Tantra
Ph.D. (Pharmacology) Diploma in Anaesthesiology
Ph.D. (Physiology) Diploma in Community Medicine
Ph.D. (Pharmacy) Diploma in Dermatology
Ph.D. (Phytopharmacy & Phytomedicine) Diploma in Otorhinolaryngology
Ph.D. (Preventive & Social Medicine) Diploma in Acupuncture Therapy
Ph.D. (Prosthodontic) Diploma in Advanced Medical Imaging Technology
Ph.D. (Psychiatric Nursing) Diploma in Alternative Medicines (D.A.S.M.)
Ph.D. (Psychiatric Social Work) Diploma in Alternative System of Medicine
Ph.D. (Public Health Dentistry) Diploma in Alternative System of Medicine
Ph.D. (Speech Pathology and Audiology) Diploma in Ayurveda Nursing and Pharmacy
Ph.D. (Speech-Language Pathology) Diploma in Dietetics and Nutrition
Ph.D. (Veterinary Preventive Medicine) Diploma in Dietetics, Health and Nutrition
Pharm.D. Diploma in E.N.T.
Pharm.D. (PB) Diploma in Electro Homoeopathy Medicine (D.E.H.M.)
97
Diploma in Emergency and Trauma Care Technician
Diploma Courses in Medical Diploma in Emergency Medicine
Diploma in Child Care Diploma in Family Medicine (DFM)
Diploma in Cardiology Technician Diploma in Forensic Medicine
Diploma in C.T. Scan Technician Diploma in General Nursing and Midwifery (G.N.M.)
Diploma in Cardiovascular Technician (DCVT) Diploma in Gynaecology and Obstetrics (DGO)
Diploma in Child Health (DCH) Diploma in Health Administration
Diploma in Blood Banking Technology Diploma in Health Assistant (DHA)
Diploma in Child Care Diploma in Health Information Administration
Diploma in Clinical Perfusion Diploma in Health Insurance
Diploma in Clinical Pathology (DCP) Diploma in Medical Radiology
Diploma in Clinical Research Post Graduate Diploma in Orthopaedics
Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology
(DMLT)
Post Graduate Diploma in Principles of Clinical
Pharmacology
Diploma in Laryngology & Otology (DLO) Post Graduate Diploma in Psychiatry
Diploma in Medical Radiotherapy Post Graduate Diploma in Radiography and Imaging
Technology
Diploma in Occupational Therapy Post Graduate Diploma in Sports Medicine (PGDSM)
Diploma in Ophthalmic Assistant (DOA) Post Graduaton Diploma in Medical Transcription
Diploma in Ophthalmic Technical Assistant
(DOTA)
Post Graduaton Diploma in Medical Transcription
Diploma in Ophthalmology
Diploma in Optometry Assistant
Diploma in Orthopaedics (D.Ortho.) Certificate Courses in Medical
Diploma in Orthoptics C.M.L.T
Diploma in Otorhinolaryngology (DLO) Certificate course in Dental Mechanic
Diploma in Paediatrics Certificate Course in Medical Transcription
Diploma in Physiotherapy (D.P.T.) Certificate Course in Acupuncture Therapy
Diploma in Radiographic Technician (DRT) Certificate course in Advanced Implantology
Diploma in Radiography Certificate Course in Aesthetic Dentistry
Diploma in Radiological Technology (DRT) Certificate Course in Anaesthesia Technician
Diploma in Radiology Therapy (D.M.R.T.) Certificate course in Ayurvedic Nursing
Diploma in X-Ray & ECG Technology Certificate Course in Clinical Diagnostic Techniques
Diploma in X-Ray Technician Certificate Course in E.C.G. Technician
Diploma in Yoga and Health Education Certificate course in Operation Theatre Assistant
PG Diploma in Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
(PG Dip. PQA)
Certificate Course in Optometry and Ophthalmic
Assistance
PG Diploma in Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs
(PG Dip. PRA)
Certificate course in Radiography & Imaging
Technique
Post Graduate Diploma in Community
Cardiology
Certificate Course in Radiography Technology
Post Graduate Diploma in Maternal and Child
Health (PGDMCH)
Certificate Course in Rehabilitation Therapy Assistant
Post Graduate Diploma Course in
Neurotechnology
Certificate Course of Unani Dispenser
Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Linguistics for Certificate Course on Communication Disorders
98
Speech-Language Pathology
Post Graduate Diploma in Acupuncture Certificate in Ayurvedic Therapy
Post Graduate Diploma in Alternative Medicines Certificate in Child Health
Post Graduate Diploma in Anaesthesia Certificate in Clinical Research
Post Graduate Diploma in Anesthesiology Certificate in Clinical Dental Technique
Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Cardiology
(PGDCC)
Certificate in Homeopathic Medicinal System (CHMS)
Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Research
(PGDCR)
Certificate in Maternal and Child Health Care (CMCHC)
Post Graduate Diploma in District Health
Management (PGDDHM)
Certificate in Laboratory Techniques (CPLT)
Post Graduate Diploma in E.N.T. Certificate in Newborn and Infant Care (CNIC)
Post Graduate Diploma in HIV Medicine
(PGDHIVM)
Certificate in Newborn and Infant Care (CNIC)
Post Graduate Diploma in Laryngology and
Otology (PGDLA)
Certificate in Newborn and Infant Care (CNIC)
Post Graduate Diploma in Venereology Certificate in Obstetrics Assistance (COA)
Certificate in Osteopathy (COS) Certificates in Community Health Worker
Certificate in Skin Disease Certificates in Primary Nursing Management (CPNM)
Certificate Programme in Unani Medicine Diploma in Audiometry Technician Course
Certified Course in Childcare & Development Female Health Worker Training Course
Post M.D. Certificate Course in Biotechnology M.D.E.H.
Post M.D. Certificate Course in Cytopathology Post-Graduate Certificate in Endodontics (PGCE)
Post M.D. Certificate Course in
Immunopathology
Post-Graduate Certificate in Oral Implantology
(PGCOI)


There are two basic categories in Medical - Medicine and Surgery.
Medicine - It is the practice of non-operative medicine. Most sub specialties in this area require
preliminary training in Internal Medicine. Internal medicine deals with those diseases that affect the
body as a whole. It excludes pediatrics, surgery, gynecology and obstetrics and psychiatry. Practitioners
of such specialties are referred to as physicians. There are several subdisciplines of internal medicine.
Some of these are -
1. Cardiology
2. Critical care medicine
3. Endocrinology
4. Gastroenterology
5. Geriatrics
6. Hematology
7. Hepatology
8. Infectious diseases
9. Nephrology
10. Oncology
Surgery - It is the practice of operative medicine. Most subspecialties in this area require preliminary
training in General Surgery. A Surgeon decides when an operation is necessary and also treats many
non-surgical cases, especially those in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit where issues of critical nature
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arise.
Surgery has many subspecialties. Some of these are -
1. General surgery
2. Transplant surgery
3. Trauma surgery
4. Cardiovascular surgery
5. Neurosurgery
6. Maxillofacial surgery
7. Orthopedic surgery
8. Otolaryngology
9. Plastic surgery
10. Oncologic surgery
Specialties of medicine - These include -
Diagnostic specialties - These are Pathology, Radiology ,Clinical neurophysiology, Clinical chemistry,
Hematology, Clinical microbiology, Clinical immunology etc.
Interdisciplinary specialities - General practice, Bioethics, Biomedical Engineering, Sports medicine,
Veterinary medicine, Wilderness medicine etc.
Sub specialities - Ophthalmology, Dermatology, Emergency medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology,
Pediatrics, Psychiatry etc.
There are different types of medical jobs. Healthcare is the largest industry, showing the highest amount
of growth of any other field. All the included medical jobs are in very high demand and have a significant
growth, mostly due to the aging population and
List of Medical Colleges State-wise in India
Medical Colleges in Andhra Pradesh
Alluri Sitaram Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, Malkapuram ------------Private
Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam ------------Government
Bhaskar Medical College, Yenkapally,Hyderabad- -----------Private
Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad------------Private
G S L Medical College, Rajahmundry------------ Private
Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad- -----------Government
Government Medical College, Anantapur------------ Government
Guntur Medical College------------ Government
Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal- -----------Government
Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Nalgonda- -----------Private
Katuri Medical College, Guntur- -----------Private
Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation, Amalapuram------------Private
Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool- -----------Government
M N R Medical College, Fasalwadi------------ Private
Maharajahs Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram- -----------Private
Mamata Medical College, Khammam------------ Private
Medicity Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad- -----------Private
N R I Medical College, Guntur- -----------Private
Narayana Medical College, Nellore- -----------Private
Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad------------ Government
Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad------------ Government
P E S Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam----------- Private
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P S I Medical College, Chinoutpalli- -----------Private
Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar- -----------Private
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Adilabad- -----------Government
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa- -----------Government
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Srikakulam------------ Government
Rangaraya Medical College,Kakinada- -----------Government
S V Medical College,Tirupati------------ Government
S V S Medical College, Mahboobnagar------------ Private
Sadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Research Centre and Teaching Hospital, Hyderabad------------ Private
Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal- -----------Private
Siddhartha Medical College,Vijayawada------------ Government
Vardhman Medical College & Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar------------
Private
Medical Colleges in Assam
Assam Medial College, Dibrugarh--------Government
Guwahati Medical College---------Government
Silchar Medical College, Silchar------------Government
Medical Colleges in Bihar
A N Magadh Medical College, Gaya Government
Darbanga Medical College, Dharbanga Government
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur Government
Katihar Medical College, Katihar Private
Mata Gujri Memorial Medical College, Kishanganj Private
Nalanda Medical College, Patna Government
Narayan Medical College and Hospital, Sasaram Private
Patliputra Medical College, Dhanbad Government
Patna Medical College, Patna Government
Shri Krishna Medical College, Muzaffarnagar Government
Medical Colleges in Chandigarh
Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Chandigarh: Government
Government Medical College, Chandigarh: Government
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh: Government
Medical Colleges in Chattisgarh
Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur ------ Government
Government Medical College, NMDC. --------------- Government
Pt. J N M Medical College --------- Government
Medical Colleges in Delhi
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi ---------- Government
Army College of Medical Sciences ------------- Government
Army Hospital Research & Referral, New Delhi -------- Government
Central Health Education Bureau, New Delhi ---------- Government
Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi ----------- Government
GB Pant Hospital ,Delhi -------------- Government
Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi ------------- Government
Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi ====== Government
Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, New Delhi ======== Government
Lady Hardinge Medical College --------- Government
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Maulana Azad Medical College & GB Pant Hospital ------- Government
National Institute of Health and Family Welfare , Delhi --------- Government
Rajan Babu T B Institute , Delhi ---------- Government
St Stephen Hospital,Delhi ----------- Government
University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital -------- University
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital ---------Government
VP Chest Institute of Medical Sciences,Delhi -------- Government
Medical Colleges in Goa
Goa Medical College ------------- Government
Medical Colleges in Gujarat
B J Medical College, Ahmedabad ----------- Government
C U Shah Medical College ------------------- Private
Government Medical College, Bhavnagar -------- Government
Government Medical College, Surat --------- Government
Kesarsal Medical College & Research Institute, Ahmedabad -------- Private
Medical College, Baroda --------- Government
MP Shah Medical College, Jamnagar --------- Government
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot --------- Government
Pramukhswami Medical College, Karmsad ------------- Private
S B K S Medical Institute & Research Centre, Vadodra -------- Private
Seth K M School of Postgraduate Medicine and Research, Ahmedabad --------- Government
Smt. N.H.L.Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad ---------- Government
Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education & Research, Surat ---------- Government
Vivekanand Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Valia ---------- Private
Medical Colleges in Haryana
Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Hisar ----------- Private
Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Ambala ----------- Private
Pt. B D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak ---------- Government
Medical Colleges in Himachal Pradesh
Dr. Rajendar Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda ------- Government
Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla ----------- Government
Medical Colleges in Jammu and Kashmir
Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical & Hospital, Jammu --------- Private
Government Medical College, Jammu ------------- Government
Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir ----------- Government
Sher-I-Kashmir Instt. Of Medical Sciences, Srinagar ---------- University
Medical Colleges in Jharkhand
Central Institute of Psychiatry , Ranchi, Jharkhand -------- Government
M G M Medical College, Jamshedpur ------------- Government
Patliputra Medical College, Dhanbad , Jharkhand --------- Government
Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences,Ranchi ---------- Government
Ranchi Instt Of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences,Kanke,Ranchi ,Jharkhand -------------- Government
Medical Colleges in Karnataka
College Name ------------------ Management
A J Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore ----------- Private
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur -------- Private
Al-Ameen Medical College, Bijapur ----------- Private
Bangalore Medical College and research Institute ---------- Government
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Basaveshwara Medical College & Hospital, Chitradurga --------- Private
Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences,Belgaum ---------- Government
Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences,Bidar --------- Government
Command Hospital Air Force, Bangalore ---------- Government
Dr. B R Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore ---------- Private
Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore ------------- Minority-Religious
Government Medical College, Mysore ----------- Government
Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan ----------- Government
Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore ----------- Government
Institute of Aerospace Medicine Indian Air Force, Bangalore --------- Government
Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Medical College, Mysore ----------- Private
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum ---------- Private
Jaya Jagadguru Murugharajendra Medical College, Davangere -------- Private
K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore ------------- Minority-Linguistic
K V G Medical College, Sullia ----------- Private
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli ------------- Government
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore -------------- Private
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal -------------- Private
Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore -------------- Private
Khaja Banda Nawaz Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga -------- Minority-Religious
Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore --------------- Government
M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore --------------- Private
M V J Medical College & Research Hospital, Bangalore ------------- Minority-Linguistic
Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Gulbarga ---------- Private
Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences,Mandya ----------- Government
National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences ----------- Government
Navodaya Medical College, Raichur -------------- Private
Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences,Raichur ---------- Government
Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital ------------- Private
S D M Medical College, Dharwad --------------- Private
S Nijalingappa Medical College, Bagalkot ------------- Private
S S Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Davangere ----------- Private
Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences,Shimoga ------------- Government
Sri B M Patil Medical College, Bijapur --------------- Private
Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar -------------- Private
Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology,Bangalore ------------- Government
Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur --------------- Private
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore -------------- Minority-Religious
Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary ---------- Government
Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore ------------- Private
Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore ----------- Private
Medical Colleges in Kerala
Academy of Medical Sceiences, Kannur ----------- Private
Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur ------------- Private
Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Cochin --------- Private
Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Kollam ------------- Private
Co-operative Medical College, Kochi --------------- Private
Dr. Somervel Memorial CSI Hospital & Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram ------------- Private
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Government Medical College, Calicut ------------- Government
Government Medical College, Kottayam ----------- Government
Government Medical College, Thrissur ----------- Government
Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur ---------- Private
Kannur Medical College, Kannur -------------- Private
Karuna Medical College, Palakkad --------------- Private
KMCT Medical College,Kozhikode, Calicut ------------- Private
M E S Medical College, Perintalmanna ------------- Private
Malankara Orthodox & Syrian Church Medical College --------- Private
Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram ----------- Government
Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre ---------- Private
Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Thiruvana ----------- Government
Sree Gokulam Medical College & Research Foundation, Trivandrum ---------- Private
Sree Uthradom Thiurnal Academy of Medical Sciences, Trivandrum ---------- Private
T D Medical College,Alappuzha (Alleppy) ------------- Government
Medical Colleges in Madhya Pradesh
Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior -------------- Government
Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal -------------- Government
Index Medical College Hospital & Research Centre,Indore ---------- Private
M G M Medical College, Indore -------------- Government
Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur ---------- Government
Peoples College of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bhanpur -------- Private
Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College -------------- Private
Shri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore ---------- Private
Shyam Shah Medical College,Rewa ----------- Government
Medical Colleges in Maharashtra
ACPM Medical College, Dhule ----------- Private
Armed Forces Medical College,Pune ---------- Government
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Mumbai ---------- Government
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College & Hospital, Sangli ------- Private
Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Pune ----------- Private
BJ Medical College, Pune -------------- Government
Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences,Mumbai ---------- Government
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Bombay --------------- Government
Dr Vaishampayan Memorial Medical College, Solapur --------- Government
Dr. D Y Patil Education Society D Y Patial Medical College, Kolhapur ---------- Private
Dr. D Y Patil Pratishthan's Medical College, Pune ---------- Private
Dr. Panjabrao alias Bhausaheb Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Amravati -------------- Private
Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College & Hospital, Jalgaon ------------- Private
Government Medical College, Akola ------------- Government
Government Medical College, Aurangabad ------------- Government
Government Medical College, Kolhapur ------------- Government
Government Medical College, Latur ------------------ Government
Government Medical College, Miraj --------------- Government
Government Medical College, Nagpur --------------- Government
Government Medical College, Nanded --------------- Government
Grant Medical Colege, Mumbai ------------------ Government
Indira Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur ------------- Government
104
Institute of Navel Medicine,INHS,Aswini, Mumbai -------- Government
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha -------------- Private
K J Somaiyya Medical College & Research Centre, Mumbai --------- Private
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad -------------- Private
Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai ---------- Government
Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education & Research, Pune --------- Private
Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Latur ----------- Private
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha ---------- Private
Mahatma Gandhi Mission Medical College, Aurangabad ---------- Private
Mahatma Gandhi Mission Medical College, Navi Mumbai --------- Private
N D M V P Samaj Medical College, Nasik ----------- Private
N K P Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur ---------- Private
National Institute of Virology -------------- Government
Padmashree Dr. D.Y.Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai -------- Private
Padmashri Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation Medical College, Ahmednagar ------------- Private
Postgraduate Institute of Swasthiyog Pratisthan,Miraj ,Maharashtra ---------- Government
Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital -------- Government
Rural Medical College, Loni ------------- Private
Sancheti Institute for Orthpaedics & Rehabilitation ,Shivaji Nagar, Pune --------- Government
Sanjeevan Medical Foundation ENT Post Graduate Training Instt,Miraj ,Maharashtra -------------
Government
Seth GS Medical College,Mumbai ---------------- Government
Shri Vasant Rao Naik Government Medical College,Yavatmal --------- Government
Smt.Kashibai Navale Medical College and Hospital, Pune --------- Private
Sri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College,Dhule --------- Government
SRTR Medical College,Ambajogai ------------- Government
Tata Cancer Research Memorial Institute,Mumbai ----------- Government
Terna Medical College, Navi Mumbai ------------- Private
Topiwala National Medical College,Mumbai ------------- Government
Medical Colleges in Manipur
Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal ----------- Government
Medical Colleges in Orissa
Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar --------------- Private
Instt. Of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar ---------- Private
Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar ----------- Private
MKCG Medical College,Berhampur ------------- Government
SCB Medical College,Cuttack --------------- Government
VSS Medical College, Sambalpur ----------- Government
Medical Colleges in Pondicherry
Aarupadai Veedu Medical College, Pondicherry ----------- Private
Jawaharlal Institute of PG Medical Education & Research -------- Government
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry ------- Private
Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Puducherry -------- Private
Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry ------- Private
Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College & Hospital, Pondicherry --------- Private
Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pondicherry ----------- Private
Vinayaka Mission Medical College, Pondicherry ---------- Private
105
Medical Colleges in Punjab
Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Bhatinda --------- Private
Christian Medical College, Ludhiana --------------- Private
Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana -------------- Private
Gian Sagar Medical College & Hospital,Patiala ------------ Private
Government Medical College, Amritsar ------------ Government
Government Medical College, Patiala ----------- Government
Guru Govind Singh Medical College, Faridkot ------------- Government
Netaji Subhas National Instt Of Sports Medicine,Patiala, Punjab --------- Government
Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Education and Research, Amritsar ---------- Private
Medical Colleges in Rajasthan
Dr SN Medical College, Jodhpur --------------- Government
Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur ---------- Private
Government Medical College, Kota -------------- Government
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer ------------- Government
Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar ------------- Government
Mahatma Gandhi National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur ---------- Private
National Institute of Medical Science & Research , Jaipur ---------- Private
R N T Medical College,Udaipur ------------ Government
Sardar Patel Medical College,Bikaner --------------- Government
SMS Medical College,Jaipur ------------ Government
Medical Colleges in Sikkim
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Gangtok ----------- Private
Medical Colleges in Tamil Nadu
ACS Medical College and Hospital, Chennai ----------- Private
Aravind Eye Hospitals & PG Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai --------- Government
Cancer Institute, College of Oncological Sciences,Chennai ----------- Government
Chengalpattu Medical College, Chengalpattu ------------- Government
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Kanchipuram --------- Private
Christian Medical College, Vellore ---------- Private
Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore -------------- Government
Dr ALM PG Institution of Basic Medical Sciences, Chennai --------- Government
Government Dharamapuri Medical College, Dharamapuri --------- Government
Government Vellore Medical College, Vellore ----------- Government
Institute of Opthalmology,Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirapalli ,Tamil Nadu ---------- Private
K A P Viswanathan Government Medical College, Trichy --------- Government
KanyaKumari Government Medical College, Asaripallam -------- Government
Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai ------------- Government
M V Hospital for Diabetes & Diabetes Research Centre, Chennai --------- Government
Madras Medical College, Chennai ------------- Government
Madurai Medical College, Madurai --------------- Government
Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram ----------- Private
Melmaruvathur Adiparasakthi Instt. Medical Sciences, Melmaruvathur ----------- Government
Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College,Salem ------------- Government
PG Institute of Medical Sciences, Chennai ------------- Government
PSG Institute of Medical Sciences, Coimbatore ------------- Private
Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalainagar --------- Private
106
Sankara Netralaya Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu ----------- Private
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Kanchipuram --------- Private
Shri Satya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Nellikuppam ----------- Private
Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai ------------- Private
Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kanyakumari ------------- Private
Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai ---------- Private
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kancheepuram --------- Private
Stanley Medical College,Chennai ----------- Government
Thanjavur Medical College,Thanjavur ------------- Government
The Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare Trust,Ambathura ,Tamil Nadu -----------
Government
The Institute of Road Transport Perunthurai Medical College,Perunthurai ----------- Government
Theni Government Medical College, Theni ------------- Government
Thoothukudi Medical College, Thoothukudi -------------- Government
Tirunelveli Medical College,Tirunelveli ---------------- Government
Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, salem --------- Private
Medical Colleges in Tripura
Agartala Government Medical College & Hospital, Agartala --------- Government
Tripura Medical College and Dr. B R A M Teaching Hospital, Agartala -------- Private
Medical Colleges in Uttaranchal
Himalaya Institute of Medical Sciences ---------- Private
Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences --------- Private
Uttaranchal Forest Hospital Trust Medical College,Haldwani ---------- Private
Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Govt. Medical Sc. & Research Instt, Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal ----------
Government
Medical Colleges in Uttar Pradesh
BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur -------------- Government
Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow -----------Government
Era Medical College, Lucknow --------------- Private
GSVM Medial College, Kanpur -------------- Government
Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi ------------- University
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh -------------- Government
LLRM Medical College, Meerut ---------------- Government
Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi -------------- Government
Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad ------------- Government
Muzaffarnagar Medical College ----------- Private
Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur ---------- Private
Regional Instt of Opthalmology Previously Known as:Nehru Instt of Opthalmo ------------------ Government
Rohilkhand Medical College & Hospital, Bareilly -------------- Private
S N Medical College, Agra -------------- Government
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences,Lucknow ,UP ----------- Government
Santosh Medical College ------------- Private
Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences --------------- Private
Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly ----------- Private
Subharati Medical College, Meerut ---------------- Private
Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College, Moorabad ------------- Private
U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research,Etawah --------- Government
Medical Colleges in West Bengal
107
All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health,Kolkata ---------- Government
Bankura Sammilani Medical College -------------- Government
Burdwan Medical College ---------------- Government
Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata -------------- Government
Chittaranjan Seva Sadan Hospital, Kolkata ------------ Government
Command Hospital, Kolkata --------------- Government
Dr BC Roy PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Kolkata --------- Government
Institute of Child Health, Kolkata -------------- Government
Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata ---------- Government
KPC Medical College and Hospital, Jadavpur, Kolkata ------------- Private
Medical College, Kolkata -------------- Government
Midnapore Medical College, Midnapore -------------- Government
Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata --------------- Government
North Bengal Medical College, Darjeeling ------------- Government
RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata ---------------- Government
School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata -------------- Government
University College of Medicine, Kolkata --------------- Government
Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kolkata ------------- Government




























108
Career in Commerce



This section consists of

Career in Commerce: An Insight outlook.
The top 5 courses at the graduate level are as follows:
Chartered Accountant/CA
Company Secretariat/CS
Cost & Management Accountancy/CW
CHARTERED FINANCIAL ANALYST /CFA
Career in Insurance
Career in Actuaries
Career as Stoke Brokers
Career in BPO/KPO
Career in Direct Sales / Life Insurance
Career in Sales and Marketing
Career as an Economist
Career as an Entrepreneur
Career as a Statistician
CAREER IN ACCOUNTING
Career in Banking
Career as a Bank Officer
Career in Taxation - options and opportunities
Career in Auditing - options and opportunities
Career in Securities Analysts - options and opportunities
Career in Insurance Underwriters - options and opportunities
Career in Marketing Management - options and opportunities
Career in Corporate Training
Career in Mathematics and Computing
Master of Business Administration (MBA)



109
Career in Commerce An Insight outlook
Introduction
Commerce is all about the understanding of business or trade. It deals with studies of market,
economics, fiscal policies, industrial policies and so on. Commerce is a broad orbit of interdisciplinary
branches viz. accountancy, business administration, finance, economics, marketing, advertisement, e-
commerce, and so many. The overall economic health of a nation largely depends on advanced
commerce studies. This stream offers a wide range of career options.
Scope
Commerce opens up many career avenues. Globalization, foreign insurance and foreign banks has
created enormous job opportunities for commerce students. Chartered Accountant (CA) is still a coveted
career. On successful completion of B Com, students get jobs relating business and finance.
Professionals can apply for employment in finance sector like banking, company secretary ship,
chartered accountancy, Cost and works accountancy jobs, etc. Commerce students get jobs in non-
finance sector in the fields like mass communication, law, hotel management, etc. B.Com degree also
serves as the stepping stone for MBA (finance). Commerce students can take a route of teaching after
graduation and post graduation. Commerce students find career opportunities even in public services
viz. Civil Services, Indian Economic Service, Indian Statistical Services, etc. Commerce graduates have a
very exciting career option such as e-commerce. This career is well-suited to commerce students
because of their sound understanding of business transactions.
Eligibilty
Graduation and post-graduation is desirable for the higher posts. It mainly based on the type of career
to be pursued. The certifications and licensing from professional bodies is required for CA, CS, CFA, etc.
MBA (finance) is also preferred in many foreign banks.
Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career
in the field of Commerce.
Do I have better computing skills?
Do I have ability for analysing numerical data?
Do I have analytical skills?
Do I have practical business sense?
Do I have good decision making power?
Do I have good knowledge of economics and investments?
Do I have sound knowledge of management and general marketing?
Do I give utmost important to precision and accuracy at work?
Do I have computing and interpreting skills?
Do I have organizational and administrative skills?
Do I read budgets, business news and economic reviews?
Do I have computer skills?
Am I ready to learn and adopt new methodologies?
Career opportunities
Higher education: B.Com students can go for higher education (MBA, M.Com, MCA, Ph.D,) or
immediate jobs. There are some prestigious certification courses in Commerce viz. Chartered
Accountancy (CA), Certified Financial Analyst (CFA), ICWA, CFP and Company Secretary Ship (CS).
Banking: Career is chosen due to fair salaries, job security and high social acceptance. Many
local/national/foreign banks provide good job opportunities.
110
Investments: One can get job as equity research analyst, investment banker, mutual fund
executive, capital market manager, asset manager, venture capitalist and real estate.
Insurance: It is showing exponential growth due to liberalization policy in India. The public and
private insurance companies in life and non-life insurance providing enormous career
opportunities. It also offer jobs in actuary and risk management.
Capital market: Liberalized Indian economy has opened up capital market for foreign investors
along with domestic investors. The heavy flow of capital into the capital markets has generated
many employment opportunities. .
Management: B.Com and BBA courses provide good background for MBA course. MBA
(Finance) requires sound back ground of commerce field.
Accounting: Demand for skilled accountants has increased considerably in the domestic and
international job market.
KPO and BPO: Enormous opportunities for commerce students in this emerging field.
Taxation: Many jobs related to taxation has been created in recent years.
Self-employment:
Business firm
Stock broker
Trade consultant
Management consultant
Entrepreneur
Financial analysts
Tax consultants
Some popular careers options in Commerce:
1. Chartered Accountant (CA): He/She is specialized in accounting, auditing and taxation. CA
serves as a corporate caretaker and occupies respectable position in corporate world. The
demand of CA has increased. Salaries of C.A. depend upon academic qualification and
experience. Average salaries 25,000-1, 50,000 per month. Abroad, salaries may go up to Rs. 5,
00,000 per month. CA who does consultancy earns good money. Eligibility: Admission is open to
10 + 2 pass or equivalent examination. CA Program has three sections viz. Common Proficiency
Test (CPT), Professional Competence Course (PCC or PCE) and Final examination. Institute: The
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is an examining and a licensing
body.www.icai.org,
2. Company Secretary (CS): He/She co-ordinates various departments, ensures compliance of
company legislations and advises directors on statutory requirements of the company. Apart
from this, CS also looks after finance, accounts, legal, personnel and administrative functions. CS
is a well remunerated career option because of its multifaceted nature. Eligibility: The Institute
of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) offers a three-stage course to qualify as Company
Secretary. Foundation course is of 8 months that can be joined after 10+2 exam. Institute: The
Institute of Company Secretary of India conducts and regulates the course of Company
Secretary. http://www.icsi.edu.
3. Cost and Work Accountant (CWA): Certified CWAs maintain cost accounting records, do cost
auditing for companies, certify import and export documents under the Exim Policy, serve as
executor, administrator, receiver and Valuer. CWA facilitates strategic decisions in respect of
diverse economic activities of the organization. Eligibility: The ICWAI examinations are held in
three stages: Foundation, Intermediate and Final. A candidate may appear for the Foundation
examination after passing 10+2 examination. Graduates in any discipline are eligible for direct
admission to Intermediate course. Candidates passed in final examination with a minimum work
experience of three years are eligible to become members of ICWAI. Institute: Institute of Cost
and Works Accountants of India (ICWAI) conducts and regulate course.
Further details: www.icwai.org
111
4. Chartered Financial Analyst: Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA

) utilize their skills in the core


areas of financial and hedge fund research, portfolio management, investment consulting,
investment banking, investment management, international finance and research. Career
opportunities for CFAs with IT skills (trained in high-end packages like SAP, Oracle application
and Baan) have increase manifold.CFA regarded as the key position by financial
professionals. CFA gets good salary. Eligibility: To be a CFA, a graduate requires clearing three
levels of examination. A minimum of three years of investment/financial experience is essential.
Institutes: ICFAI conducts CFA programme in India. This course is offered through class room as
well as distance learning packages. Further details: www.icfai.org
5. Banking: For a career in banking, one can start off by maintaining accounts. Now a days banking
sector recruits MBA graduates, CAs and CFAs to enhance the efficiency of banks. Now banks are
in the mutual funds, securitization business, credit cards, and consumer loans, housing loans, etc
this open up many career avenues. Eligibility: Public sector Banks recruit mainly
graduates for Clerical and Probationary Officer posts on the basis of All India Level examination.
Graduates with commerce/economics are desirable candidates but any one from any stream
can enter into this service by qualifying the exams conducted by banks. Foreign Banks prefer
take MBAs, CAs, CFAs, etc.
6. Investments: One can job opportunity as equity research analyst, investment banker, mutual
fund executive, capital market manager, financial planner/asset manager, venture capitalist and
real estate.
7. Insurance: Insurance field offers jobs in actuary, risk management manager, insurance surveyor,
underwriter, etc. The key factor for success in this field is experience. In private sector, the
salary is more attractive. In private sector generally management graduates are inducted in the
areas of marketing and sales gets salary ranging from Rs 15,000 to Rs 50,000 per month. The
Commissions are the most common form of compensation for insurance agents and the amount
depends on the type and amount of insurance sold. Eligibility: To pursue a career one has to
pass the entrance examination conducted by the Actuarial Society of India, Mumbai. Students
who have passed 10 + 2 or equivalent exam are eligible. License is needed to work in this field
which can be achieved through a training programme.
Employers
Companies.
Banks
Financial institutions.
Insurance companies
Commercial firms
Business houses.
It is a myth that commerce is only all about money.
On the contrary, it is about figuring out how business works, how to manage a company and personnel,
keeping a track of the stock market, keeping tabs on tax schemes and much more.
The top 5 courses at the graduate level are as follows:
of Commerce (BCom)
of Business Studies (BBS)
of Management Studies (BMS)
of Business Administration (BBA)
Bachelor of Business Management (BBM)
However, the Bachelor of Commerce programme itself offers a plethora of specialisations.
1. Bachelor of Commerce (BCOM)
The Bachelor of Commerce course gives students a general idea of buying and selling of goods, provision
of services, productions and property, and much more.
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The BCom degree can help establish a career in finance, taxation, operations, etc, depending on the
course specification opted for. There are more than 50 specialisations which can be opted for across
colleges all over India.
Here are some of the most widely picked choices which are commonly available as an option in most
colleges in the country.
Course Duration: 3 years
Top Institutes: Shri Ram College of Commerce (New Delhi), St Xavier's College (Kolkata), Loyola College
(Chennai), Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics (Mumbai), Christ College (Bangalore).
Career Steps: BCom can be a stepping stone for further degrees like Chartered Accountant (CA),
Company Secretary ship (CS) and Cost and Work Accountancy (ICWA).
Accounting and Finance: Specializing in accounting and finance trains students who are looking to
pursue a career in banks, insurance companies and industries. The University of Mumbai has also
created a separate course in accounting and finance for those students who are focused on getting into
the fields. Some of the subjects studied here include financial accounting, cost accounting, auditing,
taxation, business law, economics, business communications, etc.
Economics
For an overall view of the subject, some students opt for a major in economics. This may not train
students for a particular career path but it provides an overall view of the commerce stream and
students can choose to follow a career path or pursue further studies on completion of the course.
Auditing
For those who want to find a career as a Certified Public Accountant, Finance Manager or Chief Financial
Officer, majoring in the field of Auditing is a good idea. Subjects studied under this specialisation are
advanced financial accountancy, auditing, financial markets, corporate financial policy, financial service,
etc.
Taxation Subjects studied under the specialisation of taxation include financial accounting, economics,
business mathematics and statistics, direct and indirect taxation, public finance and taxation, and more.
This course prepares students a career as a business tax consultant or a property tax consultant. Other
job roles include Manager of Accounts and Direct Taxation, Manager of Employment Taxation, Manager
of Corporate Taxation and others.
Advanced Accountancy
Advanced accountancy prepares a student for work in the areas of accounting operations, patterns,
merger of public holding companies, foreign currency operations, etc. It also helps provide an
understanding in advanced financial accounting issues such as lease contracts, pension funds, end of
service severance payments, etc. After completing this course, it is possible to have a career as a public
accountant or a financial consultant.
Banking and Insurance
Majoring in banking and insurance will enable a student to be well equipped to follow a career in one of
these two growing fields. The University of Mumbai introduced it as a special course to train students so
as to provide the banking and insurance sectors with competent people for their workforce. The course
subjects include life insurance, legal framework, non-life insurance, etc.
Marketing Management
Specializing in marketing management can provide multiple job opportunities starting from Marketing
Executive up to Marketing Manager. It is also possible to start a consultancy firm that advises corporate
companies on marketing strategies. The subjects covered are a range that includes communication,
financial accounting, business regulatory framework, consumer behaviour, sales management and
more.
Accountancy & Statistics
Banking & Business Economics
Banking Law and Practice
Business Economics
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Business Enterpreneurship
Business Environment
Business Finance
Business Management
Business Statistics
Corporate Affairs and Administration
Corporate Secretary ship
Cost Accounting
Direct and Indirect Taxation Cost and
Management Accounting
E-Commerce
Environmental and Organizational Behaviour
Finance
Financial & Investment Analysis
Home Science
Human Resources Development
Indian Financial System and Financial Market
Operations
Information Technology
Insurance
Income Tax
Office Management
Tax Procedure

While a BCom degree is seen as having little to no value in today's industry, it provides a base for a CA or
MBA course
BCom is a course which is available in most colleges across the country but the specialisations may vary
from institute to institute
2 .Bachelor of Management Studies BMS
The Bachelor of Management Studies degree was started to give students a hands-on experience so
they can connect theories learnt during classroom sessions with its application in real-life situations in
organisations.
It has a more practical outlook as compared to other courses.
The course was started by University of Mumbai for Mumbai-specific colleges. Some of the subjects
studied in this discipline include business mathematics, managerial economics, business ethics and
corporate social responsibility, human resource management, etc.
Course Duration: 3 years
Top Institutes: St Xaviers College (Mumbai), SNDT Women's University (Mumbai), HR College (Mumbai),
SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Mumbai), Sydenham College (Mumbai)
Career Steps: Completion of the BMS degree offers careers in human resource management, sales and
marketing, finance, research and development, etc.
3. Bachelor of Business Studies BBS
The Bachelor of Business Studies provides students with a broad knowledge of business combined with
specialist knowledge of a particular area of business, the choice of which is at the discretion of the
student. The course focuses on developing the ability to think critically and analytically.
It also teaches students to relate classroom ideas to practical business situations which they will face
while working in the industry. Most of the subjects covered in the course are from the fields of
accounting and economics so having a prior background in these fields is helpful. The course was
introduced by the University of Delhi to give students a competitive edge in the business world.
Course Duration: 3 years
Top Institutes: Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College (New Delhi), Jamia Milia Islamia University (New Delhi),
Keshav Mahavidyalaya (New Delhi), Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies (New Delhi)
Career Steps: Graduates from this course can take up careers in the fields of finance, marketing and
human resource management.
4. Bachelor of Business Administration BBA
The Bachelor of Business Administration degree trains students in the field of business administration
and has plenty of specialisations of which the management ones are the most popular. The BBA
program usually includes general business courses and advanced courses for specific concentrations.
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Some of the specialisations offered under the program are air travel management, finance and
accounting, marketing and sales, hotel and tourism management, banking and insurance, information
technology and international business.
Specific Eligibility: Undergraduate Aptitude Test
Course Duration: 3 years
Top Institutes: Christ College (Bangalore), Shri Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics
(Mumbai), Madras Christian College (Madras), MS Ramaiah College of Law (Bangalore), SRM University
(Chennai)
Career Steps: Students can follow up a BBA degree with a post graduation in Master of Business
Administration (MBA). Other career options depend on the specializing subjects.
5. Bachelor of Business Management BBM
Bachelor of Business Management is a programme that is aimed at providing knowledge of the
theoretical and practical aspects of business.
The most commonly picked specification under this programme is the international business stream.
Some of the subjects in this course are economics, marketing, agriculture business, business laws and
ethics, project management, etc.
Course Duration: 3 years
Top Institutes: Ness Wadia College of Commerce (Pune), Institute of Business Management and
Technology (Bangalore), New College (Chennai)
Career Steps: This course can open up career options in the products and services sector in terms of job
opportunities as well as entrepreneurship.
Career Options in Commerce after Class 12: most chosen
Commerce in India is among the most favoured of career choices after the (10+2) stage and if you have
managed to score 80-85% in your Class 12 Board Examinations, you have a number of options to choose
from. Traditionally, Commerce is grouped as a part of Trade or Production. It covers all aspects that
include exchange of goods/services through a commercial or transactional medium. The best options for
you have been listed below:
1. B.Com (H) in Top Commerce Colleges of India
B.Com Honours is the most preferred of undergraduate commerce degrees. It is offered among all the
top commerce colleges in Delhi and in many other, leading commerce colleges of India. An honours
course is regarded much better than the more easily available. The course is designed to inculcate
better business insight among the students. Course Curriculum for B.Com includes all the standard
Commerce subjects like Cost Accounting and Organizational Behaviors besides Accounts, Economics
and Chartered Accountancy. After completing this course, students can pursue post-graduation courses
like an M.Com or MBA. These days, commerce graduates too can find immediate employment in
outsourcing firms or KPOsKnowledge Process Outsourcing firms that handle processing of financial
data, including payrolls and administration of accounts/insurance for the entry-level positions. Basically,
if you are comfortable with handling figures, doing balancing of ledger and making account statements,
taking upon the profile of an Account Assistant in financial departments like Auditing Department is
easier if you have completed your B.Com Honours degree.

2. B.A. Economics Offered by Best Commerce Colleges in India
A BA in Economics is among the most wanted of commerce undergraduate courses, particularly among
those students who want to establish themselves in the banking & finance sector. This course
emphasizes upon teaching detailed, theoretical concepts that are needed for higher studies in
Commerce such as M.A Eco (H). A BA degree in Economics teaches about nearly every aspect of
commercial or financial processes such as
Business Studies
Micro economics
Macro economics
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Labour economics
Industrial economics
International economics

Students completing their BA in Economics can seek further specialization in the form of M.Phil in
Economics. The other option is to seek an MBA degree. Today, many students prefer to pursue Masters
in Business Economics that is offered among the top commerce colleges of India. These graduates can
also appear for the Indian Economic Servicesthis stream paves the way to become a Grade A Officer
and join the best government organizations like the Planning Board or the Planning Commission or even
the Ministry of Economic Affairs. BA Economic graduates can also explore work as freelancers who write
reports for the latest economic/business happenings.
3. B.Sc (H) Maths in Top Colleges of India
B.Sc in Mathematics is recommended to students who have a genuine interest in number and plan to
sustain a career involving higher mathematical skills or related subjects such as Statistics. At the
graduation level, BSc in mathematics course teaches about
Algebra
Calculus
Data analysis
This course also prepares students for higher studies in Mathematics, including post graduate courses
and those involving research.

Top Universities for Undergraduate Mathematics Courses & Higher Studies in Mathematics
The best universities in India offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Mathematics, apart
from research options, have been listed below
Institute of Mathematical Science, Chennai
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
Mehta Research Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Allahabad
University of Pune, Pune
University of Calcutta, Kolkata
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology
Indian Statistical InstituteISI
4. B.SC (H) Stats in Top Colleges of India
Statistics is among the more difficult of subjects to study at the undergraduate level, along with
mathematics. It is recommended only to students who are ready to put in some real hard work during
their college days. Curriculum of B.Sc (H) course in top Delhi colleges is configured in such a manner that
every aspect of permutations and combinations is covered. After completing graduation in Statistics,
students can pursue PG courses in Actuarial Sciences, apart from pursuing research subjects. Statistics
graduates can also find immediate employment in financial organizations, particularly the banking
industry. Post graduate courses in Statistic include M.Stat. Top PG statistics courses are offered by the
Indian Institute of Statistics. Even with a bachelors degree in Statistics, high profiles roles like becoming
a Business Analyst, Data Analyst, Investigator, Research Officer or Lecturer can be pursued.
5. BCA
BCA or Bachelors in Computer Applications is a popular undergraduate course, sought by students who
are attracted to Computer Science or want to establish themselves in a professional field that is defined
by computer applications. Normal subjects taught in BCA in top IT colleges of India include:
Programming
Database design
Networks
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Information systems
A BCA graduate should be able to offer solutions for a business wanting to use computer technology in
an undemanding and affordable manner.


Courses
Courses-after-12th-standard
Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
Bachelor in Management Studies (BMS) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
Bachelor of Corporate Secretary-ship (BCS) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
Diploma in Industrial Accountant Centre: The institute of Computer Accountants.
Some Universities offer the courses such as
B. Com (Computer Application)
B. Com (Foreign Trade)
B. Com (Tax Procedure)
B. Com (Advertising & Sales Management)
B. Com (E-Commerce) and
B. Com (Office Management)
Courses after Graduation
Masters of Commerce (M.Com) Duration: 2 years Centres: Many Commerce Colleges.
Master of Corporate Secretary ship (MCS)
Master of Finance & Control
M.Com Banking and & Insurance Management
M.Com Co-operative Management
M.Com (Marketing)
Master of Financial Control (MFC)
Master of Financial, Administration (MFA)
Master of Financial Management (MFM)
Most of the courses are two year duration and available in colleges or in distant mode.
MBA (Finance): Students interested in learning how to manage a business professionally can opt
for a degree in management. An MBA course can vary in duration with a regular MBA being a 2-
year course, while an Executive MBA taking 1 year to complete. Doing an MBA through
correspondence is also an option.
Post Graduate Diploma in Capital Market & Investment Analysis
Post Graduate Diploma in Finance & Control
Post Graduate Diploma in Management Accounting
Post Graduate Diploma in Banking & Finance
Post Graduate Diploma in Public Accounting
Diploma in Banking and finance (DBF) Eligibility: Accountancy and computer knowledge is
essential.
Online course material provided and 24hrs online teachers available for guidance.
www.iibf.org.in
Top Colleges Offering Undergraduate Courses
Some of the top commerce colleges for undergraduate courses in India are-
Shri Ram College of Commerce (Delhi),
St. Xaviers College, Kolkata
Loyola College (Chennai),
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Lady Shriram College for Women (LSR),
Delhi
St. Xaviers College (Mumbai).
Narsee Monjee College (Mumbai),
Christ University (Bangalore),
Symbiosis University (Pune),
Stella Maris (Chennai),
MOP Vaishnav College (Chennai),
Hansraj College, Delhi
St. Josephs College (Bangalore),
Jain University (Bangalore),
BM College (Pune),
Amity University (Delhi)
and
Prospective students can either apply online or directly fill in the forms at the colleges/institutions. In
order to be able to get into a B.Com program or a BBA/M program, the student will require 10+2
certificates, from a recognized state/national board, along with any other additional certificates.

Top Colleges Offering Post-graduate Courses
Some of the top post-graduate commerce colleges in India are-
Shri Ram College of Commerce (Delhi),
St. Xaviers College (Kolkata),
Presidency College (Chennai),
Symbiosis University (Pune),
Hans Raj College (Delhi),
Narsee Monjee College (Mumbai),
DAV College (Chandigarh),
Nizam College (Hyderabad),
St. Francis College for Women (Hyderabad)
R.A. Podar College (Mumbai).
Post-graduate students require a first-class (second-class in some cases) commerce degree from any
recognized college/board in India. Any other additional certificates, letters of recommendation and
statements of purpose may also have to be presented. Students can either apply online or directly fill in
the forms at the colleges/institutions.
Salary & Remuneration
Remuneration for commerce students largely depends on the industry and the organization the person
is working with. Private and government organizations have their own policies regarding salary of
professionals working in various fields related to commerce. For instance, a fresher can anticipate a
salary package of Rs. 18,000 20,000 for a junior analyst position. However, financial analysts can
expect anything between Rs. 20,000 25,000 as their starting salary package. Senior employees or
financial executives could earn anything between Rs. 30,000 50,000 per month. The average pay
package of chartered accountants can be anything between Rs. 5, 00,000 10, 00,000 per annum. A
number of multinationals may even offer remunerations above Rs. 10, 00,000 depending on the merits
of the candidates.
What are the various Career Options after 12th (Commerce) without Mathematics?
There are lots of thing one can do after 12th commerce without Math. A Candidate can apply for a
Clerical Post in Bank or he/she can go for regular studies like:
BBA
BCA
BMM
BMA
BCOM
BCOM (HONORS)
BCOM (MANAGEMENT)
BCOM (FINANCE)
BCOM (MARKETING)
BCOM (RURAL MARKETING)
BCOM (EXPORT-IMPORT)
BCOM (ECONOMICS)
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BCOM (MSSI)
The best choices of individuals include BCom, specialised BCom Courses like BAF (Finance and Accounts),
BBI (Banking and Insurance) offered by some universities or BCom with Cost Accountancy/Chartered
Accountancy/Company Secretarys course would be typical choice.
Or BCA/BSc IT, BAF (Bachelor Financial & Investment Analysis)

Some of the professional and core courses in Commerce Stream
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Chartered Accountant/CA
HOW TO BE A CHARTERED ACCOUNTAND (CA) IN INDIA
The Chartered Accountancy (CA) qualification is a prestigious qualification in the field of finance. The
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) not only trains student in this field, but also conducts
the CA exam. Students who clear the final exam are absorbed by the industry as qualified personnel.
SKILL SET
Students who wish to pursue a career in this field must have extensive knowledge of math, law and
statistics. They must also have good time management skills, an aptitude to understand and analyse
accounting, auditing and a taxation concept are must. Since CAs are required to interact with a number
of people, communication skills also come handy.
INDUSTRY STATUS
Globally, the scope of qualification of CA is great. Apart from the regular roles, in recent times,
professionals in this industry have also find jobs in the field of advisory, research, forensic audit,
international accounting, etc. thanks to the increasing number of businesses in the field, the industry is
looking at hiring a number of qualified professionals by corporate and MNCs in India.
RENUMERATIONS
A fresher in this field can earn up to Rs 25,000 per month. However, the remunerations depend on
his/her experience and skills during articleship period and final exam. Professionals with experience in
this field can earn up to Rs 35, 00,000 per annum.

Registration for CPT:
The candidate needs to register with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) for the
Common Proficiency Test (CPT) after passing the Standard X examination.
Passing the CPT examination:
The CPT examination is held twice in a year - in June, and in December. The candidate can appear for the
CPT examination after appearing for the standard XII examination, and after the completion of a period
of a minimum of 60 days from the date of registration for CPT with the ICAI, as on the first day of the
month in which examination is to be held, i.e. candidates registered on or before 1st April / 1st October
are eligible to appear in June / December examination respectively.
Registration for IPCC:
In order to register for the Integrated Professional Competence Course (IPCC), the candidate should pass
both CPT and 10+2. Registration for the IPCC should be done 9 months prior to the first day of the
month in which examination is held. IPCC comprises of a total of 7 papers. Group I consists of 4 papers
and Group II consists of 3 papers. For pursuing Articleship, passing Group I is essential.
Orientation and ITT:
The orientation course is one week long, spanning 35 hours and covers topics such as communication
skills, personality development, office procedure general commercial knowledge etc. Information
Technology Training (ITT) orientation is spans 100 hours and must be completed in order to register for
Articleship.
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Appearing and passing IPCC Group I Exam:
The candidate can appear and pass Group I or both groups of Integrated Professional Competence
Examination (IPCE).
Registration for Articleship:
After passing either Group I or both IPCE Groups, the candidate can register as Articled Assistant for a
period of 3 years Practicing Chartered Accountant.
Appearing and passing IPCC Group II Exam:
If the candidate has not already passed Group II of the Integrated Professional Competence Examination
(IPCE), this can be done during the Articleship.
Registration for CA Final Course:
The candidate may register for the CA Final Course on passing the two groups of IPCC.
Appearing and Passing CA Final Course:
The candidate can appear for the CA final examination during the last 6 months of 3 years of articled
training.
Complete Articleship:
Complete 3 years period of articled training.
GMCS:
Successfully complete the course on General Management and Communication Skills over a period of 15
days.
Membership:
Enroll as a member of ICAI and designate as "Chartered Accountant".
Chartered Accountancy or commonly known as CA is the hottest job of the youngsters presently, and
more and more students from the commerce field are opting for this. Chartered Accountancy is a course
which is supposed to be done after passing the 10+2 system of education in India and it has duration of
around 5 years. Chartered Accountancy deals with avenues like corporate finance, taxation, auditing,
project evaluation, business & corporate low, and accounting practice. Getting into a CA training
institute is very easy. The Institute for Chartered Accountants in India or the ICAI is the governing body
for all the CAs in India, and they are responsible for making the course curriculum, and also all
administrative actions of the CAs.
The ICAI has several branches all over the country, and the students need to enroll in any of the
branches after paying of the requisite fees. The fee structure for the full CA course is as under. Rs. 1500
is to be paid for the registration of the CPT or the Common Proficiency Test, which is the prerequisite to
enter any CA institute. After qualifying the CPT, the student needs to pay the tuition fee to the institute
which is a total of Rs. 7500, which includes Rs. 500, for registration as an audit clerk, Rs. 500 as the
student associations fee, Rs. 500 as the registration fee with BOS, Rs. 4000, as tuition fee for PCC, and
Rs. 2000 for the registration fee for 100 hrs of IT Training. After qualifying the second stage, the final
course fee is Rs. 8500 which is to be paid for the last year of the CA studies. The total fee for the whole
course comes to Rs. 17,500. There are no other institutes which provide the CA studies in India
excepting the Institute of Chartered Accountants in India or the ICAI.
For more details regarding, search on the official website: www.icai.com
.....................................

Company Secretariat/CS
Career as a Company Secretary

"Behind great corporate progress theres a strong backbone: The Company Secretary."
Institute of Company Secretary
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With the growth in the corporate sector, the career of company secretary has also become more
lucrative. Company Secretaries are specialized professionals for maintaining the link between the
government bodies like the department of company affairs, company law board on one side and the
corporate sector on the other side.
Company Secretary coordinates with various departments and ensures good corporate governance.
They are experts in laws related to companies such as companies act and laws related to capital market.
They advise the Board of Directors of a company and are responsible for all the regulatory compliance
that the company has to adhere to.
Nowadays, these professionals are also entering the capital markets and financial services industry.
Their role is getting extended into the administration, management, planning and general running of the
company.
Courses and Eligibility
Institute of Company Secretaries of India is the only recognized organization offering this course. The
course consists of three stages after 10+2 pass or equivalent:
Foundation Programme
Executive Programme
Professional Programme
In addition, the student has to undergo Practical Training for about 15 months which a student may opt
to start after passing the Executive Programme. Students who join the Course after passing the
Graduation have to undergo two stages of the Company Secretary ship i.e.
Executive Programme
Professional Programme
Foundation Programme which is of eight months duration can be pursued by 10+2 pass or equivalent
students of Arts, Science or Commerce stream (Excluding Fine Arts)
Executive Programme can be pursued by Graduates of all the streams except Fine Arts.
Professional Programme can be pursued only after clearing the Executive Programme of CS Course.
Admission to the CS Course is open throughout the year. Examinations are held twice a year in June &
December.
(Source official website of Institute of company secretaries of India)
Course Fees
The fee for CS Foundation Programme is - Rs. 3600/- for Executive Programme - Rs. 7000/- for
Commerce Graduates while - Rs. 7750/- for Non Commerce Students ICSI offices across India. For
Professional Programme - Rs.7500/-
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ANDTTRAINING:-
A candidate who has passed the final examination of the institute is required to possess practical
Experience of 2-3 years and also undergo four months practical training including 15 days secretarial
training programmmes designed by the Institute and organised by the Institute and its Regional counsels
and chapter for becoming eligible to seek associate membership of the Institute candidates not
possessing the requisite practical experience are required to undergo management training for a period
of 15 months or apprenticeship for a period of one year on full time basis and two years on part-time
basis under a full time practising company secretary or in a firm of practising company secretaries.
MEMBERSHIP OF THE ICSI:-
Only after the aforementioned conditions have been fulfilled a candidate becomes eligible for admission
to Associate membership of the ICSI.
The course is conducted under a system of compulsory postal tuition against payment of requisite fees.
The necessary study material is provided to the student by the ICSI.
Institutes address:-
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The Institute of company secretaries of India ICSI House, 22 Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi-
110003, Telex-31-62164 ICSI IN (STD 011) faxz-91-11-4626727.

PLACEMENTS/PROSPECTS:-
Qualified company secretaries can find well paid positions in the private sector and public corporate
sector, Banks and financial institutions, stock exchanges, the Department of company affairs, company
law boards and Government departments. The larger the co9mpany and wider its fields of activity, the
better the emoluments earned by the CS. Private consultancy jobs are a very lucrative option. ACS could
also become an adviser to a single company or to may companies.
Liberalisation and globalisation have given a massive boost to corporate activity and a long with it the
openings for company secretaries continue to grow. In the present age of mergers acquisitions and tie-
ups this profession looks forward to rich dividends

Where to Study
The Institute of Company Secretaries of India is a recognized professional body formed to develop and
regulate the profession of Company Secretaries. It is the only institute which offers this course and
awards the certificate bestowing the designation of Company Secretary to a candidate qualifying for
membership of the institute. The institute has its headquarters at New Delhi and has four regional
offices at Calcutta, Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai. In addition there are 36 chapters and 10 satellite
chapters located all over the country.
Indira Gandhi National Open University offers a special B.Com. Programme with a major in corporate
affairs and administration and M.Com. In business policy and communication for ICSI students and
members.
ICSI across India
The ICSI has its Headquarters at ICSI House 22 Institutional Area Lodi Road New Delhi and Regional
offices at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai & New Delhi and 68 Chapters located in various cities in India.
ICSI has 117 Examination Centres scattered all over India including one overseas centre at Dubai.
Pay and Remuneration
Company Secretaries are professionals like Chartered Accountants or Doctors and can choose to join an
organization as an Employee or start their own practice. As employees, the company secretaries get
fairly good salaries. The average pay package is around INR 4.5 lakhs per year for freshly certified
Company Secretaries. The pay package increases with experience and one can also establish own
practice and can earn pretty well.
Career Prospects
A qualified company secretary can work for companies also and can also work as independent
professional. For companies with a paid-up share capital of Rs.5 crores or more it is mandatory to
appoint a whole time Company Secretary who must be a member of the Institute of Company
Secretaries of India. All companies seeking listing on Stock Exchange are required to appoint a whole
time company secretary.
Self-Employment/Practising Company Secretaries: After obtaining a Certificate of Practice from the
Institute, Members of the Institute can go in for Independent Practice. Every company having a paid-up
share capital of Rs. Ten Lakhs or more but less than Rs. Five Crores is required to engage the services of
a Secretary in Whole-Time Practice for issue of Compliance Certificate. Reserve Bank of India has
recognized the Practising Company Secretaries to undertake Diligence Report for Banks.
The CS Course is recognized by the various Universities for admission to PhD Course and Appointment of
Lecturers in Commerce & Management.
...............

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Cost & Management Accountancy/CW

A business organization can grow well if it has a strong accounts department. Moreover, it is the
accounts department which can draw up a good resource utilisation programme and cost saving
mechanism so that the profit margin of the company can be increased. Cost and management
accountancy in particular is one subject which deals with this problem and helps in evaluating and
managing costs. It finds its origin way back in the II world war period when the need to evaluate defence
cost was felt. These days, in fact, it has attained greater significance, especially in the corporate sector
In the next two years, India may require 30 lakh cost accountants to meet the fast-tracking growth of
companies, according to P. Raju Iyer, chairman of the Southern India Regional Council of the Institute of
Cost Accountants of India.
The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (ICAI) which was formerly known as Institute of Cost and
Works Accountants of India (ICWAI) is the only professional body specialized in the field of Cost and
Management Accountancy in India aims at imparting coaching and training in the subject of Cost &
Management Accountancy. It was established by an Act of Parliament in the year 1959, though the same
was in existence as a company since 1944. The Institute has four Regional councils in the Metro cities.
Nature of Work
The role and importance of cost and management accountants has increased manifold on account of
growing competition in the corporate sector. Broadly speaking, their job comprises of closely analysing
costs and devising ways to reduce it as far as possible.
Cost and management accounting helps in planning, monitoring and controlling the cost and price of a
product or a service. Nowadays with multi-product ventures taking place, it has become important to
know and understand the exact cost of production of products and services at different stages, to
minimize the expenditure incurred on them and to ensure better utilization of money. This is where the
role of cost and management accountant comes.
Cost and management accountants evaluate the operating efficiency and effectiveness of production
and service management by collecting, compiling, organising, verifying, comparing and analysing
information from different departments of the organisation. In large organisations, these information
may be made available on computer based systems specially designed to systemize the work. The
process involves critical monitoring of relevant costs and overheads like material, labour, and capital
costs etc., involved in making a product or providing a service. They analyse the sales trend to strike a
balance between the demand and supply, to prevent over production. They also monitor the
performance, to spot and report on problems and prevent them from occurring in future. This analysis
helps in comparing the financial performances, making assessments and projections, providing figures
for future costing and pricing policies and other managerial decisions.
Personality
As cost and management accounting deals with the cost and benefit analysis of a product or service, it
demands analytical and attentive mindset with an objective outlook. Fair amount of awareness about
global economic conditions is important. The CMAs often deal with making future projections and
forecasts regarding the prices, costs etc. which makes it important to have good judgmental qualities.
The job also involves interacting and working with a number of people and to coordinate with them
requires, good communication skills and team spirit.
Professional Courses
Cost and management accountancy can be pursued after 10+2. The course comprises of three stages:-
Foundation, Intermediate and Final. These stages are further discussed separately in the following
segment. The minimum age for enrollment is 17 years.
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1. FOUNDATION: Candidates who have passed senior secondary under 10+2 scheme in any discipline
shall pass a Foundation Course Examination to become eligible as a student for Intermediate
Examination. The Foundation Course has the following subjects.
o Business Fundamentals and Economics
o Management and Organisation
o Basic Mathematics and Statistics
o Commercial Laws
2. INTERMEDIATE: Candidates who have completed graduation in any discipline or those who have
cleared the Foundation Examination are eligible for registration for the Intermediate Examination. It
is obligatory for registered students to undergo either postal or oral tuition imparted by the Institute
before appearing for the Intermediate or Final Examinations. The following are the subjects in the
Intermediate Examination.
GROUP I:
o Financial Accounting
o Cost Accounting
o Corporate Laws and Secretarial Practice
o Direct Taxation
GROUP II
o Cost and Management Accounting
o Auditing
o Indirect Taxation
o Quantitative Methods
3. FINAL: After clearing the Intermediate Examination, students are eligible to appear for the Final
Examination. The subjects in the Final Examination are
GROUP I
o Advanced Financial Accounting
o Information Technology and Computer Applications
o Operations Management and Control
o Project Management and control
GROUP II
o Advanced Management Accounting - Techniques and Applications
o Advanced Financial Management
o Advanced Management Accounting - Strategic management
o Cost Audit
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India was given statutory recognition by the central
government in the year 1959. The Institute has 4 Regional Councils at Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai and
New Delhi. It has over a period of time established a chain of chapters throughout the country and
abroad, in all major cities and towns to provide assistance to the students and to perform other
functions.
Specialization
After successfully clearing all the papers of both Intermediate and Final Examinations, students can
apply for the Associateship of the Institute. Students having practical experience of 3 years in fields of
financial/cost accounting and commercial aspect of an industry can apply for the Associateship.
Career Prospects
A qualified Cost Accountant leaves for himself, plenty of career options. The recognition granted by
central and state governments has added to their career prospects. The importance of the profession in
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economic development of the country has led to their involvement in advising the government in cost
and pricing policies and also in framing of tax and fiscal policies. They are treated at par with other class
- I services. In organisations like Railways, Indian Army, Nationalised Banks services of Cost Accountants
are often required for costing, budgeting, auditing purposes. They can also pursue teaching in various
universities as Professors, Readers, and Lecturers.
Apart from the opportunities available in the government sector, Cost Accountants can also look
forward to the corporate world. They can work as executers, administrators, appraisers, valuers,
secretarial and tax consultants, advisors etc. With advancement in career and experience, they can even
rise to top positions like Financial Auditor, Financial Advisor, Finance Director etc. It is not a bad idea for
Cost Accountants to build up their own practice. Cost Accountants can set up their own practice either
individually or in partnership, after obtaining license from the Institute. The clients in a private practice
may vary depending upon the size of practice. It may range from large public and private companies to
small partnership and proprietary concerns.

CIMA Certification
ARE you keen on a career as a finance professional in blue chip companies like Nestle, Accenture,GE
Money, Ernst & Young, KPMG,Reuters, Citigroup,Deloitte, Proctor &
Gamble,Unilever,PriceWaterhouseCoopers, JP Morgan, Genpact, and HSBC, to name a few?
How about the title of Management Accountant with your name, which is recognised by approx. 4,500
companies worldwide? If that sounds interesting, you should definitely consider getting a CIMA
(Chartered Institute of Management Accountants) certification.
The business focus is similar to that of an MBA from a top notch B-school, but the entry barriers are low
you can join in with a mere pass in the 12th standard. So if you are looking for a career more in sync
with the business and management aspects rather than the more routine jobs like audit, CIMA is the
way to go.
What is CIMA?
Founded as the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants (ICWA) in 1919 in the UK, the institute was
rechristened as Institute of Cost and Management Accountants (ICMA) in 1972 and again as Chartered
Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) in 1986. In 2008, CIMA established a centre for the study
of management accounting with the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IIM-C).

With 170,000 members and students in 168 countries worldwide, CIMA has grown to be one of the
most widely accepted and respected professional qualification in the unique cusp of the fields of
Management and Accounting.
The natural question that comes to ones mind on hearing such a qualification in the field of Finance is:
how does it compare with the more popular options in the Indian context such as Chartered
Accountancy (CA)/ Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) etc. The institute claims that CIMA course has more
management accounting, more business strategy, and more financial strategy compared to a Chartered
Accountant/ Chartered Financial Analyst, and is hence more tuned to business requirement. In simpler
terms, CIMA is more in-line with the core management issues than the rest.
Earning the spurs
there are a number of entry routes into CIMA. People dont have to have a degree necessarily. One can
start CIMA after 12th standard, in which case the entry route would be the CIMA Certificate in Business
Accounting consisting of 5 modules and having computer-based assessment which one can take any
time throughout the year. One could complete this in 3 months or 6 months or any other timeframe
depending on ones own pace and comfort level.

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People can come in with a relevant degree which is usually a BBA or BCom or an Accounting and Finance
programme. If one is BCom (Hons.) from Delhi University one is exempt from the first level, otherwise
such graduates enter at the first (operational) level. For a bright student, it should take somewhere
between 2 to 3 years. However, there are special gateways for people with an ICWA or an MBA and
they can complete the course in just one-and-a-half years. There is no time limit as such; it is left to the
individual.
Structuring the course
at every level an award has been built-in that provides a student the option to step-in and step-out at
any point and if he steps-off in the middle of the qualification he is not left high and dry. At each level,
there are certain skills that the student is expected to deliver.
That can be seen from the name of the level, the Operational level is more about operational
knowledge, and it is about the knowledge of transactions. Managerial level is about management and
monitoring, and Strategic level is about strategic decision-making. All-in-all, there are 14 exams one has
to clear or get exemption to become a full-fledged professional CIMA member.
Is there training/classroom teaching?
No. Unlike a CA where articleship with a trained CA is mandatory, CIMA does not mandate training
requirement as a prerequisite. Study centres are present in different cities like Christ University in
Bangalore, HL College in Ahmedabad, LIBA in Chennai, KJ Somaiya in Mumbai, Piron in Delhi, and one
can find the detailed listing on www.cimaglobal.com/India.
CIMA conducts exams in 240 exam centres in 90 countries on the same date. They are all uniform, the
content, assessment, curriculum, is the same and thats the basis of their standard. Each of these exams
are of 3 hours of duration.
These can be taken at anytime throughout the year and at the location of ones choice. CIMA has nine
exam centres in India. The centres are British Council in many cities, and in addition all the colleges
which are the study centres conduct the exams on their own campus.
How much does it cost?
The CIMA Certificate in Business Accounting costs Rs. 20,000 in exam fees. One has to pay extra for
tuition support or study support if one opts for it. There are classes offered by the study centres and
online support offered by CIMAstudy.com.
The online support costs around 50 British pounds a month. For the Certificate course there is a package
which costs around Rs. 8,000 for all the five modules. Then one moves on to the professional
qualification.

This part of qualification would cost Rs. 80,000 including CIMA fees converted into Indian rupees. If one
also includes the certificate course this comes to around Rs. 1 lakh. Textbooks, which are quite detailed,
are available at key distribution houses in the country, their cost is Rs. 720/- per textbook. There is one
textbook per paper. In addition, there are the prescribed standard reference materials. Other material
like revision kits and study kits are also available as an option. In fact, if a person starts at the certificate
level, buys all the textbooks and buys CIMAStudy.com membership and completes the qualification in 3
years it will cost him/her Rs. 159,000/- in total.
Recognition
that is a tough call. CIMA is yet to be approved or accredited as a higher education qualification by any
arm of the state or university. So it neither makes you eligible for Govt or advertied PSU jobs, though
some PSUs might give weight to CIMA qualifications. Higher studies too is not an option as of now. As Dr
Robert Jelly, Executive Director, CIMA says, Its an individual passport because it enables you to
progress within the company you are working with.


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CHARTERED FINANCIAL ANALYST /CFA

Introduction
"Moneyis like a beautiful thoroughbred horse - very powerful and always in action, but unless this
horse is trained very young, it will be out-of-control and dangerous animal when it grows to maturity."
These are the words of Dave Ramsey, a famous financial author.
Financial analysts are finance and investment professionals, who help in managing the portfolios and
investments of the clients.
The job of a financial analyst might seem easy, but it is actually quite challenging. The role of a financial
analyst is to analyze and write reports. They analyze companies, their finances, equities, funds and other
financial instruments. They also study the annual reports and other public documents.
Financial analysts are most commonly employed by mutual and pension funds, hedge funds, securities
firms, banks, investment banks, insurance companies and other businesses where their main role is to
help their company or their client make profitable investment decisions.
So, if you have the aptitude and financial services sector interests you, this is perhaps one of the best
profession you should start off with and make an exciting career working in the investment banks,
insurance companies, mutual fund companies, pension funds or securities firms. This job is best suited
for all those who enjoy numbers as most of the financial analysts day is spent exploring over the
financial earnings statements.
In the era of liberalisation and globalisation the field of finance has widened to its fullest extent.
Financial experts and their expertise in financial fields has been on high demand by the advanced
countries of the West, namely UK and USA. As India has amalgamated with the globalisation trend the
need of financial experts has gone up as well. However, in the new Millenium the fast moving world of
finance with its immense opportunities is attracting the analytical bent of mind.
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is the designation awarded by the I.C.F.A.I (Institute of Chartered
Financial Analyst of India) which was established as a non-profit educational society with the active
collaboration of ICFAI, Virginia and USA.
COURSE:
The Chartered Financial Analyst course turns out competent financial analysts and investment
managers. It is a unique professional programme aimed at providing insights into the understanding of
the students in the three core areas of Corporate Finance, Investment Managers and Financial Services.
The programme addresses itself more to the broader managerial issues in the above core areas than to
traditional accounting related programmes like book-keeping auditing and taxation.
HOW TO ENTER:
Admission to the Chartered Financial Analyst programme which is a Post Graduate programme, based
on an admission test, which assesses verbal and quantitative reasoning abilities. In an overall analysis
the admission test aims to evaluate candidates aptitude for studies in financial analysis.
ELIGIBILITY:
A bachelor degree at the initial level is an essential requirement, preferably in the field of finance,
business administration, accounting, statistics or economics. A course in Bachelor of Financial and
Investment Analysis is offered by Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies in New Delhi while
courses in other related subjects are offered in many Indian universities.
For Post Graduate Course (Masters in financial management), a graduate degree in any discipline is the
minimum requirement. Most of the top universities need a minimum of 50% in graduation. Most of the
universities also conduct an entrance exam for getting entry to the course.
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You need to be a graduate or have 4 years of relevant professional experience to enrol for US Based CFA
Institute Exam. You have to qualify all the three levels to become a CFA Charter Holder member.
The curriculum comprises of three levels of study in the CFA program.
The Level I study program emphasizes on tools and inputs, and includes an introduction to asset
valuation, financial reporting and analysis, and portfolio management techniques. The Level II study
program emphasizes asset valuation, and includes applications of the tools and inputs (including
economics, financial reporting and analysis, and quantitative methods) in asset valuation.
The Level III study program emphasizes portfolio management, and includes strategies for applying the
tools, inputs, and asset valuation models in managing equity, fixed income, and derivative investments
for individuals and institutions.
The CFA programme by the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India is also a sought after course
for becoming a financial analyst. The examinations are held four times a year. There are six groups of
exams that one needs to clear to get the certificate of Masters of Financial Analysis. Additional financial
analyst courses pursued by the candidate are also accepted in the industry.
The candidates aspiring to become financial analysts must have a strong hold in statistics, business,
economics, administration and accounting as this enhances the growth potential within an organisation.

Graduation is the minimum qualification. Students in the final year of graduation can also take
the admission test. Their enrolment would be confirmed only when their degrees are
completed.
Direct enrolment to the CFA programme, that is, exemption from the admission test is available to
professional such as MBAs, CAs, Cost Accountants and officers in Banks, Insurance companies, Class-I All
India Services etc.
The CFA admission tests are held in the months of January, April, July and October at more than 20
centres all over the country.
DURATION OF THE COURSE:
The students enrolled in the programme are allowed a maximum period of three years to complete the
preliminary level of the programme and a maximum period of seven years for the entire programmes.
Three months after enrolment in the programme, one can take the examination in the foundation
module. Students can proceed with the next stage of the programme only after successful completion of
the foundation module.
STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAMME:
It is divided into three levels Preliminary, Inter and Final with two groups of papers at each level.
Basically, the course is administered at a distance learning/home study programme by the ICFAI.
Therefore, all the study material, necessary in the form of text books, manuals of sample solutions,
assignments, model questions as well as select readings are provided by the Institute to the students so
that they can study at home. To facilitate self study a plan of study is also given so that the learning can
take place in a structured manner.
To clarify concepts and supplements of the self-study programme, ICFAI also holds weekend workshops
in cities like Bombay, Bangalore, Calcutta, Delhi, Hyderabad and Madras. Where sufficient students in
other centres are interested the institute can also extend this facility to those centres too on request.
Students can appear for the examination at each level after passing the previous level. An average of
55% for the two papers in each group is essential for passing with a minimum of 45% in each paper.
FULL TIME CFA PROGRAMME:
Campus CFA programme of two year full time duration or three year part time can be done at various
business schools in the country.
1. Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar.
2. Narsee Morjee Institute of Management Studies, Bombay.
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3. S.P. Jain Institute of Management of Research, Bombay.
4. K.J. Somaiya Institute of management Studies and Research, Bombay.
5. Institute for Financial management and Research, Madras.
6. Institute for Technology and Management, Bombay.
7. Goa Institute of Management, Panaji, Goa.
8. Birla Institute of Science and Technology, Pilani.
While there are colleges that offer the B.F.A and M.F.A. courses, as far as CFA exam is concerned,
one has to do self study to clear those exams. Here's a list of places from where one can pursue
courses in being Financial Analyst.
1. H.R college of commerce & economics, Mumbai
2. Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar
3. The ICFAI University, Tripura
4. School of commerce, Gujarat university, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
5. IBS Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
6. SK Somaiya college of arts, science and commerce
7. Nagindas khandwala college of commerce, arts and management studies, Mumbai
8. SP Jain institute of management and research, Mumbai
9. Birla institute of technology and science, Pilani
10. Narsee Monjee Institute of Management, Mumbai
11. ICFAI business school, Chennai
12. ICFAI business school, Pune.
13. ICFAI business school, Bangalore
14. ICFAI business school, Mumbai
15. International Management institute, New Delhi
JOB OPPORTUNITIES:
The ICFAI also provides placement to its qualified CFAs in areas of Corporate Finance, the Investment
Management Sector (Portfolio Management) or in the Financial Services such as leasing, merchant,
banking, hire purchase or in developmental Financial institutions. Representatives of companies like
TELCO, INDAL, Zurac Agro Chemicals and Finance and leading companies regularly attend ICFAI
placement meets. Apex financial institutions such as RBI, ICICI, IDBI and EXIM Bank absorb CFAs in their
specialized departments. The scope for employment of CFAs is indeed phenomenal.
Pay and Remuneration
The average salary for a financial analyst is INR 3.5 lakhs per year which may go up to INR 6 lakhs a year
or more depending upon the qualifications of the candidate. This is a job where the employees also get
bonus which adds a lot to their basic earnings. Besides the handsome salary package, financial analysts
are respected a lot in the industry. Attractive growth opportunities for extraordinary talented finance
professionals are also available in the industry.
Famous Personalities
Immense knowledge and experience is needed to be a successful financial analyst as this can completely
change the future of an individual or a company.
Peter Lynch is one of the very famous financial analysts. From 1977 to 1990 he successfully ran Magellan
Fund. The fund grew around 28 times which is very commendable for those times.
Peter Schiff is also another very financial analyst as he was the one who predicted the collapse of 2008.
There are many other financial analysts who have excelled in their field. Abby Joseph Cohen, Duncan
Harvey, Grant Mitchell, Harry Browne and Irving Kahn are only few of them.
..........................

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Career in Insurance
Introduction
In India, the concept of insurance was never a given a serious thought, as compared to other countries.
People still are under insured, life insurance premia to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio is a mere
1.4% as compared to a healthier rate of 8% amongst other developing countries. The reason being lack
of awareness and opportunities combined with poor state of services provided.
Presently in India, the insurance sector is nationalised, services are rendered by Life Insurance
Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurance Company (GIC) alongwith its 4 subsidiaries. While LIC
provides life insurance, GIC is concerned with non life insurance like - motor, marine, fire, health and
personal accident insurance. LIC employs people in various departments - publicity and public relation
department, development department, personnel department, accounts department, actuarial
department, secretrarial department, legal department, investment department, inspection
department, mortagages department, vigilance department, foreign department, corporate planning
department, building department etc.
Of late, parliament's nod for the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) bill has
changed the whole scenario. With the passage of the bill, entry of private indian as well as foreign
companies, alongwith existing players, in the insurance sector will add variety and quality to the present
insurance services. The other positive impact would be on creation of new employment opportunities.
Till now employment in the insurance sector was considered akin to any government job, but now with
private participation, it will assume significant importance and probably become an exciting career
option.
Nature of Work
The insurance corporation performs various tasks with each department having its own set of
responsibilities. The various posts and their specific jobs are mentioned hereupon.
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER AND ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER: Administrative Officer (AO) and
Assistant Administrative Officer (AAO) belong to the class I officer group. The job begins with the
candidates joining LIC and GIC on a probation-cum-training period of 6 months. This is to provide
exposure about the working of insurance sector. AAOs can choose any of the areas from Administration,
Develpoment and Accounts. In Administration AAOs handle policy making, policy claims upto cetain
limit, checking clauses and details, filing official returns and statements to higher regional offices etc.
The Development AAOs deal with marketing and procurement of business, promoting policies, getting
contracts etc. The Accounts AAOs manage the funds including incomes and expenses of the corporation.
After 3 years of working as AAOs they can be promoted to AOs. This adds on more powers and authority
and they can be posted anywhere in India. Candidates applying for the post of AAOs should be between
21 and 28 years of age. They should hold a graduate/postgraduate degree in any subject with minimum
of 50% marks. Recruitment is done by LIC Central Office at Mumbai. The entrance examination has two
papers, one is of objective type and the other is of essay type - test of English.
The objective type paper, tests intelligence and quickness of response. For the quantitative aptitude test
good mathematical knowledge is essential. Logical reasoning, general knowledge, awareness of political,
cultural events and happening are also tested. After the written test, selected candidates have to appear
for inteviews which are conducted by the Board and are held across the country.
DEVELOPMENT OFFICER: The Development Officer belongs to class II officer group. They are incharge of
their territory for the development of the insurance policies. They handle recruitment of agents, train
them for procurement of new business and servicing of the existing policies. Over a period of time
Agents recruited by the Development Officers can also rise to the position of the Development Officer.
Recruitment process of Development Officers is handled by the Divisional Office. Candidates applying
for the post of Development Officer have to be between 21 and 26 years of age and should be
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graduates. Eligible candidates are then put through written tests in English and mathematics. On
clearing the test, they qualify for the interview which is conducted by the Board. Later on selected
candidates have to serve as Apprentice for a period of one year. This is impotant to impart practical
training in various areas.
OTHER JOBS: Apart from the class I and II level, there are other posts such as Assistants, Typists,
Machine Operators, Stenographer, Telephone Operators, Clerks etc. This group comes in the class III
level category. They are recruited by the Divisional Office. The candidates applying for these posts have
to go through a written test and an interview. There are reservations in the jobs for Handicapped
persons, SC/ST, ex-servicemen. The age requirement for these posts is between 18 to 25 years.
Apart from people directly working in the insurance companies, there are other categories of people
related to the insurance sector. These include the following.
INSURANCE AGENTS: An insurance agent is a person who takes up agency from the insurance company
to sell their policy on a commission basis. He acts as an intermediary between the insurance company
and the policy holder. But before doing so, he has to undergo training and get a certificate of proficiency
from the insurance company.
Mostly insurance policies are bought through agents. Agents help individuals and companies in selecting
the right policy for their needs. They plan for the financial security of individuals, families and businesses
and advise them about insurance protection. They also help the policy holders at the time of settlement
of the claim. The job of agents is quite challenging as selling a product like insurance policy is not easy.
For being successful, agents should be outgoing and social. They should have a knack of convincing
people.
Recruitment of agents is done by the Corporation after a written test and an interview followed by a
training period of 3 years. Graduates in the age group of 21 to 35 years are preferred.
INSURANCE SURVEYORS: Insurance surveyors are qualified professionals deputed for the assessment of
losses, according to their qualification and experience. They play an important role as they serve a link
between the insurer and the insured. Their job is to assess the actual loss and avoid false claims filed by
the insured and on the other hand help the insured who has suffered a genuine loss by indemnification
of the loss. They act as investigators, assessers for determining the loss and liability to be reported to
the insurance company. The work is not always delighting as it often involves a lot of hardwork and
travelling at awkward times.
Surveyors are not employees of the insurance companies. They are independent professionals who are
hired by the insurance companies. To hold a license of a surveyor, one must possess any one of the
following qualifications.
Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Insurance Surveyors and Adjustors (IISA),
Mumbai.
A Degree or Diploma in Architecture of a Recognised University or Institute.
Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chartered accountants or Cost and Works
Accountants.
A Degree or Diploma of a Recognised Institute of Engineering.
A Degree or Diploma in Naval Architecture.
Career Prospects
Around 1 lakh people are believed to be working in LIC in various departments. Apart from career
opportunities available with LIC and GIC, employment avenues are also open in corporate sector, stock
broking firms, finance companies, shipping companies etc. Now it's just a matter of time before a
number and variety of other employment opportunities open up, with the insurance sector welcoming
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private participation. This will lead to competition and create a totally different work environment. The
various areas which are likely to absorb people include the following.
ACTUARIAL: An actuary holds one of the most important position in an insurance business. He is
involved in solving wide range of financial problems related with insurance investments, financial
planning and management. Graduates in maths or satistics are suited for this kind of a job because the
work is based on mathematical and statistical skills. In the coming times it will definitely make one of the
highly paid career option in the insurance sector. Entry level salary is expected to be somewhere around
Rs. 8 lakh p.a.
UNDERWRITING: The life and non-life insurance segments require professional underwriters.
Underwriters assess the risk in the business and takes care of risk management. Normally foreign
insurers prefer people with medical or life science background for this job and the same is likely to
happen here. Entry level salary can be expected to be around 6 lakh p.a.
MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION: Marketing insurance product is not easy at all. It is like marketing any
other financial product, which requires a push. Marketing therefore would require specialization.
Degree holders from reputed institutes and those with experience in marketing and finance fields can
anticipate bright opportunuties in the insurance sector. Even the role of agents will witness a radical
change, they will moreover serve as financial consultants, who will offer a complete range of insurance
solutions.
OPERATIONS: The insurance sector will be requiring Infotech professionals for elaborate databases,
network solutions and for in house packages etc. Like other sectors, demand for database and software
professionals is expected to grow in the insurance sector as well.
INVESTMENT: Like banks and mutual funds, investment professionals will be required in insurance
sector as well. Professionals with degree in finance from reputed institutes as well as experienced
professionals from banks and mutual funds will have promising career options to look forward to.
.

Career in Actuaries
There is a very famous joke about Actuaries - "Why don't Actuaries read novels?"
Answer: The only numbers in them are page numbers."
Who is an Actuary?
Actuaries are professionals who use their mathematics and statistics skills to understand, assess and
solve problems related to the financial impact of risk and uncertainty. They create mathematical models
of events and the world around us, thereby helping us take informed decisions which will lead to the
least probability of financial losses. In simple words - every business faces risk and uncertainty. Actuaries
help in understanding the uncertainty and in taking more informed decisions. They help assess the
financial impact of likely future events by analyzing the past and modeling the future, essentially in
financial terms. Thus they help in development of financial products and taking business decisions.
Actuaries make use of statistics and mathematics formulas to create models for solving business
problems. They are involved in pricing and management of investments and use their understanding of
insurance, pension and other liabilities to manage the assets. In the insurance sector, they create price
policies to ensure that insurers have the money to cover claims. They help in designing and advising on
pension plans also.
Actuary jobs can be found in insurance sector, financial services, banking and with financial funds.
Actuaries get employed by government and private companies also.
Eligibility
A number of universities are offering graduate and post graduate courses in actuarial sciences. Mere
completion of such courses does not make one eligible to practice as an actuary, but such courses give
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students better conceptual clarity and training by experts in a classroom environment which makes
them better equipped than if they directly write papers of ASI through self study. To qualify as an
Actuary, a candidate has to pass all examinations in the prescribed subjects conducted by the
professional examining body such as the Actuarial Society of India and the Institute of Actuaries, UK.
Any person with minimum 18 years of age and having a high degree of aptitude for mathematics and
statistics can take up the course and become an Actuary. Courses available include Post graduate
diploma in Actuarial Science, MSc. in Actuarial science etc.
A person is eligible to be considered for admission as a student member if he/she satisfies one of the
following criteria.
1. Should have passed 10+2(HSC) or equivalent with at least 85% in Mathematics/ Statistics
2. Graduates or Post Graduate with not less than 55% marks in Mathematical subjects (i.e
Mathematics or any of its branches; Statistics or any of its sub classifications such as
Mathematical Statistics and Applied Statistics; Econometrics; Computer Sciences; Any discipline
of Engineering; Subject in Science such as Physics or its branches).
3. Candidates with CA/ CS/ CWA/ MBA (Finance)/ PGDBA
4. Fully qualified members of professional bodies such as the Institute of Chartered Accountants of
India (ICAI), The institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India (ICWAI) and Certified institute
of Financial Analysts of India (IFAI) and Fellow of Insurance Institute of India (III)- passing with
the subjects Mathematical Basis of Insurance and Statistics
Courses Actuary is a fellow member of the Institute of Actuaries of India (IAI). One has to clear 15
subjects in the actuarial science exam conducted by IAI. There are three groups. The first group
comprises of the CT series; these involve development of theory of actuarial science and applications of
mathematics and statistics to the various actuarial applications such as life insurance, general insurance,
employee benefits, investment and other areas. An introduction to economics, financial economics and
financial reporting is also included at this stage. Although most part of the course is somewhat
theoretical, the exercises and the questions in the examination are practical in nature as they reflect real
life situations of the area of work to which the subject is applicable.
Group 1 Subject:
CT1 - Financial Mathematics
CT2 - Finance and Financial Reporting
CT3 - Probability and Mathematical Statistics
CT4 - Models
CT5 - General Insurance, Life and Health Contingencies
CT6 - Statistical Methods
CT7 - Business Economics
CT8 - Financial Economics
The second group comprises of CA and ST series subjects. CA3 subject is meant to develop skills of
communication for technical aspect of the CT series subjects in simple language in order for it to be
easily explained to non-technical persons. Here again the stress in examination questions is on
demonstration of the communication skills in real life environment. The ST series subjects are in line
with the development of practices and related principles in each area of work. While the option of
distance education can be explored for learning some portion of the CT series (the traditional classroom
approach option is also available for the same), however, the ST series subjects can be fully understood
only in a practical work environment.
Group 2 Subjects:
CA1 - Actuarial Risk Management
Specialist Technical Stage (ST)
ST1 - Health and Care
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ST2 - Life Insurance
ST4 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits
ST5 - Finance and Investment A
ST6 - Finance and Investment B
ST7 - General Insurance - Reserving and Capital Modeling Specialist Technical
ST8 - General Insurance - Pricing Specialist Technical
ST9 - Enterprise Risk Management
The third group of SA series subjects comprises of a thorough understanding of principles and
application of the knowledge thus gained. It also includes demonstration of skills, professionalism and
judgment in an essentially practical situation.
Group 3 Subjects:
Specialist Application Stage (SA)
SA1 - Health and Care
SA2 - Life Insurance
SA3 - General Insurance
SA4 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits
SA5 - Finance
SA6 - Investment
The actuarial education model, therefore, is based on a combination of work with its application. As
such, substantially, all these educations beyond CT series subjects take place in the work environment
itself. The success in examinations is based on and associated with the corresponding work experience
and insight, thus gained. That is to say, examinations for CT series level takes place, for most of the
students, in the work environment.
The career progress of an actuary is directly linked to his / her progress and performance in the
examination and as a result, there is a very high likelihood that by the time a student finishes the ST
series, he/she would be placed with management level of responsibilities.
Actuarial employers recruit graduates and postgraduates who are eligible to take up actuarial
examinations at the level of an actuarial trainee.
The actuarial education model can be likened to that of the medical doctors education model, where
the emphasis is on imparting education through the actual hospital work environment.
Certificates in Actuarial Techniques
A student member becomes eligible to get the Certificate in Actuarial Techniques (CAT) on passing all
the CT Series subjects.
Associate ship - A student on passing all the subjects up to and including ST Series becomes eligible to
be admitted as an Associate Member of the society and can use AASI against his/her name as a
registered actuary.
Fellowship - A student on passing all the subjects up to and including SA Series and upon satisfying the
other criteria specified for the purpose becomes eligible to be admitted as fellow member of the Society
and can use FASI against his/her name as a recognized fellow.
Examination Centres
The examinations are held every year in the month of May/June and October/November at the
following centres.
India: Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Chennai, Bhopal, Bangalore, Lucknow, Coimbatore
and Cuttack.
Examination is held at centers outside India if there are candidates desiring to appear at such centers.
Below mentioned centers are those where examinations have been conducted in recent past but they
are not permanent centers. Candidates who wish to appear from Overseas centers should make a
formal request to IAI.
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Duration
There is no fixed duration to complete the course. The aspirant has to clear the Entrance Examination
and the 15 subjects prescribed. A student can attempt any number of subjects at a time and in any
order. However, it is a better option to take the subjects in the numerical sequence in which these are
numbered and not more than two or three at a time.
Course Fees
The registration fee for the entrance exam is Rs.3, 000. This covers the cost of the study material, the
online exam and the online tutorial. In CT series the exam fee per paper is Rs.2000; for CA it is Rs.6000
and for ST series it is Rs.5500 per paper and for SA series it is Rs.4000.
Where to Study: Colleges for Actuarial Science
Institute of Actuaries of India, 302, Indian Globe Chambers, 142, Fort Street, Off D N Road, Mumbai.
Amity School of Insurance and Actuarial Science, NOIDA
Course offered - MSc (Actuarial Science and Applications)
Eligibility: Graduation in Maths/ Stats/ Econometrics/ Computer Sc./ Engineering/ Physics (Min. 55% in
Mathematical Subject)
Duration: 2 years
SVKM's NMIMS University, Mumbai
Course: MBA (Actuarial Science)
Eligibility: Graduates/ Post Graduates in Statistics/ Mathematics/ Engineering/ Economics with minimum
50% marks in aggregate at degree level. Graduates/ Post Graduates from other disciplines will be eligible
provided they have obtained minimum 80% marks in Mathematics in 12th Standard. Work Experience:
Work Experience in Actuarial Department of Insurance/ Finance/ consulting firms will be preferred.
To become an actuary one must be a Fellow of a recognised professional examining body like the
Actuarial Society of India (ASI), Mumbai or the Institute of Actuaries, London www.actuaries.org.uk
Criteria for becoming student member: A person is eligible if he/she has completed 18 years of age;
Passed 10+2 (H.S.C.) with at least 85% in Mathematics/ Statistics; Graduate or Post Graduate in
Maths/Stats/Econometrics; Engineer/CA/CS/MBA (Finance))/ MCA; member of ICAI/ICWAI/IFAI/ etc.
and application should be recommended by a member of professional body like such as ICAI , ICWI.
For further details www.actuariesindia.org
Employabilty Skills
A strong background in mathematics and statistics.
Analytical skill.
Practical business sense.
Creativity to come up with innovative solutions to the problems.
Effective communication skill.
Good knowledge of computers, economics, investments, marketing and general management.
Ability to work with variety of people.
Better computer skills.
Good decision making power.
Job options
Health and welfare consulting actuary.
Actuarial analyst
Actuarial Assistant
Actuarial Technician
Tax CMP Actuary Consultant
Actuary-life Insurance
Actuary - Audit & CMS Guidance
Actuary - Audit & CMS Guidance
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Actuary- Medicare Drug Pricing
Valuation actuary
Job description: Actuaries determine future risk, make price decisions, and formulate investment
strategies. Some actuaries design insurance, financial and pension plans and ensure that these plans are
maintained on a sound financial basis. Most actuaries specialize in life and health or property and
casualty insurance. Some use a broad knowledge of business and mathematics in investment, risk
classification or pension planning. Regardless of specialty, actuaries analyse data to estimate
probabilities of an event taking place, such as death, sickness, injury, disability, property loss, etc. They
also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to
produce a certain retirement income level or how accompany should invest resources to maximize
return on investment in light of potential risk. Working conditions: Actuaries have desk jobs, and their
offices usually are comfortable and pleasant. They often work at least 40 hours a week. Some actuaries,
particularly consulting actuaries, may travel to meet with clients. Consulting actuaries also may
experience more erratic employment and be expected to work more than 40 hours per week.
Employers
The actuaries and actuarial trainees are employed by the following national and international
organization:
Insurance companies (private or public- life or general)
Firm of Consulting Actuaries.
Authorities like IRDA, PFRDA & TAC.
Asset liability Management Companies.
Big banks and Investment firms like World Bank, ADB, etc
Pension Banks and Employee Benefit Companies.
Large Capital & Turnkey Project Handling Companies
Software Development Companies
Actuarial BPO Companies
Insurance Intermediates
Pension Providers other than insurance companies.
Education Institution (Providing Courses on Finance and Actuarial Science)
Courses
B.Sc Actuarial Science Centre: Institute of Actuaries of India Mumbai www.actuariesindia.org
M.Sc (Actuarial Science) Amity School of Insurance and Actuarial Science (ASIAS), Noida.
www.amity.edu/asias
Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappallli (Tamil Nadu) www.bhc.ac.in
D.S. Actuarial Education Services Mumbai (Maharashtra). www.dsacted.com
Post Graduate Diploma in Actuarial Science (P.G.D.A.S)
D.S. Actuarial Education Services Mumbai (Maharashtra) www.dsacted.com
Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappallli (Tamil Nadu). www.bhc.edu.in
International School of Actuarial Science (ISAS) Hyderabad www.iirmworld.org.in
List of actuarial sciences colleges in India
1. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh www.amu.ac.in
2. University of Mumbai, Mumbai www.mu.ac.in
3. AMITY School of Insurance and Actuarial Science, Noida(ASIAS) www.amity.edu/asias
4. University of Madras, Chennai www.unom.ac.in
5. Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu annamalaiuniversity.ac.in
6. University of Kalyani, West Bengal www.klyuniv.ac.in
7. Andhra University, Visakhapatnam www.andhrauniversity.info
8. University of Delhi, Delhi www.du.ac.in
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9. Birla Institute of Management Technology, New Delhi bimtech.ac.in
10. Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai www.nmims.edu
11. Manipur University ,Canchipur, Imphal manipuruniv.ac.in
12. CMD School of Insurance and Actuarial Sciences, Uttar Pradesh
dget.gov.in/cirtes/csc/courses/Actuary%20as%20a%20career.pd
13. Jaipuria Institute of Management, Lucknow www.jiml.ac.in
14. Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, U.P. www.rmlau.ac.in
15. Institute for Integrated Learning in Management (IILM), Noida www.iilmgsm.ac.in
16. Gurunanak Dev University, Amritsar www.gndu.ac.in
17. Goa University, Goa www.unigoa.ac.in http://entrance-exam.net/list-of-actuarial-sciences-
colleges-in-india
Distance courses:
MSc/PGDip Actuarial Science http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/mathematics/postgraduate-
study/msc/actuarial
Important Institutes
Institute of Actuaries, London - www.actuaries.org.uk
Institute of Actuaries, Australia - www.actuaries.asn.org
Society of Actuaries, USA - www.beanactuaries.org
Ball State University Muncie, cms.bsu.edu/Academics/.../GradSchool.aspx
Baruch College of the City University of New York www.baruch.cuny.edu/
Brigham Young University Provo www.byu.edu
Central Michigan University www.cmich.edu
Central Washington University Ellensburg www.cwu.edu
Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50211-4516 www.drake.edu
Examinations
The study course of ASI is divided into four stages.
Core Technical Stage: This consists of 8 subjects each with one paper of 100 marks [CT1 to CT8]
and all are compulsory.
Core Application Stage: This consists of 2 compulsory subjects [CA2 to CA3]. CA1 consists of two
papers [CA1 and CA2] whereas CA2 and CA3 shall have one paper each.
Specialist Technical Stage: This stage consists of 6 papers [ST1 to ST6]. The students would be
required choose any two.
Specialist Application Stage: This again consists of 6 papers [SA1 to SA6] and the student has to
clear anyone. For an aspiring student, a high level of mathematics is required for course. So a
student with mathematical talent is extremely good.
Pay and Remuneration
After becoming a fellow of IAI one can earn anything from Rs 20 lakh to Rs 30 lakh per annum. With
experience of more than 10 years, the actuaries salary can go up to a crore per annum.


Career as Stoke Brokers
When asked what the stock market will do, J.P Morgan (1837-1913) (banker, financier, and
businessman) replied: "It will fluctuate."
This is the reality in which the brokers and traders work. The experts found that no two days have ever
been same in the stock market. And since only the members of the stock exchange can conduct
transactions, individuals and organizations make their transactions in the stock market through stock
brokers.
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If you are interested in exploring the career option of a Stock Broker, or if you are looking for
information on who is a stock broker and what is the stock market and how to work in the stock market,
the, continue reading:
Stock markets in India are evolving and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the apex
authority to monitor the market and make rules and regulations. In recent times, many norms have
been made to make the operations and transactions more transparent.
Brokers and traders purchase and sell securities. Brokers are sales agents, either on their own behalf or
for a securities or brokerage firm. Traders, on the other hand, tend to work for a large investment
management firm and buy and sell - or trade - securities on behalf of the assets managed by that firm.
Brokers tend to have direct contact with clients, either individual or institutional, and buy and sell
securities based on those clients' wishes. A broker is also responsible for obtaining and maintaining a
client roster. Traders, on the other hand, tend to buy or sell securities based on the wishes of a
portfoliao manager (or managers) at an investment firm.
Courses & Eligibility
Graduates can become stock brokers with at least 2 years of experience with a stock broking firm.
However, a class 12 pass-out can become a sub broker. Students with economics, business, and
commerce and finance qualifications usually enter this profession.
Many institutes all over India provide courses related to stock trading and financial markets. Like
certificate course in trading, post graduate diploma in capital markets, Diploma in financial and
investment planning etc. MBA in Financial Markets is also available. Most of the big broking firms prefer
MBAs, with specialization in finance or Chartered Accountants (CAs) and Chartered Financial Analysts
(CFAs). This business also requires the services of specialists like economists, accountants, finance
managers, financial analysts, capital market specialists and investment and financial planners.
How to be a Stock Broker:
All the stockbrokers have to register themselves with the stock exchange(s) depending upon their
dealings in the securities listed at various stock exchanges.
To become a member, you need to clear a written entrance test and then undergo training, which
includes subjects like accountancy, capital markets, securities and portfolio analysis and so on.
On the application and consequent attainment of the membership, a certain amount has to be
deposited with the stock exchange as security. Membership is given after scrutiny to ensure that the
person concerned possesses the infrastructure (computer, internet connection, etc.) to be able to
operate as a broker.
One has to take NSEs certification in Financial Markets and BSE certification on derivatives
exchange.
Where to Study
Institute of Company Secretaries of India, New Delhi.
Post-graduate membership course in capital market and financial services.
NSE and National Institute of Financial Management jointly offer PG program in financial markets (1
year).
All India Center for Capital Market Studies, JDC Byte Institute of Management Studies and Research,
Nasik.
It offers a one-year post-graduate programme in capital market studies, in collaboration with the
Mumbai Stock Exchange Training Institute leading to a diploma from the University of Pune.
Mumbai Stock Exchange Training Institute, Stock Exchange Building, Fort, Mumbai.
Certificate courses are run periodically throughout the year.
BSE Institute Limited, New Delhi offers 2 year PG Program in Global Financial Markets.
Institute of Capital Market Development, Karol Bagh, New Delhi.
It offers a one-year post-graduate programme in fundamentals of capital market development.
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Institute of Financial and Investment Planning, B/303, Ventex Vikas, Andheri East, Mumbai.
It offers a one-year correspondence cum-lecture course leading to a diploma in financial and
investment planning.
Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India, Road 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad.
It offers courses on Chartered Financial Analyst Equity Research. The institute is also planning a
number of other related programmes.
Institute of Financial and Investment Planning, Mumbai: One year financial and investment planning
course is offered by this institute.
National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Maharshi Dayanand University MDU), Rohtak offers two-year
MBA in financial markets. Along with the MBA one also undertakes and qualifies for the 15 modules
of NSEs NCFM. The marks in the NCFM modules are factored in the final grade. The course can be
pursued in Distance learning mode or as weekend classes.
NSE-MDU also offers a BBA in financial markets.
Crisil Certified Analyst Programme (2-year ). The selection is through CRISIL aptitude test, eligibility
is any graduation. The program is entry level programme for crafting world class finance
professionals; there's no course fee and after passing one gets employed with CRISIL and is paid Rs
1.25 lakh pa salary in the first year and Rs 2.25 lakh in the second year.
The UTI Institute of Capital Market, Plot 82, Sector - 17, Vashi, Navi Mumbai.
Pay and Remuneration
A Broker/ Trader usually gets around Rs. 3 lakhs to 4.5 lakhs per year in the beginning.
Career Prospects
There are many stock exchanges in India with more than 7000 listed companies. This offers a huge
potential and room for many qualified people to take broking as a career.
Famous Personalities
Warren Buffett: Probably the best known investor and worlds wealthiest man. Started selling securities
for Buffet-Falk and company and then worked as analyst with Graham Newman Corp. Then he ventured
into family investment partnerships and later invested in businesses.
..

Career in BPO/KPO
BPO Business Process Outsourcing
Introduction
The present day India now has a brighter face in the world's economic map. It is no longer known as a
passive and a redundant economy. We are opening ourselves to the world with the introduction of
policy measures like liberalization; globalization and increasing foreign direct investment. We are
witnessing phenomenal changes in the development process our economy, with the strengthening of
social and economic infrastructure, accelerated further by the growth of Information and Technology.
For the world we are now a resurgent and a progressive economy. The present day scenario has a
completely different face, with the Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) and Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) emerging as the core sector areas and driving our country to the epicenter of such a
massive change.
India has grabbed a sizable chunk of BPO business from countries like U.S and U.K. There has been an
exponential growth in the BPO sector as India is regarded as a good quality and low cost offshore
location for the foreign companies as it would be expensive and cumbersome for such companies to
handle their non-core business activities at their home country. Moreover we have a time zone
advantage due to our unique geographical location and a large bulk of skilled, talented, efficient English-
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speaking work force who can meet the expectations of these companies and these companies are able
to earn huge amount of profits by delegating their non-core as well as some core businesses to us.
Nature of Work
BPO sector is now regarded as a major employment-generating sector. According to a survey, this sector
is expected to provide employment to around 1.1 million Indians by the year 2008.
A BPO works through its various Call Centers that may be inbound as well as outbound, which further
are dependent on the Information Technology Enabled Services. The work here includes
Voice and non-voice based interactions with the clients, handling customer support, technical
support and transaction processing, telemarketing, multilingual support, human resource
management.
High-end jobs of engineering designs and research outsourcing.
Back end jobs in the field of processing of finance and accounting transactions, payroll
processing and insurance claims, recovery of debts and approval of loans etc.
Here the working environment is quite congenial and target oriented but one has to work in shifts. The
whole atmosphere being very friendly and comfortable makes it easier for the workers to work with
their utmost efficiency and makes them better professionals. So this sector has a 'fun with work' image
and has attracted the young generation who may begin here as Call Agents or Customer Care Executives
who may need to attend both the inbound and outbound calls, which may be technical or non-technical
in nature depending upon the expertise of the candidate. The call agents are given their own
workstation, a computer and a telephone as their equipment to get their jobs done.
Qualification, Eligibility and Personality
Fresh graduates in any discipline can join a BPO, as they do not require very high qualifications. Even the
under-graduates sometimes get a job here. Recruitment here is mostly done on the basis of ones
competency. To work in a BPO you need to be
Proficient in good grammatical English or some other foreign languages
Should have better communicative skills
Good voice quality
Managerial and Operational skills with leadership qualities.
A proper discipline to regulate ones internal bio-clock, as one would have to work in shifts.
Jobs, which need require, value added functions catering to technical and professional area
would demand an M.B.A, an M.C.A, a C.A or C.F.A, lawyers, researchers etc.
Knowledge of computers.
Ability to convince people over the phone without getting irritated in difficult and tricky
situations with a positive attitude.
Cool temperament and pleasing personality Good communication skills, Positive attitude Organizational
skills Leadership qualities Dynamism and stamina to work for long hours Ability to take judgments
Analytical and a calculative mind Ability to handle critical situation without getting panicky Tactful and
diplomatic attitude.
Professional Training
Call centers, themselves, many times, provide training to their newly recruited staff to hone their soft
skills and provide them with better adaptability to the computers. Apart from this there are many
reputed institutes, which provide training to enter a BPO.
These are:
American Express Global Service Center, Mathura Road, New Delhi (www.americaexpress.com)
Convergys, DLF Atria, DLF City, Gurgaon, Haryana (www.convergys.com)
Daksh e-Services, DBS Business Centre, World Trade Tower, Barakhamba Lane, New Delhi.
(www.daksh.com)
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GE Capital India, DLF Corporate Park, DLF Qutub Enclave, Gurgaon (www.gecapitalindia.com)
HERO Mindmine (www.heromindmine.com)
Hughes Software Systems (www.hss.hns.com)
Mahindra BT (www.mahindrabt.com)
Quadrangle, Sector-5, Noida (www.quadranglesearch.com)
Reliance Infotech www.reliance.net.au
Spectramind, Okhla Industrial Estate, New Delhi (www.spectramind.com)
Career Prospects
One can pick up the call center according to the work environment which one likes and which suits ones
qualification. The BPO industry is at its boom at present. Along with the opening of new call centers, the
existing ones are spreading their branches across the country especially in the major cities like Delhi,
Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai. The job opportunities in this sector are burgeoning as this
sector is increasingly providing more and more value added services like data analytics, legal process
outsourcing, hi-tech manufacturing, healthcare, retail, energy, utilities and resource planning for global
corporations. One would be able to see a newer kind of service know as Knowledge Process Outsourcing
or KPO in coming times, which would generate all the more employment opportunities in the sector.
From a call agent or a customer care executive, one can move on to the ladder as ones experience and
performance improves. One can be a team leader, project leader, project leader, project manager,
trainer, training manager and so on.
Remunerations
One can start with a minimum salary, which ranges between Rs8000 to Rs15000 at entry level. A team
leader can earn up to Rs26000 a month. Managers and Heads can get a pay package from Rs.5 lakh to
Rs.8 lakh per annum. Other incentives besides the salary are:
Performance based bonuses
Pick and drop facility
Shopping discounts
Welfare facilities like gyms, health centers, subsidized loan schemes
Health support and insurance covers covering parents and spouse and children.

Career in KPO Knowledge Processing Outsourcing
Introduction
KPO, Knowledge Process Outsourcing, is a new wave in global outsourcing, which has evolved as an
intellectual cousin of BPO, or Business Process Outsourcing in India. KPO deals with off shoring of high-
end jobs in order to save costs and increase operational efficiencies. India has a huge amount of
intellectual resources and specialized expertise, which makes it a one of the most favorite destinations.
According to a report by GlobalSourcingNow, the Global Process Outsourcing industry is expected to
employ more than 250,000 people by 2010 and India it is expected that a business of around $12 billion
would be outsourced to India till 2010.
Area of Work
KPO helps in transfer of domain specific expertise of higher level rather than process expertise. The
high-end services, which Indian KPO sector can provide, are:
Research and Development
Business and Technical analysis
Training and Consultancy
Data Analytics
Legal Services
Intellectual Property and Research
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Medical Facilities
Writing and Content Development
Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology
Business and Market Research
Advanced Web Applications
Skills
One should have the following skills if one wants to work in a KPO
Good communication ability
Strong command over English language
Enunciation ability
Interpersonal skill like listening, questioning and intonating
Knowledge of computers and online research skills
Some job specific skill like writing ability, analyzing raw data, report creation etc
In-depth domain expertise
Apart from this one should have a positive attitude and a basic interest in the work along with high level
of commitment and so one can grow well along with the growing KPO sector.
Qualifications
People with science background are preferred more as they have an aptitude for mathematics and
natural flair for science and research. But there are no specific qualifications required in a KPO. Some
preferred professional categories and qualifications are:
MBA's (HR, IT, Finance, Marketing, IB
etc)
Doctors
Engineers (B.E, B.Tech, M Tech)
Lawyers
Teachers
Chartered accountants
Economists
Architects
Journalists
PHD's
Career Prospects
According to a report published by NASSCOM India will bag 70% of the 3-lakh jobs to be created in
recent years. One can choose a job from a veritable menu of KPO services. The KPO sector can be
divided into 8 segments and there are huge of amount of career opportunities in each one of them.
Legal services: These services cater to the drafting of contracts, preparation and review of
litigation and transactional documents, persecution of patents, global filing, legal advice on
infringement etc.
Financial services: These include fund management, underwriting, assessment of risk, insurance
services, market research, debt recovery etc
Writing and content development: These services help in proofreading, template designing,
text composition, press-work etc
Market research and Analytics: Such services help in writing and editing secondary and primary
research work, formatting of client report etc
Pharmaceutical and biotech R&D: Such services include clinical research, drug discovery and
development etc
Education and training: Such services include content development, teaching preparing
curriculum, private tutorials etc
Health services: These include HIV and allergy testing, oncology tests, diagnostic centers etc .
So we can see that jobs in KPO sector are growing more than proportionally to the growth of the sector
itself. This sector promises to provide opportunities of long-term jobs for intellectual and highly skilled
workforce. The secret behind the tremendous amount of job opportunity in this sector is that KPO's
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prefer people from diverse academic backgrounds, as they are known for providing quality work to their
clients. So the growing 'Indian Diaspora' full of great intellectuals, can look forward for better job
opportunities in this sector.
Remunerations
The pay package depends much on performance shown by the highly qualified individuals.
The beginners may earn between Rs.7000 to Rs.9000 in a month. An experience of 4 to 5 years can get a
salary between Rs.4 lakh (400,000) to Rs.6lakh (600,000) per annum which can jump on to as high as
Rs.15 lakh(1.5 million) to Rs.20 lakh(2 million) in few years time. Apart from the lucrative pay packages
the work environment present in these companies is beyond comparison.
Recruitment Procedure
Depending on the kind of domain knowledge the companies give cut-off for marks or grades for specific
projects. After the recruitment is done the companies themselves train the candidates in myriad kind of
skills required by them. They are trained to work in teams, under pressure and in different shift timings.
..

Career in Direct Sales / Life Insurance
Introduction
"It is not your customer's job to remember you. It is your obligation and responsibility to make sure they
don't have the chance to forget you." Patricia Fripp
What do Direct Sales / Life Insurance Executives do?
They represent a business, visit new and existing customers by informing them about the product or
service they are selling, and make sales. A Sales executive is usually the face of a company. A Sales
Executives role is to make sure that all their customers have a very good understanding of their product
or service - to keep their product top of mind- thus increasing sales. Typically, a Sales Executive will have
a balance of gaining new business, plus focusing on maintaining existing relationships with customers.
They will escort customers on product tours to ensure they are familiar with the product and promote at
industry trade shows. They will hold smaller product training sessions on the customers premises. A
Sales Executive will have sales targets that they need to achieve to assist their company to grow its
business.
Life Insurance executives are basically sales executives working in the Insurance sector and are involved
in selling insurance policies to various customers.
Courses & Eligibility
To be an Insurance executive minimum qualification needed is graduation. Many organisations take BBA
/ BBM / BBS qualified people as executives some may not have these criteria. Many companies take
10+2 students in direct sales and train them as per the needs of the company. LIC of India takes
graduates for the post of Direct Sales Executives which are advertised from time to time and preference
is given to Bachelor/ Diploma in Marketing/ Management. Selections are made on the basis of a written
test, followed by an Interview of candidates who qualify in the written test. The written test is an
objective Sales Aptitude Test. There are some short term courses in sales available with institutes in
India.
Where to Study
National Institutes of Sales (NIS) offers Diploma in Sales and Marketing, BBA Applied Management.
University of Delhi (DU), Centre for Professional and Technical Training and the Hero Mindmine
Institute Ltd (HMIL) offer Certificate Course in Sales and Relationship Management, assuring jobs for
the DU students in the Banking, Financial Services & Insurance sector (BFSI).
IndiaCan offers short term certificate course in sales.

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Pay and Remuneration
In Insurance sector or otherwise the Direct Sales Executives are paid monthly remuneration, which are
entirely performance based. The quantum is dependent on DSEs achievement of specific business
benchmarks and performance of assigned tasks to the satisfaction of company.
..

Career in Sales and Marketing
Sales & Marketing involves identifying demand of products and services, understanding consumers and
market, making and fulfilling those demands while providing customer satisfaction. It includes large
number of activities like:
- Market Research
- Pricing
- Product Development
- Advertisement and Promotional Activities
- Sales & Distribution
Marketing is concerned with finding business possibilities and converting them into real business. It
involves interaction with customers, distributors, retailers, government, media etc. Almost all
businesses have marketing division whether they are providing products or services.
Marketing job is of very dynamic nature and one has to deal with tough
competition to exist. However, if you are really good you will be highly award with perks and prizes.
Marketing Executives normally get commissions besides regular salary and follow some target systems.
Sales and Marketing Courses:
B.A. (Marketing Management & Retail Business)
Diploma Programme (Marketing Management)(D.M.M.)
M.B.A. (Marketing Management)
M.B.A. Hons. (Marketing & Retail Management)
Master in Marketing Management (M.M.M.)
Post Graduate Diploma (International Marketing)
Post Graduate Diploma (Marketing Management)
B.A. (Marketing Management & Retail Business)
Degree Course
Duration: 3 years
Eligibility: 10+2
Universities:
University of Delhi, Delhi
M.B.A. (Marketing Management) :Duration: 2 Years
Eligibility: Graduate Degree
Institutes/Colleges/Universities:
Shridhar University, Rajasthan
Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore (Director of Distance Education)
Sardar Patel University, Gujarat
Barkatullah University, Madhya Pradesh
Post Graduate Diploma (International Marketing)
Duration:
Eligibility:
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Institutes/ Universities: University of Delhi, Delhi
Master in Marketing Management (M.M.M.)
Post Graduate Degree
Duration: 2 Years
Eligibility: Graduation
Institutes, Colleges, Universities offering Master in Marketing Management (M.M.M.):
Master in Marketing Management (M.M.M.) colleges:
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute Of Management Studies - Maharashtra
Shikshan Prasarak Mandalis Prin.L.N.Welingkar Institute Of Management Development & Research -
Maharashtra
..

Career as an Economist
Introduction
"Geography has made us neighbors. History has made us friends. Economics has made us partners, and
necessity has made us allies. " John F. Kennedy
Economics is one of the social sciences that is the study of scare resources and how they are used to
meet the demands. If GDP, trade, welfare, financial planning, budgeting, economic policy, etc sound
interesting to you, ECONOMICS is the field to be in.
Economists study and do research of production processes, distribution processes, consumption
patterns with the objective of optimum utilization of resources.
Different economic systems prevail in countries so they work in a variety of settings. They may work at
macro level or micro level. They may work as market researchers or do demographic studies for policy
formulations. They may study trends in equities for a bank or may study overall financial sector to advise
the government in policy matters. More than half of the economists get employed in the government
and the banking sector and many join academics. Many may work in financial sector after relevant
additional qualifications.
In the field of economics, one can either go in academics or join industry, both have very good earning
potential.
Courses and Eligibility
Bachelor in economics: 10+2 from any stream, for some universities mathematics is compulsory at
10+2 to go for honors in economics. A mathematics and statistics background is generally helpful in
economics.
Masters degree in economics
MPhil and a PhD degree are recommended.
Where to Study
Graduate Degree courses in Economics are offered by almost all the Central, State and Private
Universities in India. Post Graduate courses are also offered by many of these universities. Listed below
are some of the good institutions from where one can get trained as Economists.
Delhi School of Economics
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Offers MA in Economics with specialisation in World
Economy).
Sarla Anil Modi school of economics (Narsee Monjee Instiute of Management Studies), B Sc
Economics with electives in economics, finance and business management.
Lady Shri Ram College for women, Delhi University, BA Economics.
Ramjas College, Delhi University, BA (Hons) Economics.
IIT Kharagpur, Integrated MSc in economics.
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Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Kolkata and Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Pay and Remuneration
In institutions of higher studies, Assistant Professor earns Rs 4 lakh to Rs 6 lakh pa. In industry the entry
level salary is around Rs 7 lakh pa and for higher levels the salaries are very high.
Famous Personalities
Dr Manmohan Singh: Our current prime mister is an economist and in the past has held posts of chief
economic adviser to Government of India, RBI governor and Planning Commission head.
Nobel laureate Amartya Sen is an economist famous for contributions to welfare economics.


Career as an Entrepreneur

"Entrepreneurship is living a few years of your life like most people wont, so you can spend the rest of
your life like most people cant." Anonymous
If Power, Fame and Money are your primary goals in life, being an entrepreneur is one of the best ways
to achieve your goals. This said, becoming a business person is no cakewalk. There are obstacles to be
crossed, days, months and years of patiently waiting to be done. But as the famous saying goes Good
things come to those who wait, your hard work will have sweet benefits.
This is greatest irony of the situation is that being an Entreprenuer cannot be considered a job. Infact,
this is the precise reason why people choose to be entrepreneurs because they do not have to work
under anyone or work for anyone. If you have a dream of your own, a product to sell or just an idea to
sell from which people could benefit immensely, being a business person could lead you into the path of
success. The best thing about being an entrepreneur is that the options are unlimited. You could engage
in a small business that serves a closely knit community or engage in a business that has the potential to
target consumers at a global level.
Entrepreneurship involves being a leader and manager at the same time. Sometimes, it might also be
necessary to take up the tasks performed by the employees in the lowest level of the hierarchy to
succeed in business. An entrepreneur comes up with business plans, arranges for finances, and
convinces lenders, consumers and fellow businessmen that he/she is credible for doing business with. A
business person needs to make sure that the marketing for his business is done in a manner that it
reaches his targeted customers and contributes effectively in increasing his sales. Apart from making
sure that the business is running successfully and there is considerable profit and growth, an
entrepreneur also needs to make sure that the employees are managed well in terms of monetary
compensation and work satisfaction.
An entrepreneur needs to constantly come up with schemes to enhance and improve the business.
He/she needs to be ready to handle losses and recuperate so that the business doesnt shut down. In
short, to be an entrepreneur a person needs to know how to manage crisis, needs to be a strategist, a
team player and a boss, all at the same time.
Courses and Eligibility
Although there are several businessmen who have succeeded in business without any formal education,
the competition in the field now demands prospective entrepreneurs to be as competitive as possible.
Many entrepreneurs of today have left their cushy jobs and started on their own ventures. Here are
some courses that might prepare you to face the corporate world fully equipped:
PG Diploma in Management- Business Enterpreneurship
Advanced Diploma in Enterprise Management, Duration: 6 months, Eligibility: Graduation,
preferably with work experience of 5 - 10 years.
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Certificate Course in Export Marketing, Duration: 4 months, Eligibility: Graduation
Certificate Course in International Trade Logistic, Duration: 4 months, Eligibility: Graduation.
Diploma/Certificate Courses in Entrepreneurship, Duration: 6 months- 1 year, Eligibility:
Graduation/ Diploma/10+2 with 3 yr. Exp.
Diploma in Entrepreneurship, Duration: 9 months, Eligibility: Graduation
Diploma in Planning and Entrepreneurship, Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: 10+2
Executive Masters in International Trade, Duration: 1 year, Eligibility: Graduation
Executive MBA+M.Com/PGDBA, Duration:2 years, Eligibility: Graduation, appearing for final exam
Executive Postgraduate Program, Duration: 3 years, Eligibility: Graduation (55%)
Executive Postgraduate Diploma in Management, Duration: 3 years, Eligibility: Bachelor's/Master's
degree with 5 years exp.
PG Diploma in International Business/Entrepreneurship/Small Business and Management of
Services
PG Diploma in Management of Small and Medium Enterprises, Duration: 1 year, Eligibility:
Graduation
Postgraduate Diploma in Entrepreneurship Management (PGDEM), Duration: 9 months, Eligibility:
middle level executive
PGDEM, Duration: 6 months, Eligibility: Graduation.
Admission process: Entrance exam followed by aptitude test and a personal interview. EDI also accepts
scores of exams like XAT, MAT and CAT instead of entrance examinations. Information regarding the
application process could be found at www.ediindia.org or www.ediindia.ac.in and the other respective
websites of the institutions to which you wish to apply. Online applications are also possible. It is
advisable to read the information booklets of the applying institutes to gain thorough and exact
knowledge of the application process.
Course Fee
XLRI charges Rs 60,000+ 12,000 for books and around 45,000 for boarding for its sic months program.
Where to Study
"Those aspiring to become entrepreneurs can enrol themselves in both short term and long term
courses according to their convenience and what they are looking for. Here are details of some of the
prestigious institutes in India that offer courses for future entrepreneurs:
Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India offers PG Diploma in Management- Business
Enterpreneurship.
IIM, Ahmedabad, Bangalore & Kolkata, Lucknow all have centres for entrepreneurship
development.
IIT Delhi, certificate course in enterprise management.
Xavier Labour Relations Institute (XLRI), Jamshedpur, Jharkhand Offers 6 months full time Post
Graduate Program for Certificate in Enterpreneurship Management.
All India Management Association Centre for Management Education, New Delhi
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), New Delhi
Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Gujarat, PG Diploma in entrepreneurship
FICCI, New Delhi
Small Industries Service Institute, New Delhi
National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development, New Delhi
National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD), New Delhi, 6
months course.
ASEED and Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII), New Delhi
Indian Institute of Planning and Management (IIPM), New Delhi
Institute of Marketing and Management (IMM), New Delhi
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Xavier Institute of Management (XIM), Orissa
Management Development Institute, Haryana
Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management (IIITM), Madhya Pradesh
Symbiosis Centre for Management, Maharashtra
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.
Pay and Remuneration
Candidates passing out from the above mentioned courses have opportunities to start their ventures
and for placements in companies as business analysts, sales managers, marketing managers etc. If you
start a business on your own the money depends entirely on the success of the venture. While if you
take up a job after these courses you can begin with a starting salary of at least Rs 4, 000, 00 per annum.
However, this varies widely depending on the employer, location and the post.
Famous Personalities
One of the best examples in this case would be Steve Jobs, ex CEO of Apple who started his company in
a garage and went on to cross many hurdles to become one of the worlds richest and famous
businessmen.
In India, we have got the founders of Infosys, Mr.Narayanamurthy and Mr.Nilekani, who started their
venture as a start-up and made it one of the best managed companies in the Information Technology
sectors. One of the best and recent examples are Sachin and Binny Bansal who were IIT graduates and
worked for Amazon. They started Flipkart in the year 2007. The success of this venture need not be
stressed, given how many people make use of their convenient online shopping method to buy books,
electronics and many more products. Dhirubhai Ambani, who left the Reliance legacy for his sons, is a
fitting example of someone who started from scratch and made it to the top.
..................................................................................................................................................

Career as a Statistician
Introduction
Statistics is a branch of science that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation
of numerical data. Statisticians collect, verify and interpret data to solve problems in a wide variety of
fields. A student pursuing statistics learns probability theory, statistical methodology, stochastic
processes, statistical inference, operational research, bio-statistics, etc. The services of a statistician are
required in every field right from government offices to international sporting events. Almost in every
country there are statistical agencies or bureaus.
Scope
A qualified statistician gets job opportunities in public sector organisations, financial institutions, major
corporate conglomerates, private companies, etc. Students get jobs in Indian Statistical Services, Indian
Economic Services and Civil Services exams. Colleges and Universities, etc. There are many job
opportunities available such as econometrician, biostatistician, research analyst, biometrician,
epidemiologist etc. Statisticians are often work for automobile, pharmaceutical and computer software
companies in trial testing and product evaluation. Statisticians are also involved with the manufacturing,
asset, liability, risk management, and marketing departments of firms. Most government organizations
and agencies hire statisticians to evaluate population, demographic and economic measurements. Many
other environmental, scientific and agricultural agencies hire statisticians for similar type of work in their
respective fields. Even national defence organizations hire statisticians to assess weapons and strategy
effectiveness. The reputed organizations viz. Planning Commission, the National Council of Applied
Economic Research (NCAER), Institute of Applied Manpower Research (IAMR), Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR), statistical and economic bureaus, institutions associated with socio-economic
research, banks and public-sector undertakings employ statisticians.
Remuneration
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It depends on the educational qualification and experience. Freshers get starting in the range of
Rs.20,000 30,000 per month. Those are in senior positions such as like Statistical Analyst, Statistician /
Econometrician, etc. get paid in the range of Rs. 80,000 1, 20,000 per month. Those are employed by
colleges and Universities also receive respectable salary.
Eligibity
The minimum educational qualification required in this field is a bachelor's degree with a major in
statistics or mathematics. A Master's degree or Ph.D. is required for higher-level positions. A
combination of statistical skills with other subject viz. economics, operational research, computer
science, business administration, etc. give a competitive advantage in the job market. Job opportunities
in industrial research require a master's degree and several years of experience. A high level of
specialised training is necessary in order to be well placed in industry. Teaching and research field are
open to candidates with a master's degree and doctorate.
Career opportunities
Statistician: Work in crime statistics, census statistics, ecological statistics, medical statistics,
statistics on job-seekers, film statistics, cricket statistics, oil statistics, market statistics, accident
statistics, labour statistics, population statistics, election statistics, district-city-state statistics,
tourism statistics etc. They also work in wide disciplines like biology, economics, engineering,
agriculture, medicine, physics, computer science, sociology and psychology.
Actuarial science
Banks.(RBI and other banks)
Bio-informatics
Government (Census, Ecology, Forestry, Government Regulation Law, National Defense,
Population Research, Risk assessment, Surveys, etc)
Health and Medicine (Animal Health, Biostatistics, Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Genetics,
Pharmacology, Public Health, etc)
Quality control and quality improvement
Scientific research
Teaching field
Job options
Actuary
Analysts (Data/Marketing/Quantitative/Risk/Business/Statistical)
Analytical consultant
Biometrician
Business Analysis Project Manager
Environmental statistician
Forensic statistician
Government statistician
Health service statistician
Market research statistician
Medical statistician
Pharmaceutical statistician
SAS programmer
Statistician
Scientist
Teacher/Professor
Career tips for statisticians (in Business field): For business to take intelligent decision based on
available data is essential. Statisticians are uniquely qualified to help businessmen to prepare, organize
and analyse data. To land an industry job, statistical expertise alone is not sufficient. You should avoid
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narrow specialization, improve your writing skills, subscribre the magazines ( The Economist,Business
Week), improve software proficiency (SAS,SPSS and EViews) and programming skills and focus on the
impact of your results.
Employers
Actuary firms
Agriculture companies.
Armed forces
Banks.
Bio-informatics institutes.
Business houses
Industries
Information Technology companies and
KPO's
Government.
Health and Medicine institutes.
Insurance companies.
Sports establishments
Colleges/Universities.
Tourism companies.
Courses
Certificate Course in Financial Statistics
One year Diploma in Health Statistics. Kolkata University. www.caluniv.ac.in
B.Sc. (Hons.) Statistics.
B.Sc. Applied Statistics
B.Sc. Statistics
M.Sc. Applied Statistics
M.Sc. Statistics
Master of Statistics (M.Stat)
M.Phil. Statistics
Ph.D. Statistics
Candidates who wish to apply for Undergraduate course should have passed 10+2 or equivalent
examination. For admission to M.Sc. courses students who have passed B.Sc./B.A. with
Mathematics/Statistics as one of the subjects, or passed B.Sc in Computer Science. Some Universities
and Institutes conduct specific entrance tests to gauge the aptitude of the aspirants.
B.Sc. Distant courses
Acharya Nagarjuna University Centre for Distance Education, Nagarjunanagar
www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in
Dr.B.R. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad www.braou.ac.in
Osmania University PGRR Centre for Distance Education, Hyderabad. www.osmania.ac.in
Important Institutes
Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Kolkata. It is a unique institution devoted to the research,
teaching and application of statistics, natural sciences and social sciences. www.isical.ac.in
Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), New Delhi. www.mospi.nic.in
National Sample Survey Organisation(NSSO). www.mospi.gov.in/nsso_test1.htm
The Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S), Kolkata,
www.dgciskol.nic.in
Institute of Applied Manpower Research(IAMR), Delhi www.iamrindia.gov.in
Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR) New Delhi www.icmr.nic.in
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi www.ncaer.org
Aligarh Muslim University, Dept. of statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh www.amu.ac.in
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kanpur.
www.iitk.ac.in
Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore www.isibang.ac.in
Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata www.isical.ac.in
Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi www.isid.ac.in
150
Loyala College, Chennai www.loyolacollege.edu
University of Kolkata, Kolkata www.caluniv.ac.in
International societies/Institutes:
Statistical Society of Canada (SSC). www.ssc.ca
American Statistical Association (ASA). www.amstat.org/careers
Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) www.imstat.org
Examinations
Indian Statistical Service (ISS) is for those who are interested in having a career with the
government. Every year the UPSC conducts an All India Level Competitive Examination to fill
vacancies in the Indian Statistical Service (ISS). For ISS, Masters degree with Statistics or
Mathematical Statistics or Applied Statistics from a recognised University is essential.
UPSC Civil Services Examinations www.upsc.gov.in
NET examination www.ugc.ac.in
GATE examination www.iitk.ac.in/gate
Abroad opportunities
www.internabroad.com
www.vistawide.com/studyabroad
www.studyabroad.com
..

CAREER IN ACCOUNTING
Introduction
Accounting is the branch of commerce which deals with keeping financial records, summarizing,
reporting and analysing financial transactions etc. An accountant's work can range from auditing (formal
analysis of an organization's financial statements), daily bookkeeping (ensures the accounts are hunky
dory), tax records, etc. Accountants also participate in strategies for mergers and acquisitions, quality
management, tracking financial performance, tax and health care benefits. Many successful
businessmen began their careers in accounting job. This career gives experience of business. Even the
most Chief Financial Officers of large corporations have a background in accounting.
Scope
Taxes, audits, bookkeeping are always needed to be maintained. Therefore there is always demand for
good accountants. Accounting jobs exist in all commercial and manufacturing establishments across
industries. With the rapid growth of banking and financial sectors in the country, the demand for skilled
accountants has also been increased considerably.
Remuneration
Freshers get a salary of Rs.10, 000-Rs.200,000. Accountants get higher salary in MNCs and private
companies. Advanced degree in accounting field and experience are required for higher salary in
accounting field. Accountant consultancy is highly remunerative job.
Eligibity
Most of the accountant and internal auditor positions require at least a bachelors degree in accounting
or related field. Some employers prefer applicants with a masters degree in accounting or a masters
degree in business administration with finance specialization. Accountants and auditors have to obtain
certification, Certified Public Accountant (CPA) for advancement in the career.
Employabilty Skills
Accuracy.
Analytical skills.
Communication and customer relations
skills.
Computing skills.
Marketing skills.
Ability of problem solving.
Data management skills.
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Career opportunities
Accountant have career opportunities in auditing and assurance work, management consulting,
corporate finance, tax planning, etc.
Many accountants move into senior management positions such as CEOs and finance directors
after gaining higher professional qualifications.
Accounting graduates can hold positions such as staff accountant, internal auditor, budget and
credit analysts, credit specialists, senior accountant, controller and manager.
In USA and European countries professionally qualified accounting graduates are offered
placements as portfolio accountant, real estate accountant, accounting manager, credit
securitized product controller and commodities controller.
Job options
Accounts assistant
Accounts executive
Audit manager
AVP treasury
Budget and Credit Analysts
Chartered Accountant
Chief financial officer
Controller
Credit specialists
Director Assurance
Financial data analysts
Forensic accountant
Internal Auditor
Industrial accountant
Junior Accountant
Junior manager (Accounts)
Senior Accountant
Senior Manager (Accounts)
Staff Accountant
Tax manager and many more.
Employers
Public Accounting Firms
State and central government offices
Corporations and companies
Accountancy firms.
Courses
Certificate courses in computer accounting
Diploma courses in industrial accounting
Bachelor of Commerce with accounting specialization
Master of Commerce with accounting specialization
MBA (Finance)
ICWAI
Important Institutes
St. Xaviers College, Mumbai www.xaviers.edu
Shri Ram College of Commerce, University of Delhi, New Delhi www.srcc.edu
St. Xaviers College, Kolkata www.sxccal.edu
Loyola College, Chennai www.loyolacollege.edu
Christ College, Bangalore www.christuniversity.in
Madras Christian College, Chennai www.mcc.edu.in
Symbiosis Societys College of Arts & Commerce, Pune www.symbiosiscollege.edu.in
Presidency College, Chennai www.presidencychennai.com
Presidency College, Kolkata www.presidencycollegekolkata.ac.in
Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Orissa www.ravenshawuniversity.ac.in
Hansraj College Delhi www.hansrajcollege.com
Goenka College of Commerce and Business Administration, Kolkata www.goenkacollege.net

Examinations
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Institute of Chartered Accountants of India icaiexam.icai.org
Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination (Uniform CPA Exam) for Certified Public
Accountants in USA. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Certified_Public_Accountant_Examination
Certified Management Accountant (CMA) exam. The tests are administered by Thomson
Prometric at centers around the United States and internationally.
www.testprepreview.com/cma.htm
CPA Examination www.aicpa.org
GRE/GMT examination for abroad opportunities.
Emerging trends
Forensic accounting: In the wake of Scams and frauds, the demand of forensic accountants has
increased. To meet this growing demand program on Forensic Accounting for IT industry has become
very demanding. Some important courses in Forensic accounting
Certificate Course on Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection . Course Duration: 100 hours
Website www.icai.org
Certified Bank Forensic Accounting (CBFA)
Certified Anti-Money Laundering Expert (CAME)
Certified Forensic Accounting Professional (CFAP) These courses available with many foreign
Universities
Industrial accounting:
Diploma in Computerized Industrial Accounting
Certified Industrial Accountant courses ICA

.

Career in Banking
Introduction
Banking is one of the popular career choices among the career aspirants. Banking jobs are not only for
commerce/economics students but it is for arts, science and engineering students. Banks are now
appointing management graduates, CAs and CFAs but still bright graduates from any subject can get
entry in the Public sector Banks through All India Bank Examination. Banks provides money for various
development work and thereby generate thousands of jobs and career opportunities.
Scope
Now banks are in diverse fields like the mutual funds, securitisation business, credit cards, housing
loans, trading in gold and forex activities. The joining a Public sector Bank as Probationary Officer (Direct
Officer) on the basis All India exam has become a stepping stone for the career growth in the Banking
Industry. The private sector banks like IDBI, ICICI, etc are more technology savvy and offer better
salaries. Foreign Banks are the most sought after due to their attractive salary packages. The Reserve
Bank of India as well as all the other nationalized banks recruits personnel in clerical Grade, Grade A
Officers and Grade B Officers. The globalization and privatization has resulted in growth and
diversification of banking sector. This has generated enormous job opportunties in the fianance sector.
Remuneration
Bank sector offers very attractive pay packages. Especially foreign banks provide very good pay packages
to their employers.
Eligibity
Public sector Banks recruit mainly graduates for Clerical and Probationary Officer posts on the basis of
All India Level examination. These jobs require a strong understanding of accounting. Graduates with
commerce/economics are desirable candidates but any one from any stream can enter into this service
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by qualifying the exams conducted by banks. Foreign Banks prefer take MBAs,CAs, CFAs, etc. through
campus interviews.
Employabilty Skills
Good communication skills.
Good interpersonal skills and ability to deal with customers.
Good knowledge about information technology.
An alert nature and basic knowledge of the industry.
Good analytical and creative ability.
Strong mathematical skills.
Am I ready to learn and adopt new methodologies?
Career opportunities
Personnel
Marketing: Designing campaigns to promote new and existing services, researching customers'
banking habits to find new opportunities for the bank.
Operations: Processing transactions and loans, researching new technology or different working
methods to increase the bank's efficiency.
Electronic Services: Writing a new section on the bank's website, developing interactive digital
TV banking services.
Card Services: Authorizing and issuing cards and managing transactions.
Credit and Risk: Analysing loans and deciding whether to approve them.
Job options
Accountants and auditors
Bill and account collectors
Bookkeeping, accounting and auditing
clerks
Branch managers
Chief executives
Computer and information systems
managers
Computer programmers
Computer software engineers
Computer support specialists
Computer systems analysts
Credit analysts
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
Customer service representatives
Executive secretaries and
administrative assistants
Financial analysts
Financial managers
General and operations managers
Human resources, training, and labour
relations specialists
Loan interviewers and clerks
Loan officers
Management analysts
Marketing and sales managers
Personal financial advisors
Tellers
Job descriptions:
Book Keeping and Auditing Clerks: They record and classify the financial data. They keep on
track of the financial records.
Branch managers: They are responsible for overseeing all activities in branch including opening
new accounts, loan origination, solving customer problems, foreign exchange and safe deposit
boxes. Most importantly, they are responsible for establishing relations with customers.
Financial Managers: They formulate financial policies and also help in its implementation. They
make business forecasts, formulates strategies so as to minimize losses in the insurance sector
of banks, prepares financial reports that reflect the financial health of the bank and monitor the
flow of cash.
Bill and Account Collectors: Collects the money overdue from the debtors.
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Loan Officers (credit analysts): They check the eligibility and creof all the individuals seeking
loans from the Bank. They check their credit worthiness. A thorough evaluation of the loan is
carried out.
Employers
Private sector banks.
Public sector banks.
Foreign banks.
Co-operative banks
Corporate banks.
Courses
Indian Institute of Banking and Fianance offers Certificate courses, Diploma courses,
Managment courses in Banking. http://www.iibf.org.in
B.Com and M.Com. corses
MBA Finance.
Important Institutes
National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM), Pune- 411048 www.nibmindia.org
Centre for Advanced Financial Studies, Institute for Financial Management & Research ( IFMR),
Chennai. Website www.ifmr.com
The Indian Institute of Banking and Finance. Mumbai. Website www.iibf.org.in
University of Madras, Centenary Buildings, Chennai www.unom.ac.in
The Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh www.amu.ac.in
Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar www.annamalaiuniversity.ac.in
Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati www.svuniversity.in
SNDT Women's University, Mumbai www.sndt.digitaluniversity.ac
Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, IDRBT www.idrbt.ac.in
Examinations
1. Bank Clerk: Eligibility Criteria: Should be within the age of 18 - 28 years, a degree or equivalent in any
discipline or must be a pass out of 12th/11th/ Intermediate/ Diploma in banking or any other equivalent
examination, with at least 55% marks, good communication skills with fluency in English and a certificate
in computer programs. Selection: The Written test that would be conducted by the Concern Bank
consist of objective questions on i) Reasoning ability ii) Numerical ability iii) English iv) Banking
Awareness, Socio-Economic v) Clerical aptitude and vi) computer awareness. There is a negative marking
for wrong answers. Based on the scores of the test, merit list candidates are for the interview and
selected finally.
2. Probationary Officer: Eligibility Criteria: Should be within the age group of 21- 30 years, a degree in
any discipline from a renowned university and certificate of basic knowledge in computers. Selection:
On the basis of the scores of the written test and interview. Written test is objective type that consist of
quantitative aptitude, reasoning, English & Marketing Aptitude, Socio economic and banking awareness.
Remuneration: The salaries in this sector ranges from Rs.10,000-1,00000 per month Professionals like
MBAs, CAs and CFAs recruited in this sector get very high pay packages.
Tips for getting through bank examinations:
Strong determination and exclusive focus on bank examination.
Studying right material for the examination.
Keeping updated information about banking sector.
Practicing vocabulary.
Time management in paper solving.
Leaving aside doubtful questions at the time of examination and attempting easy questions first.
Do not adopt any unfair means.
Practice of previous year question paper sets.
Reading of news-paper daily and noting down the important news.
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Solving of practice sets per day without any gap.
Abroad opportunities
Outside India, an individual who has undergone the rigors of a banking course can get lucrative
jobs like Project Finance Manager, Equity and Fixed Income Settlements Specialists, Commercial
Finance Manager, Compliance Officer, Corporate Banking Trade Analyst, Cash Management
Operator and Consumer Banking Asset Operator
One can also look for various other job profiles like Business Analyst, Market Risk Analyst,
Corporate Banking Credit Analyst, Consumer Banking Asset Operation Manager, Forex Head and
Corporate Banking Branch Head, in banks like ABN AMRO, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Citi Bank,
Dresdner Bank, Goldman Sachs, Standard Chartered Bank, Royal Bank of Scotland and many
others.
...........................................................................................................................................

Career as a Bank Officer

Introduction
"Money plays the largest part in determining the course of history" Karl Marx.
Money is important to every individual and to every economy; and the people who play a major role in
managing money are the bank officers. Banks are of critical importance to every economy and in order
to ensure proper demand and supply of money in the economy, bank officers are essential. A career in
banking is a lucrative career option for many as there is immense scope.
A Bank Officer performs a large amount of financial activities and offer services like Banking Operations,
Relationship Management, Forex Operations, advice related to investment and insurance and for other
banking operations like deposits, withdrawals, drafts, overdrafts etc. Their work may require them to
work in different capacities such as a Branch Manager, Assistant Branch Manager, Loan Officer, Personal
Banking Manager, Pension Officer etc. These roles get assigned to the bank officer depending upon their
experiences and job efficiency and their knowledge of banking and financial rules, regulations, and
proceedings. The bank officers are given special training from time to time whenever newer policies are
made and introduced by the government of India.
Apart from dealing with the retail customers, the bank officers also handle the corporate sector clients.
Since the introduction of modern information technology, these officers are trained adequately to meet
the growing demands of the customers.
Courses and Eligibility
The academic qualifications for bank officers' job is graduation which the candidates can complete from
any recognized college from any UGC approved and affiliated University in India.
However, the positions of Probationary Officers in PSU banks require some additional qualifications
including Post Graduate Diploma in banking which the candidates can undergo from Institute of Finance,
Banking, and Insurance. This institute is recognized by the UGC and it is functioning from a few cities
across India. A similar course from Baroda Manipal School of banking can make the successful
candidates suitable for Probationary Officers in Bank of Baroda.
The key however is to clear the Bank PO Exams. These Bank PO Exams are conducted by the various
Public Sector Banks to recruit their Probationary Officers. Many banks like the State bank of India, the
bank of India and other such banks, even the Reserve Bank of India conduct such bank PO exams from
time to time.
Course Fees
The banking course fee and duration of these courses varies from one university to another. However,
normal graduation courses take three years and Masters Degree takes 2 more years. However, courses
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in banking and insurance are meant for one year only. There are many coaching institutes also that
prepare the students for the upcoming Bank PO exams.
Career Prospects
The emerging roles in banking sector are Relationship Management, Risk Management and Audit and
compliance.
The bank officers position in PSU banks has lost some of its sheen over the years after the economy of
the country has opened up, but still many people look upto bank officers career as the most sought after
one. These days private sector banks are also offering many jobs in banking. Most of these are in their
retail segment and a few in corporate, private and investment banking divisions. Most of the recruits in
managerial positions are graduates and MBA from good institutes.
Famous Personalities: The banking sector has been largely under government's domain in India and as
such there are many famous banks like State bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India etc in the
Public Sector space that people recognize, however there are not many officials who have emerged as
pioneers and become very famous. However in Private Sector Banks, we have seen that the last decade
has seen quite a few famous personalities emerge. Like Mr.H.D.Parekh of HDFC, Mr.Aditya Puri of HDFC
Bank, Mr.K.V.Kamath of ICICI Bank and Mr.Vikram Pandit, who became the global CEO of internationally
renowned Citibank.


Career in Taxation - options and opportunities
Introduction
Taxation is a process of tax imposing on citizens who earn taxable income. Tax is the sum of money
which an individual also known as taxpayer has to pay to a state or any authorized body. This process
involves dealing with direct taxes, assessment of taxes, filing return and providing advice on indirect
taxes. Direct tax is the tax which is directly collected from the people e.g. property tax, wealth tax,
income tax etc. whereas indirect tax comprises of taxes which are collected from the customers on the
purchased goods or the services provided e.g. sales tax, VAT, customs duty, excise duty etc. Taxation is
the governments main source of revenue which is paid by the citizens and is used in financing projects
for development projects in various sectors.
Performance and growth of industry in India
Taxation is very lucrative and fast growing career for those candidates who have interest in this field.
Today every organisation requires people having expertise in this field such as public sector
undertakings and corporate houses etc.
Options and Opportunities
The aspirants having sound knowledge of taxation are appointed as tax accountant, revenue managers,
tax analyst, tax recruiter, tax advisor, tax examiners, property tax consultants, business tax consultant,
income tax consultant, tax manager and collectors. There are many other job opportunities such as
lawyers, tax counsels and defence attorneys. Tax people in Indian Revenue Service hold the top
positions. They are aggressive professionals in their field as they have immense responsibilities on them.
Courses Available
- B.Com. Taxation
- M.Com. Taxation
- Post Graduate Diploma in Taxation
- Diploma in Taxation
- Diploma in Taxation Laws
- Certificate Course in International Taxation
- Certificate Course in International Taxation
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Qualification required
- To pursue graduate level courses, the aspirants must have passed Higher Secondary Certificate
Examination or 10+2 from any recognized state/national Board.
- To be eligible for the PG courses, one has to complete graduation in the relevant stream from any
recognised university.
Some good institutes
- St. Xavier's College Kolkata, West Bengal
- Symbiosis Law School Pune, Maharashtra
- India Law Society Law College Pune, Maharashtra
- D.A.V. Centenary College Faridabad, Haryana
- Indira Gandhi Government College Kurukshetra, Haryana
- Oxford College of Business Management Bangalore, Karnataka
- St. Peter's College Ernakulam, Kerala
- Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Bhawan New Delhi, Delhi
- Sanlok Institute of Management & Information Technology Gurgaon, Haryana

Entrance exams

- Tax Assistant Examination, Staff Selection Commission
Join Income tax department, exam. Eligibility criterion
If you wish to join the Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax), then you should apply for the Civil Services
Examination (CSE) conducted by UPSC every year. The minimum qualification required for applying for
CSE is graduation from a recognised University. There is an age limit i.e. you should have attained the
age of 21 years but should not be more than 30 years. Those meeting this age limit criteria are eligible to
apply for the above examination (relaxations as per government norms mentioned in the official website
on www.upsc.gov.in). There are four attempts for candidates who are eligible for this examination (no
restriction on the number of attempts for SC/ST candidates, seven attempts for OBC candidates). There
is a preliminary examination (prelims) that is conducted and through which candidates are shortlisted
for the main exam (written examination).
Candidates qualifying for the main (written) exam are called for the personal interview. Based on the
marks secured in the main (written) and interview, a merit list is made, which determines the choice of
service (keeping in mind the options exercised by the candidate in the application). The same
examination can lead to the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Foreign Service, Indian Police Service,
Indian P and T accounts and Finance Service, Group A, Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group A,
Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise) Group A, etc. The staff selection commission
holds a combined graduate level examination which would lead to recruitment as inspector of income
tax. The procedure for selection is a very rigorous in CSE as compared to SSC which is less rigorous.
Some good colleges that are reputed and give good placement opportunity
There are various colleges that offer good courses as well as good placement opportunities. Some of
them are named below -:
-I.G.S.S. (Indian Global Software Solutions), Bangalore (Karnataka), Above CitiBank ATM Manuvana,
vijayanagar, Bangalore (Bengaluru Dist.)
-University of Mumbai, Room No.126, 1st floor, Fort, Mumbai (Mumbai Dist.) - 400032
-Ness Wadia College of Commernce, Pune (Maharashtra), 19, Late Princ V.K.Joag Path, Pune (Pune Dist.)
- 411001
-Bharati Vidyapeeths New Law College, Pune (Maharashtra), Educational Complex, Erandwane, Paud
Road , Pune (Pune Dist.) - 411038
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-M.S. Bhagat and C.S.Sonawala Law College, Nadiad (Gujarat), P.B. No. 18, College Campus , Nadiad
(Kheda Dist.) - 387001
-Balaji Law College, Pune (Maharashtra), Building No. C-2, Bramha Estate, S.No. 1/1 A, Kondhwa Khurd
, Pune (Pune Dist.) - 411048
-Kishichand Chellaram Law College, Mumbai (Maharashtra), Mumbai (Mumbai Dist.) - 400008
-University of Madras: Faculty of Law, Chennai (Tamil Nadu), University of Madras, Centenary Buildings
Chepauk, Triplicane PO , Chennai (Chennai Dist.) - 600005
-University of Pune: Faculty Of Commerce, Pune (Maharashtra), Ganeshkhind , Pune (Pune Dist.)
411007
-Nagpur college of Taxation, Nagpur (Maharashtra), Narsimha Bhavan (IInd Floor,Near Titan Show
Room,7mount Road Extension,Sadar , Nagpur (Nagpur Dist.) - 440001
-Guru Nanak Dev University, Faculty of Economics and Business, Amritsar (Punjab), Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar (Amritsar Dist.) 14300

Educational qualification required to be hired for a job in the field of taxation.
The educational qualification that is required to be hired for jobs in the field of taxation is generally
graduation and post graduation in commerce. As you have completed XII from a recognised
state/national board, you can pursue graduate level courses. If you want to go ahead further and do
Post Graduate courses then you must complete your graduation in a relevant stream from a reputed
university. Various institutes in India are conducting courses in the field, to produce competent
professionals who can work in the field of taxation. Apart from the above requirements, anyone with a
formal education in the field of taxation or having any degree with taxation as a specialised subject can
also opt for this career. So, if you have done L.L.B degree it will work as a foundation course and will give
you basic understanding of the various tax laws which are rampant in the industry. If you have done
your graduation through a B.Com or a BMS (Bachelor of Management studies) course then that could
also give you some edge in the field of taxation. If you want to be good in this field then you should
make full use of the theoretical knowledge at practical applications and learn the concept application
skills.
Apart from these educational qualifications you require some personal attributes that build your
personality and make you stand apart from others. To do exceedingly well in your tax consultancy
career, an individual should possess a few qualities. To stand apart from others you should have various
skills such as ability to think differently, a creative mind, good communication skills, updated general
awareness, abundant knowledge about taxation sector and the market, and the ability to work as part of
a team. You should also have strong problem solving skills, a command over Microsoft office, especially
Excel spreadsheet skills. In any field strong ethics, interest and desire to succeed is what determines the
success of any individual.
Job profile
Career in taxation is a very critical job but with it comes lot of incentives. A career in this profile invites
you to be a progressive, innovative team member of a high-quality, professional organisation. Tax
consultants are those experts who are well aware of the different forms of taxes and use their
knowledge in order to advice people of companies about tax returns. Giving suggestions and handy
advice on how to deal with various aspects of dealing with taxes is a job of a tax consultant. To opt for a
tax consultant job profile you have to undergo the taxation related courses that are there and should
also gain some work experience in the field of taxation, then only you can achieve your goal. To sum it
all up, we can say that the main goal of any tax consultant should be to make maximum use of all the
knowledge and technical skills for the betterment of the client/company they are employed in.
Specialisations in the field of taxation
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Now this decision is based on every individuals interest and what they want to specialise in when
searching for a job in taxation. There are various specialisations in fields such as -:
Property tax consultants They are basically experts who have thorough knowledge and understanding
of the various Property tax rules and regulations, and provide such information to the clients who are
interested seekers for such kind of information. They also advice clients on property taxes which may
deal with landed property, commercial, residential as well as other kinds of property.
Income tax consultants These are those professionals or advisors who help a client or an individual in
filing your income tax returns every year. They are aware of the various income tax rules and provide
service to clients who are individuals as well as corporate.
Business tax consultant These consultants deals with various issues relating to taxes that a business
man must handle for his business to grow and establish efficiently and effectively. Thus, we can say that
business tax consultant gives advice to business houses regarding various business tax issues that are
plaguing them.
Sales tax consultant A person who gives advice to clients regarding numerous sales tax as well as value
added tax related issues for which they may be seeking clarification, information or advice are known as
sales tax consultant.
Tax consultancy is a well paid job or you can say is very lucrative. It also offers great rewards.
Remuneration in the field of taxation varies from one organisation to the other. However, the minimum
salary that can be earned as a beginner is somewhere around Rs. 3,00,000/- p.a. to 5,00,000/- p.a. But
again there is an increment but that again depends on the experience and the educational qualifications
that one has.
..


Career in Auditing - options and opportunities

Introduction
Auditing is one of the main career options in the field of accounting. It is a systematic process of
obtaining and evaluating financial statements or accounts of private business, government undertaking,
department etc. It is a specialized form of accounting and plays a vital role in both private and public
organization. An auditor is a person who review, analyze and evaluate the processes, services, systems,
products, organizations and employees. He determines the efficiency, adequacy and effectiveness of the
company.
Performance and growth of industry in India
With the huge expansion in the economy, a number of business concerns are boosting day by day. This
has increased the demand of auditors as they are required by every business concern to ensure the
credibility of the financial statements in the public sector as well as public sector companies. Companies
registered under the Companies are required to audit their accounts annually. This has made it an
evergreen career field for the candidates. Even the rapid change in the technology and new software
packages has made this a lucrative career. Auditors can switch their careers between internal auditing
and public accounting or from management accounting to internal auditing.
Options and Opportunities
In India, auditors have many career opportunities such as Internal auditors, External auditors,
Government auditors, Forensic auditors in manufacturing sector, insurance companies, banking sector,
pecuniary institutions, corporate, financial firms, government service, public sector, teaching staff,
nonprofit organization and government agency etc. Many auditors carry out their private practice.
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Courses Available
- IRCA Certified Course
- Post Graduate Diploma in Auditing and Accountancy
- Diploma in Auditing
- Diploma in Accounting & Auditing
- IRIS Certification
- Advanced Executive Program in Cyber Security, Audit & Compliance
Qualification required
To pursue a career in auditing a candidate must have Bachelors degree in accounting from a recognized
university. After which a candidate has to study Chartered accountant program to work as an auditor.
Students who have done their post graduation can also apply for this course. Candidates who have done
IRCA certified training program can also become auditors.
Some good Institutes
- The Institute of Internal Auditors-India
- Indian School of Business Management & Administration
- Arcade Business College
- Government Polytechnic Manesar
- Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
Entrance Exams
SSC conducts entrance exam for the various positions including auditors all over India.
Is Auditing is a right career for me?
If you are interested in mathematics and are meticulous and also have a flair for numbers, auditing
might be a right career for you. Auditing is a major career option under the broader field of accounting,
has a vital role to play in each and every organisation, be it public or private sector. If you are good with
numbers then auditing could be termed as your bread and butter which generally involve checking
ledgers and financial statements within an organisation.
The key features of auditing is to obtain and evaluate the accounts or financial records of a government
undertaking, department, private business, or other entity based on established criteria. In simple and
brief words, the work involves the review, analysis and evaluation of processes, products, services,
systems, organisations and employees. Auditing as a field is a specialised form of accounting for an
organisations financial information, which generally includes systems policies and records. Auditors not
only look into the financial matter of an industry but may also be required to examine the non-financial
documents that could reveal about a businesss conduct.

Job profile
There are various tasks performed by an auditor. An auditor is a person from the accounts department
who is trained in auditing. Verification of the financial records of a company is the main task that an
auditor has to perform. Auditor determines the efficiency, adequacy and effectiveness of the
organization. They also review the reliability and integrity of management and ensure compliance with
policies, procedures and laws. Their primary responsible is to maintain accurate records of a company
and to help organisations in operating efficiently. In addition to monitoring a companys finances, they
often make recommendations for greater compliance and better management policies. There are
various different roles within an organisation that are occupied by auditors. The roles of an auditor may
vary from tax law specialists to internal resources auditing professionals. Regardless of their respective
areas, all auditors are vital to the financial health of organizations.
There are numerous types of audits conducted by an auditor. Major type of audits conducted by
auditors includes financial audit, operational or management audit and compliance audit. A financial
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statement audit (or attest audit) examines financial statements, records, and related operations to
ascertain adherence to generally accepted accounting principles. An operational audit examines an
organization's activities in order to assess performances and develop recommendations for improved
use of business resources. A compliance audit has as its objective the determination of whether an
organization is following established procedures or rules. Thus, the role of an auditor is a very important
one.
Educational requirements
If you want to become an auditor then you must have at least a bachelors degree in Accounting. Some
organisations prefer students having done their masters degree in accounting. MBA with specialisation
in finance can also be a right subject choice for you. Courses in economics, business studies and
humanities are also helpful. Some universities conduct specialised courses in auditing. Along with
specialisation in these subjects, computer knowledge is also an important aspect that you should be
equipped with, as it is very essential part of an auditors day to day work. You must take up a course in
computer accounting software's such as Tally or some other related diplomas. You can also apply into
more advanced courses such as ICWA, CA, Company Secretary ship or CPA (certified public accountant in
the USA)etc.

There are certain auditor certifications provided by international audit associations such as Institute of
Internal auditors (IIA), Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) etc. which are globally
accepted. The Institute of Internal auditors gives Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) designation and ISACA
provides Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) certification, respectively. CISA qualified Auditors
have been recognized as qualified to conduct Systems Audit by Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Ministry of
Information Technology (MIT), National Stock Exchange, Comptroller and Auditor General of India
(C&AG).
Personal attributes
Before we talk about the personal attributes that are required you should know what are audits and
what are they associated with. Traditionally, audits were mainly associated with gaining information
about financial systems and the financial records of a company or a business. According of ICAI Institute
of Chartered Accountants of India - 'Auditing is the independent examination of financial information of
any entity, whether profit oriented or not, and irrespective of its size or legal form, when such an
examination is conducted with a view to expressing an opinion thereon. Auditing is done to know the
true and fair view of an organisations financial position'.
If you are planning to be an accountant then you should have an aptitude for mathematics. You should
be able enough to analyse, compare and interpret facts and figures that are presented to them in a
quick glance. You must have good communication skills and should have an eye for detail. Familiarity
with computerized accounting packages is a great asset for present generation auditors. You should be
confident while working and should be able to work as a team. An auditor should have high standards of
integrity and accuracy as major decisions are made based on financial statements given by them. This
field requires you to be reliable and trust worthy.
Job prospects
As we know there is a growth in the economy in the recent years, the business concerns boosting day by
day. Demands for auditors are increasing to ensure the credibility of the financial accounting data and
financial statements in the private sector as well as public sector companies. Any candidate should not
just pursue a career in auditing merely because it is a lucrative field. They must really love working with
numbers and should have an aptitude for mathematics as this field requires lot of focus and a good
understanding of the mathematical concept. Companies registered under Companies Act are required to
get audited annually.
This has also made auditing an evergreen career field. Rapidly changing technology and new software
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packages have made the work of auditors much easier in the recent times. The job of record keeping
and data management which was considered as a tedious job earlier has now become trouble free.
Auditors typically can take advantage of career mobility, meaning they can switch careers between
internal auditing and public accounting or from management accounting to internal auditing. Internal
auditors also learn the skills needed to become upper-level managers through their work, reviewing
internal controls of business units.

In the beginning, most of the auditors work under the supervision of an established auditor. After
gaining experience auditors can work independently. A qualified auditor has the option of joining
Government Service, Public Sector undertakings or taking up a lucrative assignment in the private
sector. Some auditors work as teaching staff in colleges or universities. Auditing professionals may be
self-employed and serve the needs of individual clients. i. e. Auditing professionals are required in
virtually every company, non-profit organization and government agency. Those employed in large firms
are in part responsible for an organization's financial health. Non-profit organizations are also very much
reliant on auditors for continued solvency.
Type of auditors in the field of auditing
There are four major types of auditors, such as internal auditors, external auditors, government auditors
and forensic auditors. They are explained in brief below:-
Internal auditors Internal auditors are employed by individual corporations, government bodies or
other entities. Internal auditors work for the organisation they audit. Their job is to make sure the
organization runs efficiently and effectively. They perform financial, internal control, and compliance
audits for the organisation they are employed in. The effectiveness of an organization's internal controls
is verified by an internal auditor. To keep a check for mismanagement, waste, or fraud is also done by an
internal auditor. Sometimes they also help the external auditors with the financial statement audit.
External auditors External Auditors are also known as Independent Auditors or Professional
accountants in public practice. An External Auditor audits financial statements for companies, and other
organizations. They also give advice in preparing income tax returns and provide guidance in matters
concerning compensation and healthcare benefits for employees. They are usually self-employed.
Government auditors Government auditors work in the public sector, they are employed by local and
state governments. Government auditors maintain and examine the records of government agencies,
and audit private businesses and individuals whose activities are subject to government regulations or
taxation. Government auditors main task is to act as assurance on compliance audit and operational
audit.

Forensic auditors Auditors could specialise in Forensic accounting. Forensic auditors often discover
information that's used as litigation support. Forensic auditors mission is to detect investigate and deter
fraud and white-collar crimes. Forensic auditors are often employees of corporations, audit firms,
government agencies and investigative and consulting services firms.
Earn CISA designation in US. The qualifications required for the same

Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) designation is awarded to individuals who have an interest
in Information Systems auditing, control and security and who meet the following requirements:

- Earn a passing score on the CISA exam.
- Adhere to the ISACA Code of Professional Ethics.
- Commit to abide by the CISA Continuing Professional Education Policy.
- Acquire a minimum of 5 years of professional information systems auditing, control or security work
experience (as described in the job practice areas). Substitutions and waivers of such experience may be
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obtained if certain education and general IS or audit experience requirements are met.
- Comply with Information Systems Auditing Standards.
In order to become and remain a CISA an individual must agree to comply with the CISA continuing
professional education program. This program requires an individual to earn a minimum of 20 hours
annually and 120 hours every 3 years of continuing professional education. In addition, an annual
maintenance fee of US $45 ISACA member and US $85 non-member is required.
Contact information of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) chapters in India
Please find below the contact details of the Institute of Internal auditors (IIA) Chapters in India:

- The Institute Of Internal Auditors, India
Website: www.iiaindia.org/
- Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA)
Website: www.isaca.org/
List of the top 10 institutes in India and courses they offer
There are various institutes that offer courses in the field of auditing. But here is a list of some of the
best colleges that are most opted by students:-
- Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal, Karnataka, Courses Master of Technology Auditing and
Lighting
- Rajasthan University Jaipur, Rajasthan, Courses Post-graduate diploma in Computer accounting and
audit
- Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, Courses Post-graduate diploma in Environment
Impact Assessment and Auditing
- National Institute of Financial Management Faridabad, Haryana, Courses Diploma in Government
Accounting and Internal Audit
- Hindi Vidya Prachar Samits Ramniranjan Jhunjunwala College Mumbai, Maharashtra, Courses
Certificate course in Environment Audit and Diploma in Environment Audit
- Canara College Manglore, Karnataka, Courses Bachelor of Commerce Auditing
- Akruti Citygold Institute Mumbai, Maharashtra, Courses Advanced Diploma in Energy Management
and Audit
Remunerations
There are various levels at which the salary package is differentiated. At entry level an auditor can
expect a salary ranging from Rs. 10,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per month. Once you are established in the
field and gained good experience, salary may not be a constraint. External auditors can earn more
compared to internal auditors, as external auditors handle more than one organisation. In the case of
internal and government auditors salary is fixed to certain extent.
The salary is differentiated as the professionals in an auditing firm carry out complex audits which
requires tracing of an audit trail through a maze of byzantine processes and procedures, documents,
records and interviews whereas at an entry level the process is much simpler and much easier. Salary is
also dependent on your hard work and your experience in the particular field.

..

Career in Securities Analysts - options and opportunities
Introduction
Security analysis is the analysis of tradeable financial instruments called securities. These can further be
classified into debt securities, equities etc. Sometimes futures contracts and tradable derivatives are
also included. Analysis of securities is divided into fundamental analysis, which relies upon the
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examination of fundamental business factors , and technical analysis, which focuses more upon price
trends and momentum.
Performance and growth of industry in India
After globalization of Indian economy, requirement for the professionals who are expert in stock market
has been increased. Considering the increase in demand for Stock Market experts, a P.G. Diploma
Course in Capital Market and Security Analysis has been introduced. Now in coming years more and
more securities analysts will be required in the market to analyze the trend in the economy.
Options and Opportunities
After completing course in securities analysis candidates can be appointed in any of the following
institutions:
- Stock Analysis and Trading.
- Derivatives Analysis and Trading.
- Commodities Analysis and Trading.
- Forex Management.
- Portfolio/Fund Management.
- Treasury Management.
- Operations Management.
- Financial Modeling.
- Academic Research.
Courses Available
- Post Graduate Course in Capital market and Financial Services
- Post Graduate Diploma in Securities Analysis and Trading
- Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Planning
- Securities Markets Programme
- Post Graduate Diploma in Fundamentals of Capital market Development
Qualification required
Graduation with relevant experience or MBA/Post Graduation from any recognised university.
Some good institutes
- International College of Financial Planning, New Delhi
- Indian Institute of Capital Markets,
- Institute of Company Secretaries of India, New Delhi
- Institute of Financial and Investment Planning, Mumbai
- Bombay Stock Exchange Training Institute, Mumbai
- Institute of Capital market development, New Delhi
Entrance exams
Every Institute conducts its own entrance exam.
Minimum requirement to become a Securities Analyst
The eligibility for entering this field is MBA. It is also open to students who have a bachelors /masters
degree and experience in the financial services industry or statistical research. You can join as an intern
or a trainee if you have done your graduation and has a bachelors degree in business administration,
finance or economics or if you have got a post graduate degree in commerce. There is no mandatory
training programme that you can do as an analyst, but it often required that you should earn a degree in
MBA. You should also have a basic understanding and thorough knowledge of subjects like engineering,
biotechnology, pharmacy, etc in addition to subjects like accountancy, economics and statistics to give
you an upper edge in this field. This gives you a better understanding of those subjects which can help
you in making investment decisions in these sectors.

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As an analyst you should have computer, analytical, mathematical and problem solving skills. The job of
an analyst requires them to explain their findings and recommendations to others and thus, should have
excellent presentation skills, self-confidence, maturity as well as the ability to work alone. An analyst
should also possess skills like strong attention to detail, a drive for research, an understanding of tax
laws, money markets and economy in general. With all these skills, you should also have PR skills and
salesmanship.
Personal Attributes
There are no such pointers that one can give you to climb the ladder of success. But there are loads of
factors that one should keep in mind if they want to do well in this field as this is a very challenging and
crucial field. To be successful in this field, you should have a feel of the capital market swings; you
should also have knowledge about stocks and shares, and logical and analytical ability to analyse. You
should be alert and tactful while dealing with clients and should be patient. You should be a keen
learner and should possess a dedicated business expertise
As there are large volumes of work flow there is tremendous work pressure because the volume of
money involved is huge. And this profession generally carries a high risk profile as professional growth
depends on the fortunes of the share market, over which an individual has no control. You can now take
up the course in The University of Pune in collaboration with the Mumbai Stock Exchange which is
conducting training programmes in capital market studies.
Courses while doing graduation and post graduation
The basic courses are in the field of Commerce, Accountancy (Chartered Accountancy/ Cost
Accountancy, Economics, Finance and Management. Related postgraduate programmes of the above
courses are most suitable base for taking up careers in capital and stock markets. Post graduate course
in Securities Markets, MBA in Capital Markets, Wealth Management, Financial Engineering, Risk
Management, etc are some of the specialisation course that one can do. There are various short-term
specialised training programmes for working professionals which are in huge demand in the industry.
Recruiters have their eyes glued on the premier schools for hiring candidates for investment banking.
Crisil Certified Analyst Programme (CCAP) is a two year intensive entry level programme aimed at
crafting world class finance professionals for the organisation. There is a certificate programme on
Capital Markets which is offered by BSE Training Institute and Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management
Studies.
Various institutes that offer courses in securities and capital markets
Here is the list of some of the finest institutions that offer courses in securities and capital markets, with
their eligibility and the duration of the course they offer
Institute of Company Secretaries of India, New Delhi
Website :www.icsi.edu
Courses: Post-graduate membership course in capital market and financial services.
Indian Institute of Capital Markets
Website : www.utiicm.com
Courses:
Conducts one-year full-time Securities Markets Programme (SMP) to prepare a cadre of professionals
primarily for careers in the securities markets.
Eligibility: A Masters Degree of two years duration from a recognised Indian university OR A Bachelors
Degree of three years duration from a recognised Indian university with minimum of two years post
qualification relevant experience
International College Of Financial Planning (ICFP), New Delhi
Website : www.icfpindia.org
Courses:
Post Graduate Diploma in Securities Analysis & Trading
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Eligibility : Graduation
Duration : 22 months
Admission : CAT/MAT Score or ICFP written test ( Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning ability and language
proficiency) and personal Interview.
Course Description: Meant for people who are looking for a career in Capital Markets & Research,
Investment Banking Companies, Mutual funds, Wealth Management, Equity/Commodity Brokers, KPOs,
Research Firms, Forex Dealers, Debt Market Dealers)
Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Planning
Eligibility : Graduation
Duration : 12 Months
Admission : CAT/MAT Score or ICFP written test ( Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning ability and language
proficiency) and personal Interview.
Course Description: Meant for people who are looking for a career in Banking, Mutual funds, Wealth
Management, Insurance, Equity/Commodity Brokers, Investment Advisory services etc.
The Institute of Capital Market Development, New Delhi
Courses:
PG Diploma in Fundamentals of Capital Market Development
Eligibility: Graduation
Bombay Stock Exchange Training Institute, Mumbai
Website:www.bseindia.com
Courses: Certificate courses are run periodically throughout the year.
Institute of Financial and Investment Planning
Courses: It offers a one-year correspondence cum-lecture course leading to a diploma in financial and
investment planning.
Work of a securities analyst in an industry
It is good that you have done your graduation in Commerce field and from DU. But it is very important
to understand that the job of securities analysts involves a lot of reading, research, meeting people,
writing, etc. There will be a lot of studying regarding the companys history, and its products and
services. You might take the help of books and trade publications, financial reports, by studying public
records of the company, or by participating in public conference calls or using reference services like
standard and poors Outlook etc. you should do a thorough research about the industry or the market
you are interested in and then you should go for further studies in the same field as doing specialised
courses after graduation like a PG diploma or a MBA will only boost your chances to get a good job in
the desired market.
Basically an analyst usually studies an entire industry, observing and assessing the current trends in
business practices and industry competition. You should keep track of all the new regulations and
policies that are a factor in affecting the industry. Once the short listing of the companies, which are a
good investment option, is done, an analyst meets the top management of these companies and gathers
detailed information about the company. After all the meeting and gathering of information, the analyst
needs to prepare a report on that particular company. Writing reports is the major part of an analysts
job
What will be my salary package if I get a job in this field after doing my MBA? And is there a huge
difference between the salaries of people depending upon their educational qualification?
There is always an entry level and from there you gradually increase to a better salary package. MBAs
and post graduates with professional qualifications can earn up to Rs. 20,000/- per month and above at
the entry level. Based on individual performance and decision making, which results in an increase in the
profit of the firm, there is an increment in the salary package. Many employers get bonuses that are
equivalent or double the salary of a beginner analyst. There is a commission that is attached with the
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salary which is performance driven and is totally dependent on an individual performance. The earning
of a top professional can be sky high i.e. can go up to lacs and crores as per the experience and the
profitability quotient to the firm that they bring.
Which all companies require securities analysts?
Security analyst is a very critical job and is essential for a company or industry in capital market to run
successfully. These companies in stock markets are called as players. There are various players that
equip themselves with security analyst to handle their security department. Some of the major players
in trading and stock broking in India include companies like Kotak securities ltd, Angel Broking, Karvy
Stock broking, Anand Rathi, Geojit Financial Services Ltd, JRG Securities Ltd, etc. There are various
international players too such as Bloomberg, Thomson-Reuters and financial news organisation Dow
Jones Newswires. All these companies require the assistance of analysts i.e. security analysts are hired in
their research departments. In India, Security Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the authorized body
which regulates the work of the stock exchanges, banks and other financial institutions.
This body is just in India market. There are different bodies governing or regulating the operation of
capital markets. Different countries have their regulating body and licensing authorities which regulate
the operations of capital markets and finance professionals.



Career in Insurance Underwriters - options and opportunities
Introduction
Insurance Underwriting means accepting liability of clients for possible losses. It involves identifying,
evaluating and estimating the risk exposure and determines the premium to insure against the risk.
Professionals who calculate the financial risk of insuring a business concern are known as Underwriters.
They are the integral part of the organisations long term success and financial viability. Underwriters
view and review applications for insurance coverage both for companies and individuals. They take care
of risk management by assessing the fitness of an individual for the insurance services provided by an
insurance firm.
Performance and growth of industry in India
Insurance has become a necessity for individuals as well as for business concerns. This profession is
considered less subject to the recession as compared to the other professions and it has been assumed
that the need of underwriters is going to remain constant throughout time. Thus, candidates pursuing
their career in this field have a secure career with growth opportunities.
Options and Opportunities
Today, an insurance underwriter has become an excellent career opportunity in Insurance sector with
various job options to choose from. Underwriting has four categorization namely Life Insurance, health
Insurance, Mortgage insurance and Property Insurance. Once a candidate has decided for underwriting
then he needs to choose which field of underwriting out of the four he wants to opt for. Underwriters
work in insurance companies or for the organisations which offer insurance services to these companies
and policyholders, banks, mortgage companies and real estate firms.
Courses Available
- B.Com in Accounting and Finance
- B.Com in Accounting
- Masters in Banking and Finance
- M.Com. Finance
- BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration)

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Qualification required
- Bachelors Degree
- Degree in finance and business administration with course in accounting.
- For health and life insurance underwriting, a degree in medical or paramedical field is important
Some good institutes
- Advance Institute of Mangement, Ghaziabad
- Agra College of Mangement and Technology, New Delhi
- Aligarh College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh,
- Apeejay Institute of Management, Jalandhar
- Arcade Business College, Patna
- Asia Pacific Institute of Management Studies, New Delhi
- DAV Institute of Management, Faridabad
Entrance exams
- Licentiate Exam
- Associateship Exam
- Fellowship Exam
- CIS Exam
- Surveyors Exam
- Actuarial Science Exam
- Amity School of Insurance and Actuarial Science PG diploma Entrance Examination
- Birla Institute of Management Technology PGDRIM Admission Test
- DS Actuarial Education Services (DS ActEd) Aptitude Test
- International institute for insurance and Finance (IIIF) PG diploma Entrance Examination
- Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies PGDAS All India Admission Test
- Symbiosis National Aptitude (SNAP) Test
- Uttar Pradesh Management Common Aptitude Test UPMCAT
Life Insurance Underwriter
It is very important to know the profile before you opt for it. It is very important to understand is. Life
insurance underwriting is the process of accepting the proposal of the customer based on the rules and
regulations laid by the insurance company. There is a procedure set by the insurance companies that
one must follow before accepting any new business. Underwriting department plays a very vital role in
any insurance company. Whenever there is an arrival of a new proposal in the insurance company, its
underwriting department studies the proposal in regards to the criteria laid by the insurance company
and then come to the conclusion of rejection or acceptance of the respective proposal. If they find any
flaw or fault in the proposal they ask the agent to take corrective actions for the same.
One cannot claim whatever he desires from an insurance company. The issue of the policy is dependent
on income of the insured individual and whether he can actually pay the premium over the years. Here
comes an Underwriter into picture, as once they are satisfied that all conditions have been met as per
the policies of the company they go ahead to accept the premium and issue the policy. To put in a
simple line, Underwriting is the decision making process during which the company decides whether to
insure or not and if yes then at what rate.
Job profile
Underwriters will be required as long as insurance is considered as a necessity for people in modern
times. The term Underwrite means that the insurance company accepts liability for possible losses by
clients. Basically, underwriters calculate the financial risk of insuring a business or an entity, for
prospective and current clients. There are various lines of insurance business such as auto, home,
commercial and farm insurance, individual, life and group life and health that an Underwriter can take
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up. Renewal of insurance coverage for both individuals and companies is one of the applications of an
Underwriter. It involves identifying, evaluating, and estimating the level of risk involved, establishing
premiums matched to the risk and recommending coverage. Underwriters play an important role in our
success and financial capability.
They measure and evaluate the risk involved and the premium that needs to be charged to insure that
risk, in simple words, they take care of risk management. They review the insurance applications and
decide their fate. An underwriter evaluates an applicants exposure to risk and decides whether an
applicant meets an insurers standards. They review the insurance policies and coverage of the insured
entity to determine if the policy holder has the right amount of coverage, or are they a risk to the
insurance company. An underwriter may also be involved in setting prices for insurance applicants and
determining potential clients of a finance company
Eligibilty
It is mandatory these days to have atleast done graduation as it has become a minimum requirement for
anyone to apply for a job in any industry, so is the case here. You must possess atleast a bachelors
degree/college degree in any field. It can also be pursued as correspondence course too. With these
basic educational qualifications there are other qualities that you should possess in order to excel in this
field. Excellent communication and computer skill along with a strong background in finance will get you
the desired job and you will have the best opportunity for employment in this field. Work as an
underwriter differs depending on the type of insurance, as the types of clients the underwriter works
with and the risks that are assessed will be different. The most important underwriting skills are learned
while you are working but for that the basics should be clear as crystal. Most of the underwriters start
their careers as trainees or assistant underwriters in industry. You should also be open to learning as
thorough knowledge is another important criterion for an underwriter.
If I have done my graduate in finance or business administration then do I have an edge over other
candidates applying for the same job?
Graduates who have a degree in finance or business administration, with courses in accounting
definitely have an edge over others. And they are likely to find opportunities more frequently and easily
for employment with large insurance companies. Getting a degree in finance or accounting is an
important factor in your career but people with a normal graduation degree in any field can also apply
for a job in this field. But more importantly if you do a specialisation in property or mortgage
underwriting, which is an additional course in finance, accounts or computer applications, you will be at
an advantage while going ahead in this field. It also depends on the profile that you are getting into. For
example, if you are planning to take up anything related to health and life insurance underwriting job,
then a degree in medical or paramedical field is important, as health and life insurance underwriters
have to assess the medical risk along with the financial risk involved with an individual.
Also, apart from the educational qualification you should also have good communication and
interpersonal skills which play an important role in this field as the work of an underwriter involves
frequent communication with clients. You should have computer skills which have become an integral
part of an underwriters day to day job. Analytical and decision making skills is also needed because as
an underwriter you would be required to take quick decisions with accuracy. As it involves calculation of
risk and premium, having mathematical skills is mandatory. You should have a good power of judgement
too.
Career prospect
Insurance underwriter is an excellent career option that you can opt for in the financial sector as it is
career specific in the Insurance sector. If you like to analyze information and are good with detail
orientation then underwriting is a suitable and satisfying job option for you. There is no shortage of jobs
in this field as the need for underwriters will always remain constant throughout time, as insurance is
considered to be a necessity for individuals and businesses both in good times and in times of crisis. This
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profession is also considered to have less impact from recession as compared to other career fields. The
job profile includes studying insurance proposals, gathering and assessing background information,
calculating possible risk and determining the premium. They work as a mediator between the policy
holder and the insurance company.
As an underwriter you are expected to meet the expectations of the policy holders as well as to
maintain the profitability of the insurance company that you are employed in. Most of the work of an
underwriter involves office work and client interaction over the phone. Thus, insurance underwriter is a
very good and booming career prospect in recent times and also in future.
Good colleges to study Insurance Underwriting
There are tons of colleges that you can apply for. Here is the list of a few most recognised colleges that
comes with an assured good placement but that doesnt mean that you would not need to study or
score well. It just means that these colleges are reputed ones and would work as an advantage for you
while getting a job.
- Financial Planning Academy (FPA), Mumbai, Colaba, Mumbai
- Delhi Degree College, Janakpuri, Delhi
- TKWs Institute of Banking & Finance, New Rajendra Nagar, Delhi
- Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning, Pune (SCDL), Indore
- Aizaz Rizvi College of Journalism & Mass Communication, Lucknow
- Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning (SCDL) - Pune, Model Colony, Pune
- University of East Anglia, Norwich
- Swansea University, Wales
- International Council for Management Studies, Chennai
- College of Insurance & Risk Management (CIRMS), Hyderabad
- International Institute for Insurance and Finance, Hyderabad
- Bhavans Center for Inter-Disciplinary Studies (BCIDS), Mumbai
- DS Actuarial Education Services Private Limited, Vile Parle West, Mumbai
- College of Insurance & Risk Management (CIRMS), Mumbai

Here are the few courses that you might opt for while doing a graduation or post graduation from one of
these colleges as it will help you in getting a good placement.B.Com Accounting and Finance, B.Com,
M.Com, M.Com Finance, Accounting, Banking/Finance, Insurance, BBA (Bachelor of Business
Administration). You can also do the courses through distance learning.


Career in Marketing Management - options and opportunities
Introduction
Marketing Management is one of the important discipline in Business Administration which emphasis on
the application of marketing concepts and techniques to organize marketing resources. American
Marketing Association has defined Marketing as an activity, set of institutions and processes for
creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, partners
and society at large. In other words, marketing helps the business to grow by convincing people about a
product using different tools. Now a days, it applies to every business firms such as government, social
service, etc.
Performance and growth of industry in India
Rapid growth in the economy has increased the number of multinational companies in India which has
given rise to many job opportunities for the marketing candidates. Today every firm requires
professionals with marketing background. Marketing professionals are appointed by the company to
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create brands and promote their products and services.
Options and Opportunities
Graduates with masters degree in marketing can start their career as marketing executive, marketing
manager, and with some experience they can get the top most positions such as brand manager,
product manager, market research analyst, advertising manager, sales manager, director etc in the
company. They can also work in computer companies, department stores, manufacturing firms, arts
organizations, construction firms, food producers etc. They can also own theie own consultancy firm
that gives suggestions and advices regarding marketing.
Courses Available
- B.Com in Marketing Management
- M.Com in Marketing
- MBA in Marketing
- MBA in Marketing and Retail Management
- Master of Marketing Management
- Post Graduate Diploma in Marketing and Retail Management
-Post Graduate Diploma in Advertising and Marketing Communication
- Certificate Course in Marketing and Advertising
Qualification required
Graduates specially with MBA degree specialized in marketing.
Some good institutes
- Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans Sardar Patel College of Communication and Management, New Delhi
- Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
- Banglore Management Academy, Karnataka
- Devi Ahilya Aishwavidyalaya: Institute of Management Studies, M.P
- European Management Institute, New Delhi
- Appejay Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi
- Asia Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi
- Aligarh Muslim University: Faculty of Management Study and Research, Aligarh
- Institute of Management Education, Ghaziabad
Entrance exams
Many Business schools and universities conduct their own entrance test. Some of them are:
- National Management Aptitude Test (NMAT)
- Open Management Admission Test (OPENMAT)
- Symbiosis national Aptitude Test (SNAP)
- IBSAT
- Management Aptitude Test (MAT)
Business requirements for a marketing manager in a firm
Business is the need of the hour and for a potential growth in the market, all kinds of firms depend on
the promotion of their products. Every firm in this industry requires professional with sales or marketing
background. Its important to understand that marketing is a business requirement which is focused on
the application of marketing techniques and administrating an organisations marketing resources.
Marketing is the method by which a business grows as it involves convincing people about a product or
concept using various ideas. This field involves advertising, distributing and selling of a product is
regarded as the most important element in the growth of any company.
Marketing managers are required to study the marketability of the product involved and the measures
to enhance sales by implementing these ideas. Its very important to understand the term marketing as
it more than just a word used for transactions between buyers and sellers occur. It is a well-planned out
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process of exchange between the customers and the sellers. A marketing process consists of four major
parts, i.e. Product, Pricing, Placement and Promotion
List of top colleges in India for Marketing Management
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIM A)
Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata (IIM K)
Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (IIM B)
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow (IIM L)
XLRI Xavier Labour Research Institute, Jamshedpur
ISB Indian School of Business, Hyderabad
FMS Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi
Indian Institute of Management, Indore (IIM I)
Indian Institute of Management, Calicut (IIM K Kozhikode)
Jamanlal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai (JBIMS)
S.P. Jain Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai (SPJIMR)
Management Development of Institute, Gurgaon (MDI)
Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar (XIM B)
Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune (SIBM)
Institute of Management & Technology, Ghaziabad (IMT)
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi (IIFT)
Institute of Management Development Research, Pune (IMDR)
International Management Institute, Delhi (IMI)
Various opportunities that the field of marketing management offers
Marketing management is a profession that offers a number of opportunities in various fields for all the
aspirants. You can start your career as marketing executive after your graduation. Then depending on
your skills and experience within a couple of months or years, they could reach the post of Marketing
Manager. The opportunity to the top most positions in the company i.e. for climbing the ladder of
success starts from this post itself. Getting a reputed job position depends upon the educational
qualification too. A well-qualified MBA graduate can be offered positions such as marketing manager,
brand manager, market research analyst, and new product manager, sales manager, advertising
manager, PR (public relations) director, etc.
Small companies, big corporate, government and non-government organisations, consultancies, public
relation agencies all offer a wide range of opportunities for marketing professionals. Advertising, sales,
management, creative-writing for product promotion, etc. are the areas of work involved. You can work
in department stores, computer companies, utility companies, construction firms, food producers,
manufacturing firms and arts organisations. After a lot of education you can also establish your own
consultancy, which would give advice and suggestions for various organisations regarding marketing or
could start their own advertising agencies.

..


Career in Corporate Training
A career in corporate training looks exciting to many students. Indeed it is exciting but the path to
be a corporate trainer is pretty long. Corporate training is a job that one can do after gaining
considerable experience. The opportunities for trainers are immense as lot of people are looking to
fill their skill gaps and companies are also looking for people to provide training to their staff.
What do trainers do?
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Trainers usually work for training centers or for a company that provides training internally. They impart
skill to the trainees, sometimes technical or soft skills or depending on the needs of the organisations.
Courses & Eligibility
To be a successful trainer one needs to be expert in the skill that one wants to impart. The skill can be
learned with experience (e.g. technical expertise) or through education in that special field. One can also
do a Diploma in training after educational/Professional course. Masters in Human resource
management and additional diploma in training. For Diploma in Training and Development offered by
Indian Society of Training and Development the eligibility is Graduation with minimum 2 years work
experience or PG degree or Post-Graduate Degree or equivalent Diploma in Business Management,
Personnel Management or any other recognized discipline. A professionally recognised qualification like
BE, ME, MBBS, CAIIB, ACA, AICWA, M Ed etc. inclusive of degree level education, OR Armed Forces
Officers who have successfully undergone course at NDA /IMA / OTA/ Air Force Academy / Indian Naval
Academy and have a minimum of two years working experience.
Course Fee
ISTD charges Rs.25, 000/- for its diploma program.
Where to Study
Indian Society of Training and Development, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi
Offers 18 months Pot Graduate Diploma in Training and Development
XLRI, Jamshedpur --> Offers short term certificate program in training
# MBA/ PG Diploma in Human Resource Management is offered at many institutes of repute in India and
abroad.
Payoffs
The earnings of corporate trainers depend on their expertise and experience. While a soft skills trainer in
the beginning can expect to earn around Rs 3-4 lakhs, some experienced trainers charge upto a lakh for
a a 2-3 days program.


Career in Mathematics and Computing
Mathematics and computing is an interdisciplinary course that prepares students for career in
mathematics and related areas of application.
IIT Guwahati offers 4 year b tech in Mathematics and Computing and IIT Delhi offers integrated M Tech
in mathematics and computing. It is basically a interdisciplinary course that combines, science,
mathematics and computing.
The curriculum for this program is designed to meet the need of sophisticated mathematics in modern
scientific investigations and technological innovations. The programme has three components:
mathematics, computing and financial engineering which are perfectly blended so that the strong
mathematical and analytical components that are in-built in the curriculum form the basis on which the
technological aspects of computing and finance are developed. Consequently, the programme, which is
run by a team of committed faculty as instructors, produces a group of students with multiple skills in
mathematics, computer science and financial engineering.
Eligibility and Course
Science students with Physics, chemistry and Mathematics at class 12th level are eligible for the 4 year B
Tech program in Mathematics and Computing.
Course curriculum
Semester 1
Chemistry, Chemistry Laboratory, Electrical Sciences, Mathematics I, Workshop/Physics Laboratory
Engineering Drawing, Physics I, Physical Training I
Semester 2
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Modern Biology , Introduction to Computing, Computing Laboratory, Basic Electronics Laboratory,
Mathematics II, Engineering Mechanics, Physics II, Physics Laboratory/Workshop, Physical Training -II
Semester 3
Mathematics III, Discrete Mathematics, Modern Algebra, Probability Theory and Random Processes,
Digital Design, HSS Elective I, Physical Training - III
Semester 4
Real Analysis, Monte Carlo Simulation, Computer Organization and Architecture, Data Structures and
Algorithms, HSS Elective II, Data Structures Lab with Object-Oriented Programming, Financial
Engineering I, Physical Training - IV
Semester 5
Scientific Computing, Stochastic Calculus for Finance, Operating Systems 3, Operating Systems
Laboratory, Data Communications, HSS Elective - III
Semester 6
Optimization, Formal Languages and Automata Theory, Financial Engineering II, Financial Engineering
Laboratory, Databases, Databases Lab, Computer Networks, Networks Lab
Semester 7
Matrix Computations, Statistical Analysis of Financial Data, Theory of Computation, Department
Elective-I, Project-I
Top colleges for Mathematics and Computing
1. IIT Guwahati offers 4 year B Tech in Mathematics and Computing.
2. IIT Delhi offers 5 year integrated M Tech in Mathematics and Computing.
3. Institute of Mathematics and Application, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha offers BSc Hons in Mathematics and
Computing.
4. Indian Statistical Institute, Culcutta
5. Chennai Mathematical Institute, CMI
Job Opportunities
Graduates of this program find jobs in software industries, financial institutions and government
organizations and there is scope in pursuing research.

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Master of Business Administration (MBA)
In todays competitive world, the more educated you are, better are your chances of getting hired.
The MBA equips one with a large number of opportunities.
The MBA (Master of Business Administration) is an internationally recognised post graduate academic
course in a number of subjects that together can be said to constitute the science of management. It is
intended for those who work in the field of Business and Management and seek career advancement,
business ownership, or technical skills or business knowledge.

Career prospects with an MBA
An MBA can help you move up the career ladder at a large corporation significantly.
It gives you credibility to your business peers and demonstrates your commitment to the
business.
It teaches to you to think like a business person.
An MBA teaches you to look at the problems and opportunities analytically and holistically.



Different areas of specialisation in MBA
MBA in Marketing:
An individual, who has an MBA in Marketing, is responsible for achieving sales target, successful
management of brands through various strategies and achieving market share, designated as Brand
Executive, Group Product Manager or Marketing Manager.
MBA in Human Resource Management:
Its function in an organization to maximize employee performance, it is mainly concerned with how
people are managed within an organization. Human Resource Management comprises of three areas
Plant personnel-concern dealing with the working environment at the company or industry
premises.
Employability skills gained by MBAs
The transferable skills gained from the study of an MBA include the following:
Academic Achievement: demonstrate application and high standards of performance.
Communication Skills: listening, speaking carefully and clearly, the ability to put across your
arguments.
Analysis: distinguishing relevant from irreverent information, identifying issues and problems.
Commitment: seriousness of purpose, practicality and realism.
Decisiveness: fact finding skills, judgment, courage.
Group Skills: teamwork, leadership, ability to motivate others.
Master of IT Skills: databases and programming languages, statistical packages and
spreadsheets
Cross Cultural Awareness: working with fellow students from many different regions and
backgrounds.

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Corporate personnel- encompasses all HR activities at the corporate setup.
Human resource Development maintaining positive and healthy industrial relations, recruitment
for the organization, payroll, appraisals and administrations and all matters related workers
union.
MBA in Operations Management
It concerns overseeing, designing and controlling the production and redesigning business operations in
the operations of goods or services. It includes excellent negotiation skills, general idea about
manufacturing, sales, and distribution channel of the company. it also comprises of supply chain
management, quality control, logistics, inventory control, and production planning and improvement.
MBA in Financial Management
It is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for effective operations of a
business organization. An MBA in Finance is full of options ,as it offers variety of subjects like Corporate
Finance, Costing, Budgeting, International Finance, Working Capital management, investments and
Security analyst in Brokerage firms. The scope of MBA in Finance is aplenty. An MBA in Financial
Management.

Besides these areas, many other areas also offer scope in MBA degrees:
Agri-business Management
Business Intelligence
Communication and Event
Management
Corporate Social Responsibility
Entrepreneurship
Health care Management
Hospitality and Tourism
Information Technology
Insurance and Risk Management
Pharma Management
Product Management
Public Policy
Real Estate
Retail Management
Sports Management
Systems Management
Telecom Management and many others
.
Career in Management/MBA

PGDM
An Attractive Alternative to MBA
PGDM from a reputed school scores much above than the MBA from a less
reputed school.
PGDM or Post Graduate Diploma in Management is a diploma course offered by
the management institutes that are recognised by AICTE. Even prestigious IIMs
and many other reputed business schools offer PGDM, which is a 2 year diploma
course.
Students, who have completed their bachelors degree in any discipline from a
recognized university, are eligible for this diploma.

177
Liberalized economic policy, growing number of multinationals, quest for profit and fierce competition
has increased the demand of MBA professionals many-fold in almost every field. Business Management
has opened up limitless opportunities with good remuneration, status and scope for professional and
personal growth.
Scope
Business Managers have multiple career options in public and private sectors. Banks, financial
institutions, corporate houses, government departments, industries, media, publishing and public
relation firms, export and import companies, investment firms, NGOs, recruit managers for efficient and
profitable functioning. Management professionals also can opt to become entrepreneur or run
consultancy.
Remuneration
Managers can get Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 70,000 per month salary. Students from reputed institutes like IIMs
and ISB can get more than 10 lakh rupees per month in international companies.
Eligibity
Under-graduate (BBA)/Post-graduate (MBA/Executive MBA/Distant MBA courses offers numerous job
opportunties. For BBA 12th std pass and For MBA (2 year course) graduation or equivalent degree is
essential. Admission is given on the basis of a written test, group discussion and personal interview.
Separate tests are conducted by different institutes. For Executive MBA industrial experience is taken
into consideration.
Employabilty Skills
Organizational and administrative skills.
Problem-solving ability.
A knack for working under pressure.
Good communication skills.
Analytical skills.
Leadership skills.
Practical knowledge.
Ability of handling team
Ability to make smart decisions.
Ability to work hard and readiness to
work for long hours.
Accuracy.
Creativity.
Flexibility and adaption of new
methodologies.
High intellectual capability.
Career opportunities
Retail Management,
Human Resource Management
Real estate management
Production management
Construction management
Rural management
Materials management.
Job options
1. Careers in Retail Management: India has emerged as one of the top ten retail markets all over the
world. There are approximately 4.3 million retail outlets spread over the nation and which needs about
3.25 million retail personnel at present. Retail management is a promising and highly remunerative
career option today with the proliferation of supply chains, shopping complexes, malls and multiplexes
in metros and in developing cities. The retail management offers limitless job opportunities in supply
chains, exporting houses and departmental stores. Manufacturing companies, banks, finance and
insurance companies, telecommunication companies, education and health care industry absorb a large
number of retail managers. Eligibility: MBA (RM) from reputed institutes. Diploma in retail management
(DMR) is open to all graduates from any background.
Institutes offering Retail management courses:
Narsee Monjee Institute of Management and Higher Studies, Mumbai. www.nmims.edu
Birla Institute of Management and Technology, Noida. www.bimtech.ac.in
Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI), Hyderabad. www.icfai.org
Indian School of Retail, Delhi. www.indianretailschool.com
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Institute for Integrated Learning in Management, Gurgaon. www.iilm.edu
Welingkar Institute of Management, Mumbai. www.welingkar.org
National Institute of Business Management, Chennai. www.nibmglobal.com
Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning, Pune www.scdl.net
National Institute of Retail Management (NIRM), Bangalore. www.nirm.co.in
2. Careers in Human Resource (HR): Success of industry and company is mainly depends on the human
resource efficiency. HR professionals deal with the recruitment of new employees, conducting tests and
interviews, managing employees benefits and resolve minor grievances of employees. The main task of
Human resource managers is to use efficiently and effectively the available skills and talent of the
employees within the organization. Human Resource managers can seek employment in public and
private sector industries, banking and financial institutions, corporate houses and multinational
companies, education industry. Eligibility: MBA (HR).
Institutes:
Xavier Labour Relations Institute, Jamshedpur. www.xlri.ac.in
Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar. www.ximb.ac.in
IIM (Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Kozhikode and
Shillong) www.iimahd.ernet.in
Indian School of Business, Hyderabad. www.isb.edu
Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi University. www.fms.edu
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. www.jbims.edu
Management Development Institute, Gurgaon.www.mdi.ac.in
Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. www.nmims.edu
Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune. www.sibm.edu
3. Careers in Real Estate Management: Property and Real Estate Managers help to coordinate all
financial as well as administrative operations of real estate investments. Property & Real estate
Managers get jobs with real estate departments in banks, NBFCs, trust companies, estate firms,
community association management companies and national and international property management
firms. Remuneration: Top level real estate manager can earn a salary of Rs. 70,000-1,00000 per month
along with other fringe benefits. Eligibility: MBA (Real Estate Management) is desirable. Post-Graduate
Diploma and Certificate level courses are desirable.
Institutes:
Delhi Business School, Delhi.www.dbs.edu.in
IILM Institute for Higher Education, Gurgaon. www.iilm.edu
Yajnas Academy of Real Estate Management (YAREM), Hyderabad.
Institution of Estate Managers and Appraisers, Kolkata. www.iesma.net
International Institute of Real Estate, Investment and Finance, Delhi.
St Xavier College, Kolkata. www.sxccal.edu
Distance courses: Centre for Continuing and Distance Education, Raipur and Karnataka State Open
University Mysore
4. Careers in Production Management: Production Managers are experts in technical aspects of the
production process. A production manager deals with the overall production process, economic
efficiency and in-time delivery of goods and services. Production Managers gets jobs in manufacturing
industries viz. automobiles, engineering goods, heavy machinery, iron-steel and other metal industries,
chemical and fertilizer, biotechnology industries, agro-base industries, telecom industries, etc.
Eligibility: B.E/B.Tech degree along with MBA (production management). Engineering/Technology
graduates have relative advantage over general graduates.
Institutes offering training courses:
International Council for Management Studies, Chennai. www.aicomas.org
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All India Institute of Management Studies (AIIMAS), Chennai. www.aiimas.com
Indian Management Training and Research Institute, Jalandhar.
Modern Institute Of Management, Delhi. www.templeoflearning.com
5. Careers in Construction Management: Liberalization and growing economy has resulted in many new
infrastructure development projects particularly in the area of transportation, power, petrochemical,
telecom, information technology and real estate. Construction/Project managers have limitless
employment opportunities both in public and private sector infrastructure development companies. In
public sector air port, highways, port development, institutions, railways and defence are among the top
employer of construction/project managers. Experienced project managers also can work independently
as consultants. Eligibility: MBA (Construction Managment). Diploma and Certificate level courses in
construction/project management. Bachelor in Engineering/Technology/Architecture students is eligible
for these courses.
Institutes
National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR), Pune.
www.nicmar.ac.in
The Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad. www.cept.ac.in
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. www.iitm.ac.in
Anna University, Chennai. www.annauniv.edu
Distance learning courses Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi
www.ignou.ac.in
6. Careers in Rural Management: Professional Rural Managers are required to assist the villagers in
their process of development. They get employment opportunity in governments developmental
agencies and Non-Government Organizations. Highly talented managers can find lucrative job options in
UN and its specialized agencies or programmes run by them. International NGOs prefer rural managers
for various projects related to rural development. Eligibility: MBA
Institutes offering training courses in rural management:
Indian Institutes of Management, Ahmedabad and Calcutta. www.iimahd.ernet.in
Institute of Rural Management, Anand. www.irma.ac.in
National institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad www.nird.org.in
Gandhigram Rural Institute, Dindigul District (TN) www.tn.gov.in
Indian Institute of Rural Management, Jaipur www.iirm.ac.in
Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi www.xiss.ac.in and
Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai. www.tiss.edu
7. Careers in Materials Management: It provides limitless job opportunities with attractive pay
packages are available in material management. They can be employed in purchasing, storing and
supplying departments of defence, railways, public transport, etc. They also can find lucrative
employment opportunities in industrial establishments, corporate houses, supply chain industries,
etc.Eligibility: MBA in any discipline. However, some institutes prefer only engineering graduates.
Institutes offering training courses:
Indian Institutes of Materials Management, Mumbai www.iimm.org
Balaji Institute of Management Studies, Pune www.bimmpune.com (Distance learning).
Employers
Banks
Institutes.
Companies.
Industries.
Educational institutes.
Business houses.
Business firms.
Management colleges.
Government offices.
Courses
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Diploma courses
Diploma in Foreign Trade Management
Diploma in Marketing Management (DMM).
Diploma in Hotel Management
Diploma in Tours and Travel management
Diploma in Export Management
Bachelor programmes
Bachelor in Hotel Management, Travel & Tourism (BHMTT)
Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA)
Masters of Personnel Management (MPM).
Masters of Marketing Management (MMM)
Masters of Management Sciences (MMS)
MBA Pharmaceutical Marketing
Post-graduate Diploma in Agri-business management
Post Graduate Diploma Import & Export Management (PGDIEM)
Post-Graduate Diploma in Hospital Management (PGDHM)/ PGDBM /PGDFS /PGDEM)
Post-Graduate Diploma in Event management
Post-Graduate Diploma in Energy Management.
Post graduate Diploma in Fitness management (PGDFM).
Criteria for selection of B-school:
Course content. International exposure.
Placements.
Admission procedure.
Amount of fees.
International linkages. Industry interface.
Affiliation with University or AICTE.
Autonomous coursed should be selected with caution.
Important Institutes
IIM (Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Kozhikode and Shillong).
www.iimahd.ernet.in
Xavier Institutes (Jamshedpur and Bhubaneswar). www.ximb.ac.in
Indian School of Business, Hyderabad. www.isb.edu
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. www.jbims.edu
Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. www.nmims.edu
Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune. www.sibm.edu
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi. www.iift.edu
Institute of Management of Technology (IMT) Ghaziabad www.imt.edu.
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nasik http://www.ycmou-st.com
Examinations
1. Entrance examination for MBA: Management test papers are set with the aim to find out the
standard of knowledge, the aptitude of the candidate and ability to take admission in a
management program. CET exam conducted by different states.
2. Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT): It is for admission in leading business schools
worldwide. The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is a critical part of the selective
admissions process for nearly 4,000 graduate management programs at 1,800 schools around
the world. http://www.gmac.com/gmac/thegmat
3. ATMA (AIMS Test For Management Admission): ATMA is an all India test that helps potential
candidates gain entry into over 350 Indian management schools in various national and
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international forums. The selection is done purely based on the candidates performance.
www.atma-aims.org
4. Commonwealth Executive Master of Business Administration (CEMBA) and Commonwealth
Executive Master of Public Administration (CEMPA) programs: Admission test is conducted by
the Indira Gandhi Open University twice every year for admission. www.col.org/cemba
5. Common Admission Test (CAT): The common admission test or CAT is conducted by the Indian
Institutes of Management (IIM's) every year. The test is conducted to find out the aptitude of
the prospective candidates and their ability to undertake the management programs offered by
the institutes. Candidates who appear for CAT can apply to a total of 40 other institutes apart
from the IIM's. This examination is held online. www.catiim.in
6. ICFAI Business School Aptitude Test (IBSAT): ICFAI business school conducts IBSAT aptitude test
every year to short list candidates who wish to take admission in its management programs.
Candidates who wish to apply for the 2 year post graduate management program or the 1 year
executive management program can appear for the IBSAT test. By passing the IBSAT test,
candidates can apply for admission to any of the ICFAI business schools situated in Ahmedabad,
Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Goa, Gurgaon, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Kochi,
Kolkata, Lucknow, Mangalore, Mumbai, Noida and Pune. www.ibsat.org
7. Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) MBA Admission Test: The Indian Institute of Foreign
Trade conducts its admission test every year for candidates who wish to get admission in its 2
year management programs. IIFT has campuses in New Delhi and Kolkata. www.ibsat.org
8. Management Aptitude Test (MAT): All India Management Aptitude Testing Service (AIMATS),
New Delhi conducts a Management Aptitude Test (MAT). Post Graduate Diploma in
Management (PGDM), Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology & Management
(PGDITM) are offered by All India Management Association (AIMA-CME) or other Management
Institutes (MI).
9. Management Entrance Test (JMET): It is conducted for the admission to the two year full time
Postgraduate Degree Programmes in Management offered by the IITs (Currently IIT Bombay, IIT
Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Madras and IIT Roorkee).
10. Xaviers Admission Test (XAT): Admission Test on all India level to select the most appropriate
students for management education. More than 60 Management Institutes select students for
XAT associate Institutes. http://www.xlri.edu
11. Institutes of Management Technology Entrance (IMT): Admission for doctorate, post graduate
and diploma courses. Distance mode education available.
12. Symbiosis National Aptitude Test (SNAP) for autonomous post-graduate programmes.
The great demand for MBA degree has led to mushrooming of business schools around the country.
However, an MBA aspirant must ensure the credibility of an institution before enrolling in the same.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES:
The career prospect of professionally qualified managers from Indias top management schools has been
excellent in the recent years. Every year during January and February scores of blue chip companies,
banks and financial institutions and construction houses, both Indian and foreign, throng to the
campuses to recruit management students. Most students in top schools end up with lucrative job-
offers with foreign postings.`
MBA COURSES IN INDIA
If you want to become a management graduate and make a mark in the management of business in the
Country or abroad, there are many institutes, both State - run and private, which can provide you the
requisite degree. For getting admission into these management institutes, you have to appear for
entrance tests. These Include CAT (for IIMs), MAT (AIMA), XAT (XLRI), FMS, JMET (IITs & IISc),
OPENMAT (IGNOU) and a large number of others.
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TOP BUSINESS SCHOOLS IN INDIA
1. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
Website: www.iimahd.ernet.in
2. Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore
Website: www.iimb.ernet.in
3. Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata
Website: www.iimcal.ac.in
4. Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow
Website: www.iiml.ac.in
5. Institute of Rural Management, Anand
Website: www.irm.ernet.in
6. XLRI, Jamshedpur
Website: www.xlri.edu
7. Management Development Institute, Gurgaon
Website: www.mdi.ac.in
8. Indian Institute of Management, Indore
Website: www.iimidr.ernet.in
9. SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai
Website: www.spjimr.org
10. Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi
Website: www.iift.edu
11. Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai
Website: www.nmims.edu
12. International Management Institute, New Delhi
13. Fore School of Management, New Delhi
Website: www.fsm.ac.in
14. Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad
15. Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai
16. Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar
Website: www.ximb.ac.in
17. TA Pai Management Institure, Manipal
Website: www.manipalgroup.com/tapmi/index.html
18. Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore
19. Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi
Website: www.fms.edu
20. Loyola Institute of Business Administration, Chennai
Website: www.liba-loyala.com
21. Vinod Gupta School of Management, IIT Kharagpur
22. Symbiosis Center for Management and HRD, Pune
Website: www.scmhrd.edu
23. NITIE, Mumbai
Website: www.nitie-im.com; www.nitie.edu
24. Nirma Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
25. KJ Somaiya Institute of Management, Studies and Reaserch, Mumbai
26. Department of Management Studies, REC, Trichy
27. Department of Business Administration, Aligarh
28. LB Sastri Institute of Management, New Delhi
29. Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune
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30. IILM, New Delhi


MBA Entrance Exams are conducted all over all India, every year get admission into one of the top
management colleges / institutes. These are also referred as Management Entrance Exams/tests. In
some Reputed Management Institutes like IIM's etc., 2 year Post Graduate Diploma in Management is
awarded which is considered equivalent to 2 years management degree. Management test papers are
set with the aim to find out the standard of knowledge, the aptitude of the candidate and his or her
ability to take admission in a management program.

MBA Entrance Exams Eligibility
The minimum requirements for almost all institutes to seek admission to their Masters Degree / Post-
Graduate Diploma in Management are -
A Bachelors Degree (or equivalent) in any discipline, with at least 50% aggregate marks (45% for
reserved categories). OR
Appearing at the final-year examination of a minimum three years duration of a Bachelors
Degree, in any discipline of a statutory university in India (so recognised by the Association of
Indian Universities) OR
Post-Graduate candidates having at least 50% marks (45% for reserved categories) in either their
Bachelors or Post-Graduate Degrees.
Note : Some institutes also require that applicants have 50% at 10th and/or 12th level. Some also have
higher eligibility percentages (55-60%) at graduation level.

List of MBA Entrance Exams
AIMA MAT - AIMA Management Aptitude Test Exam

ATMA - AIMS Test for Management Admissions Entrance Exam

AMU MBA Entrance Exam - Aligarh Muslim University MBA Entrance Exam

AU MBA Entrance Exam - Allahabad University MBA Entrance Exam

AIMT Entrance Exam - Army Institute of Management & Technology Entrance Exam

APIMEE - Asia Pacific Institute of Management Entrance Exam

BIM - Bharathidasan Institute of Management Exam

BVU B-MAT - Bharati Vidyapeeth University Management Aptitude Test

BIMTECH - Birla Institute of Management Technology Exam

BK School of Business Management Entrance Exam

CUMAT - Calicut University Management Aptitude Test

CENTAC MBA ET - Centralised Admission Committee MBA Entrance Test

CAT - Common Admission Test

CMAT - Common Management Admission Test

EMPI Entrance Exam - Entrepreneurship & Management Process International Business Exam

FMS Entrance Test - Faculty of Management Studies Entrance Test

FDDI AIST - Footwear Design & Development Institute All India Selection Test

FSM Entrance - FORE School of Management Entrance Exam

GIM - Goa Institute of Management Entrance Exam

184
GMAT - Graduate Management Admission Test

GCET - Gujarat Common Entrance Test

GJUST HSB MBA Entrance Ex - Haryana School of Business MBA Entrance Exam

HP CMAT - Himachal Pradesh Combined Management Aptitude Test

IBSAT - ICFAI Business School Aptitude Test

IITD - IITD Department of Management Studies Exam

IIBF - Indian Institute of Banking & Finance Exam

IIFT - Indian Institute of Foreign Trade Exam

IIIT - Indian Institute of Information Technology Entrance Exam

IISWBM - Indian Institute of Social Welfare & Business Management Entrance Exam

IMU-CET(MBA) - Indian Maritime University Combined Entrance Test

ISMU - Indian School of Mines University Entrance Exam

IGNOU OPENMAT - Indira Gandhi National Open University OPEN Management Admission Test

IMDR - Institute of Management Development and Research Entrance Exam

IPMG - Institute of Petroleum Management Entrance Exam

IRMA - Institute of Rural Management Entrance Exam

IMI PGDM - International Management Institute Exam

JIMS - Jagannath International Management School Entrance Exam

JBIMS - Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies Entrance Exam

JEMAT - Joint Entrance Management Aptitude Test

KMAT - Karnataka Management Aptitude Test

KAUMAT - Kerala Agricultural University Management Aptitude Test

KIITEE Management Exam - KIITEE Management Entrance Exam

KIAMS - Kirloskar Institute of Advanced Management Studies Entrance Exam

SIMSR PGDM - KJ Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research Entrance Exam

LBSIM - Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management Entrance Exam

LUMAT - Lucknow University Management Aptitude Test

MP MET - Madhya Pradesh Management Entrance Test

MAH CET - Maharashtra CET for MBA/MMS/PGDBM/PGDBA

MAST - Management Aptitude and Skills Test

MDI - Management Development Institute Entrance Exam

MDI PGPM PT Entrance Exam - Management Development Institute PGPM PT Entrance Exam

MICAT - Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad Admission Test

MBS - Mumbai Business School Entrance Exam

NMAT - Narsee Monjee Management Aptitude Test

NIBM - National Institute of Bank Management Entrance Exam

NICMAR Entrance Exam - National Institute of Construction Management and Research
Entrance Exam
NITIE - National Institute of Industrial Engineering Exam

185
NDIM - New Delhi Institute of Management Exam

NIPER JEE - NIPER Joint Entrance Exam

NUIM - Nirma University Institute of Management Exam

PU MBA (Off Campus) Entra - Panjab University MBA (Off Campus) Entrance Exam

PIMR - Prestige Institute of Management and Research Entrance Exam

PU MET - Punjab University Management Entrance Test

RMAT - Rajasthan Management Aptitude Test Exam

SPJIMR Exam - S P Jain Institute of Management & Research Exam

SDM Institute for Management Development Entrance Test

SBS Entrance Exam - Skyline Business School Entrance Exam

SNAP - Symbiosis National Aptitude Test

TAPMI - T.A. Pai Management Institute Entrance Exam

TANCET - Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test (MBA)

UPES MET - University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Management Entrance Test

UPMCAT - Uttar Pradesh Management Common Aptitude Test

VIT MBA Entrance Exam - Vellore Institute of Technology MBA Entrance Exam

XAT - Xavier Aptitude Test

XIMB - Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneswar Entrance Exam


Discontinued Exams
JMET - Joint Management Entrance Test Discontinued

KSM - Karunya School of Management Entrance Exam Discontinued

MBA Entrance Exams Application Procedure
Most institutes advertise in all leading newspapers giving information on details regarding
prospectus and application forms. On receipt of duly filled application forms, the institutes issue
test admit cards which entitles the candidate to take the entrance test.
The Prospectus for various institutes are priced anywhere between Rs. 300/- to Rs. 1000/-. Most
of the institutes include the examination fee in this price. However some may ask for additional
amount as examination fee. It is advisable for students to plan out in advance with regards to
exam preferences and fill up only those forms as the cost of entering in these exams is high.
MBA Entrance Exams Pattern

These may vary from Institute to Institute. Some have no Group Discussions and some include
unrehearsed speech.
1. Written Test - The first phase of selection of candidates for admission to the Masters / Post-
Graduate Diploma in Management is on the basis of their performance in a Written Test. This
seeks to test the aptitude of the candidates in four major areas - Verbal Ability, Reading
Comprehension, Quantitative Ability and Business Data Interpretation. Some institutes also ask
Business and General Awareness questions while some may include an essay writing section.
2. Qualitative Assessment - After the entrance exam every institute shortlists candidates for
qualitative assessment which mainly includes two stages.
Group Discussion.
Personal Interview.
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This stage of selection evaluates candidates Leadership abilities, grasping power, analytical thought
process, communication skills and other personality attributes.
Final selection is based on assessment based on marks in the written exam, the Group Discussions and
Personal Interview. Work experience is given additional weightage at most of the institutes.
.

Studying MBA Abroad: The Popular choice
It is estimated that almost two thirds of Indias GDP comes from family business. Little wonder then, the
majority of Indian students go abroad to study business and commerce related subjects. At the masters
level, an MBA is by far the most popular option. The degree offers specialization in a number of subjects
including
Finance and Accounts management
Marketing,
Human resource management,
Strategy management,
Operations & logistics management
General management
E-commerce
Supply chain management
Entrepreneurship
thanks tom the tremendous growth in online business space ,e-commerce etc.
An MBA is perfect choice for students with at least three years of full time work experience and who
want to become an effective managers and leaders. Students from backgrounds including Engineering,
medicine, law and even teaching, can apply for the MBA program.
An MBA is an expensive degree. However do not let the cost deter you from pursuing it. You can find
less costly MBA options and apply for scholarships as well. If you do not have the funds needed for MBA
consider a specialized Masters.
While an MBA is most suited for students with at least three years of full time work experience, fresh
graduates can also join the program. The US and Canada are the top choices of an aspirant. admission
seekers are required to take the Graduate Management Aptitude Test(GMAT) and the Test Of English as
Foreign Language(TOEFL).do keep in mind some universities will still need a Graduate Record
Examination (GRE) or GMAT score and sometimes even require to have the work experience. Many
students who wish to setup new business or expand existing family business opt for Entrepreneurship
for specialization, learning how to manage the risks that go along with launching business ventures.
Financial Management
It is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for effective operations of a
business organization. An MBA in Finance is full of options ,as it offers variety of subjects like Corporate
Finance, Costing, Budgeting, International Finance, Working Capital management, investments and
Security analyst in Brokerage firms. The scope of MBA in Finance is aplenty.
Marketing Management
It involves application of marketing techniques and the management of firm marketing resources and
activities. He/She works a marketing manager for the business organization.
Human Resource Management
Its function in an organization to maximize employee performance, it is mainly concerned with how
people are managed within an organization. Human Resource Management comprises of three areas
Plant personnel
Corporate personnel
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Human resource Development maintaining positive and healthy industrial relations, recruitment
for the organization, payroll, appraisals and administrations and all matters related workers
union.
Operations Management
It concerns overseeing, designing and controlling the production and redesigning business operations in
the operations of goods or services. It includes excellent negotiation skills, general idea about
manufacturing, sales, and distribution channel of the company. it also comprises of supply chain
management, quality control, logistics, inventory control, and production planning and improvement.


THE FINANCE FORMULA:
TIPS ON HOW STUDENTS CAN MANAGE THEIR FINANCES WHILE STUDYING ABROAD.

Studying abroad is an exciting yet expensive affair. Most countries, other than US, allow international
students to work off campus while studying. In US, international students are permitted to work for a
period of 20 hours per week .While other countries, too, have a similar limitation on the number of
hours. International students to find jobs on and off campus as well. For instance, in Canada, yoy can
apply for a permit that allows working off campus 20 hours per week during the academic and 40 hour s
per week during the vacations. The rules are not very different for students who study in UK and
Australia.
By working on or off campus, you can expect to earn sufficient funds for your personal expenses and
sometimes even living expenses. But very rarely, you will able to fund your entire education from this
income. The work students typically do on campus includes working in the library, laboratory, dining
halls, admission offices, etc. off campus employment usually involves working in restaurants and petrol
pumps. The average minimum wage in the US is $8.25 per hour. Thus working for 20 hours in the
minimum wage can fetch you about $660 per month.
GRADUATE ASSISTANTSHIPS
Students unable to work on or off campus can apply for funding from the university as well. Most
universities in the US and some in Canada and Australia offer students GRADUATE ASSISTANTSHIPS
(GAs). A GA is an award which pays for your entire tuition fee as well as your monthly stipend. They can
(TAs) or research assistants (RAs)., to assist professors in grading pares . Teach in small classes and help
with research. Assistantships are extremely competetiveand are granted to students with excellent
grades and, those wit work experiences. Students can earn a stipend up to US$1,200 per month.
NEED BASED FUNDING
If you do not land up with a GA or an on or off campus job, you can still apply to the university for merit
or need based funding. Many universities offer scholarships to students with excellent grades, these are
not only competitive but also based on need. Thus, if you can demonstrate that you actually need the
funds, you may have better chance to receive them directly at the university level. Such scholarships
generally cover 10-75% of the tuition fee.
EDUCATION LOANS
Finally, if you have no other choice, you can apply for education loans in India. Several banks offer
education loans up to Rs. 30, 00,000 with an interest rate around 11.75% and the repayment starts after
one year of the completion of course or six months after getting a job, whichever happens earlier. The
loan must be paid within 12 years. The security require to obtain it is usually around 115% of the loan
amount.
Banks in the US give loans to international students without security only if a citizen or a green card
holder with good credit history acts as their guarantor. It has lower rate of interest 7-9% and repayment
period is up to 25 years.
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A good way to fund your education is a combination of the several options listed above.
If you wish to pursue your education overseas, make sure that you plan your finances before applying
for admissions or at least before you leave the country.

Career opportunities in MBA-FINANCE
Equity Research
Investment Banking
Derivatives
Technical Analysis
Mergers & Acquisitions
Corporate Finance
Credit Research
Private Equity
Trading
Portfolio Management
Own Business
Financial Research
Finance -- the sector most battered by the global meltdown -- is making a comeback. News streaming in
from top B-school campuses such as the IIMs talks of finance positions once again claiming their place in
the sun. Financial heavyweights are flexing their muscles once again on Day Zero. Names currently doing
the rounds are Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan Chase, Credit Suisse, UBS, HSBC, RBS, Barclays, Bank of
America -- Merrill Lynch, Nomura and many more.
Although a lot of us may want to take advantage of this, a lot of questions may also arise in our mind.
What are the roles these financial companies offer? What is the meaning of all the perplexing finance
positions in these companies? What does one do exactly? What is the skill set required? How much does
one get paid?
Finance as a career option is a very wide term. In a survey by an education portal, it was pointed out
that over 75 per cent students took finance purely because they felt that it paid the most. That shows
one thing: mostly students and job-seekers find who opt for this specialisation do not know what they
are getting into.
This is an attempt to simplify some of the financial career options students should look at when
contemplating a career in finance.
1. Private equity: The role of private equity is to raise funds from large investors and invest the money
directly into businesses. The usual manner is to raise money from overseas investors and then find
businesses in the growth stage. Most private equity funds 'exit' the investment after a period of time by
selling their holding in the business to some other investors or doing an initial public offering of the
shares of the business.
Investment banking comprises two major businesses. One is the advisory/ corporate finance role which
entails mergers and acquisitions. This would entail understanding valuations, finding targets, negotiation
and compliance with legal regulations. The second role is what is more popularly called equity capital
markets role. This entails helping corporates raise funds from investors or the public. So it may entail
working on IPOs or Institutional Offerings.
3. Fund Management: As a fund manager, one is an important decision-maker typically at a mutual
fund. The fund manager has a good overall understanding of the macro factors which affect the markets
as well as the micro factors about which company to invest in. He invests money in stock market, debt
market, directly into companies, etc depending upon his fund mandate.
4. Equity Research & Sales: The role of equity research is to find out the correct value of the stock which
is trading on the stock exchange doing various types of research namely fundamental and technical
analysis. There are two types of ERs though. One is the sell-side research which belongs to a brokerage,
the aim is to do research and sell investment ideas to investors so as to earn commission on trading by
the investor. The second is buy-side research, which is a part of usually a buy side fund like a mutual
fund. They analyse the research results of various brokerages in addition to their own research on
investment ideas for the fund manager.
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This role entails arranging for long-term finance for infrastructure and industrial projects which will take
a long time to pay back. The first step is to understand the project, conduct a feasibility study, risk
assessment and a detailed financial model. This is done with the purpose to rope in equity partners
(known as sponsors) and lenders. Generally the lending part is done by multiple banks under leadership
of the syndicate bank.
6. Financial Risk Management: Financial risk management is the practice of creating economic value in a
firm by using financial instruments to manage exposure to risk, particularly credit risk and market risk.
Similar to general risk management, financial risk management requires identifying its sources,
measuring it, and plans to address them. Financial risk management can be qualitative and quantitative.
As a specialisation of risk management, financial risk management focuses on when and how to hedge
using financial instruments to manage costly exposures to risk. In the banking sector worldwide, the
Basel Accords are generally adopted by internationally active banks for tracking, reporting and exposing
operational, credit and market risks.
Within corporate banking some of the departments are:
Credit Borrowing to companies for their expansion and working capital requirements. Would
entail doing a credit evaluation on the company and sanctioning the loan
Treasury Help companies manage various types of risks such as foreign exchange, interest rate
fluctuations. Treasuries also take proprietary positions to make profit in the 'forex' and bond
markets.
Cash Management Solutions: As most companies have a large number of customers, distributors
or branch offices across the country it becomes a huge challenge to deal in money. Banks offer
cash management solutions to help streamline this entire operation for its corporate
customers.
8. Wealth Management: Wealth management is an investment advisory discipline that incorporates
financial planning, investment portfolio management and a number of aggregated financial services.
High net worth individuals, small business owners and families who desire the assistance of a
credentialed financial advisory specialist call upon wealth managers to coordinate retail banking, estate
planning, legal resources, tax professionals and investment management.
Wealth managers can be independent, certified financial planners. One must already have accumulated
a significant amount of wealth for wealth management strategies to be effective. Wealth management
can be provided by banks, brokerages, independent financial advisers or multi-licensed portfolio
managers whose services are designed to focus on high-net worth customers.
The fallout of the events of 2008 has produced a high level of skepticism and distrust among investors,
and they will demand greater transparency from their providers to understand what they own, the value
of their investments and associated risks.
10. Corporate Finance: A career in corporate finance means you would work for a company to help it
find money to run the business, grow the business, make acquisitions, plan for its financial future and
manage any cash on hand. You might work for a large multinational company or a smaller player with
high growth prospects.
The job of the financial officer is to create value for a company. As a corporate finance professional one
is typical involved in four main activities to meet its objectives: 1) designing, implementing and
monitoring financial policies, 2) planning and executing the financing programme, 3) managing cash
resources, and 4) interfacing with the financial community and investors.
Jobs in corporate finance are also relatively stable. Performance in these jobs counts, but your job is not
going to depend on whether you're selling enough this week or getting good deals finished this quarter.
Some of the benefits of working in corporate finance are:
You generally work in teams which help you work with people
It's a lot of fun to tackle business problems that really matter
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You'll have many opportunities to travel and meet people and
The pay in corporate finance is generally quite good
Thus, a budding financial wiz should look at understanding which area interests him/her the most and
build skill sets which can help take the leap into financial sector.
A career in finance - essentially perceived as a back office record keeping job, has become much more
challenging and interesting these days with the liberalisation of the Indian economy.
Today, it is seen as a career that provides a greater role in decision making, planning and controlling
operations in any organisation.
Acquiring an appropriate professional qualification is the first positive step towards a successful career.
A bachelor's degree in commerce or economics is a good starting point.
The big three Indian professional bodies offering finance-related certification - chartered accountancy
(CA), management accountancy (ICWA) or company secretary (CS) allow students to pursue their
courses after finishing school by enrolling for the foundation stage without having to wait for completing
a bachelor's degree.
These courses take approximately three years and are a good blend of theoretical education and
practical training, designed to equip students with the relevant level of knowledge and skills for the
profession.
Though the chartered accountancy course has enjoyed wide popularity with those keen on traditional
finance, accounting and tax career, ICWA and CS programmes have gained popularity over the last few
years.
An MBA in finance or a master's programme in finance and control are some other options to consider.
In order to widen knowledge and diversify skills, most students opt for two professional courses, a good
combination to provide flexibility with career options. All institutes do provide the benefits like paper
wise exemptions based on each other's qualifications.
International qualifications
In recent years, the ceasing of economic barriers has put India at the forefront of trained human
resource pool, not only in information technology but also in finance. Thus, international careers have
become highly remunerative and provide good mobility.
There is a good mix of international qualifications that are open to students in India - Chartered
Financial Analysts (CFA) programme offered by the Association for Investment Management and
Research (AIMR), Certified Public Accountants (CPA), Chartered Institute of Management Accountants
course (CIMA) and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA).
Those willing to commit themselves to a full-time course may consider pursuing a programme from an
overseas university or a business school. There are several leading American, British, European and
Asian institutes that offer specialised courses in finance with good post qualification placement options.
Employment options
The professional careers' market is hard hit these days due to recession and finance is no exception. The
financial markets may not be soaring, thus putting careers in equity sales, research and trading out of
favour.
However, areas like traditional banking with specific knowledge of leasing and derivative products, fixed
income and credit derivatives still hold a lot of promise.
Besides, opportunities for fresh graduates and experienced professionals exist in traditional finance
areas - avenues exist in finance departments, audit and taxation, banks, management consulting and
public services hold a lot of promise, both in professional practice and industry.
There is a section of the corporate world that believes that finance professionals make better CEOs.
Undoubtedly, competent and enterprising finance professionals are a captive requirement to keep the
wheels of corporate businesses turning.
Foreign institutions
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London School of Economics: www.lse.ac.uk
London Business School: www.london.edu
Standard University: www.standford.edu
Wharton School at University of Pennsylvania: www.wharton.upenn.edu
Harvard Business School: www.HBS.EDU
University of Oxford: www.ox.ac.uk
University of Cambridge: www.cam.ac.uk
University of Reading-ISMA centre: www.isma.rdg.ac.uk
..

M.Com versus MBA
Factors such as stiff competition from professional degree including MBA, the slow pace of updating
curriculum, lack of practical focus and a misconception that the degree only leads to teaching jobs ,have
contributed to steady decline to the popularity of an MCom Degree.
However, most students at the crossroads of choosing their higher education path fail to realize that a
foundation lead by a BCom degree, but also imparts the much needed skills to handle task such as
accounting, financial analysis, actuarial analysis and risk management etc.
The two year M.Com program covers a wide range of subjects in the financial domain such as economics
, financial management, corporate financial , accounting , quantitative analysis , income tax ,
corporate law, organizational behavior , security analysis etc.This also includes marketing , human
resources, foreign trade , advertising, sales management ,consumer behavior, business , e-commerce
etc.,all of which are either taught as separate courses or as exclusive specialization.
The syllabus of both MBA and M.Com degree are almost the same. However, an MBA hones an
individuals soft skills; a PG degree in commerce inculcates a much deeper understanding of finance
among students.
A degree in M.Com refines the analytical abilities and problem solving skills of students while opening
up avenues in academics.
Furthermore the syllabus of M.Com is enhanced to involve components of assignments and theoretical
basis which develop business and marketing strategies.
Other aspect is its low cost when compares to an MBA degree, as well as its focus on niche subjects such
as accounting, taxation and securities management, which have a great market demand.
So, it is said that pursuing an M.Com degree helps in gaining a clear understanding of economic
concepts.
M.Com graduates are recruited to tax planning, strategic accounting, costing and related areas. Banks
and PSUs such as SBI, HDFC Bank, BSNL BHEL Andhra Pradeshs APCPDCL and AP civil supplies recruit
them, as do the stock exchanges, the securities and exchange board of India, IIMs and research
institutes. An analytical aptitude, basic knowledge of accounting, polished verbal and written
communication skills and presentation are required.
For a CA student completing an M.Com not only gives them an additional degree but also enhances
their job prospects. You can also apply
for distance learning program, such as IDOL by Mumbai University.







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Degree Courses in Commerce

B.Com. B.Com. (Fundamentals of Auditing)
B.A. (Business Economics) B.Com. (Hons.)
B.B.A. (Accounting and Finance) B.Com. (Hons.) (Accountancy)
B.B.A. (Banking and Finance) B.Com. (Hons.) (Accounting and Finance)
B.B.A. (Banking) B.Com. (Hons.) (Banking and Insurance)
B.B.A. (Marketing and Finance) B.Com. (Hons.) (Computer Applications and e-
Business)
B.B.M. (C.A.) B.Com. (Hons.) (Cost & Management Accounting)
B.C.S. (Bachelor of Corporate Secretary ship) B.Com. (Hons.) (Direct and Indirect Taxation)
B.Com. (Accountancy) B.Com. (Hons.) (Indian Financial System and Financial
Market)
B.Com. (Accounting & Taxation) B.Com. (Hons.) (International Accounting)
B.Com. (Accounting and Finance) B.Com. (Hons.) (Marketing Management)
B.Com. (Actuarial Science) B.Com. (Hons.) (Marketing)
B.Com. (Advanced Accountancy) B.Com. (Hons.) (Taxation)
B.Com. (Advertising & Brand Management) B.Com. (Human Resource Management)
B.Com. (Applied Economics) B.Com. (Industrial Management)
B.Com. (Banking & Finance) B.Com. (Information Systems)
B.Com. (Banking and Insurance) B.Com. (Information Technology)
B.Com. (Banking Management) B.Com. (Insurance Management)
B.Com. (Business Administration) B.Com. (Management and Marketing of Insurance)
B.Com. (Business Economics and Business
Environment)
B.Com. (Garment Production & Export Management)
B.Com. (Business Economics) B.Com. (Management of Tourism Business)
B.Com. (Business Mathematics and Statistics) B.Com. (Management Studies)
B.Com. (Commercial Law) B.Com. (Marketing & Advertising)
B.Com. (Computer Applications & Informatics) B.Com. (Marketing and Retail Management)
B.Com. (Computer Applications) B.Com. (Marketing Management)
B.Com. (Corporate Accountancy) B.Com. (Money and Financial System)
B.Com. (Corporate Affairs and Administration) B.Com. (Office Mgmt. & Secretarial Practice)
B.Com. (Corporate Secretary ship) B.Com. (Principles and Practice of Accountancy)
B.Com. (Customer Service Management) B.Com. (Principles of Management)
B.Com. (e-commerce) B.Com. (Professional)
B.Com. (Electronic Education) B.Com. (Secretarial Practice)
B.Com. (Elements of Cost and Management
Accounting)
B.Com. (Information Technology and its Application in
Business)
B.Com. (Entrepreneurship Development and
Business Communication)

Bachelor of International Business and Finance - BIBF
B.Com. (Executive Communication) B.Com. (Statistics)
B.Com. (Export Import Management) B.Com. (Supply Chain Management)
B.Com. (Financial Accounting) B.Com. (Tax Procedure and practice)
B.Com. (Financial Markets) B.Com. (Taxation)
B.Com. (Financial Planning) B.Com. (Tourism & Travel Management)
B.Com. (Foreign Trade Management) M.Com. (Finance and Systems)
B.Com. (Functional English) M.Com. (Finance and Taxation)
B.Com. + Executive M.B.A. M.Com. (Finance)
B.Com. + M.B.A. M.Com. (Finance, Banking & Risk Management)
B.Sc. (Banking and Finance) M.Com. (Financial Management)
Bachelor of Business Studies (B.B.S.) M.Com. (Financial Management)
Bachelor of System Administration - BSA M.Com. (Financial Services)
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Final Course for Company Secretary (CS) M.Com. (Financial Studies)
Final Course for ICWAI M.Com. (Foreign Trade Management )
Foundation Course for Company Secretary (CS) M.Com. (Hons.)
Foundation Course of ICWAI M.Com. (Human Resource Development)
Intermediate Course for Company Secretary M.Com. (International Banking)
Intermediate course of ICWAI M.Com. (Management)
M.B.A. (Banking & Taxation) M.Com. (Marketing)
M.B.A. (Banking and Finance) M.Com. (Sales & Marketing)
M.B.A. (e-Commerce) M.Com. (Statistics)
M.B.A. (International Business and E-Commerce) M.Com. (Garment Production & Export Management)
M.B.A. (Sales & Marketing) M.Com. (Taxation)
M.C.A. (Commerce) M.Com. (Tourism Administration)
M.Com. M.Com. (Trade & Services)
M.Com. (Accountancy and Business Statistics) M.Com. International Business
M.Com. (Accountancy) M.Com. (Management Accounting & Financial
Strategies)
M.Com. (Accounting and Auditing) M.Phil. (Business Finance & Economics)
M.Com. (Accounting and Finance) M.Phil. (Accounting)
M.Com. (Accounting and Taxation) M.Phil. (Commerce)
M.Com. (Advanced Accountancy) M.Phil. (Corporate Secretary ship)
M.Com. (Applied Economics) M.Phil. (Operational Research)
M.Com. (Bank Management) M.Sc. (Banking & Finance)
M.Com. (Banking & Insurance Management) M.Sc. (Finance and Computer Applications)
M.Com. (Banking and Finance) M.Sc. (Financial Economics and Administration)
M.Com. (Business Administration) M.Sc. (Financial Mathematics)
M.Com. (Business Finance) Master in Banking, Finance and Insurance
M.Com. (Business Management) Master of Finance and Control (MFC)
M.Com. (Business Studies) Master of Investment and Financial Analysis
M.Com. (Business Policy and Corporate Governance) Master of Marketing Technology (MMT)
M.Com. (Finance & Computer Applications) Master of Valuation (Real Estate)
M.Com. (Computer Applications) Ph.D. (Banking & Finance)
M.Com. (Computer Oriented Business Application) Ph.D. (Business Economics)
M.Com. (Corporate Accountancy) Ph.D. (Business Economics)
M.Com. (Corporate Finance) Ph.D. (Corporate Secretary ship)
M.Com. (Corporate Secretary ship) Ph.D. (Financial Studies)
M.Com. (Cost Control and Control Accounts) Ph.D. (Statistics)
M.Com. (e-Commerce) Professional Education (Course PE-I)
M.Com. (Entrepreneurship) Professional Education (Course PE-II)
Diploma Courses in Commerce

Advance Diploma in Urban Co-Operative Banking Post Graduate Diploma in Banking
Advanced Diploma Course In Banking Services Post Graduate Diploma in Capital Market and Financial
Services
Advanced Diploma in e-Commerce Post graduate Diploma in Development and
Investment Banking
Advanced Diploma in Financial Accounting &
Taxation
Post Graduate Diploma in E-Commerce
Advanced Diploma In Taxation Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Markets &
Insurance
Diploma in Accounting & Auditing Post Graduate Diploma in International Financial
Accounting System (PGDIFAS)
Diploma in Administrative Services Post Graduate Diploma in Taxation
194
Diploma in Advance Accounting Post Graduate Program in Financial Engineering
(PGPFE)
Diploma in Advance Cost Accounting Post Graduate Programme in Securities Markets
(PGPSM)
Diploma in Banking & Finance Professional Diploma in Accounting
Diploma in Banking & Insurance Management PGDPA - Post Graduate Diploma in Professional
Accounting
Diploma in Banking and Insurance PGSCS - Post Graduate Diploma in Company Secretary
ship
Diploma in Banking Laws PGDIFA - Post Graduate Diploma in Investment &
Financial Analysis
Diploma in Banking Management PGDBM - Post Graduate Diploma in Bank Management
Diploma In Banking Services Diploma in Treasury Investment and Risk Management
Diploma in Consumer Protection Diploma in VAT Rules & Procedures (DVRP)
Diploma in Customs & Central Excise (DCCE) Master Diploma in Software Technology
Diploma in e-Commerce PGDAS - Post Graduate Diploma in Accounting
Software
Diploma in Finance, Budget and Accounting (DFBA) PGDBFM - Post Graduate Diploma in Banking and
Financial Management
Diploma in Financial Accounting & Taxation (DFAT) Diploma in Taxation
Diploma in Income Tax & Company Law (DITCL) Diploma in Tally Software
Diploma in International Banking & Finance
Diploma in Mother & Child Health & Family Welfare Certificate Courses in Commerce
Diploma in Operational Research Certificate Course in Office Automation
Diploma in Statistical Process Control & Operations
Research
ACCA - Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
Diploma In Stock Analysis and Trading (DSAT) Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
Certificate Course in Operations Research (OR) with
Applications in Engineering and Management
Certificate Course in Central Excise (CCCE)
Certificate Course in Applied Managerial Economics Certificate Course in Income Tax (CCIT)
Certificate Course in Banking Certificate Course in Micro Finance
Certificate Course in Financial Accounting & Taxation
(CCFAT)
Certificate Course in Financial Engineering and Risk
Management - CFERM
Certificate Course in Personal Management (CCPM) Certificate in Accounting
Certificate in Accounting Technicians (CAT) Certificate Programme on Capital Markets (CPCM)
Certified Management Accountant Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
CFA - Chartered Financial Analyst CIMA - Chartered Institute of Management Accountant
IFRS Certification - ICAI Post Graduate Certificate in Investment Banking













195
Career in Law




Career in Law Introduction:
Common Law Admission Test
Major Law entrance exams for admission to LLB courses
LSAT India
Other Law Entrance Exams
List of law schools in India








CAREER IN LAW
Complete guide for helping you to become an advocate in India. This article includes highly researched
information on Job introduction, how to steps, Course Structure, Job opportunities, eligibility and
remuneration for helping you to become a good advocate.
Job Introduction:
An advocate is defined as the one who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy. In
legal system an advocate pleads the cause of another in a court of law. An advocate is the compulsory
constituent of the legal system of any country. He is responsible for accurate presentation of the case
and to bring it to an end. The duty of an advocate is extremely crucial. He has to deal with the highest
individual and social interest. The judiciary passes its verdict on the basis of the facts and debates
presented by the advocates. An Advocate can effectively make or ruin any case. Due to such enormous
and significant role in the legal system, he is also known as the officer of the court.
Advocate meets the client and form the basis or outline of the case. The final documentation and the
case structure are however formed only after undergoing the facts and the ground situation. Indian legal
system is quite intricate and demands the highest standards of knowledge for comprehension. An
advocate is responsible for putting up the things right in place so as to frame a strong case in interest of
his client. In a nut shell, an advocate meets up the clients; frame cases/litigations/appeals etc and
effectively represent his client in the court of law. Those who have a sense of social responsibility and
possess high morality and sense of commitment should pursue their career in law.
196
Instructions
Bachelors degree in Law (L.L.B)
It is compulsory to possess a Bachelors degree in Law (L.L.B) duly recognized by bar council of India to
become an advocate.
Types of Course
In India, there are two types of courses offered by various universities for the degree of law. One is the
three years course offered after graduation and another one is the five years integrated course which
commences right after the completion of 12thstandard. Choose the appropriate course as per the
eligibility conditions.
Common law entrance test
A common law entrance test (CLAT) is conducted on all India basis for getting admissions into five year
integrated course in various law schools of the country. Only those who meet the eligibility criteria and
pass this test are allowed admissions in the law schools all over the country. However, there are some
universities that conduct their own entrance examination, viz. Symbiosis, NLU Delhi, NLU Orissa etc.
Some universities grant the admissions on the basis of test conducted by Law School Admission Council
(LSAC). Then there are several state level entrance tests also. The topics that are mainly covered in these
entrance exams are: legal aptitude, Logical reasoning, English including comprehension, General
knowledge/ current affairs and Elementary mathematics.
Three years degree
For three years degree course, some universities conduct separate entrance exams. On the other hand,
some universities give admissions on the basis of merit only.
Internship
After the successful completion of the degree in law, a mandatory internship is compulsory for every
aspiring advocate as per the guidelines and the norms of the institution.
Enrollment as a advocate in India
An advocate has to get himself/herself enrolled to any State Bar Council regulated by the advocates act,
1961 before getting into the profession of law. It is only after this registration that they are allowed to
practice in any part of the country.
Course Structure for advocate:
The 3 years bachelors degree program comprises of six semesters. The main teaching tools for the
course are seminars, tutorial work, moot courts and practical training programs. Though the subjects
vary as per the chosen specialization filed but the common subjects among different courses are code of
civil procedure, contracts, jurisprudence, legal methods, litigation advocacy, and political science. The
general degree of law can be obtained after the completion of four semesters but the complete degree
is granted only after the successful completion of six semesters only.
Recognition of the Course:
It is important to possess a bachelors degree in law duly recognized by Bar Council of India. To practice
anywhere across the country, a duly recognized degree from bar council of India is mandatory. Both the
three year and the five year integrated degree holders are equally eligible to practice law anywhere in
the country. Bar Council of India is the supreme regulatory body to regulate legal profession in the
country. Any university or college granting any degree or course which is not duly recognized by BCI is
considered invalid for pursuing the law profession.
Job Opportunities:
There are umpteen options for a law graduate. An advocate can set up his office and can practice
independently from the very first day of career. The area of specialization can also be chose according to
individual instincts and inclinations. Criminal lawyer, civil lawyer, corporate lawyer or the one dealing
with the income tax cases etc are some of the widely available options. The new beginners can also join
197
the senior lawyers in the profession to gain the necessary experience and learn the intricacies of the
subject.
An advocate can also serve in the government sector. There are various tests conducted for the
selection of public lawyer. Judicial career is also an extension of the law graduate only. Clearing the
judicial services examination of states can help in becoming the Civil Judge or Judicial Magistrate. An
advocate is also eligible to appear for administrative examinations held on state and national level.
There are several other options in the private sector also. One can join a legal firm and can work as legal
assistant in the beginning and can add experience and enjoy monetary gains with the passage of time.
Or one can also join corporate houses as legal advisor and can rise up to higher strategic posts in the
times to come. Advocates are in high demand in banking sector also. The overall job prospects of
advocates are quite encouraging and future is bright for those who commit to excellence.
Eligibility of advocate
There are two types of courses available in the country. For the integrated five year course, the eligibility
criteria is a minimum 50% passing marks in the 12th grade examination. And the candidate should not
be above 20 years of age in general category. The age and marks limit is relaxed for SC/ST/OBC students.
The three years course covets a successful completion of bachelors degree with minimum 50% passing
marks in any stream. There is no set age limit for this course.
With the successful completion of the degree anyone is eligible to practice law in the country. However,
there is an amendment effective from December 2010, for all the fresh law graduates or those who
have not yet enrolled with bar council of India to clear a bar examination before starting practice in any
court or tribunal of the country.
Typically no lawyer works nine to five instead this is the time they are in court. All the spade work and
preparation for the case has to be done after court and thus, lawyers work beyond regular working
hours.
These days, most of the large companies and MNC's have a separate legal department where there are
job hierarchies for the work.The jobs of all the lawyers require a lot of research and analysis and a very
thorough knowledge of the subject.
Some of the Career Options that one can pursue after completing Law Courses are as follows:
Advocate, Advocate General, Attorney General, Company Secretary, District Attorney
Legal Advisors, Legal Process Outsourcing (LPO)
Magistrate
Notary / Oath Commissioner
Public Prosecutors, Solicitor, Teacher
Remuneration:
The remuneration is variable for an advocate. Generally, the career is not highly rewarding in the initial
years of private practice. But once you set up your name and prove your reliability, there are no limits to
the earnings. With the advancement of time and career, the remuneration of the advocate rises sharply.
Those who join the private sector can earn as much as Rs.50, 000 per month in the early years of
professional life. For those who prefer the government sector, the remuneration is satisfactory along
with the emoluments etc.
An advocates profession is one of the highest rewarding and lucrative career option. But it demands
hard work and dedication towards the cause.
INDIAs Top LAW Colleges, 2014-15(5 year law schools)
1) NLSIU, Bangalore
2) NALSAR Hyderabad
3) NUJS, Kolkata
4) NLU, Jodhpur
5) NLU, Mumbai
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6) NLIU , Bhopal
7) GLNU, Gandhinagar
8) AMITY LAW OF SCHOOL. Delhi
9) SYMBIOSIS , Pune
10) GLC, Mumbai
11) HNLU, Raipur
12) ILS. Pune
Bachelor of law specialisation
Corporate law
Civil law
Criminal law
International law
Labour law
Bachelor of law subjects
Subject of law vary from ones choice of specialisation.however,there are some common subjects. These
are
Legal methods
Contracts
Jurisprudence
Code of civil procedure
Litigation advocacy
Political science
Personal Attributes
Who can and who should pursue a bachelor of law degree. People who have good presence of mind
and who are extrovert are the most suited for this profession. A lawyer should also have the good
communication skills. They have to cross check the observer and set up facts before the court. The skills
related to analysis are extremely important to a successful lawyer.

COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST
Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) is a centralized test for admission to prominent National Law
Universities in India. The test is taken after the Higher Secondary Examination or the 12th grade for
admission to integrated under graduation programmes in Law and after Graduation in Law for Master of
Laws(LL.M) programmes conducted by these law universities. This test was conducted for the first time
on 11 May 2008 by NLSIU-Bangalore. A total number of 1037 seats from seven law schools were offered
to be filled by the test. The two-hour admission test consists of objective type covering questions on
English, general knowledge, basic mathematics, besides legal and logical reasoning. The second CLAT,
for the academic year 2009-10, was conducted on 17 May 2009 by Nalsar-hyderabad and subsequently
by the preceding NLU(s) according to their establishment.
Today, CLAT has become one of the most competitive admission tests in India with an acceptance rate
of only 2% under general merit, which makes admission to National Law Universities much more
difficult than other premier law schools of the world such as Harvard Law School, Yale Law School and
others statistically.
Background
Before the introduction of CLAT, the autonomous law schools in India conducted their own separate
entrance tests, requiring the candidates to prepare and appear separately for each of these tests. The
schedule of the administration of these tests sometimes conflicted with the other or with other major
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entrance tests such as the Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination and the All India
Pre Medical Test. This caused students to miss tests and experience much stress.
There are fifteen National Law Universities in India, the first of which is the National Law School of India
University, which admitted its first batch of students in 1987. Out of the fifteen, the National Law
University, Delhi conducts its own separate entrance test know as All India Law Entrance Test. With the
emergence of other law schools, which also sought to conduct their admission tests at around the same
time, students faced a hard time preparing for them. From time to time this issue to conduct a common
entrance exam to reduce the burden of the students to give multiple tests was raised, but given the
autonomous status of each law school, there was no nodal agency to co-ordinate an action to this
regard.
The Ministry of Human Resources Development, (Government of India) and the University Grants
Commission of India organized a meeting of the Vice-Chancellors of seven National Law Universities
along with the Chairman of the Bar Council of India. After a few such meetings, a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) was signed by the Vice Chancellors of the seven National Law Universities on 23
November 2007 to conduct a common admission test. The Common Law Admission Test was to be
conducted each year by each of the law colleges and the responsibility of conducting the exam was to
be rotated and given on the basis of seniority in establishment. Nonetheless, the matter has not been
resolved completely as there are other national law universities which are not taking part in CLAT.
Eligibility
Only Indian nationals and NRIs can appear in the test. The foreign nationals desirous of taking admission
to any course in any of the participating Law Universities may directly contact the concerned University
having seats for foreign nationals.
Under-Graduate Courses
Senior Secondary School/Intermediate (10+2) or its equivalent certificate from a recognised Board with
not less than 45% marks in aggregate (40% in case of SC and ST candidates) and an age below 20 years
as on 1st July of the year of test (22 years in case of SC and ST candidates). Students whose results are
awaited can also appear in the test.
Post-Graduate Courses
LL. B/B. L. Degree or an equivalent degree from a recognized University with not less than 55% marks in
aggregate (50% in case of SC and ST candidates). The candidates who have passed the qualifying degree
examination through supplementary/ compartment and repeat attempts are also eligible for appearing
in the test and taking admission provided that such candidates will have to produce the proof of having
passed the qualifying examination with fifty-five/fifty percent marks, as the case may be, on the date of
their admission or within the time allowed by the respective universities.
Participating law schools
Name of the Institution Location Year of joining CLAT
National Law School of India University Bangalore 2008
Nalsar University of Law Hyderabad 2008
The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences Kolkata 2008
Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law Patiala 2009
National Law Institute University Bhopal 2008
National Law University, Jodhpur Jodhpur 2008
Hidayatullah National Law University Raipur 2008
Gujarat National Law University Gandhinagar 2008
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University Lucknow 2009
200
Chanakya National Law University Patna 2009
National University of Advanced Legal Studies Kochi 2009
National University of Study and Research in Law Ranchi 2012
National Law University, Orissa Cuttack 2012
National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam Guwahati 2012
The first entrance examination through CLAT took place to admit students for the academic year 2008-
09 on 11 May 2008. While, in the first CLAT seven law schools participated, 3 other NLUs; Chanakya
National Law University, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, (Lucknow) and Rajiv Gandhi
National University of Law agreed in principle to utilize the CLAT score for admission. The second
entrance examination through CLAT for admitting students for the academic year 2009-10 held on 31
May 2009. From seven last year, the list of participating law schools for this year has increased to
eleven. Eleven previous NLU(s) participated in CLAT 2011, whereas National University of Study and
Research in Law, Ranchi admitted students by utilized CLAT 2011 scores.
NLU-D, NLU-O and NLSJAASSAM conducted their own admission test. The fifth edition of CLAT was
organised by Jodhpur on 13 May 2012. Also, National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi
National, and National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam are the three NLU(s) who joined
CLAT 2012 this year making the total number of Universities to 14.
However, National Law University, Delhi conducted its own admission test, and Damodaram Sanjivayya
National Law University, Vizag used the CLAT score for admission.
Non-participating schools
Despite the efforts of the Ministry of Human Resources Development, not all law schools in the country
could come to an agreement to be participants to CLAT. While the number of participating institutions
has increased from seven to fourteen from 2008 to 2012, there are still a number of reputable law
schools which choose to continue with their existing system. Some of the main ones are;
Government Law College, Mumbai
National Law University, Delhi
Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University
Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia
Jindal Global Law School, Sonipat
Symbiosis Law School, Pune
ILS Law College, Pune
Indraprastha University, New Delhi
Amity Law School, Delhi
Faculty of Law, University of Lucknow
Institutions utilizing CLAT 2012 scores
The following institutions have been permitted to utilize CLAT 2011 scores for the purposes of
admissions to their undergraduate and postgraduate courses:
1. Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam
2. Jodhpur National University, Narandi, Jahnwar Road, Jodhpur
3. Siddhartha Law College, Sahastradhara Road, Near IT Park, Dehradun
4. SOA National Institute of Law, Faculty of Legal Studies, Siksha O Anusandhan University,
Khandagiri Square, Bhubaneswar
In addition to this, CLAT has also entered into a MOU with the Indian Oil Corporation, whereby IOC
would be utilizing CLAT scores as one of the selection criteria for recruitment of legal professionals to
IOC.
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Method of allocation
The CLAT form provides the students with a preference list. Each student fills the preference list,
according to the colleges he/she desires. On the basis of these preferences and ranks obtained, students
are allocated colleges. CLAT 2011 has seen a dramatic change. The previous system of asking applicants
preferences of institution at the time of filing the application form has been done away with. In an
attempt to allow for more informed choice, CLAT 2011 applicants would be asked to make a selection of
institutions after the declaration of results.
Formal structure
The first CLAT Core Committee consisting of Vice-Chancellors of the seven participating NLUs at that
time decided that the test should be conducted by rotation in the order of their establishment.
Accordingly, the first Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) was conducted in the year 2008 by the
National Law School of India University, Bangalore. Subsequently, CLAT-2009, CLAT-2010, CLAT-2011
and CLAT-2012 have been conducted by NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad, National Law Institute
University, Bhopal, The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata and National Law
University, Jodhpur respectively. The 2013 edition of CLAT is being organised by Hidayatullah National
Law University, Raipur.
Controversies
The CLAT 2009, which was scheduled to be held on 17 May 2009, was rescheduled to 31 May 2009 due
to leak of question papers.
The CLAT 2011 candidates were disappointed with the standard of exam, as up to 12 questions in the
various sections had underlined answers due to the oversight of the organisers and students also found
the paper lengthy in comparison to the time limit provided (i.e. 2 hours).
The 2012 CLAT organised by NLU, Jodhpur was marred by number of controversies, which includes
allegation of setting questions out of syllabus and out of the pre- declared pattern. The declared rank list
also contained error, due to which the first list was taken down and a fresh list was put up. The declared
question-answer keys contained several error, which resulted in petitions being filed by the aggrieved
students in different High Courts.
CLAT 2013
CLAT 2013 was conducted by HNLU; Raipur saw the introduction of provision of negative marking. For
every wrong answer, a deduction of one-fourth of the right answer, i.e. -0.25 is made.
Two types of Courses
The LLB course is now in two formats - 5-year integrated LLB course for Class 12 passouts and a 3-year
LLB course for graduates of any stream. Those who miss the bus after Class 12 still have an opportunity
to study law after graduation.
3 year LLB versus 5 year LLB
How good is a three-year LLB versus a 5-year integrated law programme? Every law faculty is asked this
question by a large number of students. The answer is very simple. Both courses are equally good and
they should not be compared in the first place simply because they serve to two different audiences. If a
candidate is a Class 12 student or has already passed out, he should go for five-year law without giving
any thought to the three-year course in future. Theres no doubt that both the three-year and five-year
courses should co-exist in an equitable manner; this is in the best interest of legal education and
profession.
Universities and Law School network
We have law schools, which are universities in themselves; like the 16 premier National Law Universities
or State Law Universities set up by Governments of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. We also have
Departments or Faculties or Schools of Law in the Central, State, Deemed or Private Universities.
Further, there are hundreds of aided and unaided, government and private law colleges affiliated.
Increase in Test Takers
202
Law entrance exams are becoming increasingly popular and competitive with the passing of each year.
The number of applicants for Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) rose from 10,773 in 2008 to 25,769 in
2012. The number of applicants for the three-year LLB course by Delhi Universitys (DU) Faculty of Law
doubled from 6127 in 20080to 11,384 students.
Some top law schools or faculties like Faculty of Law, DU and Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University
(BHU) continue to only offer the three-year LLB course. However, some top law schools like Government
Law College (GLC), Mumbai and ILS Law College, Pune have also started offering the five-year LLB
course.
Eligibilty Criteria
1. five-year LLB entrance exams: A candidate should be below 20 years of age as on July 1 to be eligible
for CLAT. At some top law schools like NLU Delhi; GGSIP University, Delhi (including Amity Law School)
and Faculty of Law, Jamia Milia Islamia, Delhi, the upper age limit is 21 years whereas at AMU Law
Faculty it is 22 years. Candidates from reserved category are given a relaxation of two years. Further any
student who has passed Class 12 with 50% marks (less 5 % for reserved categories) or has appeared for
the Class 12 is eligible to write CLAT and other law entrance exam.
2. three-year LLB entrance exams: There is no upper age-limit for admission. However a candidate must
be at least 17 years of age on the date of application. A graduation degree with 45% marks (40% for
reserved category) is the basic qualification required. Universities like DU and BHU require minimum
50% marks while universities like Kurukshetra, Rohtak, Meerut require only 45% marks in graduation.
As per the recent directive by Bar Council of India, applicants who have passed 10+2 or have a
graduation degree through distance learning or correspondence mode will also be considered eligible
for admission for the integrated five-year or three year LLB course. However, applicants who have
obtained 10+2 or graduation or post-graduation through open universities system directly without
having any basic qualifications for pursuing such studies are not eligible for admission in law courses.
Most new generation law schools, that is, those set up in the 10-15 years including the National Law
Universities (NLUs) have excluded the three-year LLB and have marched ahead only with 5-year LLB
course.
Major law entrance exams for admission to LLB courses
5-year Integrated LLB (after Class 12)
Entrance
Exam
Participating law schools Website
CLAT 14 National Law Schools/Universities www.clat.ac.in
AILET - NLU
Delhi
National Law University, Delhi www.nludelhi.ac.in
LSAT India Over 40 Law Schools including Jindal Global Law
School, Sonipat, Petroleum and Energy Studies
(UPES), Dehradun, Faculty of Law(ICFAI
University), Dehradun and 24 more colleges
under it.
www.pearsonvue.com/lsatindia www.jgls.edu.in
SET Symbiosis Law Schools Pune & Noida www.set-test.org
www.symlaw.ac.in
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3-year LLB (after graduation)
University of Delhi (DU) LLB Entrance Test Faculty of Law- Law Centre I&II and
Campus Law Centre
www.du.ac.in
BHU UET (Law) Law School, Faculty of Law Benaras
Hindu University
www.bhu.ac.in
LSAT-India Jindal Global Law School OP Jindal
Global University, Sonipat
www.pearsonvue.com/lsatindia/
www.jgls.edu.in
Panjab University Department of Law, PU Chandigarh www.puchd.ac.in
CET of GGS
Indraprastha
University,
Delhi
6 law schools including USL, LS and
Amity Law School, Delhi IP University: Admission
test conducted for app 685 seats (60 seats in
USSLS) in University School of Law & Legal
Studies
Amity Law School, Chanderprabhu Jain College
of Higher Studies, Delhi Institute of Rural
Development, Ideal Institute of Mgt. & Tech,
Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies.
www.ipu.ac.in
CUSAT Cochin School of Legal Studies, Cochin www.cusat.ac.in
Bharti
Vidyapeeth
Pune


New Law College, Pune
www.bvuniversity.in
Christ
University
Christ Universitys School of Law www.christuniversity.in
Panjab Univ.
Chandigarh
UILS Panjab University Chandigarh www.puchd.ac.in
AMU Aligarh Faculty of Law, AMU www.amu.ac.in
Jamia Millia,
Delhi
Faculty of Law, Jamia Milia Islamia www.jmi.ac.in
LAWCET of
Andhra
Pradesh
All law colleges in AP affiliated to state
universities
www.apsche.org
CEE - Kerala Four government Law colleges of Kerala www.cee-kerala.org
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LAWCET of Andhra Pradesh All law colleges in AP affiliated to
state universities
www.apsche.org
CEE Kerala Four Govt. law colleges in Kerala www.cee-kerala.org
Kurukshetra University Department of Law, KU Kurukshetra www.kuk.ac.in
MD University, Rohtak Department of Law, MDU Rohtak www.mdurohtak.ac.in
IIT Kharagpur (Own Test & LSAT-India Rajeev Gandhi School of Intellectual
Property Law, IIT Kharagpur)
www.iitkgp.ac.in

Employment trends
The five-year LLB, particularly at the NLUs have placed their graduates in national and international law
firms, corporate legal departments and consulting companies, in much better way. However, the judges,
academicians and law officers in the government mostly come from three-year LLB courses offered at
university law departments and faculties. Important in this context for a law aspirant is to aim for and
secure admission to a top law school/faculty to get a wholesome legal education and learning
experience.
Admissions system
The admission process to law programmes is not uniform. We have law schools admitting students
through All India entrance exams like CLAT for National Law Schools/Universities, LLB Entrance Tests for
Delhi University, and law colleges admitting students on merit, that is, secured in qualifying
examinations. However, a vast majority of the top law schools admit students through entrance exams
only. CLAT for NLUs and LLB Entrance Test for DU could be considered to be the most important law
entrance exams of the country for five-year and three-year LLB courses respectively (view table for
listing of major law entrance exams in India).
The tuition fee at National Law School is Rs 80,000 per year.
Famous Personalities
Some of the famous people who were lawyers are Mahatma Gandhi, Bill Clinton, Franz Kafka, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad and Abraham Lincoln. Apart from them , a lot of politicians copme from the profession
of law.
In India, quite a few of central ministers and politicians of opposition parties are lawyers by profession,
like Mr.Kapil Sibbal, Mr.Ravi Shankar Prasad, Mr.Arun jaitley etc. Even the current US President,
Mr.Barack Obama is also a lawyer.
Career Prospects
Law as a career holds a lot of promise. Some of the fast developing areas of specialisation are genetic
law, cyber law, corporate law and human rights. A career in any of these fields comes with the right law
degree and right amount of marketing. Another option available is to choose the State Judicial Services
and start a career as a Judicial magistrate or a civil judge and move up the ladder. Apart from becoming
a judge in the court, one can also work with the corporates, business houses, nationalised banks,
defence services etc.
Pay and Remuneration
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There is a lot of variation in the pay packets of lawyers. For a lawyer who gets associated with a senior
lawyer and starts practicing in the court can get a salary of Rs.25000 to abour Rs.40000 The amount will
depend on the firm or the lawyer one is associated with. There is also an option to work with a legal
process outsourcing firm and the salary will vary from Rs. 20000 to Rs. 50000 initially. Once successful,
the legal profession is a very highly paid one but the salary depends on the popularity, experience,
calibre and success of the lawyer. A very important factor that determines the salary in the initial years
is the college from which one has graduated.

LSAT- The Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is conducted in order to admit students into
the law schools in United States of America, Canada, and Australia.
Whereas LSAT - India is an entrance test designed by the Law School Admission Council (LSAC), USA and
is conducted by Pearson VUE, LSACs affiliate in India to admit candidates in the associated Law colleges
of India like Jindal Global Law School etc.
LSAT Eligibility
Although the Eligibility requirements of the participating law schools providing admission to Law courses
may vary but the basic eligibility for LSAT exam is +2 for taking admisssion to 5 years integrated LLB
programme and Graduation in any stream (50% marks may be the minimum percentage for some
participating law schools) for admission to LLB and integrated LLB-LLM programmes.
LSAT Syllabus
LSAT consists of questions from the following given topics/subjects.
Analytical Reasoning:
These questions measure the ability to understand a structure of relationships and to draw logical
conclusions about that structure. The test taker is asked to reason deductively from a set of statements
and rules or principles that describe relationships among persons, things, or events. Analytical
Reasoning questions reflect the kinds of complex analyses that a law student performs in the course of
legal problem solving.
Logical Reasoning:
These questions assess the ability to analyze, critically evaluate, and complete arguments as they occur
in ordinary language. Each Logical Reasoning question requires the test taker to read and comprehend a
short passage, then answer a question about it. The questions are designed to assess a wide range of
skills involved in thinking critically, with an emphasis on skills that are central to legal reasoning. These
skills include drawing well-supported conclusions, reasoning by analogy, determining how additional
evidence affects an argument, applying principles or rules, and identifying argument flaws.
Reading Comprehension
These questions measure the ability to read, with understanding and insight, examples of lengthy and
complex materials similar to those commonly encountered in law school. The Reading Comprehension
section contains four sets of reading questions, each consisting of a selection of reading material,
followed by four to eight questions that test reading and reasoning abilities.
LSAT Pattern
Section Number of Questions Timing
Analytical Reasoning Approx. 24 35 minutes
1st Logical Reasoning Approx. 24 35 minutes
2nd Logical Reasoning Approx. 24 35 minutes
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Reading Comprehension Approx. 24 35 minutes
Total 92-100 questions 2 hours and 20 minutes

There is one 15-minute break between section 2 and section 3. All questions are in a multiple-choice
format, some with 4 answer choices and others with 5.
LSAT Exam Dates
The LSAT is conducted for four times throughout the year, i.e. in the months of June,
September/October, December, and February, out of which the June months examination is considered
to be the start of a new cycle, as most of the applicants appears for the June months LSAT examination
for the following years law schools admission process.
How to register for LSAT Exam?
LSAT India Registration
Candidates need to register online for the LSAT-India at the website
www.pearsonvueindia.com/lsatindia.
Confirmation of completed registration and payment will be sent by electronic mail only.
There is no provision for on-the-spot registration for the LSAT-India on the day of the test. Candidates
have to follow the prescribed registration process published as part of the LSAT-India announcement on
the website.
Only one registration can be made by a candidate. Duplicate registrations are liable to be rejected.
A form is considered valid only if submission is made, and the registration fee is received by Pearson
VUE by the due date. Registration forms, for which the registration fee is not received in time, will be
rejected outright.
In case the candidate registers online using a credit card that does not belong to him/her, the candidate
needs to furnish a signed statement from the credit card holder as per the format provided below.
Failure to furnish the afore stated signed statement, if applicable, shall render the registration form
invalid, and the same shall be voided without prior notice. The candidate needs to print the following
statement, get it filled out and signed from the credit card holder, and carry the physical signed
statement along with the credit card that was used for the transaction, for signature verification, to the
test venue on the day of the exam. The candidate will not be allowed to sit for the test if this
requirement is not fulfilled.
LSAT-India Registration Fee Rs.3500
LSAT-India Registration Fees (overseas test centers) USD 150
Registration for the LSAT-India is online and can be done by submitting the form on the LSAT-India
website. Payment for the registration by test takers in India can be done online (via credit card only) or
through a demand draft.
The demand draft should reach the below mentioned address on or before the mentioned date.
Pearson VUE c/o Blueshift
21 Abdul Razack Street,
Saidapet Chennai 600015
Tamil Nadu, India
Phone: 04442272727
Candidates should write LSAT-India at the bottom of the envelope. If you are a candidate testing from
outside India, you can pay online via a credit card only.
In case your registration is accepted, an acknowledgement of the same will be e-mailed by Pearson VUE.
If your registration is not accepted, a notification will be e-mailed to you.
LSAT Test Centres
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North: Chandigarh, Delhi, Jaipur, Lucknow
South: Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kochi
West: Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Mumbai
East: Bhubaneswar, Kolkata, Raipur, Ranchi
Main test centers for LSAT outside India are:
Bangkok
Hong Kong
Johannesburg
London
Manila
Singapore and Sydney
Institutes considering LSAT Score to providing admission
LSAT-India 2015 scores will be consisdered by folloiwng colleges to provide admission to their Law
courses.
1. Amity Law School, Gurgaon (Affiliated to Amity University, Gurgaon)
2. Central India College of Law, Godhani - Nagpur (Affliated to RTM, Nagpur University)
3. College of Legal Studies - Dehradun (UPES, Dehradun)
4. Faculty of Law - Dehradun (A constituent of ICFAI University)
5. G. H. Raisoni Law College - Nagpur (Affiliated to RTM Nagpur University)
6. ITM College of Law - Gurgaon (ITM University)
7. Jindal Global Law School - Sonipat (Haryana) (Jindal Global University)
8. JSS Law College Mysore (Autonomous under Karnataka State Law University, Hubli)
9. K.L.E. Societys Law College Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
10. MATS Law School, MATS University - Raipur (MATS University)
11. Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law (RGSOIPL) - 3 yr LL. B. (IIT Kharagpur)
12. Saveetha School of Law - Chennai (Saveetha University)
In addition to the above mentioned list of Colleges, LSATIndia 2013 scores are also accepted by the
following institutes. Candidates can choose the colleges individually or select "all option to apply to
these colleges while registering for LSATIndia.
1. Alliance College of Law, Bangalore (Private University established in Karnataka State)
2. AURO University School of Law, Surat (Affiliated to AURO University, Surat)
3. Balurghat Law College - Dakshin Dinajpur (WB) (Affiliated to University of Gour Banga)
4. Bharat Law College Jaipur (Affiliated to University of Rajasthan)
5. B.N. Law College - Udaipur (Affiliated to Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur)
6. B. S. Anangpuria Institute of Law - Faridabad (Affiliated to Maharshi Dayanad Universitry, Rohtak)
7. Bundelkhand Vidhi Mahavidyalaya - Orai (UP) (Affiliated to Bundelkhand University, Jhansi)
8. Durgapur Institute of Legal Studies Durgapur (Affiliated to University of Burdwan)
9. Dr. Anushka Vidhi Mahavidyalaya - Udaipur (Affiliated to Mohan Lal Sukhdev University)
10. Dr. Milind Yerne College of Law Bhandara (Affiliated To Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur
University Nagpur)
11. Ganjam Law College -Berhampur (Affiliated to Berhampur University)
12. Geeta Institute of Law - Panipat (Affiliated to Kurukshetra University)
13. Haldia Law College Midnapore Affiliated to The Vidyasagar University
14. Himgiri Zee University Law School, Dehradun (Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun)
15. IMS Law College Dehradun (Affiliated to HNB Garhwal University)
16. Institute of Law and Research Faridabad (Affiliated to M.D. University, Rohtak)
17. I. P. E. M. Law Academy - Ghaziabad (Affiliated to CCS University, Meerut)
18. Jagan Nath University, Law Faculty Jaipur (Affiliated to Jagan Nath University)
19. Jai Hind Defence College of Law - Bhopal (Affiliated to Barkatullah University)
20. Jaipur School of Law, Jaipur (Affiliated to Maharaj Vinayak Global University, Jaipur)
21. Jodhpur National University - Jodhpur (Affiliated to Jodhpur National University)
208
22. J. S. S. Sakri Law College - Hubli (Affiliated to Karnataka University, Dharwad)
23. K. L. E. Societys Law College Chikodi (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University, Hubli)
24. K.L.E. Societys B. V. Bellad Law College Belgaum (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
25. K.L.E. Society's Gurusiddappa Kotambri Law College Hubli (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law
University, Hubli)
26. K. L. E. Society's S. A. Manvi Law College - Gadag (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University,
Hubli)
27. Maa Sharda Law College - Azamgarh (Affiliated to Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University,
Jaunpur)
28. M A B Institute of Judicial Science - Murshidabad (Affiliated to Kalyani University)
29. Mewar Law Institute Ghaziabad (Affiliated to C. C. S. University, Meerut)
30. Midnapore Law College - Midnapore (Affiliated to Vidyasagar University)
31. Mother Teresa Law College- Jabalpur (Affiliated to Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur)
32. M. P. Law College - Aurangabad (Affiliated to Jodhpur National University)
33. M. S. Government P. G. College - Guna (Affiliated to Jiwaji University)
34. R. N. Patel Ipcowala School of Law and Justice, Anand (Affiliated to Sardar Patel University)
35. Royal College of Law - Ghaziabad (Affiliated to Choudhry Charan Singh University, Meerut)
36. Saifia College - Bhopal (Affiliated to Barkatullah University)
37. Sardar Patel Subharti Institute of Law - Meerut (Affiliated to Swami Vivekananda Subharti
University)
38. Sarwa Dharma Vidhi Mahavidyalaya - Gwalior (Affiliated to Jiwaji University, Gwalior)
39. School of Law, Gitam University, Visakhapatnam (AP) (Affiliated to Gitam University,
Visakhapatnam)
40. Shri Swami Dayal Bhatnagar Law College, Sikandrabad (UP)
41. Siddhartha Law College - Dehradun (Affiliated to Uttarkhand Technical University)
42. Smt. Kamalaben Gambhirchand Shah Law School - Mumbai
43. SOA National Institute of Law - Bhubaneswar (Affiliated to Siksha O Anusandhan, Deemed
University)
44. S.P. College of Law - Chandrapur
45. Sri Vaishnav Institute of Law - Indore (Affiliated to Devi Ahiliya Vishwavidyalaya)
46. Tagore Institute of Law Jaipur (Affiliated to University of Rajasthan)
47. Unity Law College - Rudrapur (Affiliated to Kumaun University)
48. Vaikunta Baliga College of Law Udupi (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University, Hubli)
49. Vidya Pratishthan's Vasantrao Pawar Law College - Pune (Affiliated to University of Pune)
50. Vivekananda College of Law - Bangalore
Other Law Entrance Exams
NLU NET Exam - National Law University Jodhpur National Entrance Test
Chanakya National Law University Entrance Exam
KLEE - Government of Kerala Law Entrance Exam
NLSIU - National Law School of India University Entrance Exam
NUJS - W.B. National University of Juridical Studies Entrance Exam
SET - Symbiosis International University Entrance Exam
RMLNLU - Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University Entrance Exam
NALSAR - NALSAR University of Law Entrance Exam
209
GNLU - Gujarat National Law University Entrance Exam
CLAT - Common Law Entrance Test
AIBE - All India Bar Exam
NLUO Admission Test - National Law University Orissa Admission Test
ILSAT - ICFAI Law School Admission Test
AILET - All India Law Entrance Test
UTU CLAT - Uttarakhand Technical University Common Law Entrance Test
AIL Entrance Test - Army Institute of Law Entrance Test
PU LLB Entrance Exam - Panjab University LLB Entrance Exam
RULET - Rajasthan University Law Entrance Test
BHU BLAT - Banaras Hindu University B.A.LL.B.(Hons) Admission Test
BHU UET for LLB - BHU LLB Entrance Exam 2014

List of law schools in India_ State wise
Andhra Pradesh
Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College of Law, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
Nyaya Vidya Parishad(N.V.P) Law College, Visakhapatnam
Nbm Law College, Visakhapatnam
All Saints Christian Law College, Visakhapatnam
Visakha Law College Visakhapatnam
Sri Shirdi Sai Law College, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam
M.R.V.G.R. Law College, Vizianagaram
M.P.R. Law College, Srikakulam
Veeravalli College of Law, Rajahmundry
D. N. Raju College of Law, Bhimavaram, West Godavari district
P.S.Raju. Law College, Kakinada, East Godavari district
G.S.K.M. Law College, Rajahmundry, East Godavari
Sri R.K.M Law College, R.V.S Nagar, Chittor
Andhra Christian College of Law, Guntur
V. D. Siddhartha Law College, Vijayawada, Krishna district
D. S. R. Hindu Law College, Krishna District
Indira Priyadarshini Law College, Ongole
Jagarlamudi Chandramouli College of Law, Guntur
V.R. Law College, Nellore
Sri Eshwar Reddy College of Law, Chittoor District
K.K.C. College of Law, Chittoor
Dr. Ambedkar Law College, Tirupati Chittoor District
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Law Academic, Naharlagun
Assam
Deshbandhu Chittaranjan School of Legal Studies, Assam University, Silchar
National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam
210
National Education Foundation (NEF) Law College Guwahati, Assam
Diphu Law College Diphu, Assam
A. K. Chanda Law College Silchar, Assam
Centre for Juridical Studies, Dibrugarh University Dibrugah, Assam
S.I.P.E. Law College, Dibrugarh, Assam
Jorhat Law College, Jorhat, Assam (Estd.1964)
North Lakhimpur Law College, (Estd.1999) North Lakhimpur
Tinsukia Law College (Estd.1973)
University Law College, Gauhati (Estd.1976)
B.R.M. Govt. Law College Guwahati
Barpeta Law College (Estd.1972)
Dhubri Law College (Estd.1967)
Tezpur Law College, P.O.Napaam Sonitpur
Goalpara Law College (Estd.1967)
Bongaigaon Law College (1994)
Nowgong Law College, Nagaon (Estd.1990)
Dispur Law College
Kokrajhar Law College (Estd.1988)
Mangaldai Law College
J. B. Law College Guwahati
Nalbari Law College (Estd.1991)
Karimganj Law College
Bihar
Chanakya National Law University, Patna
Braja Mohan Thakur Law College, Purnia
Patna Law College, Patna University, Patna
C M Law College, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga
Bihar Institute of Law, Patna
S.K.J Law College Muzaffarpur. B.R.A.Bihar university Muzaffarpur.
T.N.B Law College Tilka Manjhi University, Bhagalpur, Bihar
Sasaram Law Collage, Sasaram, Rohtas
Surya Deo Law College,Katihar B.N.M University [ Madhepura ]
Chandigarh
Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh
University Institute of Legal Studies, Panjab University
Chhattisgarh
MATS Law School, Raipur
Hidyatullah National Law University, Raipur
[(Dhamtari law college)], [{Dhamtari}]
Delhi
National Law University, Delhi
Jindal Global Law School, Sonipet
ITM Law School
Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, New Delhi, with 3 centres: Campus Law Centre, Law Centre I
and Law Centre II
University School of Law and Legal Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi
Lloyd Law College, Greater Noida
Amity Law School, Noida (Constituent college of Amity University)
211
Amity Law School, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University)
Indian Law Institute, New Delhi
Chandra Prabhu Jain College of Higher Studies, Narela, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind
Singh Indraprastha University)
Ideal Institute of Management and Technology and School of Law, Karkardooma, New Delhi
(affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
Delhi Institute of Rural Development, Holambi khurd, New Delhi
sharda university,school of law,greater noida
Goa
V.M. Salgaocar Law College, Panaji (affiliated to Goa University)
VVM's Govind Ramnath College of Law, Margao (affiliated to Goa University)
Gujarat
Baroda School of Legal Studies, Faculty of Law, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda,
Vadodara
Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar
Nirma University, Ahmedabad
Law College, Bharuch, Gujarat
VT Chowksi Law College, Surat
Sidharth Law College Surat
Dinshaw Daboo Law College, Navsari
SKM Law College, Valsad
Shree P.M.Patel College of Law & Human Rights, Anand
Anand Law College, Anand
Haryana
Lala Ami Chand Monga Memorial Collge of Law, Ambala (affiliated to Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra)
Jindal Global Law School (JGLS), Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana
Department of Law, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak
Vaish college of law, Rohtak
Smt. Shanti Devi Law College, Saharanwas, Rewari Affiliated with MDU, Rohtak
Institute of Law, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
Department of law, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, [Sirsa]
Chajju Ram Law College, Hisar. Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
Geeta Institute of Law, Panipat (affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)
SBS College of Law, Gohana road, Rohtak Affiliated with MDU, ROHTAK.
Himachal Pradesh
Department of law, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla
Jammu and Kashmir
Department of law [Kashmir University, Srinagar]
Department of law [Jammu University, Jammu
The Law School [Jammu University, Jammu]
Dogra Law College, Bari Brahamana, Jammu
K.C. Law College, Jammu
School of Legal Studies, [Central University of Kashmir, Srinagar]
Sopore Law College, Sopore, Kashmir
212
Kashmir Law College, Srinagar
Pulwama Law College, Pulwama, Kashmir
Vitasta Law College, Srinagar
Jharkhand
Law College, Dhanbad
Chhotanagpur Law College, Ranchi
National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi
Karnataka
Al-Ameen College of Law, Hosur Road, Bangalore.
S. S. L. Law College Gulbarga
Siddharth Law College Gulbarga
Alliance School of Law, Alliance University, (Bangalore)
Karnataka State Law University's Law School, Navanagar, Hubli. (Affiliated to Karnataka State
Law University) offers 5yrs B.B.A.,LL.B.(Hons), B.A.,LL.B.(Hons) & LL.M in IPR & Constitutional
Law. Visit www.kslu.ac.in for more details.
Jagadguru Sri Shivarathrishwara Law College, Mysore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law
University) offers BBA LL.B (5 years), BA LL.B (5 years), LL.B (3 years) and LL.M (1 year) along
with other Certificate Courses.
Society's Law College, Bangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Raja Lakhamgouda Law College, Belgaum
R.K Law College, Banglore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara Law College and Centre for Post Graduate Studies in Law,
Mangalore, Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University.
Garden City College of Law, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
CMR Law School, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Govt Law College Ranebennur, (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Hurkadli Ajja Law College-Dharwad, (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Bangalore Institute of Legal Studies, Bangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
M.S. Ramaiah College of Law, Bangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
School of Law, Christ University, Bangalore
Indira Priyadarshini College of Law, Bangalore (affiliated to Karntaka State Law University) offers
LLB.& BA, LLB,.
National Law School of India University, Bangalore
University College of Law, Karnataka University, Dharwad
University Law College, Bangalore University, Bangalore
Vaikunta Baliga College of Law, Udupi
Vivekananda College of Law, Bangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Bishop cotton Women's Christian Law college, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law
University)
B.M.S College of Law, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
S. B. R. R. Mahajana Law college, Mysore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Saradavilas Law College, Mysore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Vaikunta Baliga College of Law, Udupi
Vidyavardhaka Law College, Mysore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
M. Krishna Law College, Hassan (Affiliated to UKarnataka State Law University)
PES Law College, Mandya (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Vivekananda Law College, Puttur, Dakshina Kannada
Vidyodaya Law College, Tumkur. (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
213
Seshadripuram Law College, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Kerala
Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram, under Kerala University, Thiruvananthapuram
Government Law College, Ernakulam, under Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam
Government Law College, Thrissur, under Calicut University, Calicut
Government Law College, Calicut, under Calicut University, Calicut
NSS Law College, Kottiyam, Kollam, Affiliated to Kerala University
Sree Narayana College of Legal Studies, Kollam, Affiliated to Kerala University
Mar Baselious Law College, Nalanchira, Trivandrum, Affiliated to Kerala University
National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi
School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi
School of Indian Legal Thought, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam
Center for Legal Studies, Kannur University, Kannur
Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram (affiliated to Kerala University)
Madhya Pradesh
Department of Legal Studies & Research (DLSR), Barkatullah University, Bhopal
Department of Law, Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur
Faculty of Law, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya PradeshSagar
National Law Institute University, Bhopal
School of Law, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore
college of law, Maharani Laxmibai Govt. College of Excellence, Gwalior
Indore Institute of Law, Indore
Amity Law College
Altius Institute of Universal Studies, Indore www.altius.ac.in
Maharashtra
Government Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Central Law College, Nagpur (affiliated to Nagpur University)
Ismailsaheb Mulla Law College, Satara (affiliated to Shivaji University)
K.C. Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
S.V.K.M'S College Of Law (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Rizvi Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
G.J. Advani Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Dr. Ambedkar College of Law, Wadala, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
New Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
N.C.Law College, Nanded (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded)
S.C.P. Law College, Nanded (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded)
V.N. Law College, Nanded (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded)
Shri Sivaji Law College, Kandhar, Nanded (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University,
Nanded)
Dayanand College Of Law, Latur (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded)
ILS Law College, Pune (affiliated to University of Pune)
DES Law College, Pune (affiliated to University of Pune)
A.K.K. New Law Academy, Pune (affiliated to University of Pune)
DES Law College, Pune (affiliated to University of Pune)
New Law College, Ahmednagar (affiliated to University of Pune)
New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune
Symbiosis Law School, Pune (Symbiosis International University)
214
P. E. Society's [[Modern Law College]www.modernlawcolege.org], Pune (University of Pune)
Navjeevan Law College, Nashik (affiliated to University of Pune)
Narhar Balwant Thakur College of Law, Nasik (affiliated to University of Pune)
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh College of Law, Amravati (affiliated to Sant Gadge Baba Amaravati
University)
M.P. Law College, Aurangabad (affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University)
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College of Law (BACL), Nagpur University, Nagpur.
Ambedkar Law College, Dhule
St. Wilfred's College of Law, Panvel, Mumbai University, Raigad
Y.C.New Law Collage Malakapur, Karad, (affiliated to Shivaji University)
Manipur
L.M.S. Law College, Imphal
Meghalaya
Shillong Law College, Dhankheti, Shillong, Meghalaya (Affiliated to North Eastern Hill University)
Faculty of Law, North Eastern Hill University, Main Campus,
Mawlai Mawkynroh-Unshing (Established in the year 2005)
Mizoram
Mizoram Law College
Nagaland
City Law College, Dimapur (Affiliated to Nagaland University)
Kohima Law College, Kohima (Affiliated to Nagaland University)
Mokokchung Law College, Mokokchung (Affiliated to Nagaland University)
Orissa]
National Law University, Orissa, Cuttack
KIIT School of Law, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar
SOA National Institute Of Law, SOA University, Orissa, Bhubaneswar
University Law College, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
M.S. Law College, Cuttack
Jeypore Law college, Jeypore (Koraput)
Lingaraj Law College, Brahmapur
Dhenkanal Law College, Dhenkanal
Law College, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur
Law College, Berhampur University, Berhampur
Madhusudan Law College, Cuttack
Ganjam Law College, Berhampur
The Law College, Cuttack
Pondicherry
Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Pondicherry, [affiliated to Pondicherry University]
Punjab
Baba Farid Law College, Faridkot
Army Institute of Law, Mohali (affiliated to Punjabi University, Patiala)
Department of Laws, Punjabi University, Patiala
Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh
Department of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
Department of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University Regional Campus, Gurdaspur
Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala
University Institute of Legal Studies, Chandigarh, Ludhiana
St. Soldier Law Collage, Behind REC, GT Road, Jalandhar
215
Baba Kundan Singh Memorial Law College Moga (Affiliated to Panjab University, Chandigarh)
Guru Hargobind Institute of Law for Women Sidhwan Khurd, Ludhiana (Affiliated to Panjab
University Chandigarh)
Bathinda Of Law, Bathinda [affiliated by Punjabi University Patiala]
KCL Institute Of Laws, Jalandhar
Rajasthan
National Law University, Jodhpur
Mody Institute of Technology and Science
Seedling School Of Law & Governance, Jaipur National University, Jaipur
Faculty of Law, Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur
Faculty of Law, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
University College of Law, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur
University Five Year Law College, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
Department of Law, Guru Nanak Khalsa Law College, Sri Ganganagar
Department of Law, Maharishi Dayanand Law College, Sri Ganganagar
Department of Law, Government Law College, Sri Ganganagar
Department of Law, Girdhari Lal Bihani Sanatan Dharam Law College, Sri Ganganagar
School Of Law, Raffles University, Neemrana
Vidyasthali Law College, Durgapura, Jaipur
Amity Law School, Jaipur
S.S. Jain Subodh Law College, Jaipur
Sikkim
Department of law and legal jurisprudence studies, Sikkim University
Tamil Nadu
Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai (established 1891)
Government Law College, Madurai (established 1979)
Government Law College, Tiruchirapalli (established 1979)
Government Law College, Coimbatore (established 1979)
Central Law College, Salem, Salem (established 1984)
Government Law College, Tirunelveli (established 1996)
Government Law College, Chengalpattu (established 2002)
School of Excellence in Law, Chennai, (SOEL) (established 2002)
Government Law College, Vellore (established 2008)
Tamil Nadu National Law School Srirangam, (Tiruchirappalli) (established 2012)
SASTRA University, School of Law, Thanjavur
Telangana
Nalsar University of Law, Hyderabad (established 1998)
Osmania University College of Law, Osmania University, Hyderabad
Paddala Ram Reddi Law College, Hyderabad
Pendekanti Law College, Hyderabad
Sultan-Ul-Uloom College of Law, Hyderabad
Mahatma Gandhi Law College, Hyderabad
University College of Law, Kakatiya University, Warangal
Adarsha Law College, Warangal
Manair College of Law, Khammam
Department of Law, Telangana University, Nizamabad
Tripura
Tripura Government Law College, Agartala
216
Uttar Pradesh
Sardar Patel Subharti Institute of Law, Subharti University,Meerut
Janhit College of Law, Greater Noida
Faculty of Law, Agra College, (Agra) Estd 1823
Teerthanker mahaveer college of law and legal studies(moradabad)
Mjp Rohilkhand university,Bareilly
Innovative Institute Of Law, Greater Noida
Lloyd Law College, Greater Noida
Department of Law, D.A.V. Degree College, Muzaffarnagar (Meerut University)
Shri Ram College of Law, Muzaffarnagar (Meerut University)
Department of Law, Meerut College, Meerut (Meerut University)
Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (Central University)
Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (Central University)
Institute of Legal Studies, Chaudhary Charan Singh University Campus, Meerut
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow
Faculty of Law, Allahabad University, Allahabad (Central University)
Faculty of Law, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, (Agra)
Faculty of Law, University of Lucknow (New Campus), Lucknow
Department of Law, Brahmanand College, Kanpur City (CSJM University Kanpur)
DAV Law College, Kanpur City (CSJM University Kanpur)
Department of Law, VSSD College, Kanpur City (CSJM University Kanpur)
Faculty of Law, NAS College, Meerut (Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut)
Integrated School of Law, Ghaziabad (Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut)
J.V. jain college, Saharanpur
Babu Jagjivan Ram Institute of Law, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
Uttarakhand
Chanakya Law College, Rudrapur, http://www.chanakyalawcollege.in
Faculty of Law, ICFAI University, Dehradun
Shakuntala law college, Dehradun
University Of Petroleum And Energy Studies, College Of Legal Studies
Institute of Management Studies(also known as Unison law school), Makkavala greens,
Mussoorie road.
Siddhartha Law College, near IT Park, Sahastradhara road.
Law College Dehradun.
Selaqui Law College, Selaqui, Dehradun
Chandrawati tiwari law college, Kotdwara
West Bengal
Department of Law, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Jalpaiguri Law College, Jalpaiguri, (affiliated to University of North Bengal)
Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College, Kolkata (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
South Calcutta Law College (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
Surendranath Law College, Kolkata (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
Bengal Law College, Shantiniketan (affiliated to University of Burdwan)
Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of law, Kalyani (affiliated to University of Kalyani)
Bimal Chandra College of Law, Murshidabad (affiliated to University of Kalyani)
Haldia Law College, Haldia, (affiliated to Vidyasagar University)
217
Midnapore Law College, Midnapore, (affiliated to Vidyasagar University)
Sarsuna Law College, Sarsuna(Kolkata), (affiliated to Calcutta University)
Department of Law, University of Burdwan, Burdwan
Hooghly Mohsin College, Hooghly, (affiliated to University of Burdwan)
Law College Durgapur, (affiliated to University of Burdwan)
Kingston law College, Barasat (affiliated to West Bengal State University)






















218
Career in Arts and Design





Career in Fine Arts and Commercial Arts
Career in Fine Arts
Fine Arts is a form of art that encompasses a number of specialisations such as applied arts and design,
dancing, music, drama, sculpting and textiles and 2D and 3D designing. The stream is interdisciplinary in
nature and offers a number of options for students to choose from.
At UG level, the most popular specialisation includes painting, sculpture, print making (graphics), design
(ceramics and textiles) and art history. There is an immense scope, which requires a lot of practical
work.
Most colleges offer a 4 or 5 years bachelor in fine arts course. The general criteria for admission are the
completion of class X or XII. The course typically comprises two years of preparatory classes and three
years of bachelors education. Even those who have completed the +2 level have to follow the 5 year
plan. Apart for completion of class XII, some universities conduct an entrance test and vivas for
admission.
Prospects Galore
Graduates can either work as professional artist creating their own works or work in school and colleges
in design sector, museums and galleries. Students can also choose to work as freelancer in India and
abroad as well. They can auction their creations at exhibitions. Those with a flair for writing can choose
to become critics for newspapers and magazines. Countries such as US, Canada, Italy and many offer
good opportunities, and hence it is an ideal destination. They can also choose job as an assistant
professor, art director, or work in advertisement and film making.
Those who wish to study abroad can also pursue their degree from abroad, for more exposures,
scholarships are there.
219
A BFA in applied arts (better known as communication design or art used to convey a specific message)
and crafts offers a number of job profiles to graduates.
Jobs prospects
Since almost every industry needs qualified fine arts professionals, who can
Introduction
In the present times, not only the fascination for beauty is expressed in the field of Art but it also has the
capability and potential to offer much more than that. Opening up of more and more art galleries,
exhibitions and appreciation of art as a decorative tool has led to the growth of opportunities in the field
of arts.
Development of fine arts was primarily for appreciation and expression of aesthetics. Its practical
applications were considered to be negligible. But owing to the globalization, this is developing into a
full-fledged profession providing employment to the artists like painters, sculptors etc.
One has many options in Commercial and Fine Arts. There are various courses ranging from sculpture,
applied arts, painting, craft, graphic interior design and painting. A professional and formal training can
equip the person with various technical skills and a competitive edge in the industry.
Nature of Work
Fine Arts mainly include:
1. Painting: drawing of portraits, murals, sketches, landscapes and abstract designs etc.
2. Sculpture: carving of figures, statues, monuments on stone, wood or clay.
Commercial Arts includes:
1. Designing: interior designing, mural designing, ceramic designing
2. Graphics: photography, lettering, typography and designing of books, packaging, book jackets
and covers, newspapers and tabloids, booklets \ brochures, magazines and periodicals, logos,
billboards, stamps etc.
Professional Courses
The inbuilt aptitude can be sharpened and chiselled by formal training in the field of interest. Degree,
diploma and certificate courses are offered by various universities and private institutes.
Bachelor of Fine Arts or BFA is a four year course. The BFA (applied arts) course imparts training in print
media, advertising and electronic media.
At the post graduation level the course offered is MFA. The duration of this course is two years. Other
than these degree courses there are many diploma and PG Diploma courses available.
India is regarded as the hub of Top Arts Colleges in Asia, home to some of the most famous Foreign
Language Institutes that provide training across nearly every foreign language and various art forms.
India also boasts of Asia's Top Law Colleges, with many of its Top Law Schools counted among the best
in the world.
Common Courses Offered by Top Arts Colleges in India & Abroad:
B.A. (Hons) Drawing & Painting
B.F.A. Sculpture
BPABachelor of Performing Arts
BVABachelor of Visual Arts
Bachelor of Music (B. Music)
Bachelor of Drama
B.A. (Hons) Dance
B.A. (Hons) Music
B.A. Drama
B.A. Fine Arts
B.A. Music
B.A. Painting
B.F.A. Dance
B.F.A. Painting
B.A. Sculpture
Bachelor of Fine Arts Courses
B.F.A. Commercial Arts
B.F.A. Applied Arts
Academic Eligibility
220
For pursuing BFA one should have passed 10+2 level examinations. MFA can be pursued by those who
have a BFA degree with them. Specialized branches can be chosen according to interest and aptitude of
the student. Online courses are also offered by some of the foreign universities.
Career Prospects
After the successful acquiring of a degree or a diploma, one has plethora of employment opportunities
in this field. Artists can work as free lancers. Employment can easily be sought in advertising agencies,
textile industry and media houses. One can work in art studios and fashion houses. Artists can seek
employment in advertising agencies, textile industry and media houses. Besides fine arts professionals
can also work in production houses, theatre and drama houses. Those specialized in dancing, music,
painting can work independently or on contractual basis. Teaching can also be one of the options. Some
of them can also work as art critics and writers on art. Website development companies also offer job
opportunities.
Institutes
Many premier institutes in India offer courses in Fine Arts and Commercial Arts. These include:
Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art (Mumbai)
Faculty of Fine Arts (Baroda)
Kala Bhavan, Shantiniketan
Jamia Millia Islamia (New Delhi)
College of Art (New Delhi)
Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art, Mumbai offers training for various types of Degree and Diploma courses.
The Department Of Painting offers:
BFA (Painting) 4 years
Post Degree MFA (Painting) 2 years
MFA (Painting) (by papers) in Portraiture
MFA (Painting) in Graphic Art
MFA (Painting) in Creative Painting.
The Department Of Sculpture And Modelling offers:
BFA (Sculpture) 4 years
Diploma Sculpture and Modelling 4 years.
The Department Of Arts And Crafts offers:
BFA (Craft- Metal Work) 4 years
BFA (Craft - Textile Design) 4 years
BFA (Craft- Interior Decoration) 4 years
BFA (Craft - Ceramics) 4 years.
The Department Of Art offers:
Teacher Training Art Teacher's Diploma ( A.T.D.) 2 years
Diploma in Art Education (Dip. A. ED.) 1 year
Art Master Certificate Course (part-time).
Symbiosis Institute of Design, Pune offers the following degree programs:
Bachelor of Design (B. Des) in Communication Design
Bachelor of Design (B. Des ) in Product Design
Bachelor of Design (B. Des) in Fashion Communication
Bachelor of Design (B. Des) in Fashion Design.
The institute tries to offer an optimum mix of traditional skills, new media skills and soft skills.
Some other universities are:
Allahabad University, Allahabad
Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
Anna University, Chennai
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
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Bangalore University, Bangalore
Goa University, Goa
Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
Karnataka University, Dharwad
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
Nagpur University, Nagpur
Punjab University, Chandigarh
Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
University of Ajmer, Ajmer
University of Calcutta, Kolkata
University of Delhi, Delhi
University of Chennai, Chennai
University of Mumbai, Mumbai
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
Visva Bharati, West Bengal
.
Remunerations
Visualisers may earn from Rs.8000 to Rs.12000 p.m.
An Assistant Art Director may earn from Rs.12000to Rs.20000 p.m.
An Art Director may earn from Rs.25000 to Rs.40000 p.m.
Graphic designers in publishing houses, the print and electronic media and other e-learning businesses
can command salaries going into the six-digit category. Working with media and publishing houses,
advertising agencies and textile industries can get the candidates pay packages of Rs 12,000 to Rs 25,000
per month. Those who get employment in theatre, drama and production houses can get salary of Rs
15,000 to Rs 20,000 per month. Teachers can also earn well.


Career in Designing
Introduction: Designing is the blend of artistic talents and creativity. Design encompasses different fields
viz. Fashion designing, Product designing, Graphic designing, Interior designing, Accessory and Jewellery
design, foot ware design, textile design, and many more. Fashion designing deals with clothing and
textile, product designing with designing the products and graphic designing deals with designing for
websites, movies, logos, signage, etc. Interior designing is the arrangement of living space i.e organizing,
managing and planning of the interiors of rooms at homes, offices, retail shops, showrooms, hotels,
airports, exhibition halls, conference centres, theatres, TV and film studios and commercial
establishments etc.
Scope
A trained fashion designer finds job in the areas like designer wear production, planning and concept
management, fashion marketing, design production management, fashion media, quality control,
fashion accessory design and promotion of brands. You will also work as costume designer, fashion
consultant, personal stylist, technical designer, graphic designer, production pattern maker, fashion
coordinator, apparel production manager, fabric buyer, fabric quality control manager, show room sales
representative, illustrator, cutting assistant and outside sales representative in this industry. Those
interested in a career in fashion designing can also become entrepreneurs and form their own
companies.
Career opportunities
1. Career in Fashion Designing Introduction: Fashion designing is one of the most exciting career options
in today's world. The recent boom in fashion designing has led to innovation and new prospects in the
existing domain of garment and accessory design. This career is good for the individuals who have a
creativity, style and originality. The career in fashion designing satisfies creative fancies and materialistic
needs. It also promises glamour, fame, success and even high pay packages. If you can create magic with
colors, designs and shapes and have some professional skills then this will be the right career for you.
http://creationsindia.net
Job employers:
Export houses Garment store chains
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Textile mills
Leather companies
Boutiques
Fashion show organizers
Jewellery houses and
Media houses recruit professionals
interested in a career in fashion
designing.
Courses: To become successful in this industry it is always advisable to complete professional courses to
gain expertise in various areas of this industry such as garment manufacturing technology, textile
science, apparel construction methods, fabric dyeing and printing, colour mixing and computer-aided
design. You can identify your area of interest and match it with your aptitude while choosing from the
courses offered in various areas of Fashion Designing. http://www.merinews.com.
Training centres in India:
National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Kolkata
Northeast Institute of Fashion Technology, Guwahati Assam. 2 years diploma in Fashion
Designing. www.neift.com
The Northern India Institute of Fashion Technology. Mohali Fashion Design & Garment
Manufacturing www.niiftindia.com
National Institute of Design Paldi, Ahmedabad Textile and Apparel design
www.nid.edu/academics_ug.htm
Peal Academy of Fashion: New Delhi Fashion Technology, Apparel Designing & Cloth
Manufacturing www.pearlacademy.com
National Institute of Fashion Technology NIFT Campus, Bangalore Textile Design
www.bangalore.niftindia.com
National Institute of Fashion Technology Chennai Apparel, Textile & Leather Design &
Technology www.chennai.niftindia.com
National Institute of Fashion Technology Gandhinagar Gujarat Fashion design & Technology
www.gandhinagar.niftindia.com
National Institute of Fashion Technology , Hyderabad Fashion Design, & Technology
www.hyderabad.niftindia.com
National Institute of Fashion Technology Navi Mumbai www.mumbai.niftindia.com
Mayura School of Fashion Technology Trichy (Tamil Nadu) EMBROIDERY, FABRIC PAINTING
www.texnett.com
Jewellery Design & Technology Institute Noida ( U P) Jewellery Design & Technology
www.jdtiindia.com.
School of Fashion Technology Soft Campus, Near Cummins Engineering College, Karve Nagar
Pune Apparel Production, Design Email :softpune@vsnl.net
2. Careers in Accessory & Jewellery Design
Introduction: This field has emerged as a glamorous as well as lucrative. In order to cater to the rising
demands of skilled manpower in this sector, many fashion institutes offers diverse fashion technology
programs including Accessory & Jewellery Design.
Scope: The popularity of these accessory design & jewellery design courses can well be gauged from the
legendary passion of human beings for jewelleries and rising use of accessories complementing today's
fashion trends. Several types of diploma, certificate and advanced diploma courses are offered in
Jewellery Design in India. The computer aided Jewellery design courses are becoming very popular. This
accessory design courses are offered at diploma, certificate and post-graduate levels. The knowledge of
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is essential for Computer aided Jewellery design course.
Eligibility:
Undergraduate or postgraduate.
Creativity,
Should have an eye for details and colours,
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Love for fashion and technology-friendly attitude.
Training centres:
Gemmological Institute of India Mumbai www.giionline.com
Jewellery Design & Technology Institute www.jdtiindia.com
SG Jhaveri Centre for Diamond Technology, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai.
National Institute of Jewellery Design and Technology New Delhi Website: www.nijdt.in
Indian Diamond Institute Katargam, Gidc, Surat Gujarat. www.diamondinstitute.net
Indian Gemmological Institute , New Delhi Tele No: 011-7779732
Indian Institute Of Gemmology New Delhi www.iigdelhi.com
3. Footwear Design & Technology Courses in India
Introduction: In the world of fashion shoes play a significant role in enhancing beauty and smartness.
The foot wear has acquired large significance in symbolizing one's fashion statement, personal taste as
well as sense of comfort. However, the designing and making of shoes is quite complex and this industry
needs efficient craftsmen trained with apt technical know-how.
Scope: There is growing demand for qualified professionals in this industry. Several kinds of Footwear
Design & Technology courses are available in India. You can choose from these courses according to
your needs and qualifications. The various courses such as Management program in Footwear
Technology, Masters Program in Footwear Design, Higher Diploma course in Footwear Technology,
Diploma course in Footwear Designing as well as short term courses in Footwear, leather garments or
Leather Goods are offered. http://www.dmu.ac.uk
Eligibility:
Certificate courses in Footwear design & technology (can be generally pursued after the
completion 12th standard)
Advanced diploma course in footwear technology require the candidate to be a graduate in any
stream or diploma holder in leather, engineering or Footwear technology.
For the basic courses in footwear manufacturing technology, shoe making or design, you need
to pass 10+2 level.
Courses in India:
AVI School of Fashion and Shoe Technology, S.C.O 493-94, IInd Floor, Sector 35-C, Chandigarh
Phone No: 602997, 601651.
Central Footwear Training Institute C-41-42, Site-'C', Industrial Area, Sikandra Agra-282007 e-
mail: info@cftiagra.org.in
Footwear Design & Development Institute Noida Uttar Pradesh www.fddiindia.com
MSME Technology Development Centre (Central Footwear Training Institute), Chennai
www.cftichennai.in
Central Leather Research Institute (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Adyar, Chennai
http://www.clri.org
Government Tanning Institute, Jalandhar Punjab Email: info@gtijal.org
4. Textile Design Courses
Introduction: The world of fashion has emerged as a major medium of self-expression in India today.
The popularity of textile design courses in India is rapidly rising among the people who are interested in
working in the Textile industry. The career aspirants with creative ingenuity and technical skills opt for
the textile design course in India. If you join a Textile design course, you will gain an insight into Textile
structure and design, Print and weave design, Indian Textiles as well as Embroidery. Students can opt for
diploma, postgraduate diploma, masters and certificate courses in Textile Design field. After completing
these courses, you will be able to work in areas of knitting, weaving and printing and prepare designs so
that textile products can be manufactured for artistic or commercial use.
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Scope: Textile designers are in high demand for creating textiles for interior designs or fabrics. The
students who are trained in textile design can work in the allied industries such as paper and ceramics
industry. They can also start their own design group and remain self employed.
http://www.thecampuschronicle.com
Eligibility: A degree or diploma course completed from reputed institutes like NIFT, NID, AID or any
other reputed institute. The knowledge of Photoshop is desirable.
Textile Design Institutes:
Vidya Institute New Delhi Email: vidyains@ndb.vsn.net.in
National Institute of Design Paldi, Ahmedabad www.nid.edu
Academy of Fashion Studies, New Delhi www.afsfashion.com/admissionform.pdf
International Polytechnic for Women New Delhi www.womenpolytechnic.com
Apeejay Institute of Textile Design (AID) www.apeejay.edu
Jobs:
Textile Designer:
Assistant Textile Designer.
5. Careers in Visual Merchandising
Introduction: Today visual merchandising plays an important role in this business- generation of retail-
industry. Visual Merchandisers are the professionals who are responsible for granting any brand a face.
Visual Merchandising (VM) is the art of presentation whereby Visual merchandiser conceptualizes
designs and implements window and in-store displays for retail stores. Visual merchandising helps in
educating the customers, creating the desire and enhancing the sell of products. Visual Merchandisers
must combine their artistic flair and creativity with technical know-how to set up displays that maximize
the space of the store while effectively catching the eye and appealing to the senses of their target
customers.
Scope: There are many allied fields that can expand the scope for a visual merchandiser. Exhibition
displays, birthdays, set design (theatrical sets included), theme parties, hotel lobbies, home and wedding
decorations are some of these areas. Many big garments brands like Provogue, Shopper's Stop, Ebony
and Liliput etc. maintain in-house teams.
Eligibility:
One can enrol after 10+2 to the different diploma programmes.
Creativity and ability for artistic expression plays key role in field.
Technical and design expertise (e.g. building stet, props, setting up proper lighting, etc.) are
helpful besides the knowledge of fashion and art/design industry trends and forecasts and an
ability to work well with others.
Institutes:
Birla Institute of Management Technology, New Delhi www.bimtech.ac.in
Asia-Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi Website: www.asiapacific.edu
Indian Retail School, New Delhi www.indianretailschool.com
K J Somaiyya Institute of Management Studies & Research, Worli, Mumbai-
www.simsr.somaiya.edu
Pearl Academy of Fashion, New Delhi www.pearlacademy.com
Mudra Institute of Communications, Shela, Ahmedabad www.mica-india.net
International Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi. www.iiftindia.net
The Common Entrance Examination for Design (CEED) is a joint entrance exam for post graduate
studies in the field of technological design held annually jointly at all IITs and Indian Institute of Science
(IISc). The examination is hosted by the Industrial Design Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
on behalf of Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. It is a descriptive test
covering a student's logical, creative, observation and drawing skills, tested in particular for admission to
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various design courses in the field of Product Design, Industrial Design, Visual Communication,
Animation Graphic and, Vehicle Design and Mobility.
Eligibility
There is no bar to either the age of the candidate or the number of times a candidate can participate.
The minimum academic qualification for appearing in the examination is a Bachelors degree in
Architecture, Fine Arts or Engineering from a recognized college or university of India. All qualified
candidates with a valid CEED Examination score become eligible to apply for admission to various design
programs under IITs and IISc. A valid CEED score does not, however, promise admission to the desired
institute. Candidates are always required to appear a second test known as the Design Aptitude Test
(DAT) followed by an interview prior to final selection by the respective institutes.
Examination Pattern
From year 2012 CEED has changed its examination pattern. Now the examination is conducted into two
parts,A and B. All the candidates have to answer both parts.
Part A is a screening test.There are about 40 questions in this part having negative marking.All
questions in this part checks general knowledge and awareness.Part B is evaluated for those
candidates who are short listed in screening test(Part A). All question in this part examines the
drawing and creative skills of the candidate.
Programmes
CEED qualified candidate can apply for the following programmes in designing in IIT's UPES and IISc,
Bangalore
(a)Master of Design programmes (MDes, M.Des. or M.Design)
IISc,Bangalore - M.Des. in Product design and Engineering
IIT Bombay - M.Des. in (a)Industrial design, (b)Visual Communication, (c)Animation,
(d)Interaction Design, (e)Mobility and vehicle Design.
IIT Delhi - M.Des. in Industrial Design
IIT Guwahati - M.Des. in Design
IIT Kanpur - M.Des. in Industrial Design
IIITDM Jabalpur -M.Des. in Design
School of Design Studies- UPES Dehradun - M.Des. in (a)Industrial design, (b)Product Design,
(c)Interior Design, (d)Transportation Design
(b)Ph.D Programmes in Design
IISc Bangalore and IIT Bombay


If you think there are only a few options for careers in the arts and design field, you'll be pleasantly
surprised that there are dozens of choices. Here are some of the most popular career options for
people who want to work as artists or in an occupation related to art and design.

Acting
Advertising
Accessory and Jewellery Designing
Footwear Technologist
Sculptor
Animation and Multimedia
Cartoonist
Gemology
Music
Museology
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Graphic designer
Interior designer
cosmetologist
Painter
Modeling
Photographer
Yoga Instructor
VJ/DJ/RJ
Photojournalist
Visual merchandiser
Videographer
Singer
Dancer
Art Restoration
Choreographer
Textile Designing
Logo designer
Sketch artist
Tattoo artist
..................


Career in Acting
Introduction
"I don't use any techniques; I'm not trained to be an actor. I just enjoy working in films." Amitabh
Bachchan
The actors portray the role of another character, fictitious or otherwise, for the benefit of an audience
or for their own creative satisfaction. Actors do films, TV shows, videos and theater. They also do
commercials, and sometimes even appear as superheroes in computer games. Some actors do voice-
overs and narrations for movies and other programs. Some go on to teach at the drama schools or start
their own academies. Overall, they play many roles / characters in their careers.
Actors bring their interpretations of characters from screenplays or scripts to life. Theyre both
entertainers and storytellers. They spend a lot of time preparing for their performance. Many actors are
also talented dancers, singers, painters, and mimicry artists.
Courses & Eligibility
How to be an actor?
It is said that actors are born and not made. But a formal program gives a person exposure, training and
education which enhances the chances of success. Thus the budding actors go to a college or university
to study theater and some go to performing arts schools. Although there is no defined educational
qualification required for this career but a course in acting or theater and a good command over
language is a prerequisite.
The National School of Drama, New Delhi offers a Diploma course in Dramatic Arts, which is recognized
by the Government of India for the purpose of recruitment to superior posts and services under the
Central Government, where specialization in the field of Dramatics is required. The prerequisite for this
course is a degree in graduation with at least 10 years of experience in amateur drama.
A week long crash course to a full fledged academic courses spanning over 3-4 years leading to a
graduate degree in acting are offered at many institutes.
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Where to Study
Institutions and Universities
National School of Drama, Bahawalpur House, 1 Bhagwandas Road, New Delhi
Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Law College Road, Pune, Maharashtra
Asian Academy of Film & Television, Marwah Studios Complex, FC-14/15 Film City, Sector-16A,
NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh
The Imago School of Acting, Sudhan Bhawan (1st floor) 37, Saidulajab Village, Saket, Mehrauli-
Badarpur Road, New Delhi
Film and Television Institute of Andhra Pradesh, Saraswathi Nilayam, 8/3/169/69 Siddartha Nagar,
Adjacent to Vengal Rao Nagar, Hyderabad
Adarsha Film Institute No.39, Netaji Road, Bangalore, Karnataka
Actor Prepares, 2nd Floor, Film Industry Welfare Trust House, Next to Ajivasan Hall,Juhu Road,
Santcruz (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra
Daisy Iranis Film Institute 682, Roop Kala, 16th Road, Khar (W), Behind Khar Gymkhana, Mumbai,
Maharashtra
Barry John Acting Studio, Mumbai - FullTime and Part Time courses in acting
Zee Institute of Media Arts course in acting
Career Prospects
Actors can work in films, television, theaters, or other public performances (travelling groups, theme
parks, etc.). Indian Film and TV industry is booming and prospects are bright for the budding actors.
Famous Personalities
Amitabh Bachchan is synonymous with Indian film industry, he has done over 180 Indian films in a
career spanning more than four decades. He has won many awards in his career, including three
National Film Awards and fourteen Filmfare Awards. In addition to acting, Bachchan has worked as a
playback singer, film producer and television presenter. He also had a stint in politics in the 1980s. He
has received both the Padma Shri and the Padma Bhushan civilian awards from the Indian government.
Naseeruddin Shah is also a famous Indian film actor and director. He has won three National Film
Awards, three Filmfare Awards for Best Actor, and a Best Actor Award (The Volpi Cup) at the Venice Film
Festival. The Government of India has honored him with both the Padma Shri and the Padma Bhushan
civilian awards for his contributions to Indian cinema. He is an alumni of National School of Drama.
A Day in Life
There is not a typical day in life of an actor. When they are not performing any role they usually spend
time taking acting classes for the betterment of their careers. If they have a role on which they are
working the days are spent in rehearsing and performing.
Their days are filled with checking emails and coordinating with the agent and searching for auditions
and meetings with industry people, reading scripts and other related work.



Career in Advertising
Introduction
"Creativity without strategy is called Art; creativity with strategy is called Advertising."Jef I Richards,
advertising expert
Indeed, it is the advertising professionals who, through their creative renderings, using a few good
pictures and a few good words, help sell almost anything under the sun. Marketing as a function would
be very dry without advertising.
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Advertising is the business of communicating a message to an audience through the media newspapers,
magazines, radio, television, hoardings in public places etc. Every product that is available in the market
needs to be advertised. Advertisement helps in the publicity of the product by creating awareness
among the consumer. The consumer comes to know about the different features of household goods
(like T.V. fridge, cooking oil, soap etc) or a service provider (Airlines, Insurance etc.) An attractive
advertising campaign helps in popularizing a product/service and gives a boost to the sales figures. It
forms the basis of marketing.
Advertising offers jobs on the executive side or the creative side. While the executive department deals
with client servicing media planning and market research the creative department employs copywriters
and visualizers along with the scriptwriters, storyboard artists, typographers, etc.
Work of Advertising Professionals
A career in advertising is very creative and generally gives lot of professional satisfaction. Advertising
professionals work in close coordination with the companies whose product or service has to be
promoted or sold. They first decide about the desired outcome of the advertisement planned and then
accordingly work out a strategy. This part is usually done by senior people in the advertising agency and
the marketing team of the company.
The advertising agency then gives the work of developing the advertising material to the creative team.
The creative teams work on different ideas and after lot of fine-tuning, produce the advertising material
for different media like Print (newspapers or magazines), Radio (in the form of radio advertisements or
jingles), TV (in the form of TV advertisements) and Internet (in the form of online ads).
After the advertising material is produced then it is released in different Medias and it is here that the
advertising people specializing in different media help the company in negotiating and buying media
space for effective dissemination of the advertisement.
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
I. Good power of observation,
II. An insight into the psyche of the people,
III. A creative visual imagination,
IV. Patience and perseverance.
Courses & Eligibility
BA Advertising: 10+2
Bachelor of applied art/ Courses in multimedia and mass communication/ any graduation (For Copy
Writer), Entrance test- Copy Test.
Graduation in communication Design/ Graphic Design/Animation Design (For Visualiser)
Post Graduation Advertising: Any Graduation and entrance exam and/or interview.
MBA/Communication Management/ Media Management
Entrance Exam:
Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan, Jamia Millia Islamia, Rajendra
Prasad Institute of Communication and Management, Xaviers Institute of communications, School
of Communication and Management Studies, Cochin conduct various entrance exams for admission
to their courses.
Where to Study
Mudra Institute of Communication (MICA), Ahmedabad.
Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) Offers Post-graduate Diploma Course in Advertising
& Public Relations. JNU new campus, New Delhi Phone
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National Institutes of advertising, New Delhi offers Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Marketing
Communications Management (PGDMCM) -Full Time and Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in
Advertising and Communications.
The Delhi School of Communication, New Delhi Offers 2 year Post Graduate Program in
Communication integrating Advertising, Public Relations, Marketing and Strategy.
Asian Academy of Film & Television, NOIDA
Sardar Patel College of Communication & Management, New Delhi Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New
Delhi
University of Delhi Website: www.du.ac.in
University of Mumbai, Mumbai Offers Bachelor in Mass media (BMM) 3 years course.
Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi
South Delhi Polytechnic for Women, New Delhi.
Sir Aurobindo Institute Of Mass Communication New Delhi
The Advertising Academy, New Delhi
International Institute Of Mass Media, New Delhi
Institute of Mass Communication, Manipal
PROSPECTS:
With the growth in markets and ever-increasing number of consumer goods, advertising is here to stay.
Well-known Advertisement Agencies have openings for copywriters, editors, visualisers and even
musicians. One can also be self-employed by opening up own advertising agency.
COURSE/TRAINING:
In order to be a successful advertiser one does not need any formal qualification as such. Any one with a
talent to understand public perception and preferences can excel in this field. However, training in also
available in the field of executive and creative departments.
Executive Department: In this department students are taught marketing, media planning, graphics, and
group campaigns with all other aspects of advertising and public relations.
(i) Graduation in any discipline with a flair for writing.
(ii) Diploma or degree in Mass-Communication/Advertising/Social Communication.
(iii) MBA Graduates with specialization in marketing.
Creative Department:
I. Bachelor of fine arts (BFA) can be taken after +2. The duration is four or five years.
ii. The National Institute of Design at Ahmedabad offers a School Leavers Professional Education
Programme (SLPEP).
Pay and Remuneration
Usually the fresh people in advertising industry get Salaries of around Rs. 1.5 to Rs.2 lakhs per year, after
about 5-6 years of experience the professionals in this field start earning anywhere between Rs.4 to Rs.8
Lakhs per annum and very senior professionals usually get anywhere between Rs.15 to Rs.40 lakhs per
annum.
A Day in Life
The advertising professionals usually start their careers in either Art (Visual Creativity) or Copy (Written
Creativity). Professionals in Art are usually trained in fine arts or visual graphics. Professionals in Copy
are essentially those trained in language. As the profession is quite creative, therefore it is also not very
structured. Most of the advertising agencies where advertising professionals work have an open and not
very formal structure.A typical day for a new or fresh pass-out starts with checking for new work brief
sent by the superiors over Email or in person. After the brief is taken, then the person spends time in
conceptualizing the new campaigns. After making a few concepts, the same is forwarded to the
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supervisors. Thereafter the person works on giving finishing touches and finalizing the campaigns where
the clients and superiors have given their feedback.
There are days when the professional is relatively free by early evening and there are also days when
they have to meet the clients deadlines and it becomes really late. However there is always creative
energy flowing in an advertising agency and the professionals never feel bored.




Career in Accessory Designing
Introduction
"Fashion Changes, but style endures." Coco Chanel
Fashion continues to attract many youth, and why not! The fashion industry is growing at a very healthy
rate across the World as well as in India. Fashion accessories are an integral part of any fashion item and
the scope is pretty good. Many reputed institutes in India offer accessory designing as a course.
Who is an accessory designer?
Accessory designers design all the products and items that compliment fashion like Headgears, fashion
jewelry, belts, scarves, bags, gift wares, etc. In most cases, they specialize in a specific line of accessories
as well as their target clients, whether they are men, women or kids. Fashion in the outfits keep
changing with seasons and accessories designers have to come up with complementary products and
thus should be aware of the latest trends and color patters etc to get good business.
Courses & Eligibility
There are many courses like Diploma and Post Graduate Diploma in Accessory Design are available. The
duration of these diploma courses range from 1 2 years.
B. Design (Accessory) (4 years)
Accessory Design and Technology courses at PG level are also available.
Generally students from all streams are eligible to apply in design courses. For pursuing M Design one
should have done B Design course.
Entrance Exam: Most of the reputed Institutes like NID, NIFT take their own entrance exams which has
Design Aptitude test and interview.
Where to Study
Institutes offering Accessory Design Courses in India -
National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad offers PG Diploma in Lifestyle Accessory Design
Eligibility: Degree in Design, Engineering, Technology, Architecture or Fine Arts, OR Diploma in
Design (under 10+2+4yr)
Apeejay Institute of Design, Meherauli-Badarpur Road, New Delhi offers Post Graduate Diploma
in Accessory Design (1Year)
Eligibility: A Bachelors Degree (10+2+3) in any stream with 50% Marks, (Age not above 35 years)
ARCH Academy of Fashion Art Design, Malviya Nagar Institutional Area, Jaipur offers course in
Life Style Accessory Design (2 years)
National Institute of fashion Technology, Delhi and other cities Offer B. Design (Accessory
Design) (4 years) 10+2 students from recognised board are eligible.
Footwear Design and Development Institute, FDDI, Noida, Offers Bachelor in Leather goods and
accessory Design (4 years)
Jewellery Design & Technology Institute, A-89, Sector-2 Noida
National Institute of Jewelry Design and Technology, Near Delhi Jal Board, Sri Maa Anandmayee
Marg, Okhla Industrial Area Ph-II, New Delhi. Phone No: 011-2638-7941
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Indian Gemological Institute, F-32-33, Jhandewalan, Flatted Factories complex, near
Jhandewalan Temple, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi Tele No: 011-7779732
(i) National Institute of Fashion Technology, HAUZKHAS near Gulmohar Park, New Delhi-110016.
It offers 3 years Diploma in Accessory Design Courses. Candidates who have completed 10+2 or
are in their 12
th
Std. from any recognized Board with a minimum of 50% (45% for SC/ST) marks
are eligible. Admission is made on the basis of written test and Group Discussion.
Some Other Institutes are:-
Srimati Nathibai Damodar Training (SNDT) Womens University, Mumbai.
St. Xaviers College, Gemology Department, Mumbai.
Small Industries Services Institute, 65/1, G.S.T. Road, Chennai-600032.
Jewellery Export Promotion Council, D.15 Commerce Centre, Tardeo,
Mumbai-400034.
Gemology Institute of India, 29, Gurukul Chambers, Mumbadevi Road,
Mumbai-400002 offers Grading and cutting course.
Gem and Jewellery Export promotion council, Rajasthan Bhavan, Jaipur-302003.
Indian Diamond Institute, Sumul Dairy Road, Katargam, Post Box-508, Surat-395008 offers
courses in Jewellery Design and Machine cast Jewellery.
Salary
Accessory designing is coming up as a lucrative career option in the design field. Fresh pass outs at
graduate level begin with a package of Rs.1.8 2.5 lakhs per year. Many people start their own
businesses and do very well.
Career Prospects
After this course one can work as a designer, stylist, merchandiser among others. Accessory designing is
a profitable business. The global fashion industry has significantly expanded in the last decade and good
designers are in demand.
Famous Personalities
Kenneth Cole: Designer best known for his extensive lines of shoes, also produces mens and womens
clothing and accessories.
Christian Dior: House of Dior is involved in creating wonderful couture gowns, and fabulous line of
accessories.
Some Indian Personalities in this field are Manish Malhotra, Neeta Lulla, Ritu Beri and Ritu Kumar.


Career in Jewellery Designing
Introduction
Since time immemorial jewelry has been associated with wealth and status. In the present time, not
only it is a status symbol it is also a style and fashion item. This has revolutionized the traditional jewelry
and now modern jewelry for different occasions with different price ranges are available. No wonder,
Gems and jewelry industry is doing quite well and has provided employment to many.
Jewelry designing is the art or profession of creating, crafting, fabricating, or rendering designs for
jewelry. The ancient practice practiced by the goldsmith or metalworker that has now evolved in to a
billion-dollar industry. Today with the modern computer aided design software, conceptualizing has
become much easier. Apart from conceptualizing, a professional jewelry designer is also trained in the
architectural and functional knowledge of fabrication techniques, composition, wearability and market
trends.
Jewelry designers are creative people who make designs for new jewelry and then help in manufacture
of various jewelry products. Jewelry designers are also skilled in stone cutting, handling of various
232
metals, engraving, polishing, stone setting etc. The make new designs and help convert the designs into
jewelry. As a jewelry designer one can specialize in many aspects of jewelry designing.
Courses and Eligibility
Bachelor of Design (Jewelry) ( 4 years): eligibility is 10+2 and stream. Most of the reputed institutes
like NIFT, NID, Arch Academy, take students through entrance tests.
Diploma course in design 2 years, Certificate in Jewelry Design (1 Year), Certificate in Gem
Processing and Identification (1 Year)
For most of the courses practical training with a jewelry house is a requirement.
Entrance exams
AIEED of Arch Academy
NIFT entrance test for B Design
NID entrance test
Course Fee
A one to two year study program fee is around Rs 65,000 to Rs 1.80 lakh and short-term courses are
available for Rs 15,000 to Rs 65,000.
Where to Study
B.Des. (Accessory Design) (4 Years), National Institute of Fashion Technology, Gandhinagar, Kolkata,
Chennai, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Navi Mumbai; Entrance Examination
B Des (Jewelry) 4 years, Diploma Program 2 years, ARCH Academy of Design, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur;
AIEED Entrance Examination
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years) Delhi Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi
(Delhi)
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), National Institute of Jewelry Design and Technology
(N.I.J.D.T.), Hi-Tech Vocational Training Center, Shri Maa Anand Mayee Marg, Okhla Industrial Area,
Phase-II , New Delhi (Delhi)
PG Diploma program in lifestyle accessory design, NID, Paldi, Ahmedabad.
Advanced Diploma in Metals & Jewelry (1 Year) Dhiyoh International School of Design, Shukrawar
Peth. Pune
Diploma in Jewelry Design, Diploma in Gemology, Diploma in Diamond Grading - rough & polish
diamonds, Gemmological Institute of India (GII), Mumbadevi Road, Mumbai.
B Sc in Jewelry Design (3 Years) Inter National Institute of Fashion Design (I.N.I.F.D.), Ajmer
(Rajasthan), INIFD Campus, Shastri Nagar , Ajmer, Rajasthan.
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), Global Jewelry and Gemological Institute, Surat
Gujarat.
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years) Goyam Institute for Diamonds and Jewelry, Surat
(Gujarat).
Diploma In Gems & Jewelry (1 Year), Indian Institute of Gems & Jewelry (IIGJ), Bagmal Laxmichand
Parikh Campus, Andheri (E),Mumbai.
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), Indian Institute of Jewelry (I.I.J.), Modern Centre,
Sane Guruji Marg, Mahalaxmi , Mumbai.
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), International Gemological Laboratories and Institute,
New Delhi.
Jewelry Design (Hons.)(4 Years), Pearl Academy of Fashion, Jaipur, Chennai; Entrance Examination
Advanced Diploma and Degree in Jewelry Design (2 Years),Raffles Millennium International,
Delhi/NCR, Pusa Road Delhi
B Sc in Jewelry Design (3 Years) Sindhar Institute of Gemology, Kolkata (West Bengal)
Pay and Remuneration
233
Remuneration and salaries of a jewelry designer can differ depending on the education and experience.
For a starter, one expects salary around a lakh to 1.5 lakhs a year. Top-rated designers get very high
salaries to the tune of Rs 12 lakhs a year. One can also work as a freelancer and the earnings completely
depend upon ones creativity and skills and hence there is no limit for how much you can earn.
Career Prospects
In the multibillion dollar gems and jewelry industry there is very good demand for design professionals,
Product development professionals, Jewelry entrepreneurs, Merchandisers and Sales and marketing
professionals.
Famous Personalities: Jean Schlumberger, French jewelry designer especially well known for his work at
Tiffany & Co.In India Poonam Soni, Asha Modi, Farah Khan are some of the well known names.

SPATIAL DESIGN
The modern term used for designing of SPACES is spatial design. This term encompasses both interior
and exterior design. Spatial designers are in great demand because of growing consciousness for style
and dcor. They are not only creative but technically sound professionals who work as a part of a team
which includes architects, furnishers, craft designers etc. They plan the entire structure of homes, offices
in such a way that along with style their planning does not ignore the practical aspects involved like
proper ventilation, drainage system, water supply, safety etc. They have to keep in mind the latest
colour schemes, fabrics, light effects, directions of different rooms etc.
PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES:-
Spatial designers must be artistic, creative and imaginative. They should have numerical ability enabling
them to calculate dimensions etc. The ability to draw is important. They should be able to express their
ideas in sketches and translate them into accurate working specifications: Interior designers should have
an analytical mind and the ability to understand the technicalities involved. They should posses excellent
communication skills, patience and team spirit.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES:-
The best way is to join any established designer as an assistant. Later on designers generally start their
own business or work as free lancers.
INSTITUTES AND COURSES:-
The only-5 years professional course in interior design is available at the following Institute:
School of Interior Design,
Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (C.E.P.T), University Road, Nawrangpur, Ahmedabad
380009.
ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS:
Must have passed 10+2 or equivalent examination in the science stream. For admission one is required
to
appear a written Test followed by interview.
OTHER INSTITUTES:-
1. SNDT WOMENS UNIVERSITY, NATHIBAI THAKERSEY ROAD, MUMBAI, offers 3 years course in Interior
Design.
2. School of Interior Design and Institute of Environmental Design, Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujurat,
388120, Offers 4 years Interior Design Course.
3. Polytechnics and Vocational training schools in most cities conduct short term courses in Interior
Design.

For details regarding course fees, Admission procedures etc. One can write to these Institutes.
Introduction
234
Since time immemorial jewelry has been associated with wealth and status. In the present time, not
only it is a status symbol it is also a style and fashion item. This has revolutionized the traditional jewelry
and now modern jewelry for different occasions with different price ranges are available. No wonder,
Gems and jewelry industry is doing quite well and has provided employment to many.
Jewelry designing is the art or profession of creating, crafting, fabricating, or rendering designs for
jewelry. The ancient practice practiced by the goldsmith or metalworker that has now evolved in to a
billion-dollar industry. Today with the modern computer aided design software, conceptualizing has
become much easier. Apart from conceptualizing, a professional jewelry designer is also trained in the
architectural and functional knowledge of fabrication techniques, composition, wearability and market
trends.
Jewelry designers are creative people who make designs for new jewelry and then help in manufacture
of various jewelry products. Jewelry designers are also skilled in stone cutting, handling of various
metals, engraving, polishing, stone setting etc. The make new designs and help convert the designs into
jewelry. As a jewelry designer one can specialize in many aspects of jewelry designing.
Courses and Eligibility
Bachelor of Design (Jewelry) ( 4 years): eligibility is 10+2 and stream. Most of the reputed institutes
like NIFT, NID, Arch Academy, take students through entrance tests.
Diploma course in design 2 years, Certificate in Jewelry Design (1 Year), Certificate in Gem
Processing and Identification (1 Year)
For most of the courses practical training with a jewelry house is a requirement.
Entrance exams
AIEED of Arch Academy
NIFT entrance test for B Design
NID entrance test
Course Fee
A one to two year study program fee is around Rs 65,000 to Rs 1.80 lakh and short-term courses are
available for Rs 15,000 to Rs 65,000.
Where to Study
B.Des. (Accessory Design) (4 Years), National Institute of Fashion Technology, Gandhinagar, Kolkata,
Chennai, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Navi Mumbai; Entrance Examination
B Des (Jewelry) 4 years, Diploma Program 2 years, ARCH Academy of Design, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur;
AIEED Entrance Examination
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years) Delhi Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi
(Delhi)
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), National Institute of Jewelry Design and Technology
(N.I.J.D.T.), Hi-Tech Vocational Training Center, Shri Maa Anand Mayee Marg, Okhla Industrial Area,
Phase-II , New Delhi (Delhi)
PG Diploma program in lifestyle accessory design, NID, Paldi, Ahmedabad.
Advanced Diploma in Metals & Jewelry (1 Year) Dhiyoh International School of Design, Shukrawar
Peth. Pune
Diploma in Jewelry Design, Diploma in Gemology, Diploma in Diamond Grading - rough & polish
diamonds, Gemmological Institute of India (GII), Mumbadevi Road, Mumbai.
B Sc in Jewelry Design (3 Years) Inter National Institute of Fashion Design (I.N.I.F.D.), Ajmer
(Rajasthan), INIFD Campus, Shastri Nagar , Ajmer, Rajasthan.
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), Global Jewelry and Gemological Institute, Surat
Gujarat.
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years) Goyam Institute for Diamonds and Jewelry, Surat
(Gujarat).
235
Diploma In Gems & Jewelry (1 Year), Indian Institute of Gems & Jewelry (IIGJ), Bagmal Laxmichand
Parikh Campus, Andheri (E),Mumbai.
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), Indian Institute of Jewelry (I.I.J.), Modern Centre,
Sane Guruji Marg, Mahalaxmi , Mumbai.
Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), International Gemological Laboratories and Institute,
New Delhi.
Jewelry Design (Hons.)(4 Years), Pearl Academy of Fashion, Jaipur, Chennai; Entrance Examination
Advanced Diploma and Degree in Jewelry Design (2 Years),Raffles Millennium International,
Delhi/NCR, Pusa Road Delhi
B Sc in Jewelry Design (3 Years) Sindhar Institute of Gemology, Kolkata (West Bengal)
Pay and Remuneration
Remuneration and salaries of a jewelry designer can differ depending on the education and experience.
For a starter, one expects salary around a lakh to 1.5 lakhs a year. Top-rated designers get very high
salaries to the tune of Rs 12 lakhs a year. One can also work as a freelancer and the earnings completely
depend upon ones creativity and skills and hence there is no limit for how much you can earn.
Career Prospects
In the multibillion dollar gems and jewelry industry there is very good demand for design professionals,
Product development professionals, Jewelry entrepreneurs, Merchandisers and Sales and marketing
professionals.
Famous Personalities
Jean Schlumberger, French jewelry designer especially well known for his work at Tiffany & Co.
In India Poonam Soni, Asha Modi, Farah Khan are some of the well known names.
.
Career as a Footwear Technologist
Introduction
Looking at the current trends in peoples spending on lifestyle and related products, the prospects for
footwear industry look very bright. Footwear technology is emerging as a sought after career for many
motivated young people.
Footwear manufacturing requires sophisticated machinery and technically skilled professionals who
must be competent to handle all the processes related to shoe-making. There are course available at
Diploma, Degree and Post Graduation level that train an individual to become footwear technologists.
Footwear technologists work mainly in a shoe-factory or related organizations. They specialize in design,
production management, industrial engineering, quality control, or in general and executive
management. They learn all the aspects of footwear production and are involved in factory production
situation using a variety of complex raw materials, either natural, or synthetic, or both. They also work
with technologically advanced machinery, electronics and computer systems used in the manufacturing
process. After completion of course they may work in industry or choose to start their own factories,
specializing, for example, in sports footwear.
Courses and Eligibility
Bachelor of Design (Leather Design)
Certificate course in Footwear Design and production, Shoe designing and Pattern Cutting
Computer aided shoe designing
Diploma in Footwear design and production, diploma in Footwear technology
Post Graduate Diploma in Footwear technology
B Tech Leather Technology (Only for science students)
Students from all streams are eligible for the courses but B Tech is open only for science students and
admission is through entrance exam.
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For admission to B Tech one has to sit in all India entrance JEE Main and reputed footwear technology
institutes conduct their own entrance exam.
Where to Study
FDDI is one of the best institutes for footwear technology. It is widely recognized as a centre of
excellence. The institute conducts wide range of professional programmes in the area of Retail
Management, Footwear Design, Technology, Management, Fashion Merchandising, Visual
Merchandising, Marketing, Creative Designing & CAD/CAM and Leather Goods & Accessories Design etc.
The long-term programmes are of two to three years duration. All programmes offered by the institute
meet the international standards.
Some other institutes of repute are :
HBTI Kanpur offers B Tech Leather Technology
Govt. College of engineering and Leather Technology, Kolkata offers B Tech Footwear Technology
The Footwear Design and Development Institute, Noida and Chennai, offers PG Diploma in
Management - in footwear technology (PGDM-FT) and other related courses
Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai offers CAD course for footwear design
AVI school of fashion and shoe technology, Chandigarh
Govt Leather Institute Agra
National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi & Gandhinagar
Central Footwear Training Centre (CFTC), Chennai
National Small Industries Corporation Limited, Chennai
Pay and Remuneration
Footwear technicians earn around 2.5 to 3 lakhs a year but Managers and Senior Designers get around
10 lakhs a year.
Career Prospects
One can easily find employment in various shoe factories and Since establishment costs for a small
factory are reasonable, one can start your own business after getting the necessary qualifications.
.

Career as a Sculptor
A sculptor is a person who practices the art of sculpture as a profession. They create and design 3D
structures using clay, plastic, glass, paper fabric, various metals, wood, stone, ice etc.
Hard materials are generally carved with tools called chisels. Different kinds of chisels are used to carve
away the stone, shape the forms, and finish the details. Depending on the materials used, a sculptor
may also use techniques ranging from sewing to molding to cutting. Sometimes they also use molding,
casting, welding and firing to get the desired structures. Sculpting as an art is not simple. It requires
craftsmanship and expertise to use tools. It takes time and practice to carve out perfect structures.
Sculptors are usually self employed and may work part time sculpture and have another full time job.
People with higher qualifications also take up teaching assignments at various levels. Sculpture have to
market themselves and create a name for themselves. Usually one has to make a portfolio of the
pictures of their sculptures and one may have website of ones work. Sculptures usually try to get their
work displayed in local artist's galleries or museums. Many sculptors work long hours. One who
perseveres and has a real passion and talent for original sculpting is the most likely to receive average or
above average payment, as well as recognition, for his or her sculpture work.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor of Fine Arts (Sculpture) is usually a 4 year course, 10+2 students of any stream are eligible.
Diploma in Painting is two years. At the post-graduation level the course offered is MFA. The duration of
this course is two years. BFA pass students are eligible for MFA course. Many other short duration
courses are also offered by universities and colleges all over India.
237
Institutions of repute take their own Aptitude Test / Entrance exam to select students for their courses.
Where to Study
Institutes and colleges
College of Arts, Delhi University, BFA (4 Years), admission through Entrance Test, MFA and other
courses
Kala Bhavan, Visva Bharati, Shantiniketan, West Bengal, BFA, MFA and other courses
Faculty of Fine Arts, MS university Baroda, BFA, MFA and other courses
Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi
Government College of Arts and Crafts, 28, Nehru Road, Calcutta
Faculty of Fine Art, BHU, Varanasi, BFA (4 Years) admission through Entrance Test, MFA and other
courses
Punjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, BFA (4 Years), other courses
Nagpur University, Nagpur
University of Jammu, Jammu
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, BFA (4 Years) admission through Entrance
Test, MFA and other courses are also offered
Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
Goa College of Art, Panaji, Goa, Admission through entrance test
University of Bombay, Fort Mumbai, BFA ((5 years), admission through Entrance Test
Dr. B R Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad
Govt College of Art & Craft, Chennai
College of Fine Art Kumara Kurupa Road, Bangalore
College of Fine Art, Palayam, Trivandrum
University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore
Remuneration
Mostly sculptors work on assignment basis and thus earnings vary a lot depending on assignments.
Famous scultors take a fee which may be even be a a few lakhs for one piece. People in teaching career
can begin with Rs 3-4 Lakhs per year salary.
Famous Personalities
Great Sculptors of India
Dhruv Mistry - He gave way to amalgamation of standard market art with traditional art descending
from the most primitive civilizations. His sculptures reconnoiter art in scores of media other than
sculpture such as drawing, painting, etching and the like.
Anish Kapoor - He is distinguished for being a winner of Turner Prize. His sculptures have the power to
capture the onlooker as they are mysteriously marvelous. His sculptures range between brilliantly
colored and being monochromatic and are mostly simple forms.
Sadanand Bakre - He was amongst the most celebrated sculptors of India. He studied at the famous J. J.
School of Art and was the winner of numerous awards here. He was amongst the founder members of
the Progressive artists' group immediately after independence of India. This artist has displayed his
works of creativity in a lot of locations in America and Europe. He had also exhibited his artworks in
1961 at the Commonwealth Institute.
.

Career in Animation & Multimedia
3D Animation
2D Animation
Visual Effects
Graphic Designing
238
Web Designing
Bachelors Courses in Animation
PG Courses in Animation
Gaming
Get Familiar with Animation as a Career Choice
Animation & Multimedia courses are largely considered among the most sought after of IT courses in
India. Animators are interpreted as technologically-proficient individuals who can develop artistic
impressions using various computer-based technologies. Animators are employed across a wide range
of industries and their demand is unlikely to slowdown in the near future as the demand for more
expressive web-based technologies is rising. This has ensured a constant requirement for creating
better, more impactful visuals, making animators among the more sought-after of professionals.
Studying Animation Courses in IndiaExplore Top Multimedia & Animation Institutes in India
There are plenty of institutes across India that have gained the reputation of being the best 2d
animation institutes or top 3D Animation Institutes. The sustained interest in this career choice means
that animation institutes can now be found beyond metropolitan centres. Students wishing to pursue
animation courses should note that there is a certain pattern in how animation courses are offered
among such institutes.
2D/3D Animation Courses in India can be pursued in various forms, including:
Certificate courses/Short-term diplomas at both, the starter and specialization level
Undergraduate degree courses
Post-graduate short courses aimed at further specialization
Animation Colleges in India offer Animation Courses in various forms, including Certificate and Diploma
course options offered by numerous state universities and private organizations. These are essentially
short-term courses aimed at preparing individuals with basic skills in animation. For instance, an
individual can take-up a Certificate Course in Animation immediately after completing this (10+2).
Students can also pursue courses that help them to specialize in a particular aspect of animation
technologies. For example, a student can pursue a Diploma in VFX (visual effects). Students can pursue
such Animation Courses in India from private institutes catering to specific animation technologies. For
instance, a Certificate Course in MAYA-a specific form of animation application can be studied at any of
the Top 3D Animation Institutes.
Animation Courses in India as an undergraduate degreemany students have started opting for
undergraduate courses offered by animation schools. A common example of such courses is a
Graduate Diploma Program in Design. Such multimedia and animation courses are aimed at preparing
thorough professionals with comprehensive knowledge about various animation-based skills. Students
searching for the best animation courses in India should note that some colleges have modified
conventional courses like Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) to create options like B.Sc. in Animation &
Multimedia.
Such courses are available in many of the Top Animation Schools besides globally-accredited private
institutions. Students graduating in animation might find it slightly hard to find Post-graduate options.
These courses are slightly limited, with only a few of the established colleges offering regular M.Sc. or
post-graduate diplomas in Animation. However, there are plenty of private institutions that offer post-
graduate level specializations.
Animation is a world of special effects and unbelievable graphics. It creates unbelievable real and virtual
experiences. Animation is blend of the entertainment industry and technology. The animators provide
graphics for educational programs, movies, television shows, websites and advertisements. The boom of
children's TV channels (like Disney, Cartoon Network, Pogo, Hungama, Nick etc.) and increasing trend of
using animation in Ad films has created numerous job opportunities.These days animation is used in
almost all the industries viz. automobile, pharmaceutical, medicine, aerospace, civil and architectural
and many more. The film industry has shown an insatiable appetite for animation. The digital animation
239
is one of the youngest, fastest-changing and most rewarding career options. India is rapidly growing as a
major animation outsourcing hub with a phenomenal 30% growth rate.
Scope
Over 30,000 animation studios around the world and 70 percent of them have a turnover of US $1
million. A typical animated film requires 700 to 800 animators. A large number of animators are needed
but the number of skilled animators is falling very short. This resulted in imbalance of demand and
supply ratio. The demand for animation production services from international animation studios is
spurred in large part due to India's lower costs of animation production and technical manpower to
meet 2-D and 3-D animation requirements. The Indian companies are now creating a number of
animated films and cartoons for US and European studios. India has over 300 animation studios
employing over 12,000 animation professionals. Animation has become a high paying profession that is
matching the pay packets of software professionals. The career in animation is challenging as well high
rewarding.
Remuneration
In general, the ranges between Rs. 12,000- 1,00000 per month. It mainly depends on the animation
skills, the nature of work and employer.
Eligibity
Minimum 12th pass and must have completed Certificate/diploma/advanced diploma/Graduation
course in animation from reputed institute. A good drawing skill is desirable.
Employabilty Skills
One must be methodical, accurate, creative and innovative.
Good communication skills.
Good at hand-eye coordination, drawing, design and layouts.
Good knowledge of CAD (Computer Aided Designs) systems.
Good visualization, imagination and observation
Passion and inclination towards art.
Good computer skills.
Ability to visualize three-dimensional objects.
Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career
in the field of Animation.
Am I creative and innovative?
Do I have good communication skill?
Do I am a good at hand-eye coordination, drawing, design and layouts?
Do I have good knowledge of CAD (Computer Aided Designs) systems?
Do I have good visualization, imagination and observation?
Do I have passion and inclination towards art?
Do I have good computer skills?
Do I have ability to visualize three-dimensional objects?
Do I have mathematical precision?
Do I have design skills?
Am I open minded and ready to implement new ideas?
Do I have ability to work hard?
Career opportunities
Multimedia careers: Multimedia is used in fine arts, entertainment, commercial art, journalism,
media, designing and software services. A multimedia specialist is expected to possess technical,
analytical as well as creative skills.
240
Graphic designing: A graphic designer is work for the layout and presentation of different types
of media (poster, package, website). Graphic designers work on creating logos, websites,
business cards, advertisements, brochures, hoardings, product packaging, posters, book designs,
magazine and newspaper layouts, as well as a vast variety of other communication-related
products.
Game designing: Computer and console game designing is a fast-growing entertainment field.
High-end gaming consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and the growing popularity of online
virtual reality games are providing good opportunities for game designers. This field offers
tremendous scope for web designers with cutting-edge skills.
Print and publishing: Graphic designers and multimedia specialists have a lot of scope in in Desk
Top Publishing (DTP). Animators are needed in virtual reality/3D modeling, e-learning, e-
commerce, fashion design, interior design and architecture, jewellery designing, film set
designing as well as for developing content for mobile phones.
Job options
2D animator
3D animator
Character animator
Compositing artist
Editor
Effects artist
In-between artist
Lighting artist
Modeler
Rigging artist
Special effects
Storyboard artist
Texture artist
Employers
Employing companies:
Crest Communications
Films Division
Maya Entertainment
Silverton Studio
UTV Toons
Zee Institute of Creative Arts (ZICA)
2NZ Studios
Prasad Studios
Acropetal,
JadooWorks
Color Chips
Toonz Animation
Heart Animation

Courses
Advance Diploma in 3D Animation
Advance Diploma in 3D Animation and
VFX
Advance Diploma in Animation
Advance Diploma in Multimedia
Animaster Graduate Programme (AGP)
B.A. 3D Animation
B.Sc. Animation
B.Sc. Animation and Game Technology
B.Sc. Multimedia
Some selected courses:
Anitoons: Duration: 18 months Further details: www.anitoonsindia.com
Race: Further details: www.race-india.com
ToonSkool: Duration: 3 year (diploma) Further details: www.toonskool.com
ZICA: 3-year Diploma and 10 months www.zica.org
MAAC: Further details www.maacindia.com
Important Institutes
Colorchips Animation Training centre www.colorchipsindia.com/aboutus.html
Digital Media College of Arts in Chennai.
DSK Supinfocom-animation institute Pune www.dsksic.com
Ants: Animation Training School, Bangalore www.animationeducations.com
241
International Animation College, Hyderabad (collaboration with Canada-based Centennial
College). www.sadanapalli.net
SAE Institute www.sae.edu
LPU offers degree course in animation, film and TV production.
National Institute of Design (NID, Ahmedabad) www.nid.edu
J.J School of Arts www.sirjjarchitecture.org
Industrial Design Center (IDC), IIT - Mumbai www.idc.iitb.ac.in
Academy of Animation and Gaming www.aag.edu.in
Arena Multimedia, Pune www.arena-multimedia.com
Maya academy of advanced cinematics. jmroad@maacindia.com
.

Career as a Cartoonist
"Animation is not the art of drawings that move, but rather the art of movements that are drawn."
Norman McLaren
When one of the most successful animators of all time makes a statement like this, he clears the ground
that to be successful in the field of animation one needs to be creative as well as express what they truly
feel.
Who is an animator? An animator is a person or an artist who creates animation through a series of
successive images.
What is animation? Animation can said to be an illusion where the animator creates several images
which when moved sequentially at high speed create a movement. The multiple images that an
animator is expected to create are usually called frames or key frames. In order to make an animation
effective and complete, several animators usually work together. Of course a single animator can do the
same, but it would get too hectic and troublesome for the same.
There are quite a few different approaches of creating images and frames, which entirely depends on
the creativity of the animator as well as their styles and field. There is couple of specializations available
in the field of animation such as character animators and special effects animators. The character
animators are responsible for the movement of characters, acting, the dialogue delivery etc. While the
special effects animators are those who are responsible for all other effects and animations apart from
characters. For instance: the special effects animators take care of the vehicles, natural phenomenon,
machinery etc.
Career as an Animator
The requirement of animators is in a lot of fields such as movies, television, internet and video game.
There are other artists whose role is extremely important in animation but they are not considered as
animators. For example: storyboard artists, layout artists, voice actors, musicians etc. When it comes to
large scale, the animators are usually supported by assistants who are also called as inbetweeners or
"clean-up artists. Once the main drawings are done by the animators, these people help the animators
with redrawing or do the in between drawings.
Courses & Eligibility
Animation is fast becoming one of the most popular courses not only in India but in other countries as
well. It provides candidates with wonderful opportunity to express their talent and creativity. The
following is a list of Animation Courses that one can pursue:
Advance Diploma in 3D Animation
Advance Diploma in Game Art
Bachelor of Art in Digital Media
Diploma in Animation Arts
Diploma in Fusion Animation
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Diploma in VFX and Animation

The basic eligibility criteria for any animation course is that candidates need to have completed their
intermediate (10+2). Candidates, who have already graduated preferably from arts background, can
apply for the Post Graduation in animation courses. However some renowned institutes allow only
graduates from Architecture, Technology and Engineering background or Fine Arts to go ahead with the
PG courses. Having an artistic side to a person always is desired as a base skill for becoming an animator
along with the basic computer skills.
One can go for short term courses which range from 6 months to one year or the diploma courses that
range from 2 to 3 years. There are lots of institutes which provide with animation course but most of
them require candidates to undergo an entrance test. Some of the entrance examinations meant for
Animation Career are as follows:
National Animation Admission Test
Arena Animation Academy Entrance Exam
Picasso Animation College Entrance Exam
FX School of Animation Entrance Exam
National School of Design Animation Entrance Exam
Course Fees
The Animation Course fee usually differs and varies from institute to institute. However, in general, the
fees varies from Rs.50,000/- to Rs.3,00,000/- for the course duration.
Where to Study
Some of the best animation institutes in India include:
National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmedabad - Set up in the year 1961, this is one of the most
premier institutes of the country when it comes to animation courses. It provides undergraduate
course in Faculty of Communication design and is of four years. It also provides a Post Graduate
Diploma Programme in Design which is of one to two years.
Manipal University, Bangalore - The institute provides a three year Degree course and
comprehensive training in Animation which includes several components such as Hands-On
Workshop, Holistic Personality Enhancement, Support Skills, Traditional Skills etc.
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra - One of the most renowned institutes of the country, BIT
Mesra not only provides degree courses but also makes efforts to turn the candidates into
professionals needed by the industry.
Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune - Standing for over 50 years, the institute has
been providing students with diploma and certificate courses in the field of animation.
Industrial Design Center Indian Institute of Technology (IDC IIT) - IIT is without any doubts one
of the premier most institutes of the nation and the courses provided by them are surely one of the
best. The course deals with all the aspects of animation such as theory, drawings, anatomy, sound,
visual scripting etc.
AJK Mass Communication Research Centre,Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) University,New Delhi Offers
MA visual effects and animation.
Some of the other prominent animation colleges in the country are as follows:
Maya Academy of Advanced Cinematics (MAAC)
Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art, Mumbai ( JJIAA)
Anwar Jamal Kidwai Mass Communication Research Center (AJK MCRC)
Toonz Academy, New Delhi
DSK Supinfocom, Pune
ICAT, Chennai
Whistling Woods, Mumbai
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Graphiti School of Animation, Mumbai
Arena, Delhi
Picasso, Mathura Road
Pay and Remuneration
The salary of an animator depends on lots of factors such as their experience and the field of work. A
beginner can earn anything between Rs. 1.2 lakhs per year to Rs.4 lacs per annum, which may or may
not include bonus of up to Rs.1,00,000/- on a yearly basis. With a few years of experience in their bags,
animators can earn very high indeed.
Career Prospects
India is comparatively new to the animation industry, but that does not stop the possibilities for
animators. As India is moving forward in the direction of animation, lots of companies and firms are
showing great deal of interest in animators. Animators can become part of the film industry as well. This
exciting field provides with lots of career opportunities. Infact these days, a lot of Film Production
houses of Hollywood, outsource the animation work to people in India.
Famous Personalities
The role of an animator calls for a completely innovative and creative head who can think out of the
box. World has witnessed several such personalities who dedicated their entire life to animation. Walt
Disney is one of the most renowned animators of the world. He, along with his brother Roy O. Disney,
have had immense influence on the world of animation. Walt Disney would be always remembered for
his immensely popular character of Mickey Mouse. Akio Watanabe is a Japanese animator, animation
director and character designer who is famous by the name Poyoyon Rock. He has provided Japan with
some of its most memorable animated characters. Aaron Augenblick is a well known animator from the
United States of America who is widely recognized for his animated films The Midnight Carnival and
The Wire. He is currently involved with a project by the name Ugly Americans. Another personality
who has earned lots of respect for himself over the years is William Denby Hanna. He is an American
animator known worldwide for lots of animated television series.

.
Career in Gemology
Since the beginning of human civilization, jewels and jewelery have been an integral part of our lives.
They have been regarded as a symbol of wealth and glory. It is also believed that certain kind of
gemstones can influence our behavior and our fate as they are to believed to possess some magical
powers. Designs and fashions of jewelery and ornaments keep on undergoing a constant change with
the changing times. So there has been increasing need of professionals who cater to this demand of
designing and manufacturing ornaments and jewelry. In India this industry is emerging as an important
source of employment and has lot of potential for growth. Even many foreign brands and companies are
tieing up with Indian industry for manufacturing gold and diamond studded jewelery. The exports of
gems and jewelery are also increasing.
Nature of Work
Gemology is a subject which deals with gems stones, identifying them ,grading them and sorting them
according to their physical properties and values. A gemologist studies about the classification of the
natural gem stones and finds the way to prevent their damage. He has to examine their surfaces,
internal structure using polariscope and refractometer and grades them according to their color and
quality. He can also work as a jewelry designer and can introduce his own line of jewelry, designer
watches cufflinks and even tie pins for men. One who becomes a gemologist can specialize as a gem
grinder, polisher and even can become a teacher and trainer who can train students in this art.
Personality
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One who wants to be a gemologist should possess following qualities which may help him specialize in
this work:
a keen eyesight
creativity
imagination
aesthetic sense and a sense of color combination
knowledge of traditional designs
communicative skills
an ability to work hard and feel the pulse of the customers
Employment
Many jobs and lucrative offers are available in this industry. More and more people are opting for this
profession now days. One can work in the following fields
Designing: a person can become a jewelry designer as the demand for fine product and better
quality has been increasing with the changing tastes and fashions. One would have to prepare
intricate designs and produce a perfect piece of ornament that would suit evolutionary trends
Manufacturer/Merchandiser: as a manufacturer one would have to look into the production
part of the business and using the stones with utmost care so that their value remains intact
and doesn't get damaged while cutting ,polishing and grinding .
Management: as a manager one can organize the production process as a whole. So one would
require to have a proper managerial expertise and a management degree for this
Research: Those who are interested in research work can do research in the field of gems and
their physical properties and characteristics
Academics: One can also be involved in training and teaching in this field
Professional Valuer: One can work for insurance companies for appraisal of value of precious
and semi precious gemstones
Professional Courses
Various colleges and institutions that offer various degrees and diplomas are:
NIIFT offers a three year diploma in accessory and jewelry deisgn
Art colleges offer Bachelors/ Masters degree in fine arts(BFA/MFA)
Indian Institute of Gemology (New Delhi) offers a three and a half month in gemology.
Indian Diamond Institute and Indian Gemological Institute offer advanced one year fellowship
programmes for science and engineering students.
Many certificate courses and diplomas available are:
Post graduate diploma in diamond technology
Diploma in diamond processing
Diploma in diamond trade management
Certificate course in International System of Diamond Grading
Certificate course in Grading , Cutting , Bruiting and Polishing etc
Certificate course in Planning and Marketing
Certificate course in Hard shape Grooving
Diploma in Gemology
Diploma in Colored gemstone Cutting and Polishing
Courses in Jewelry Design and Machine Cast jewelery
Eligibility
For P.G courses the eligibility is Graduation and for other courses 10+2, Higher secondary or equivalent
would be suffice.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
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National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) at
o NIFT Campus, near Gulmohar Park, Hauz Khas, New Delhi.
o Tata Mills, Parel, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
o Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata (West Bengal)
o GIDC Electronic Estate, Gandhinagar (Gujarat)
o Chenatha Bhavan, Nampally, Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
o Co-optex Building , Egmore Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
Gemstones Artisans Training School Jhalana Mahal, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Gemology Institute of India, 29, Gurukul Chambers, Mumbadevi Road, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
Indian Gemological Institute, Nirmal Towers, 10th Floor, 26, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi
St. Xavier's College, Geology Department, 5 Mahapalika Marg, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
The Jasami Department of Jewellery Design & Manufacture, SNDT University Campus, Santa
Cruz, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
Small Industries Service Institute, 65/1 GST Road, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
Indian Diamond Institute, katargam, GIDC, Sumul Dairy Road , Surat (Gujarat)
Dr. Dhamambal Government Polytechnic for Women, Canada- Indian Institutional Cooperation
Project, Thanamani, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
The Indian Diamond Institute, Gem & Jewellery EPC, Rajasthan Bhavan, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Vakall's Academy of Jewellery Design, 114, Arun Chambers, Tardeo Road, Mumbai
(Maharashtra)
ShriBhaubhai Mafatlal Polytechnic, VileParle W, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Jewellery Design and Training Institute (JDTI), NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh)
National Institute of Design (NID), Paldi, Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
Remunerations
The pay package in this industry can range from Rs 5,000 to Rs 25,000 depending on the qualification,
skill and experience.
.
Career in Music
India is a culturally vibrant country with a rich past. Music has always been an inherent part of her
heritage and continues to be so. Music offers a choice of career either in vocal or instrumental form. A
person may choose to become a performer or a teacher of the concerned arena of study. In the field of
vocal one can either choose Hindustani or Oddisi. As far as instrumental music is concerned one can
choose violin, sitar, tabla, flute, pakhawaj, or Karnataki veena etc. In every sphere of music- vocal or
instrumental, classical or light, stage or playback- the competition is keen and opportunities are plenty.
The electronic media- Radio and TV- offer openings to talented musicians. Playback singers are in
demand for lending voice to movies. Apart from this one may form a musical troop with like minded
people and perform live on stage.
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
1. An understanding of music,
2. Outstanding talent,
3. Creative imagination,
4. Patience and perseverance,
5. Confidence and indifference to set-backs.
COURSE TRAINING:
Training in music may start very early in life under a qualified and acknowledged guru. Early training is
especially important for those children who reveal interest in and aptitude for, music at a very young
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age so that their talent may be nurtured and allowed to blossom. Almost every state has institutions for
professional training in music. Some of them are recognized for their diplomas or degrees or they are
affiliated to recognized bodies such as the Prayag Sangeet Samiti (Allahabad) or Bhatkhande Sangeet
Vidyapeeth (Lucknow) for Hindustani Classical Music.
Apart from college education major universities in India offer a five-year Bachelors degree course in
Music after successful completion of the plus two or equivalent stage of education. The Bachelors
degree programme may be followed by the Masters degree programme of two-year duration.
1. Intermediate in Music after 10
th
Pass.
2. Bachelor of Music after 10+2 Pass.
3. Masters in Music after Graduation.
Banaras Hindu University.
Kalakshetra, Adyar, Madras.
Rabindra Bharati University, Calcutta.
Visva Bharati University, Sangit Bhawan, Bolpur (Birbhum, West Bengal).
Bhatkhande Sangeet Vidyapeeth. Lucknow.
Prayag Sangeet Samiti, Allahabad.
Kala Academy, Goa.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES:
Employment prospects for talented and qualified artists are available in Radio, T.V and Govt.
departments of Culture and Public Relations. Appointments are competitive and based on performance
in audition and screen tests. Professionally trained musicians may set up their own schools and offer
training programmes for different age groups. Apart from this they may seek a career in play-back
singing for movies, T.V serials and for advertisement jingles. Playback singing is financially rewarding and
offers fame. Singers or instrumentalists can also perform live on stage as part of musical troops.

CAREERS IN MUSEOLOGY
Every nation with a cultural heritage preserves momentous of the past for the future generations.
Museum is a place for the collection of those artifacts which reflect the life-patterns of a bygone era. It
may be in the form of manuscripts, coins, journals, photography etc. The main functioning of a museum
include the collection, preservation and display of national treasures. Museums attract both domestic
and foreign tourists.
Museums need professionally trained and dedicated personnel for them maintenance. Some of the
posts in the museum are that of curator, librarian, designer and lecturer. A person interested for this
career should have the following attributes.
PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES:
1. Love for art and culture.
2. A genuine interest in the legacy of the past.
3. Patience and commitment to the job.
COURSE/TRAINING :
For a career in museum one can
be professionally trained by
pursuing a course in
Museology. COURSE
ELIGIBILITY INSTITUTION
B.A. (Museology) 10+2 University of Ajmer,
Ajmer-305001.
B.A.(Museum & Tourism) 10+2 Kurukshetra university, Kurukhetra,
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Haryana.
M.A.(Museology)
B.A(2
nd
Division)
B.H.U., Varanasi.
Post Graduate degree course in
Museology.
Graduation. M.S. University, Department of Museology,
Faculty of Fine Arts, Maharaja Shahajirao
University, Baroda.
M.A.(Museology)
1 year diploma in Museum
Administration; 1 year diploma
in museum modelling; 1 year
diploma in museum
photography; 5-6 months
course in Art Appreciation; M.A.
in Conservation of works of Art.
Graduation with high second
class proficiency in foreign
language.
Institute of History of Art Conservation and
Museology, National Museum, Janpath,
New Delhi-110011.
2 years diploma in Museology. Graduation University of Calcutta, Senate House,
Kolkata-700073.
1 year diploma in Museology M.A. with History. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,U.P.-
202001.
1 year diploma in Museology M.A. with Ancient Histry,
Culture, Archaelogy or
Osmania University, Administrative Building,
Hyderabad (A.P).-500007.

Some of the well known Museums in Orissa are: State Museum at Bhubaneswar, Tribal Museum at
Bhubaneswar and the Museum at Ratnagiri (having Buddhist Artefacts).
CAREER PROSPECTS :
Apart from the state-run museums, these days new museums are also being developed on private
initiative. Hence young people with the right academic and intellectual background can surely find
placement in museums.
..
Career as a Graphic Designer
"To design is to communicate clearly by whatever means you can control or master. This is what Milton
Glaser, the person behind the famous I Love NY designs, said.
Who is a graphic designer?
A graphic designer is a professional who works in the industry of graphic arts and graphic design. He
brings together the knowledge of typography, images and motion graphics along with their creativity to
present a design. The work of a graphic designer is usually very much public and is quite often part of
advertisements that we see in print media. Graphic designing is a lot about blending ones creativity
along with being innovative.
Courses and Eligibility
With advertising becoming more and more important part of our lives, it is only inevitable that the
demand for graphic designers would increase. There are quite a few courses that one can take up such
as the certificate courses, diploma courses and degree courses to get trained as a graphic designer.
Following is a list of courses that one can take up if they want to get into graphic designing.
Advance Diploma in Graphics
Advance Diploma in Graphics and Animation
Animaster Graphic Designer (AGD)
B.A. Animation and Graphic Design
Bachelor of Graphic Design
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Certificate Course in Graphic Designing
Certificate Course in Motion Graphics with Apple Motion
Certificate Course in Multimedia and Graphic Design
Diploma in Graphic and Web Designing
Diploma in Graphic Designing
Diploma in Graphics and Animation
Diploma in Publishing and Graphic Designing (DPGD)
Graduate Diploma in Graphic Design
Graphics and Web Design (GWD)
Bachelor of Arts in Graphic Design
Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design
Master of Arts in Graphic Design
There is a huge requirement of graphic designers in the current times. For entry level and advanced level
graphic designing, one usually needs to undergo bachelors degree in graphic design or fine arts. The
basic eligibility criterion for getting into graphic designer course is that one needs to have completed
their intermediate (10+2). Along with the above criteria it would be preferable if one has a creative side
to them. The course duration of the graphic design related courses range from 6 months to 3 years. The
usual degree courses are of three years, where as in some countries it is up to four years.
Course Fees
The course fee of the various graphic designer courses varies for all universities and colleges. For
instance, one can do a graphic designing course for Rs 10000 as well as for Rs. 50000.
Where to Study
1. National Institute of Design
The institute is one of the premier most institutes of the country, providing with the best educational
facilitates one can think of. The institute follows a very practical approach which helps it to groom its
students well for the industry.
1. National Institute of Fashion Technology
NIFT has created a niche for itself over the years and it is all because of the excellent education provided
at the college. The fact that there are several branches of the institute all over the India makes things
easier for graphic design aspirants.
1. Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahemdabad
CEPT is a renowned name in the graphic designing industry. The institute has been providing with
undergraduate as well as post graduate programmes for quite a few years now. The faculties ensure
their best to inculcate practical approach among the students.
1. St. Joseph College of communication (SJCC), Chaganassery, Kerala
St. Joseph College of Communication or SJCC has been a pioneer in the field of graphic designing for a
quite a few years now. The institute has the distinction of being the first affiliated university in South
India and has been providing the best quality education with an equally god environment.
1. Raffles Design International, Santa Cruz, Mumbai, Maharashtra
The institute provides with certificate and diploma programmes to all those candidates who are willing
to make their future in graphic designing. The institute also provides with excellent placements which
makes it an institute to look out for.
1. Academy of Animation and Gaming (AAG Gurgaon), Gurgaon
2. Institute of Multimedia Arts and Graphic Effects (IMAGE), Chennai
3. Times Multimedia Academy
4. Institute of Fine Arts, Chandigarh
5. Sadhna Academy for Media Studies, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
6. Flash Frame Visuals Academy of Film and Television (FFVA), Bangalore
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7. Aakriti Insititute of Art, Animation and gaming, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
8. Indian Global Software Solutions, Bangalore
9. Don Bosco Institute of Graphic Arts Communication Technology, kochi, Kerala
10. A.D.M.E.C, New Delhi
11. Pradeshik Centre for Information Technology and Management training (PCITMT), Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh
12. M.A.E.E.Rs M.I.T Institute of Design, Pune
Pay and Remuneration
The salary of a graphic designer depends largely on the field that he or she is working in. The
remuneration provided to the candidates also varies as per their responsibilities, experience, industry in
which they are working as well as the trainings they have undergone.Freshers can expect a pay scale
between Rs.1 Lac to rs.2.5 lac Per Annum. As one gains experience and exposure, the graphic designers
get around Rs.4 to Rs.7 lacs Per Annum .
Career Prospects
The tremendous growth of media and advertisement industry all over the world brings out a world of
opportunities for a graphic designer. Thus anyone who has lots of passion towards sketches and arts can
take up graphic design as their profession. There are lots of opportunities in various fields such as one
can become creative director, art director, layout artist, brand identity designer, logo designer, flash
designer, illustrators, web designer, multimedia designer, prepress technician etc. One can without any
doubts take up a job with any firm and continue to do the same. At the same time if you are one of
those who like to be your own boss, then you can become a free lancer as well.
Famous Personalities
Graphic designing has to do a lot with creative heads, but training and proper guidance is very essential
to learn the minute details which matter a lot in the long run. There are some people who have gone
ahead of times and provided us with designs and graphics we thought never existed. Some such
personalities are
Charles Csuri is usually referred to as the father of computer graphics. That in itself shows the
contribution he has provided the industry with. He started off experiments with computer graphics
technology in the year 1964 and the following year he started making films.
Jacob Cass is a modern day graphic designer who shot to fame with his famous blog just creative
designs. Jacob specializes in logo design, product branding, print design and web interface.
Thomas Knoll is a graphic designer who has inspired many with his works. He is the person behind one
of the most successful software of all time, the Photoshop.
A Day In Life
A typical day in the life of a graphic designer would vary a lot depending on the specialization that a
person has or the field in which he or she is working. In the shortest possible way one can say that a day
in a creative designers life is usually surrounded by lots of creativity. Every day is different from the
other day.


Career in Interior Designing

Introduction
Interior designing has become popular as a specialization only in recent years. Previously, architects
would handle both exterior and interior design work. Only over the last few years have people become
more mindful of the design and layout of their working and living spaces. This new importance has given
professional interior designers greater opportunities.
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The interior design discipline involves the arrangement of living space to attain greater functionality and
the creation of the perfect atmosphere for the space's intended purpose. Interior design makes use of
different aspects of other disciplines such as architecture, product design, environmental psychology
and decoration. It emphasizes the essential characteristics of all design styles: color, concept,
proportion, ergonomics, balance and function of design.
As an interior designer, an individual may choose to specialize in a particular area of expertise such as
residential, commercial and landscape design. Further specializations include institutional design and
the focus on specific rooms like bathrooms, kitchens and bedrooms.
Nature of Work
The interior design process starts with a face to face meeting with the client to determine the
requirements, the client's needs and the amount of work to be done. The designer should take into
consideration the purpose of the room, client's design preferences and budget.
The next step is the formulation of a design plan which includes design sketches and layouts using a
computer-aided design (CAD) program and a breakdown of costs. The design proposal will then be
submitted to the client for approval or revisions. The designer should work with the client closely in
order to come up with a final and approved design that satisfies the client's needs.
Personality
Success in the interior design profession depends largely on the client's satisfaction. As such, interior
designers not only need to have the essential artistic and technical skills, they must also possess
important interpersonal skills. Excellent communication skills are necessary because interior designers
interact with numerous people through the whole design process. They need to be able to translate
technical details for their clients and convey the creative and artistic ideas they have. Interior designers
will also have to coordinate with other professionals such as building contractors, electricians and
carpenters. Self-motivation, confidence and the ability to accept criticism are also important qualities to
have.
Professional Courses
Interior Design is offered as a specialization in 4 year Bachelor of Fine-Arts (BFA) programs. A 5 year
professional program in Interior Design is also offered in the School of Interior Design in the Centre for
Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT) in Ahmedabad. Requirements for the program are a +2
with a 55% aggregate in Math/Biology, Physics, Chemistry and English. There are also numerous part
time one year diploma programs being offered in India, which requires minimal qualification. Many
private learning institutions, meanwhile, offer certificate courses in interior design whose requirement
for qualification is a Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC).
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
1. Arch Institute of Fashion and Design
o 3 years - Advance Diploma course in Interior Design
o 2 years - Diploma in Interior Design
o 1 year - Diploma in Interior Design
o 6 months - Certificate in Furniture Design
o 2 month - Certificate in Computer Aided Design
Website: www.archedu.org
2. Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for Women:
o 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Interior Design and Environment
Website: www.avinashilingam.edu
3. Karavali College
o 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Interior Design and Decoration
Website: www.karavalicollege.ac.in
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4. National Institute of Fashion Design
o 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Interior Designing
o 2 year - Advance Diploma in Interior Design
o 1 year - Diploma in Interior Design
o 12 months - Interior Design Professional Course
o 6 months - Interior Design Vocational Program
Website: www.nifd.net
5. Rachna Sansad School of Interior Design
o 3 years - Government Diploma (part time)
o 4 years - Bachelor of Fine Arts (full time)
6. St. Francis Institute of Art and Design
o 3 years - Diploma in Interior Design
o 3 years - Diploma in Commercial Art
o 3 years - Master Diploma in Interior Design
Website: http://www.sfartinstitute.com
7. School of Interior Design, Centre for Environmental Planning Technology (CEPT)
Courses Offered: 5 years - Diploma in Interior Design
Website: www.cept.ac.in
8. Shree Devi College of Interior Design
o 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Interior Design and Decoration
Website: www.coastaleducation.com/sridevi_college/sridevi1_new.htm
9. South Delhi Polytechnic for Women
Lajpat Nagar-1V, New Delhi-110024 Courses Offered:
o 1 to 4 years - Interior Design
Website: http://www.polytechnic-sdpw.com
10. UB&A Architecture and Education
o 1 years - Advance Diploma in Interior Design
o 1 year - Diploma in Interior Design
o Certificate Course in Home Interiors
Website: www.ubaworld.com
Career Growth & Prospects
The increasing importance placed on interior design has made the profession one of the fastest growing
fields in India. Employment opportunities for interior design professionals are plentiful. Fresh graduates
from interior design courses can find gainful employment with independent architects or in large
architectural firms, building contractors, hotels and resorts. Professionals may also find work in private
design consultancy firms, theaters and exhibition organizing companies. The public sector also has a
large demand for interior designers. Public institutions such as town planning bureaus, metropolitan and
regional development departments and the public works department have a need for the expertise of
interior designers.
This profession can prove to be very lucrative and fulfilling, especially once the interior designer has
made a name for himself in the industry. The nature of the interior design profession also offers
excellent prospects for individuals who want to work part time and those who aspire to be self-
employed. Interior designers who wish to start their own business may find that this profession is one of
the few that allows you to operate out of your own home with minimal investment.
Remunerations
The earnings of interior design professionals differ greatly due to a number of factors. The most
significant factor influencing an interior designers' compensation package is their talent. Their
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specialization and the size of the firm where they are employed also plays a huge role in determining
their pay scale. Depending on these factors, fresh graduates may receive monthly salaries of Rs.5,000 to
Rs.8,000 or even Rs.6,000 to Rs.10,000 for those coming from reputable educational institutions.
Starting from this base salary, they may then begin to work their way up to Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 75,000
monthly compensation levels when they become more established in their field.
Interior designers say that their profession is very rewarding and one will find that apart from monthly
earnings, a lot of non-monetary benefits are also involved.
...
Career as a Cosmetologist
Introduction
"Love of beauty is taste. The creation of beauty is art." Ralph Waldo Emerson, poet
As the country's economy is growing and the spending power of people is increasing, beauty and
wellness industry has gained lot of lucrativeness. Interestingly, this industry remains unaltered during
inflation, recession and economic crisis in the world. Women keep on spending a good amount in
maintaining their skin and hair and men are not far behind.
Cosmetologists or Simply speaking the Beauty and wellness professionals are those who give beauty
therapy essentially facials and other services like make up and cosmetics to the clients. They also help in
weight management of the clients and offer special therapies and dietary regimen to the clients.
Courses and Eligibility
This is essentially a Vocation and there are quite a few courses available (both in organized and
unorganized sectors). There are specialized courses like aroma therapy or hair styling and one can
choose according to ones interest. There are many vocational institutes in India that are providing
courses on cosmetology.
Courses at certificate, diploma and degree level are available.
An individual does not require to be highly qualified to take up this profession. Any person can learn
cosmetology after he is adult. An individual with 10+2 can get enrolled in practical training of
cosmetology.
Course Fees
A number of courses are available on cosmetology. Students can get enrolled in a certificate course on
cosmetology, make-up, hair diploma, advanced paramedical aesthetic course, etc. The fees start from Rs
5000 and can go up to Rs. 3 lakhs or more. The fees would depend on the institute and the level of the
course. The course fee generally include theory classes as well as training with practical exposure.
Where to Study
Anand SPA Institute (adjudged as SPA academy of the year 2011) offers Ayurveda foundation
Intensive program of 4 weeks and Diploma in Ayurvedic spa therapies, duration 12 weeks.
Nagpur University offers a B.Tech. in Cosmetic Technology, perhaps the only one of its kind.
National & Regional Vocational Training Institutes for Women (Ministry of Labour, Govt. of India) in
Delhi, Noida, Allahabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Vadodra, Hissar, Indore, Trivandrum, Tura.
Shahnaz Husain's Woman's World, International Institute of Beauty (affiliated to ITEC, UK) M-106,
Greater Kailash - 1, New Delhi - 110 048 Offers Diploma in personal Grooming. The institute has
franchise training centres in all large cities.
Men's World International Institute of Cosmetic Therapy and Hair Design for Men B-23, Greater
Kailash - 1, New Delhi - 110 048
Smiles, A-160, Azad Nagar, Vera Desai Road, Andheri West, Mumbai (Course in make-up and
professional training/hairdressing)
Habib's Hair Academy M-3, South Extension II, New Delhi - 110 049 (Courses in make-up and
hairstyle)
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Maharani Bagh Polytechnic for Women New Delhi - 110 065 (Course in beauty therapy)
South Delhi Polytechnic for Women South Extension - I, New Delhi - 110 049 (Course in beauty
therapy and hair dressing)
Delhi Institute of Management and Services A-3, Akashdeep, New Delhi (Courses in beauty therapy
and saloon management).
Pearl Academy of Fashion, New Delhi offers a Diploma in Fashion Media Make-up (1-yr). In
association with London College of Fashion, UK.
VLCC Institute offers Diploma in Beauty Culture & Hair Design, Fitness & Personal Training (8-mth);
Diploma in Dietetics, Health & Nutrition (1 yr+ 3mth); Short-term Basic /Advance courses in
Makeup, Hair Designing, and Beauty Culture.
Slyvie's Hair and Beauty Academy, New Delhi.
Pay and Remuneration
Individuals working as an intern in a beauty parlor normally get a stipend. This stipend amount can be
from Rs 3000 to Rs 10,000. As this is a vocation, therefore many of the practitioners start their own
small business. The earning of practitioners varies from city to city and also at times within the same
city, the earnings can vary depending upon the type of clients that one services. An experienced
beautician can easily charge Rs 500 in the lower limit in bridal make up and rise up to Rs 4000. Make up
is also quite necessary for the photo shoots required for advertising. Here, the beautician can easily
charge an amount between 1500 Rs 2,500 for makeup and dressing in an advertisement shoot.
Experienced beauticians and make up artists in advertising and film industry can earn around Rs. 3,500
for a single day.
Career Prospects
Today, if someone wants to start earning early in ones' life and does not want to pursue higher
education for any reason, then pursuing a career in the field of beauty and wellness is a very good
option. As a start, an individual can work as an intern in a beauty parlor. One gets a good exposure being
an intern. If one wants to achieve big in this field then there is always the world of advertising, fashion
and films which offers very good remunerations. A wellness professional in spa and weight management
also earns a decent package these days. People in this field who are entrepreneurial, can start their own
beauty and wellness saloons and clinics and earn much more.
Famous Personalities
Jawed Habib, Shehnaz Hussain, Jolene Hart, Andrew Collinge, Charles Worthington, Richard Ward,
Daniel Galvin
A Day in Life
Begin the day with setting up of the room before the arrival of client with the help of support staff. All
the oils, lotions, other essentials are arranged. After arrival, make the client comfortable and help them
relax to enjoy the benefits of aromatherapy. Personalize the therapy session to the needs of client.
Perform the therapy and see the client satisfied. One may have to perform therapies for many clients in
a day.
Is Beauty and Wellness, not the career you are looking for? Here is a detailed list of all career options
that you can explore


Career in Painting
Introduction
"Painting is a blind man's profession. He paints not what he sees, but what he feels, what he tells
himself about what he has seen. " Pablo Picasso
Out of many, drawing and painting is one profession where formally educated and informally educated
have been equally successful. To become a successful artist (painter there are three things you must
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have talent and I mean real god talent, should have a style ie your own philosophy that you want to
share and you must know how to sell it.
Painting is an art in which colours and lines make a visual impression. It is the means of expressing ones
ideas or feelings to others in pictorial form. Painting not only mean the traditional paintings on canvas,
but also on glass, ceramic, pot, fabric etc as well as it could be using different paint mediums such as
watercolor, pastels, oil etc. Not only brushes but knives, spatula, nibs and even twigs could be used for
painting designs.
Educational: Even though Painting is an art that requires no qualification, by taking a course a person
can be trained and his inherent ability can be polished and developed under a trainer. There are many
fine arts colleges and institutions offering undergraduate level to higher level degrees in drawing and
painting. You can do bachelor, masters or diploma courses to polish your skills. Minimum qualification is
10+2 to take up a Bachelor diploma course which is of 3 years and 1 year duration respectively. Master
level course is of 2 years and qualification required is degree. There are also various short term courses.
Personal attributes: In this field, creativity is more important than educational qualification. As per
technicality is concerned, you should be well aware of the different shades of colors and the methods
that help in mixing them. To make money in this field you should have the ability to sell yourself. You
must have good communication and language skills to present your work.
Indian paintings have huge demand worldwide and prices of paintings done by Indian artists have
soared in the global market. Requirement for different forms of painting such as allegorical, religious,
historical, landscape and portraiture have also churned out unexpected demand for talented
professionals. These days paintings have also become an integral part of interior decoration. Be it a
commercial enterprise or a house or hotel, an elegant painting hung on the wall is a common sight. This
too has increased the demand for paintings. Hence a career in this area is a right choice for those with
artistic talent.
Painters can specialise painting in a particular medium such as Glass, Ceramic, Oil etc or a particular
style, such as Sketching and Indian Folk Painting. There are various career choices for a painter. He can
opt freelancing or work under someone. A freelancer can hold his/her own painting exhibitions. They
can also work for art galleries where the art work can be kept for auction and can be sold for prices
depending on the work. If you join some firm, then you will have comparatively routine work to do.
Painting is a career which one can carve out of your hobby. Making a name initially in the field is not
easy. As in any other fine arts field, perseverance is the name of the game. One should keep contacting
art galleries, exhibit their paintings, make connections, meanwhile keep at improving ones talent. If you
are apprehensive about taking a full time painting career, you could do freelance work as a painter,
while continuing with a regular job.
A painters work is not limited to canvas that is framed and sold in galleries or exhibitions. He/she can try
their hand in doing art work or cartoons for newspapers, magazines, posters, film and TV industry. They
could also diversify and be an illustrator, graphic artist, henna artist or take up website designing and
animation. One can also opt for teaching as a career by joining Fine arts institutes/colleges or starting
own coaching classes.
List of Indian institutes offering courses in Painting can be had from the following links.
B.A. Painting
B.A. Painting, Sculpture, Applied Arts
B.F.A. Painting
Certificate course in painting
Diploma in painting
M.A. Drawing and painting
M.A. Painting, Sculpture, Applied Arts
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M.F.A. Painting

M.Phil. Drawing and Painting
Ph.D. Painting
Post Graduate Diploma in Painting, Sculpture, Applied Arts
Where to Study
Institutes and Colleges for Fine Arts Course:
College of Art, Delhi University, BFA (4 Years), admission through Entrance Test, MFA and other
courses.
Kala Bhavan, Visva Bharati, Shantiniketan, West Bengal, BFA, MFA and other courses.
Faculty of Fine arts, MS university Baroda, BFA, MFA and other courses.
Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi.
JJ school of Applied Art.
Government College of Arts and Crafts, 28, Nehru Road, Calcutta
Faculty of Fine Art, BHU, Varanasi, BFA (4 Years) admission through Entrance Test, MFA and other
courses.
Punjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, BFA (4 Years), other courses.
Nagpur University, Nagpur
University of Jammu, Jammu
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, BFA (4 Years) admission through Entrance
Test, MFA and other courses are also offered.
Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
Goa College of art, Panaji, Goa, Admission through entrance test.
Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, Admission through entrance.
University of Bombay, Fort Mumbai, BFA ((5 years), admission through Entrance Test
Dr. B R Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad
Govt College of Art & Craft, Chennai
College of Fine Art Kumara Kurupa Road, Bangalore
College of Fine Art, Palayam, Trivandrum
University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore
Career Prospects
Career as a professional painter is fast emerging as a good option. Now a days paintings are bought and
traded as assets and seen as investment option. This has proved to be very advantageous for the
painters. One can easily get into commercial art and earn quite well. Many art houses have served as
incubation centers for budding artists.
Famous Personalities
Some of the leading painters are John Wilkins, Tyeb Mehta, S.H. Raza, M.F. Husain, Francis Newton
Souza, Akbar Padamsee, Manjit Bawa and many more.
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CAREER IN MODELLING
"The secret to modeling is not being perfect. What one needs is a face that people can identify in a
second. You have to be given whats needed by nature, and whats needed is to bring something
new." Karl Lagerfeld
What do models do?
As we hear the word "fashion model" - glamour, camera, fun, and a lot of money comes to our mind.
But for a fashion model it is a life of hard work, long hours of work, work outs and diets. Models are
people who display, advertise and promote commercial products like fashion clothing, jewelry, cars, etc.
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People with good looks and fit bodies do well in this field. Career in modeling is also known as the
stepping stone to enter the bigger industry of Films and TV. Models work with companies and designers
to display products and new trends. They appear on ramps, advertisements in print, TV and websites.
Though models have been used in art for centuries, the title of first "fashion model" is usually given to a
French woman named Marie Vernet Worth, a shop assistant who worked with the designer Charles
Worth in 19th century.
Modelling is a glamorous profession. The past few years have seen an upsurge of interest in modelling
as a serious career option. In India until recently it was considered at best a part time occupation for
students to earn a little pocket-money and for beauty queens and aspiring actresses waiting for a break
in films. This perception has only lately begun to change. Models like Namrata Sirodkar, Madhu Sapre,
Sushmita Sen, Aishwarya Rai, Manpreet Brar, Priyanka Chopra, Diya Mirza and Lara Dutt have placed
India firmly on the international modelling map. The recent hike in advertising budgets of major
companies by an unprecedented 30 to 50 percent has also given a tremendous boost to this glamorous
career.
While this career was once open only to women, men have now began to make an impact.
Opportunities are still somewhat loaded in favour of female models but show promise of opening up for
men. Mens fashions have become big business. Some advertisers prefer to show pairs - a man and a
woman to appeal both sexes.
TYPES OF MODELLING:-
(1) RAMP MODELLING:-
Ramp modelling means doing the catwalk at a fashion show to display designer collections. Naturally all
aspirants need above average height coupled with a proportionate body, poise, grace and the right
attitude. Self-assurance, spontaneity, presence of mind and the ability to vibe with the audience are
needed. These models should be efficient enough to change dresses and accessories with minimum fuss
and time. A graceful, coordinated rhythmic walk is a very basic requirement for models on the catwalk.
Male models vying for ramp modeling assignments should ideally be six feet and above in height
and female models at least five feet six inches and above.
(2) ADVERTISEMENT CAMPAIGNS:
Both electronic and print media require a photogenic face and the ability to emote in front of the
camera. Print media involves posing for still photographs used in press advertisements, folders,
brochures, calenders etc. The electronic media includes commercials for television, video, films, radio,
internet etc.
The age requirement varies according to the content of Ad campaigns. Household products and welfare
schemes for instance, generally concentrate on the family unit. Hence models of all age groups may
feature in such ad campaigns.
(3)THE SHOW ROOM:
Export house garment manufacturer or large clothing retailer are the place where models work as
mannequins wearing finished designs to display their cut, drape and workmanship to buyers.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:
Model should have
1. Above average height- Males should be above six feet & Females at least 5 feet six inches tall.
2. Have a photogenic face, perfect skin, hair and teeth, good health and stamina.
3. Must be hard working, self confident and energetic.
CAREER PROSPECTS:-
Successful models find constant work in product advertising, in fashion shows for designers, export
houses, clothing manufacturers and textile companies, showroom and garment fairs with export houses
and garment manufacturers. Model also work on a free lance or contract basis.
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REMUNERATION:-
Professional modelling is a lucrative career. Earnings are high though dependent on the volume and
frequency of assignments as on a individuals popularity ratings. An
Established model can earn on an average Rs. 20,000 to 30,000 a month.
LENGTH OF CAREER & DIVERSIFICATION :-
If models are watchful of their diet exercise sleep and grooming, they can hope for a long innings of as
many as 10 years. After a successful career models can divert their expertise, to model coordination or
set up modelling agencies. Another popular option is to carve a niche in the world of the small screen.
Today we are discovering a new role for models on TV- as anchor persons on show biz programmes, talk
shows, as comperes and even as actors or actresses.
COURSE/TRAINING & FEES:-
Looking at the high visibility of this career, wide ranging opportunities and emerging popularity, many
modeling schools have come all over the country especially in Delhi and Bombay mainly by ex-models.
Modeling schools charge fees ranging upward of Rs .5000 per programme including guidance on make-
up, hair-styling, dressing, grooming, tips on the right diet and exercise regimen. Some schools also
supplement the programme with personality development tips and guide aspirants on how to approach
advertising agencies.
Before stepping into the highly unpredictable and glamorous world, one should study oneself objectively
and then take the plunge. No school can create what isnt there. They can at best, hone or develop
inherent qualities and attitudes. Gladrags promotes modelling models in India and abroad through
competitions.
Modeling is one career where more than qualifications ones physical features and manners matter.
Thus there are many short term courses offered by institutes in personal grooming, ramp walking,
communication, make up and taking care of ones health and beauty etc.
Where to Study
Elite School of Modelling NDIIT, 105 MOR Pocket, Kalkaji, New Delhi, Phone: 91-11-4155 1111
(Mumbai, Bangalore)
Models Guru DU-161, Pitampura, Near Income Tax Colony, Delhi. Ph.: +91-11-27341050
Polytechnic for Women, A-3, South Extension, Part-1 New Delhi
Glitz Modelling, F-100, Lajpat Nagar, Part-II, New Delhi. Phone: 011-2981-0921 / 2981-6950
Platinum Models Inc. A-57, Shivalik, Malviya Nagar, Delhi. Phone: (91)-(11)-26684010, 41881355,
41881356, 41881124
Face 1- headed by former Femina Miss India Mehr Jesia 797, Jesia Bldg., Jam-e-Jamshedji Rd., Parsi
Colony, Dadar, Mumbai. Phone: 4149968
YSG Worldwide Model and Promotion Co. Orient House, 4th Floor, Adi Marzban Path, Mumbai. Tel:
2616732, 2615029
Ozone Models Management-Set up by Ashok Shetty, an ex-model. B. Choksey Building, Gamdevi,
Nana Chowk, Mumbai. Phone: 3892668, 3892542, 3876244
The Tina Factor- Started by Tina Shah in 1983 C-31, 1st floor, Defence Colony, New Delhi. Phone:
011-4690213
MODELLING SCHOOLS & AGENCIES :
Some of the leading modelling schools and agencies in India are :
Face-1 : Headed by super model Mehr Jessia, 797, Jesia Building, Jam-e-Jamshedji Rd., Parsi Colony,
Dadar, Mumbai-400014, Tel-4149968/4126878.
TSG Worldwide Model & Promotion Agency : Orient House, 4
th
Floor, Adi Marzban Path, Mumbai-
400038,Tel-2616732,2615029.
The Tina Factor: C-31, 1
st
Floor, Defence Colony, New Delhi 110029, Tel.4690213.
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Catwalk : K-40, Hauz Khas, Enclave, New Delhi.
The Ramp : A-22, Gulmohar Park, New Delhi-110049.
Glitz : F-100, Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi-110029, Tel-6830921.
Aditi Modelling Service : 324, Upper Palace, Orchand, Bangalaore-560080, Tel-3342518.
Passion: EC 191, Sector-1, Salt Lake, Calcutta, Tel-3593502/3346319.
For latest information one can log on to one of the web-sites named www.fashionindia.net, devoted to
modelling. Contact email models@fashionindia.net
ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION:
No special qualifications are required for entry. Those joining as models need to be young, ready to start
between the ages of 16 to 18. It is not necessary to be extremely beautiful but should be photogenic.
Modelling is a promising career.
.....
CAREER IN PHOTOGRAPHY
"A great photograph is one that fully expresses what one feels, in the deepest sense, about what is
being photographed"
While many people consider photography as a glamorous field, not many know that it takes a lot of
effort, hard work and time to produce quality pictures.
A career in photography is a fine blend of art, business, management, patience and people skills.
Photography captures events, people and objects to a very message.
A professional photographer usually works for firms, newspapers, magazines, websites, blogs or
freelancer, knowledge channels (NatGeo, Discovery channel etc.). The importance of photographers
simply cannot be neglected as they are required in lots of fields. With time, the base of photographers
and demand of their work is spreading. As a result policemen, real estate agents and even scientists
need photographers for their aid. A few photographers do not work for anyone but themselves.
Photographers have basic knowledge of music, travel, food, fashion, trends and local culture. Once they
are done with their pictures they put it up for display or sell.
There are quite a few types of photography and it depends solely on the interested person, which field
they wish to choose. For an instance one can take up candid photography(for a candid photographer,
they must have an eye of an eagle to capture the important moments, before its too late), wildlife
photography(clicking animals in their natural habitat), document photography, street photography,
wedding photography, forensic photography, war photography, photojournalism(capturing events and
evidences through pictures, which are later published with relevant information.), fashion photography
or commercial photography. A photographer is also at times responsible for moving pictures and at
such times they are called as cinematographer.
What really separates a professional photographer and a casual photographer is the amount of stress
given to minute details which make a photo better or perhaps, the best. A photographer has a different
perception of life and things and tries his/her best to bring along emotions along with creativity. It is
only when people feel they are connected to a picture or photo that a photographer can claim that he or
she is successful.
Courses & Eligibility
There is an immense demand and career opportunities available for photographers not only in India but
abroad as well. There is no such eligibility criteria for becoming a photographer, however to succeed in
the field of photography, one needs to have lots of creativity and ability to perceive things in various
ways. The only reason for going for a course is to learn the technical aspects so as to enhance and hone
up your creativity. This is the very reason that lots of colleges and institutes have introduced
professional photography courses in their curriculum. The following is a list of all the courses that one
may find suitable for taking up photography seriously.
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1. Certificate Course in Advanced Photography
2. Certificate Course in Basic Photography
3. Certificate Course in Digital Photography
4. Certificate Course in Fashion Photography
5. Certificate Course in Photography
6. Diploma in Fashion Photography
7. Diploma in Motion Picture Photography
8. Diploma in Photography
9. Diploma in Professional Photography
10. Foundation Degree Photography
11. The Bachelor of Photography
12. Bachelor of Arts Design : Photography
Being a photographer opens up a world of possibilities and that is the reason one must not hesitate in
taking it up professionally. The presence of so many institutes can only make things better as one gets a
chance to learn things very minutely. There is no educational qualification required for photography as
such, but if you are willing to join a Diploma course, then one must have completed their intermediate
(10+2). One can also take up part time course along with their college degree so that they do not
invest additional time in the same. Though there are lots of institutes and universities providing courses
for photography, most of them do not require you to undergo any sort of entrance tests.
Course Fees
The duration of the course and the fee structure depend greatly on the course one wishes to pursue
along with the institute. The usual duration of photography courses range from 2 months to 3 years.
Depending on the courses and duration, the fee ranges from Rs. 8,500 to Rs. 70,000 for the high end
courses.
Where to Study
1. National Institute of Design (N.I.D), Ahmedabad - NID is one of the premier most institutes of the
nation and has been providing world class courses and training for students interested in
photography. The institute provides one year post graduate program in photography design.
2. Sir JJ School of Applied Arts, Mumbai - The institute has created a niche for itself with all credits to
the kind of training and courses that it has been providing in the past years. One can get a bachelors
degree in Fine Arts from the institute which is very helpful for the candidates aspiring to be
photographers.
3. College of Art, Delhi University - The College was established in the year 1942 and offers bachelors
degree for photography under Delhi University. Interested candidates can also pursue Masters
Degree from the institute.
4. Xavier Institute of Communications, Mumbai - The name Xavier in itself says volumes, so any
course from the same would obviously mean a lot in the industry as well. The institute provides with
certificate course in basic as well as advanced photography.
5. Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University, Hyderabad - The institute is one of the premier institutes
in the country when it comes to photography. It offers a part time post graduate course in
photography and visual communication.
Some other leading colleges in the nation for photography are as follows.
1. Shari Academy of Photography and Digital Imaging, Mumbai
2. Sri Aurobindo Centre for Arts and Communication, New Delhi
3. Bangalore School of Arts and Photography (B.S.O.A.P), Bangalore
4. National Institute of Photography, Mumbai
5. Ambitions 4 Photography Academy, Chennai
6. Shoot School, Thrissur
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7. Center of research in Art of Film and television (CRAFT), New Delhi
8. Academy for Photographic Excellence (Apex), New Delhi
9. Udaan School of Photography, Mumbai
10. Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
11. Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi
12. Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal
13. Deen Dayal Upadhya (DDU) Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur
14. Light and Life Academy, Ooty
15. Fortune Institute of Communication and Television, New Delhi
16. Academy of Photography, RabindraBhartiUniversity, Kolkata - Diploma Course
17. Dept of Continuing and Adult Education and Extension Work, Church gate Campus, SNDT Womens
University, Mumbai
18. Camera Art Institute, Triveni Kala Sangam, 205 Tansen Marg, New Delhi
19. Film & Television Institute, Pune - Diploma Course (motion Picture Photography)
20. Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, E.M. Bye Pass Road, Kolkata - Diploma Course (motion
Picture Photography)
21. Jiwaji University, Gwalior - Integrated course in Photography in Bachelor of Arts
22. University of Pune, FergussonCollege, Pune - Integrated course in Photography in Bachelor of Art
23. Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu, Chennai - Photography as a subsidiary subject
Career Prospects
With the advent of online media, the need for good photographers has also gone up. Today, there are
good opportunities available for photographers, for instance, one can take up a job that is highly
technical while someone else may take up a job that requires high creativity. Learning finer points from
professional photographers can open up lots of other opportunities as well. As mentioned earlier there
are lots of fields in which one can get into such as press photographer, editorial photographer,
commercial photographer, feature photographer, portrait/ wedding photographer, advertising
photographer, fashion photographer, fine arts photographer, digital photographer, wild life
photographer, forensic photographer and at last free lancer.
Famous Personalities
It is with lot of experience and knowledge of minute details that a photographer turns into good and
later on a great photographer. Every generation sees a photographer whose work remains long after
they are gone. Some of the most famous personalities are below.
If the talk is going on about the most famous and great photographers of all times, the name of Ansel
Adams is sure to feature in the list. Stunning landscapes and an unparallel ability to use contrast to great
effect keeps him on the top. Almost all the photographs taken by Yousuf Karsh have a story in them,
which one can easily understand. It is ability to capture stories and yet express it effortlessly through
pictures that he is counted as one of the best photographers. Dorothea Langes photograph during the
Great Depression of a migrant mother is considered to be one of the best historic pictures ever. When it
comes to historic pictures, the name of Murray Becker would always be celebrated in the world of
journalism for his picture of the burning airship
Nature of Work
Those who want to pursue photography as a career have the following options before them:
Photo Journalism
Here images are taken and used to tell news stories. The photo journalist creates a news story with the
help of pictures taken during an event like war, riots or festivities etc. This field is full of adventure and
risk as the Photo Journalists have to visit places of disasters, riots or war fields. A Photo Journalist has to
shoot pictures for the whole incident and prepare a story based on that.
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Fashion and Advertising Photography
This genre of photography includes taking pictures to display clothing and other fashion items. One has
to shoot models and actors. This area of work is full of glamour.
Nature and Wildlife Photography
Wildlife photography is devoted to taking the pictures of animals in action, such as eating, fighting, or in
flight. Game farms are also a preferred location for wildlife photography. Natural elements such as
landscapes, wildlife, plants, and close-ups of natural scenes and texture are displayed in Wildlife
Photography.
Event photography
Pictures are taken for weddings and other events like sports meets, family functions etc.
Still Photography
Pictures of natural or man-made objects are taken. One such example of this kind of photography is
Portrait photography. Pictures of children, pets etc are captured.
Travel Photography
Those who have an interest in travelling and have an adventurous aptitude can opt for this field. One
has to take right shots at right moments.
Professional Courses
The students who have passed 10+2 exam are eligible for the diploma/certificate courses in
photography. Photography can be learned and Diploma/Certificate can be obtained even by attending
part time classes of Photography. In this way a person can do other studies as well. A formal training can
build confidence in the individual and teach the latest technologies.
Photography is also an optional subject for a Bachelor's degree in Fine arts. B.A courses in Photography
are also offered by some of the institutes.
Some of the courses offered in Photography are:
Certificate Course in Advanced Photography
Certificate Course in Basic Photography
Certificate Course in Digital Photography
Certificate Course in Fashion Photography
Certificate Course in Photo Journalism
Certificate Course in Photography
Diploma in Fashion Photography
Diploma in Motion Picture Photography
Diploma in Photography
Diploma in Professional Photography
Eligibility
To become a successful photographer you need to have creativity and a sense of aesthetics. You have to
be focussed on your work. A basic course in Photography should be done in order to learn the
technicalities of the work. For the basic course minimum educational requirement is 10+2. A successful
career in photography doesn't call for a degree or diploma in the subject. But you will do better with a
basic course in photography. For film and video, you must have a formal training. A background in
computers or electronics is an added advantage.
Personal Attributes
You should have:
A keen visual sense
Understanding of shapes, colours, patterns, and hues
Strong observational skills
Interest and ability to express life and nature in a visual art form
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Spatial perception - the ability to capture and understand objects from different dimensions and
locations.
An eye for details
A lot of patience and perseverance
Ability to work under stress
Ability to meet deadlines
Career Prospects
A wide range of opportunities exist for the aspiring and budding photographers. One can get work in
fashion houses, advertising agencies, magazines and photo studios. They can find employment in
television channels and even websites. Television serial producers also employ photographers.
Photographers who work for some special agencies can earn royalties on their pictures. Avenues are
open in the areas of scientific laboratories and research institutions. Government agencies often avail
the services of photographers for doing general documentation and for covering routine events and
functions. Photographers can also work for newspapers, fashion journals etc. Free lancing is also one of
the options. A digital photographer can shoot wildlife and landscape for T.V channels like Discovery and
National Geographic.
Even the police and forensic departments need their services to take pictures of the scene of crime.
Institutes
Academy of Photography, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi
College Of Art, University of Delhi, Tilak Marg, New Delhi
Film and Television Institute of India, Pune
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
JJ School of Art, MG Road, Mumbai
Mass communication Research Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
National Institute of Design, Paldi, Ahmedabad
National Institute of Fashion Technology
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Remunerations
A creative and hard working professional photographer can earn good sum of money. An assistant
working with senior professional can earn at least Rs. 7,000 per month. Free lancing jobs can fetch you
around Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 40,000 per month. Fashion photographers earn huge sum of money. They may
charge Rs. 5,000 a day at the minimum and more than 5 lakh a campaign. If you are self employed you
may be able to earn Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 50,000 a day depending on the assignment you take up. Wedding
Photographers do earn a lot. Specialist photographers like wildlife photographers, may earn up to Rs. 2-
10 lakh or more per project. Those salaried in a company/newspaper house can get about Rs. 7,000-
40,000 a month as their salary. Photojournalist and Press photographers get Rs. 4,000-25,000 a month
or more. Assistant Film Photographers get Rs. 50,000-100,000 per film. Thus the amount of earnings
depends on your expertise and the hard work you put along with your experience.


Career as a Yoga Instructor
Courses & Eligibility
An individual can easily take up the profession of Yoga Therapist or trainer immediately after the
completion of X or XII class. If you are really interested in making this as your career, you can start at the
earliest too. If you opt for post-graduation in Yoga, you should be a holder of Bachelors degree in any
field. Many institutes and universities offer the course on Yoga all over India. They are:
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Kaivalyadhama Yoga Institute, Lonavla having different departments that are scientifically researched.
Gordhandas Seksaria College of Yoga & Cultural Synthesis have different types of Certificate
Courses, Yoga Training for teachers of schools, Advanced teachers training courses in yoga.
Pranava Yoga Dhama in Mysore specializes in training courses of intensive teachers, instructors in
Yoga Therapy course and other special programs and courses, such as hatha yoga, basic yoga
asanas, pranayam, yoga during and after pregnancy, etc.
Purna Swasthya Yoga Therapy Centre, Mumbai specializes in the yoga therapy and other respective
courses, such as, backache, frozen shoulder, coronary artery diseases, cervical spondylosis,
bronchial asthma, and program for weight loss, dyspepsia, osteoarthritis and other simple courses
on techniques of pranayams.
Individuals interested in the yoga trainer course can appear in the entrance exams held in the month of
May June organised by many states and independent educational institutions. The entrance exams
usually contains objective type questions in English, GK, Aptitude, any one local language, basic teaching
of arithmetic subjects.
The time of exam and application forms can be directly collected from the training institute.
Pay & Remuneration It has been a
decade since yoga has been accepted in the fitness industry and more than Rs.2000 crore approximate
gains are generated in the business of fitness. Therefore, the pay or remuneration in this field of Yoga
Therapist is high if you are employed in any spas, gyms, fitness centres, etc. As the remuneration
depends on the experience of the yoga trainer, the pay is also good for freshers and the inexperienced
trainers too.
If you are an independent or personal yoga instructor, your earnings depends certain factors, like,
number of clients, fees demanded by you and number of clients you teach each day. Normally, the
charges per session are around Rs 400-Rs 500, i.e., Rs 20,000 a month for starters. If you are a
professional of middle-level, you can get Rs 40,000-Rs 50,000 a month. For the experienced and senior
trainers doing fulltime can earn around Rs 1 lakh per month.
Career Prospects
The acceptance of yoga has increased the demand of a Yoga Therapist and job prospects of these
trainers are immense. You can start your career as a yoga instructor by learning few asanas, but requires
experience in this field and once you have gained experience, the returns are high.
You can get employment in institutions, organizations, clubs, fitness centres, gymnasiums, etc. If you do
not wish to join any institution, you can become a personal instructor. Being a personal instructor gives
you the liberty of setting up timings and dates according to your choice.
Famous Personalities
T.K.V. Desikachar the co-founder of Krishmacharya Yoga Mandiram in India is a famous personality in
this field. T.
Krishnamacharya is regarded as the founder of modern yoga and translated the ancient yogic texts and
taught yoga postures to many people worldwide.


Career as a VJ/DJ/RJ
A Video Jockey (or VJ) is an announcer who introduces and plays videos on music channels. It is a
derivative of the term Disc Jockey as used in the radio industry. A VJs role has stretched beyond making
mere announcements. Now, VJs anchor reality shows, host comic series along with countdown shows,
they also incorporate live television feeds and music. VJing has expanded to the internet in 2012 with
Rap Genius's YouTube personality Nicole.
A club Disc Jockey (or a DJ as is commonly called) is an individual who selects and plays pre-recorded
music for an intended audience usually in a club setting, a neighborhood party or even a discotheque.
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The making of a Club Disc Jockey requires the knowledge of the mood of the intended audience, the
performance setting, the preferred medium, and the development of sound manipulation.
A Radio Jockey (or RJ) entertains listeners of a radio program and provides information along with
selecting and playing records. They have their own style and they create newer ways to entertain the
people while they are listening. RJs need to have very good awareness of the events and things going
around in the city, they must know the city well and of course they should know a lot about Indian films
and film music. They usually write their own scripts and have to be very innovative at the same time
keeping their style intact. RJs begin with odd-hours duty and with experience and popularity they come
in the prime time.
Courses & Eligibility
From time to time, channels invite young aspirants for VJ hunts and radio channels invite people for the
RJ hunts. Else one can apply directly to the channel for audition and start working as an intern. People
begin early in DJ industry and learn while assisting the established DJs. Many models and actors have
become VJs.
There is no education route to be a VJ/DJ/RJ. There are short term certificate and diploma courses and
some mass communication courses have radio jockeying as part of their syllabus. Some personality
enhancement courses and language course can equip one in becoming a VJ.
Where to Study
There are no institutes that offer course in VJ.
To be a DJ one must have knowledge about DJ mixer (which is used to mix the music) and other
equipment and sound mixing.
Institutes for DJs
The Studio Bakers , Pusa Road and Kailash Colony run by Rummy Sharma, a DJ with Djinns at the
Hyatt.
'Sound of Music', Vasant Kunj run by DJ Sunny
Modus Operandi run by Sumit Budhiraja
Sound of soul, New Delhi.
ScratchZ D J academy Bangalore.
SSR DJ workshops, Chennai
Grooves Entertainment
Course fee: Beginner: Rs 15,000; intermediate: Rs 18,000; both combined: Rs 25,000
Spin Gurus DJ & Remixing Academy
Course fee: CD DJ Course: Rs 20,000; Vinyl DJ Course: Rs 18,000; CD Turntable Course: Rs 28,000
Dance Caf, Gurgaon
Course fee: Beginner Rs 5,000; advanced Rs 10,000
Institutes for Radio Jockey Course
CRAFT Delhi, Offers P G Diploma IN Radio Jockey.
The Radio School, Mumbai
Some other institutes that offer related courses are:
IILM Academy, Gurgaon
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) New Delhi
AJK Mass Communication Research Centre New Delhi
Amity School of Journalism & Communication, New Delhi
Asian Academy of Film & Television
Delhi University
Xavier Institute of Communications, Mumbai
EMDI, Mumbai
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
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Pay and Remuneration
At entry level, a radio jockeys get Rs 1.8 lakhs to Rs 2.4 lakhs a year and the pay increases according to
your job profile and experience. Senior RJs make around Rs 10 lakhs to Rs 15 lakhs in a year.
The average take-home for a disc jockey at the initial level is Rs 1.5 to Rs 2 lakhs a year. Pay increases
with ones skills and the market condition and label/club/music composer one is working with.
Career Prospects
The demand for professional in Disc Jockeying and Radio Jockeying is increasing. People are spending a
lot these days on hosting big parties and events which has opened a lot of opportunities. Professional
have worked out contracts with banquets halls, discotheques, farm houses, and any other place where
such parties are organized.
Famous Personalities DJ
Akeel (he played twice at World economic forum and entertained the likes of Bill Clinton), DJ Akbar Sami
(known as the Indian remix guru).Some famous VJs are Cyrus Baroacha and Rhea Chakraborty.RJ Richa
Vyas and RJ Prateek are two most popular radio jockeys of contemporary radio.
A day in life: On typical days these professionals are on air or are performing. The timings depend on
the show timing if its a live show, if it is a delayed telecast/ broadcast /Podcast then they reach the
studios and record the programs as per the schedules. The off air time is spent in planning for the next
day/show and increasing awareness and learning about new music, videos, news and other current
affairs.


Career in Visual Merchandising
Career in Visual Merchandising includes a wide spectrum of innovative ideas applied in the creative
presentation of a particular item or service. This course is specially meant for professionals who yearn to
imbibe the art of impeccable presentation emanating verve, flamboyance and simultaneously drawing
the attention of consumers in the retail stores, exhibition, fashion, boutiques and museums.
Merchandisers are coordinators, who are involved in every stage of the products development from
concept to sales. They study buying trends and the buyer's needs, and then liaise between the market
and production process. They are involved in business planning and analysis, buyer management, order
fulfillment and product development.
Eligibility and Course Details: -
An aspirant must have completed their higher secondary education in any discipline in order to enroll in
one of the visual merchandising courses. Apart from the educational qualification the individual must
possess an aptitude towards designing and a sheer sense of aesthetics. The potential candidate can then
appear for a Bachelors degree program in fashion design or technology where visual merchandising is
one of the majors.
There are many other Indian institutes that hold a special workshop on visual merchandising. The J. D.
Institute of Fashion Technology is one of the most prominent places that conduct these courses.
Graduates in fashion design or technology can apply for these courses that will further improve their
skills of visual merchandising. There are other institutes that conduct short term certificate courses in
the field.
Skills and Aptitude: -
After undergoing some training in visual merchandising you will have learn all the integral parts of the
job. The main focus of the course is on retail store layout and decoration along with aligning and
presentation of fixtures on display. You will also generate a fine idea about the use of colors and setting
up window displays.
Furthermore the students are made aware of the intricacies of super market merchandising as well as
furniture layout and the presentation of equipment. You will also learn how to use communication tools
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to attract customers and other attention grabbing techniques. Basically you will be sharpening up on
your imagination skills and learning how to best execute them.
You will also learn how to make use of lights and sounds to interact with customers. The use of graphics
to create an ambiance and various other elements of interior design are also taught to the student. In
the end the student is totally geared up for the job. With the concept of visual merchandising taking
birth in India there are plenty of job opportunities for youngsters in the field.
Career Prospects: -
With the concept of visual merchandising taking birth in India there are plenty of job opportunities
available for youngsters in the field. The visual merchandisers are employed by retail stores where they
act as the store's brand gatekeeper, ensuring that the image and style of the company is projected at all
times. The scope of duties and responsibilities varies depending on the size of the retail operation and
the level of the visual merchandising position one holds.
Employment in the field of visual merchandising is expected to grow faster than the average. In fact, job
outlook is quite excellent since more visual merchandising jobs will be generated because of the
increasing interests of people in the fashion industry. Retailers know the importunate of store visual
displays in attracting the interest of the buying public; hence, the expertise of visual merchandiser
professionals will definitely be in high demand. Hiring expert visual merchandisers will ensure that store
traffic will be increased. Therefore, the need for visual merchandiser professionals will absolutely
increase in the coming years.
Remuneration: -
Remuneration in visual merchandising industry is decided by personal skills and abilities of the person
concerned. The normal pay packages of fresh graduates in this industry are Rs 25,000 to 30,000 per
month. With some years of experience and extraordinary talent one can easily reach up to Rs 40,000-
50,000 per month.
Some of the reputed colleges providing courses in Visual Merchandising
Academy of Applied Arts
New Delhi, Delhi NCR Diploma in Visual Merchandising (Others)
International Institute of Retail Management
New Delhi, Delhi NCR
Certificate Program in Visual Merchandising & Diploma in Visual Merchandising
Indian Institute of Textile Training
Diploma in Visual Merchandising
JD Institute of Fashion Technology
Diploma in Visual Merchandising (Full Time - Class Room) (extending over many cities)
Videography course @ Film & TV Institute of India (FTII)
Institute: Film and Television Institute of India (FTII)
Programme: Basic Videography
No. of Trainees: 12
Fee: 20,000 /- (without accommodation)
Eligibility: HSC / Graduation
(Preference will be given to participants having experience in Videography or relevant field)
Course Information:


The main objective of this course is to familiarize the participants with the basics of broadcast quality
video cameras, their operations and applications in various practical situations for.


To understand basics of Visual Composition and Camera Movements


To understand the basics of Multicam TV Studio Operations for ENG purpose.
How to apply:
The filled - in application forms received will be scrutinized and list of selected candidates will be
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displayed on the website by January 31, 2012. Selected candidates must send the fees by Demand Draft
(Nationalized Banks) drawn in favour of Accounts Officer, FTII payable at Pune.
Address:
Film and Television Institute of India
Law College Road, Pune - 411 004,
(Maharashtra) INDIA.
Phone: (020) 25431817 / 25433016 / 25430017
Website: www.ftiindia.com
1) Anna University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
2) Sardar Patel Road, Guindy , Chennai (Chennai Dist.) - 600025
Certificate Course in Professional Videography
3) Three years full-time B. Sc. (Major) in Mass Communication and Videography (divided into six
semesters) under University of Calcutta with Film Studies as one of the compulsory elective subjects
The Mass Communication & Videography (MCV) department was founded in 1996. This course is aimed
at creating media professionals who would emerge as experts with further specialization.
Three years full-time B. Sc. (Major) in Mass Communication and Videography (MCV, divided into six
semesters) under University of Calcutta with Film Studies as one of the compulsory elective subjects.
Placement
Those from the last batch who are not pursuing any PG courses and those who have completed their PG
courses, most of them are working in the television, advertising & film industries (viz, NDTV, CNN-IBN,
AAJTAK, ZEE Network, STAR Network, SONY Entertainment; Percept, JWT, O&M etc) either as
trainees/assistants or as full-time journalists, programme producers, production executives, technical
experts, independent filmmakers etc.
.
Career as a Singer
Introduction:
The charms of music have comforted, persuaded, inspired and entertained countless listeners
throughout the world since the dawn of civilization. Music expresses what cannot be said. Music is your
own experience, your own thoughts, and your wisdom. Music is the divine way to tell beautiful, poetic
things to the heart. People probably started to sing as soon as language developed. Hunting tools struck
together may have been the first musical instruments. No matter what culture we're from, everyone
loves music.
Are you one of those caught in the dilemma as to whether to make your hobby your career or to pursue
a more conventional profession? If yes, then the sooner you decide the better for you. Researcher
believes that one should start seriously by the age of nine if you really wish to train your voice as
beautiful as Lata Mangeshkar or the versatile Kishore Kumar.
Courses & Eligibility
What are the different kinds of Music to specialize in?
To learn singing is the first step towards becoming a singer. Learning from a reputed singer is an added
advantage. Practice is the golden rule for success as a singer. A specialized voice lesson is another step
towards becoming a singer. India has a classical musical tradition that is around five thousand years old.
Originally, classical music was performed only in courts and temples, but in todays time it is performed
at public concerts or on the radio for anyone to hear. It can be purely instrumental or may feature
singers who are telling ancient tales. All of Indian Classical music are of two types viz, Hindustani and
Carnatic.
Hindustani music developed in the northern regions of the country, while Carnatic music is indigenous
to the south. Carnatic music is considered one of the oldest systems of music in the world. Songs of both
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these faculties of music are composed by great artists and handed down through generations of
disciples. An important element is its devotional content.
Western Classical music is a term that is applied to a body of notated European music that extends back
in time to the first millennium. The Classical period reached its majestic culmination with the masterful
symphonies, sonatas, and string quartets by the three great composers: Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. While many composers throughout the twentieth-century
experimented in new ways with traditional instruments, many of the twentieth-century's greatest
composers, such as Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini and the Russian pianist/composer Sergei
Rachmaninoff, remained true to the traditional forms of music history. In addition to new and eclectic
styles of musical trends, the twentieth century boasts numerous composers whose harmonic and
melodic styles an average listener can still easily appreciate and enjoy.
Contemporary music comprises forms that are built up from very well defined structures. They consist of
pop music or music that today features in movies. It is heard at festivals, ceremonies, dances, and is part
of daily life.
The ghazal is one style which is known for its rich poetic and romantic content. The Hindi geet which is
basically just a song, and undoubtedly the most popular, is the film song.
Indian pop is hotter than ever. With the reach of cable to millions, pop stars have become household
names like Alisha Chinai, Bally Sagoo, Colonial Cousins, Daler Mehndi - Bhangra King, Lucky Ali, Shweta
Shetty, to name a few. The different forms of improvization add different facets to music and thereby,
provide variety. The ability to improvise varies from performer to performer.
Moreover, each of these forms of improvisation evokes different moods. Again, the ability to evoke,
characterize and exploit these different moods vary from performer to performer, and forms an integral
part of the exhaustive and demanding training that is required. All of the above make music a highly
refined, demanding, complex and, most importantly, an exciting art form.
Where to Study
Most of the universities like Delhi University, Khairagarh University, Gujarat, offer BMus, MMus and PhD
programmes. There are other institutes, which have many flexible courses for all age groups. Some of
the reputed institutes are:
Bhatkhande Sangeet Vidyalaya, Lucknow
Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, Pune
Prayag Sangeet Samithi, Allahabad
Some of the colleges abroad are Berkeley College of Music, Trinity College, London, and Julliard College
in New York. There are also options offered by most colleges for students studying in different streams
to take a performing arts class as an additional subject.
Salary
A play back singer can get Rs.10,000 to some lakhs per song depending on the voice quality and
reputation and popularity of the singer.
Career Prospects
In the contemporary times, the demand for good playback singers is on a rise and those who have the
caliber and versatility are widely appreciated.
Hard work and patience are essential qualities that are required to become a singer. Some people have
the talent but dont know how to become a professional singer and some with poor voice but clever
marketing reach the status of a successful singer.
Starting a singing career requires more than just having a great voice and loving to perform. It is a
business where you need to market and promote yourself. As your resume improves, you may obtain
agent representation to help you get bigger performances and recording contracts and to negotiate
higher pay.
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You need to record a demo and then contact a company. If you get a good deal, your musical journey
begins from here. Develop a style of your own. A distinct style of your own will separate you from the
herd. People like to listen to those singers whose style is fresh and unique.
You may not be the next singing superstar or make millions of money from concerts or CDs. However, it
is possible that you can still be a singer and make a decent living. There are singing jobs in country clubs,
resorts, or on cruises.
To be specific - If you are a classical or light singer with good music training and a good voice, you can -
Launch private music albums.
Become playback singers: sing songs for films and movies.
Host music shows on television.
Lend voice for jingles & advertisements.
As a professional singer one can host live shows & perform on stage.
Open a music school and provide training in singing or playing a musical instrument.
Join a music school as a teacher and train students in vocal music or in playing a musical instrument.
Teach music in schools, colleges & institutes.
Become a music director and give music for songs in movies, films & individual artist albums.
Famous Personalities
Lata Mangeshkar, pride of Indian music industry, the Nightingale of India - she is blessed with a beautiful
voice and she is the most well known Indian vocalist. Highly versatile, she has sung in more than 20
languages.
Asha Bhosle - A very well known Bollywood playback singer who mesmerized the entire country with her
amazing voice and dominated the Indian music industry for a period more than six decades.
Kishore Kumar - A famous Bollywood playback singer, actor, lyricist, composer, producer, director,
screenwriter cum a scriptwriter. He used to be among the three leading male Bollywood playback
singers along with Mukesh and Mohammed Rafi during his life time.
Shubha Mudgal, although a trained classical singer, is blessed with unique voice, which can be used in all
kinds of singing.
.
Career in Dancing
Introduction
"Great dancers are not great because of their technique; they are great because of their passion."
Martha Graham
What better way to define dance. As an art form dance is an integral part of Indian culture. India has
produced many internationally known dancers. Most of us enjoy dancing and many of the younger
people now want to make it a full time career. If one has the aptitude and is willing to put a lot effort
this is a very good career where one would earn while doing what they enjoy the most.
What do dancers do?
Dancers are artists who perform various types of dance forms. Indian classical forms like Bharatnatyam,
Kathak, kathakali etc. or contemporary like Jazz or ballet. Dancers usually start their training early so as
to build stamina and learn the various techniques. Important qualities of a dancer are flexibility, energy,
grace, rhythm, etc.
To become a dancer one should get training and qualifications if one is serious about career a dancer.
There are many dance associations that award certificates and many institutions that offer courses
related to dance. People who can compose a sequence of dance are called choreographers. Usually
anyone who is good in dancing in general, and very good in a particular dance form goes on to compose
dance sequences. With a lot of Television Programs that are based on dance, choreography as a career is
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gaining ground. Most of the choreographers are absorbed in the entertainment industry. There are
formal courses offering diploma and post graduate diplomas in dance and choreography.
Courses and Eligibility
B.A. (Hons) Dance, B.A. Dance, B.F.A. Dance, Bachelor of Dance (B. Dance)
Certificate Course in Dance
Diploma in Dance
M.A. Dance, M.F.A. Dance, Master of Dance (M. Dance)
Ph.D. Dance
BA in dance is 3 years, BFA dance is 4 years, PG in dance is 2 years and the duration of diploma courses
varies from institute to institute.
Course Fees
A graduate level course in Government University costs around Rs 25,000 per year
Where to Study
Shiamak Davar Institute of Performing Arts, at several locations.
Banaras Hindu University
Rabindra Bharati University Kolkata
Kalai Kiviri College of Fine Arts, Tiruchirappalli (Tamil Nadu)
Capital College of fine Arts, New Delhi (Delhi)
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana)
M.S. (Maharaja Sayajirao) University of Baroda : Faculty of Performing Arts, Vadodara (Gujarat)
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (Punjab)
Adarsh Sangeet Mahavidyalaya, Sagar (Madhya Pradesh)
Ravindra Bhawan (Near Stadium), Vrindavan Ward, Sagar (Sagar Dist.)
The Danceworx (Ashley Lobo), at several locations.
FLAME school of performing Arts, Pune.
Salsa India, at several locations
Famous Personalities
Mallika Sarabhai (Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi), Padma Subramanyam (Bharatanatyam), Pandit Birju
Maharaj (Kathak), Sonal Mansingh (Odissi), Yamini Krishnamurthy (Bharatnatyam and Kuchipudi)
In the contemporary dance forms:
Uday Shankar (Indian Ballet) also know as father of Modern dance in India, Shiamak Dawar (Jazz and
Contemporary Dance), Ashley Lobo (Jazz, Classical Ballet and Contemporary Dance)
.

Career in Fashion Designing
Introduction
"What you wear is how you present yourself to the world, especially today, when human contacts are so
quick. Fashion is instant language." Miuccia Prada
These are the words of Miuccia Prada, the famous Italian fashion designer and entrepreneur during one
of the events at the fashion week in 2011.
If you find clothes and accessories as not just things to wear but as things to express oneself, as a piece
of ones' creativity then fashion designing should be the career for you. Fashion designing has come up
as a good career option in the last decade or so. There are many designers who have become national
celebrities. Today fashion designing is not just a vocation but a fully fledged professional career with
duly recognized educational qualifications.
The clothing industry occupies an important place in a countrys economy. The changing styles of clothes
have given impetus and upsurge to the Indian textile and fashion industry. The fashion industry though
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only recently established as a high growth sector in India, its multicrore annual turnover promises many
employment openings.
The Fashion Designer profession has recently emerged as one of the most sort out careers among the
youths. These youths have their own creative style of dressing and believe in setting a trend rather than
following a trend set by others. A career in Fashion Design not only involves meeting glamorous people
and interacting with rich and famous but also gives a impetus to the creative flair of the people who
possess a sense of style. The major functional areas in the industry are designing garments, cutting the
cloth, sewing the pieces together and finally merchandising. Popularizing and marketing of the various
styles and products is done through ramp shows and fashion write-ups.
Nature of work
Fashion Designer create designs for almost anything which is part of the garment of men, women, and
children. Designers understanding the needs of their clients create attractive and functional garments
and accessories according to the latest trends, market conditions, weather and also keeping a close
watch on the fit, style, colour, texture, size and material.
The process of making a dress starts with the sketching the original idea on paper. Then shaping the
pattern pieces which make the garment. The pieces are then drawn in actual size on paper and cut out
on a rough material. These pieces are stitched together and fitted on a model. From the rough model
sample garments are made in the final fabric. Much time of the designer is spent in exploration and
research. Knowledge about fabric, weave, draping qualities, material, colour and design and the
changing trend is important.
Personality
A Fashion designer should be artistic and creative. They should be able to express their ideas in
sketches. They may not be brilliant artists but must be able to combine colours, shades, and tones.
Designers have the flair for creating with fabric and know how to use textiles effectively. Designers need
to have visual imagination and the ability to think in three-dimension to translate into garments what
they visualize.
Fashion designers must be fashion conscious and must be aware of market requirements. In order to
have an International perspective, they must read more and more of international fashion journals,
books, on history and art. They must also visit various art gallery and exhibition and interact with
traditional artists whenever they get a chance. As a designer one should have knowledge and experience
of basic tailoring skills i.e. cutting, sewing, draping,etc. Besides this they should be able to distinguish
among various fabric quality and particular about choosing a good cloth to work on.
An understanding of the market and customer lifestyle is required, so that design are suitable for people
they are made for. Designers must be good communicator and very clear with their ideas which is
reflected in the presentation of fashion shows.
Courses & Eligibility
Diploma in Fashion Design: 10+2 (Arts, Commerce, Science) /P.U.C./Polytechnic/equivalent with
45% marks in aggregate (40% is sufficient for SC/ST candidates).
Reputed institutes like NIFT/ NID select candidates on the basis of admission test.
Four-year graduate programme in apparel design/equivalent course: 10+2, Entrance test
Apeejay institute of design.
B.Sc in apparel/fashion design/equivalent course: 10+2, Entrance test, Mangalore Institute of
Fashion Technology (MIFT) Kulai, Mangalore
Postgraduate programme in apparel design from NID: Any graduation
Course Fees
Government institutes charge around Rs 50,000 as tuition fee. For private institutions the fee is higher.
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Where to Study
National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) (various campuses): B.Des. (Fashion Design) and
B.FTech. (Apparel Production)
International Institute of Fashion Technology, South Extension Part I, New Delhi
Apeejay Institute of Design, 54, Tughlaqabad Institutional Area, New Delhi
National Institute of Design (NID) Paldi, Ahmedabad.
National Institute of Fashion Design (NIFD), Chandigarh
Northern India Institute of Fashion Technology (NIIFT) C-115, Phase-VII, Industrial Area, Mohali
Pearl Academy of Fashion, C-56/2 Okhla Indl Area, Phase II, New Delhi
Srishti School of Art, Design & Technology, PO Box 6430, Yelahanka, Bangalore (Karnataka)
Institute of Apparel Management, Gurgaon.
University of Mumbai, M G Road, Fort, Mumbai
Mangalore Institute of Fashion Technology (MIFT), Mangalore
Wigan fashion school, New Delhi
J D Institute of Fashion Technology, Jaipur
Fashion Designing Entrance Examinations in India
CEED (Common Entrance Examination for Design)
NID Entrance Exam
NIFT Entrance Exam
Pearl Academy of Fashion Entrance Exam
UID
Career Prospects
Fashion designing graduates find employment according to their specializations in Fashion houses,
export houses, Textile businesses, garment manufacturing companies, in government handlooms and
with textiles manufacturer, and in the film and TV industry.
There are opportunities for work with the various sectors dealing with fashion. The opportunities for job
exist in the following sectors :
a. Export houses dealing with garment/textile/handloom exports.
b. Retail and wholesale garment businesses in men's/women's/children clothing in sportswear
/casual wear, etc.
c. Haute Courture
d. Government/Semi government-handloom/textile manufacturers
e. Fashion show organisers/Fashion publishers
f. TV/Film fashion programme producers/comperes/costume designers, etc.
Specialization
The main area of work in the fashion industry are :
1. Design Department: Manufacturing units work on a large scale. They employ designers,
cutting assistants, sketching assistants, junior designers. Cutting assistants have to cut samples
as per specifications of the designer. This is followed by draping and garment construction.
Sketching assistants make the technical sketches of the garment which are passed on to
cutting assistants. From the making of specification drawings decide how a garment has to be
fabricated to the selection of fabrics is often the duty of the sketching assistant. Junior
designers generally do the first pattern cutting. They assemble the first samples with fabrics
they have selected from the market.
2. Marketing and Merchandising: Fashion trends are constantly changing, the people in the
merchandising and marketing have a good knowledge of fashion trends, of sales data and the
organisations marketing objectives. Based on this information the marketing department
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plans the company's overall direction. It determines the price, product requirement, and
hence they often work with the styling department when a new product id concieved.
3. Manufacturing department: The production manager is at the head of the manufacturing
unit. He is responsible for scheduling work goals, training of workers, managing all activities in
order to maintain quality in production. The Production manager oversees the work of pattern
cutting - from pattern grading, spreading and marking to cutting, assembling and finishing.
With the production manager are the production assistants who supervise the work at each
stage.
4. Fashion coordinators: They coordinate with the buyer and the production manager. The
fashion coordinator makes sure production schedules are kept, meets buyers goes through
specification for fabrics, colours, designs, and keeps an eye on the quality.When buyers give
their own designs, the coordinator helps decide the fabric coloursand accessories that should
be used to suit the designs. They explain the design to the production pattern makers and get
sample pieces made. The sample is draped on a dummy to see if some changes in details or
style are required. Once the sample is finalised, its pieces are measured precisely. It is the
coordinator who suggests how the cloth should be cut so as to minimise wastage. The
garment is then finally presented for sale.
Famous Personalities
Ritu Kumar: Ritu Kumar has often been labelled as the empress of Indian haute couture. Her natural
sense of design and beautiful styles has led her to the top spot amongst the whole array of Indian
fashion designers. Her styles include a combination of ancient Indian handicrafts like zardozi, bandhani
and chikan work presented with a touch of contemporary flair which has resulted in extremely beautiful
creations. Almost every Indian bride dreams of having an original Ritu Kumar creation in her trousseau.
Manish Malhotra: Manish Malhotra is an Indian fashion designer par excellence. He is the face behind
the style and designs adorned by some of the popular Bollywood leading ladies such as Kajol, Karisma
Kapoor, Kareena Kapoor Khan, Rani Mukherji, Aishwarya Rai Bachhan, Priyanka Chopra, Katrina Kaif,
Sonam Kapoor and Preity Zinta. What made Manish Malhotra popular was his unique sense of style and
his expertise in envisioning an authentic feel and look for the on screen characters. Apart from popular
Indian biggies, Manish Malhotra has also designed the attire for Michael Jackson during one of his India
visits.
Miuccia Prada: She is a famous Italian fashion designer and entrepreneur. Forbes.com wrote in its
article titled The World's Richest People 2001: "She and her husband, Patrizio Bertelli, took over the
family-owned luxury goods manufacturer in 1978. Since then, they've turned it into a fashion
powerhouse. The prestigious Council of Fashion Designers of American International Award was
bestowed on Miuccia in 1993. This fashion powerhouse has expanded so exponentially that its portfolio
now includes international labels such as Azzedine Alaia, Fendi, Helmut Lang, and Jill Sander.
Job of a Fashion Designer
Fashion designing is essentially about designing garments. Fashion designers use their creative abilities
and sense of style to use various fabrics and techniques to create work of art. Fashion designing is
science and art both. The designers need to know the science or the techniques behind creating
garments.
The designers take inputs from the clients and put a fine piece together. But that is not always the case.
Sometimes they design outfits and showcase them on ramps and it becomes fashion. Thus marketing
and popularizing a particular couture is an integral part of the career in fashion design.
Fashion Technology Entrance Exams
Fashion Technology in India is one of the creative fields which has slowly and steadily gained a repute in
the International scenario especially with many Indian Designers getting a recognition at the world level.
Fashion Technology Entrance Examination are those which are conducted on an All India basis for
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admitting candidates to various Universities / Institutes. Fashion Technology courses aims at developing
professionals to taking up position of Global Leadership positions in fashion business. Various Fashion
Technology Institutes in India provide a common platform for fashion education, research and training.
List of Fashion Technology Entrance Exams 2014
AIEED - All India Entrance Exam for Design

NID Entrance Exam - National Institute of Design Entrance Exam

NIFT Entrance Exam - National Institute of Fashion Technology Entrance Exam

NIIFT Entrance Exam - North India Institute of Fashion Technology Entrance Exam

Fashion Technology Entrance Examination Eligibility
+2 level for UG Courses and Graduation for Post Graduate Courses
Candidates appearing for their qualifying examinations can also apply
Fashion Technology Entrance Examination Pattern and Admission Process
1. Written entrance examination to test the knowledge, skill and aptitude of the candidates for the
programme opted. Subjects vary from English, General Knowledge, General Science etc. of +2
level.
2. The objective type tests are not subject to negative marking. The entrance exam consists of
General Ability Test (GAT), Creative Ability Test (CAT) and Managerial Ability Test (MAT).
3. The shortlisted candidates in the written test will be invited for Situation Test , Psychometric Test
, Group Discussion and personal interview at designated centres. These may vary from institute
to institute. In the prominent institutes, admission is strictly on merit- through written test,
situation test, group discussion and interview.
There are many types of Fashion Technology Entrance Exams in India. These are
1. NIFT Entrance Exam - National institute of Fashion technology Entrance Exam
2. IIFT - International Institute of Fashion Technology
3. SOFT - School of Fashion Technology Entrance Exam
4. NID - National Institute of Design
5. IIAFT - Indian Institute of Art and Fashion Technology
6. Pearl Academy of Fashion Entrance Exam.


Career as a Film Director
Introduction
"My movie is born first in my head, dies on paper; is resuscitated by the living persons and real objects I
use, which are killed on film but, placed in a certain order and projected on to a screen, come to life
again like flowers in water." Robert Bresson
Film direction is an art of putting a dream on to a medium called film. Film directors are the force behind
a film and work together with many people who make a film happen.
What do film directors do?
Directors are the visionarys behind the story of the film and decide the overall look and feel of the film.
They closely work with producers and other people involved in making of a film and shoulder many
responsibilities related to the creative aspects in the film. It is said that casting is more than half of
direction. Other than casting, directors are overall in charge of film making, script, camera and editing
etc where as finance and marketing are looked after by producers. They coach the actors and direct
them to give performance as per the requirements of the film. They coordinate with the staff on the sets
and direct the shooting of the film. Directors are also involved in the post production aspects of the films
and get it edited to a final shape.
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There are formal courses offered by recognized institutes and colleges, where one can learn about
different aspects of film direction.
Courses and Eligibility
Although getting a formal education is not compulsory in this field, it is advisable. Many directors have
worked their way up in the film industry by learning on the job and by making mistakes. A course in film
institute gives you technical skills and gives opportunity to refine your creativity. There are many types
of courses available in Institutes across the country that train people in aspects of direction. Short term
courses, graduation and Post graduate diplomas.
Course Fees
Satyajit Ray Film Institute charges Rs 40,500 in the first semester and 19,500 in the subsequent
semesters. Private institutes charge a much higher fee.
Where to Study
Film and Television Institute of India, Pune.
Course: 3 year Post Graduate Diploma in Direction; Eligibility: Graduate degree holders are eligible.
Course: 2 year Post Graduate Diploma in Art Direction and Production Design, Eligibility: Bachelors
Degree in Architecture/ Painting / Applied Arts / Sculpture / Interior Design in or any related field in
the Fine Arts or an equivalent qualification
Course:1 year Post Graduate Diploma in TV Direction; Eligibility: Graduate degree holders are
eligible.
Admission is through All Indian level entrance test.
Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata.
Courses Offered: 3 years PG Diploma in Cinema with specialization in Direction and Screenplay
Whistling Woods International, Mumbai
Courses Offered: 2 years course in Direction.
Zee Institute of Media arts, Mumbai
Courses Offered: Degree course in Film making, short term course in direction.
Center for Research in Art of Film and Television (CRAFT), Delhi
Courses Offered: Offers 1 years PG Diploma In Direction.
Asian Academy of Film and TV, Noida
Courses Offered: Three-month course
Pay and Remuneration
Beginners earn around 2.5 lakhs a year as assistant director, while established directors earn big time
money per film.
Famous Personalities
Some of the famous names in film direction are Alfred Hitchcock, Steven Spielberg, Woody Allen,
Tarantino and Werner Herzog.
Popular Indian directors include Satyajit Ray, Guru Dutt, Yash Chopra, Mani Ratnam, Vidhu Vinod
Chopra, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, among many others
Film & Television Institutes Examinations in India
Film and Television Institute of India Entrance Examination
National School of Drama (NSD) Screening Test
If you are looking for a career in Film-making and television then here are the top five colleges in India
which offer the best courses in the country.
1. Film and Television Institute of India, Pune:
2. Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata:
3. Whistling Woods International, Mumbai:
4. Center for Research in Art of Film and Television, Delhi:
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5. Asian Academy of Film and Television, Noida:

Career in Art Restoration
Art has been an inseparable part of human life and culture since the dawn of civilization. The spectrum
of art is indeed vast and unlimited, beginning with the cave paintings of the early man, encompassing
the Harappan art forms, (Indian) Gupta period, Greeco-Roman art collection and continuing right up to
the famous painters /sculptors like Tagore, Jamini Roy, Nandalal Bose, Gaugain, Rodin, Picasso, Van
Gough, Salvadore Dali to name a few.

In todays technologically advanced world, much care is being taken for the restoration and
conservation of art and masterpieces. These two have become suitable career options for the people
from all age groups.

Art restoration and Art conservation are two separate fields of taking care of art objects. Whereas Art
Restoration tries to return the work to an earlier state by cleaning it up and thereby further modifying it
from its original state, Art conservation emphasizes on its preservation by suitable techniques such as
examination, documentation, treatment, and preventive care of the art object supported by research
and education. The restoration is made in such a way that the masterpiece does not lose its original
flavor.
Again the professionals involved with art restoration not only restore the paintings but also restore
murals, photographs, manuscripts, sculptures, textiles and other art objects. The profession aims at
trying to modify art objects so as to make it seem more similar to its original state.
Art Restoration Career Prospects
In India trained and skilled art restorers can easily find openings at any of the three National Museum
Centres (Restoration Departments) or at private art firms or even start their own practice. Being a risky
business, not many young people however, are willing to take the plunge.
For such people, there are other options such as teaching, art journalism, archaeology, art dealing
(involves trading art materials which requires not only a good business sense but artistic skills as well.
We have come a long way in changing our attitudes about art - before broken or damaged objects were
considered inauspicious and thrown away and today, they are sold at lakhs of rupees. Art, after all, is to
be cherished forever.
Art Restoration Institutes & Training
A major proportion of the restoration and conservation work in India takes places at the following
places:
National Museum Centres - Situated in Lucknow, Delhi and Calcutta, these centres look after their own
art works and occasionally those of other state museums. Most of their services are to the government
collections and private jobs are only taken if connected to our national heritage.
INTACH Art Conservation Centres - The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) in
NewDelhi provides restoration/conservation facilities to private collectors and institutions and charge a
nominal fee for their expenses.
A few restoration firms take on work from private collectors, and may charge high fees for their services.
Some restorers also choose to have their own firms, but the high costs of running the business tend to
retard their growth and expansion.
Institutes offering course in art restoration
National Museum, New Delhi
University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore
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University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana


Career in Choreography
Introduction
"Good choreography fuses eye, ear and mind" Arlene Croce
Who is a choreographer?
Choreographers are expert dancers who plan the dance sequences and use various dance forms and
props to present a song or a show. They mix and match various dance forms, movements and
compositions of the lights and music. Choreographers are trained in at least one form of dance and
should get themselves trained from a credible choreographer. These days fashion shows, Ice Skating
performances, corporate and entertainment events and parties are also choreographed.
Courses & Eligibility
To take up a course in this subject, the basic requirement is 10+2 and training in at least one dance
form. The formal courses available are BA in Dance and Choreography and Diploma in Choreography.
One of the course in Indian dance form and choreography covers subjects like World and Indian History
of Dance, Natyashastra and Indian Aesthetics, History of art and choreography, Stage design and
lighting, Music for dance and Mime and movement.
Where to Study
Natya Institute of Kathak and Choreography (NIKC), Bangalore, affiliated to Bangalore University.
Offers BA in Kathak and Choreography, One year post graduate diploma in Choreography
Government College of Dance & Music in Orissa
Faculty of Arts in University of Mysore
Shaimak Davars Institute of Performing Arts, Mumbai and many other centres across India.
Danceworx Performing Arts Academy of Ashley Lobo, GK, New Delhi.
Kasbers Dance Academy, Mumbai
Sangeet Natak Akademi in New Delhi
Terence Lewis Dance Academy, Mumbai
Anand Shankar centre for performing arts, Kolkata.
Salary
Freshers can earn anywhere between Rs.3 lakhs to 6 lakhs a year; Assistant choreographers earn Rs. 5-
12 lakh a year. Senior choreographers charge on the basis of assignments.
Career Prospects
This is an upcoming career option offering bright prospects as demand is high for movie songs, shows
and TV serials, and other cultural programmes. One also has the option of working in television industry
and films and stage shows continue to be the major employers. Event Management companies and
modeling agencies also offer good options. One can begin by assisting an established choreographer and
after gaining experience and confidence one can be on ones own.
Famous Personalities
Saroj Khan (Choreographer): she is synonymous to Indian film choreography. Farah Khan, Terence Lewis,
Prabhu Deva, Shiamak Davar, Vaibhavi Merchant are also some of the famous names.
A Day in Life
The days begin early in the studio where discussions take place with the team members on upcoming
assignments. Plan the dance moves and props depending on the event or film. Start training with the
members/ group who will be performing. After quick lunch proceed for meeting with the film director.
Reach back the studio/ home studio and meet the designers. Call it a day.

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Career in Textile Design
This refers to the creation of patterns and structures for woven, knitted or non-woven fabrics. It involves
the process of producing design for clothes, which are used in household textiles, clothing and
decorative textiles like carpets. Starting from the actual design making to the different other processes,
which are related to this kinds of production are included in this field of study. To be precise, it is a
process that starts with raw materials and ends in the finished product.
The main elements of this process are yarn, fiber and many more. Being a creative arena, it associates
itself with making contemporary, creative and stylish designs. This even bridges carpet manufacturing,
fashion designing and different fields, which are related to clothes. The usage of printing or dyeing is
one of the major parts of textile design. This, as an academic course, is quite popular in different parts of
the world.
Current Scenario of Textile Design Course in India
With the fast growing potential for the market of textile products in India, many new avenues have
opened up in regards to the career option in textile design. This necessitates a proper educational
qualification in textile design though since, they need to have a sound knowledge about the different
methods of designing textiles and textile fibers. Designing of textiles, as a specialized subject, can be
studied both in graduation and post graduation level.
However, the degrees related to this field can be either in the discipline of arts or science as nowadays,
several professionals use computer based designing software for the creation of varied textile design.
Over the past few years, the country has been successful in developing some of the famous institutions
that offer various courses in this field. Apart from offering degree courses, numerous Indian institutions
and colleges offer diploma courses on the same. To name a few of such diploma programs offered by
the various institutions of the nation are:
Advance Diploma in Textile Design
Advance Diploma in Textile Printing
Diploma in Textile Design
Diploma in Textile Printing
Graduate Diploma in Apparel and Textile Design
Post Graduate Program in Knitwear Design Technology
Post Graduate Program in Garment Manufacturing Technology
Currently, in the Republic of India, there is a huge demand of textile designers, which in turn has
increased the need for such professionals. The textile design industry of the country offers varied job
roles to the skilled textile design professionals. Following are some of the popular most designations,
which describe the varied job roles that can be offered to a person, who have got a degree in textile
design:
Colorists
Design coordinators
Design consultant
Director of design
Entrepreneurs
Embroidery designers
Fabric analyzer
Fashion designer
Fabric resource manager
Furnishing designers
Freelance designers
Garment designer
Home stylists
Printing and dying consultant
Repeat artists
Textile design assistant
Textile design faculty
Textile lab manager
Technical professionals

Major Textile Design Examinations in India
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Candidates, who aspire to pursue any course in textile design, need to qualify in the entrance
examinations that are carried out by the different institutions. To appear for these examinations, one
needs to fulfill some eligibility criteria though. The major criterion being, the candidate needs to have
successfully completed higher secondary level of education from a reputed institution. The names of
some of the most important textile design entrance examinations in India are as follows:
C.E.E.D or Common Entrance Examination for Design
National Council for Interior Design Qualification Examination
N.E.E.D or National Entrance Examination for Design
N.I.D Entrance Test
N.I.F.T Entrance Examination
N.L.A.T or National Level Entrance Aptitude Test
A course in textile design trains for creative and technical aspects of textile designing. There are course
available at diploma, graduation and post graduation levels.
B Design (Textile) (4 years), 10+2 students any stream are eligible.
Diploma in Design (Textile) (2 years), 10+2 students any stream are eligible.
Post graduate diploma in Textile Design (4-4.5 years): Graduate students in any stream are eligible;
admission is on the basis on entrance.
Where to Study
National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad
4 year Graduate Diploma Programme in Textile and Apparel Design, admission is through Entrance
Examination and Interview and 10+2 students of any stream are eligible.
Post Graduate Program: 2 and 1/2 year Post-Graduate Diploma Programme in Textile Design,
Apparel Design & Merchandising (PGPD), Graduates of B.F.A, Applied Arts, B.Arch. Interior Design,
graduates with experience in Textile Design, Textile/Handloom Technology,
Textile/Knitwear/Fashion Design, Home Science (with Textile & Clothing) are eligible. The selection
is through Entrance Test and interview.
NIFT many centers: Bengaluru, Chennai, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai
Degree, Diploma, Certificate courses in Textile design, 10+2 students are eligible and admission is
through Entrance Examination and Interview.
Srishti School of Design, Bangalore
Programs: 2 + 2 year Professional Diploma in Textiles Design Admission: open to graduates or
diploma holders in Art and /or Design, Architecture or related disciplines, or students with at least 2
years of study successfully completed
Arch Academy of Fashion, Art & Design, Jaipur
4 year Undergraduate Degree Programmes in Textile Design, 1 1/2 year PG Degree and PG Diploma
in garment production & export management. 10+2 students are eligible for undergraduate studies
and graduates are eligible for post graduate studies.
National Institute of Fashion Design, Chandigarh, Kolkata
3 year B.Sc. Bachelor of Science in Textile Design and Fashion Design, 2 year Advance Diploma in
Textile Design and Fashion Design,12 months and 6 month courses, 10 + 2 students are eligible.
Pearl Academy, Delhi, Jaipur
4 year Undergraduate Degree Programmes in Textile Design, 10+2 for undergraduate studies and
graduation in any field for post graduate studies.
Apeejay Institute of Design, N Delhi
4 year Bachelor in Design in Fashion Design and Textile Design, 1 year Post Graduate Diploma in
Design and 2 year Master in Design.
For graduate programs 10 +2 students are eligible for admission and graduates in Fine Arts,
Engineering, Design are eligible for Masters in Design.
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Northeast Institute of Fashion Technology, Guwahati
2 year diploma program in Textile Designing, 10+2 students are eligible.
Army Institute of Fashion Design, Bangalore

BA or Bachelor of Arts is an undergraduate degree in India conferred for a study program in either social
sciences or liberal arts or both. The duration of BA or Bachelor of Arts courses is normally three years.
However, it is dependent on the type of educational institute or college and particular minors or majors.
The Bachelor of Arts or BA is a baccalaureate study program which normally has a duration of three
years and this course can be broadly categorized into pass and honors courses. BA has been traditionally
the most favorite bachelor's degree courses among the students of India who like to study arts in the
higher level. After deciding to study B.A. at the pass or honors level, students can select from a big
variety of study areas from the different options available before them. With regard to the earlier
educational qualification of the candidate and the individual preference and skills of the student en
route for a particular course of study, there is a suitable curriculum for nearly every student choosing
this course.
Bangalore University, Annamalai University, Madurai Kamaraj University, Jamia Millia Islamia Institute of
Post Graduate Studies and Research, Mother Teresa Women's University, Maharishi Dayananad
University, SNDT Women's University, Patna University, Institute of Distance Education University of
Madras, and University of Kerala are some of the top universities that offer B.Ed degrees in India via the
distance education mode.
Current Scenario of BA in India: In order to be eligible for studying BA in India, students have to
successfully pass their 10+2 level or Higher Secondary Examination in Arts, Science, or Commerce. It is a
noteworthy feature that students with Commerce or Science at their higher secondary level can also
study BA or Bachelor of Arts. A number of colleges across the length and breadth of the country also
conduct entrance tests for offering admission to the BA course for the students. Other than how the
students fare in the entrance exam, the previous educational performance of the student is taken into
consideration as well. The subject areas of BA or Bachelor of Arts include Philosophy, Economics,
Political Science, Geography, Sociology, Literature, History, Psychology, Anthropology, Library Science,
Archaeology, Education, and so on. Following the successful accomplishment of BA, students can look
for jobs or go for higher education such as postgraduate degree in any of the areas where BA has been
completed.
r of Arts Courses in India:
Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Social
Work
Bachelor of Arts in Psychology
Bachelor of Arts in Hospitality and
Tourism
Bachelor of Arts in Vedic Astrology
Bachelor of Arts in Malayalam
Bachelor of Arts in Journalism
Bachelor of Arts in Military Studies
Bachelor of Arts in Musicology
Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics
Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy
Bachelor of Arts in Oriental Culture
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Bachelor of Arts in Physical Education
Bachelor of Arts in Public Relations
Bachelor of Arts in Public
Administration
Bachelor of Arts in Rural Industry
Bachelor of Arts in Rural Development
Bachelor of Arts in Sociology
Bachelor of Arts in Social Science
Bachelor of Arts in Vocational Studies
Bachelor of Arts in Tourism Studies
Bachelor of Education
Bachelor of Arts in Yoga
Bachelor in Tourism Management
Bachelor of Divinity
Bachelor of Arts in Communicative
English
Bachelor of Theology
Bachelor of Arts in Economics
Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science
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Bachelor of Fine Arts
Bachelor of Arts in Education
Bachelor of Arts in History
Bachelor of Arts in Geography
Bachelor of Arts in Advertising & Brand
Management
Bachelor of Arts Honors in Applied
Psychology
Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History
Bachelor of Arts in Agro Services
Bachelor of Arts in Arabic
Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology
Bachelor of Arts in Child Welfare and
Social Studies
Bachelor of Arts in Biostatistics
Bachelor of Arts in Cinematography
Bachelor of Arts in Cinema and
Photography
Bachelor of Arts in Instrumental Music


Top BA Colleges in India
Presidency College, Kolkata
St. Xavier's College Mumbai
Lady Shree Ram College for Women,
Delhi
Loyola College, Chennai
St. Xavier's College, Calcutta
St. Stephen's College, Delhi
Fergusson College, Pune
Presidency College, Chennai
Hindu College, Delhi
Hans Raj College, Delhi
Christ College, Bangalore
Symbiosis College, Pune
Sophia College, Mumbai
St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad
Miranda House, Delhi
Stella Maris College, Chennai
St. Joseph's College, Bangalore
Jesus & Mary College, Delhi
Mount Carmel College, Bangalore
Queen Mary's College, Chennai
Sri Venkateswara College, Delhi
Madras Christian College, Chennai
Vivekananda College, Chennai
Ramjas College, Delhi
Mithibai College, Mumbai
St. Teresa's College, Kochi
Nizam College, Hyderabad
Sacred Heart College, Kochi
Maulana Azad College, Kolkata
Elphinstone College, Mumbai
Jyoti Nivas College, Bangalore
Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata
Maharani Arts College, Bangalore
Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai
D.G. Vaishnav College, Chennai
Scottish Church College, Kolkata
St. Mira's College of Arts, Science and
Commerce, Pune
NMKRV College for Women, Bangalore
Women's Christian College Chennai
Jai Hind College Mumbai
Loyola Academy Degree & PG College
Hyderabad
National College, Basavangudi
Bangalore
Isabella Thoburn College Lucknow
MOP Vaishnav College for Women,
Chennai
Gokhale Memorial Girls College, Kolkata
Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College,
Bangalore
D.G. Ruparel College, Mumbai
Wilson College, Mumbai
M.S. Ramaiah Junior and Degree
College, Bangalore
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Regional Institute of Education,
Bhubaneswar
JSS Institute of Education, Bangalore
Indira Gandhi B.Ed College, Karnataka
College of Teacher Education, Agartala ,
Kozhikode
National Council of Teacher Education,
New Delhi


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Career in Architecture



"Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins. These were the words
of renowned 20th Century German-American architect, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, also known as one of
the pioneers of modern architecture.
His words strike us with their stark simplicity. They draw attention to what perhaps makes architecture
such a fascinating subject - that from something so simple, as two bricks placed together, something so
complex, as entire buildings, structures or monuments, are created. Where question of construction of a
house or a building comes there comes the role of Architecture. An Architect prepares plan for the
building, estimates the cost and looks after its construction till completion. While designing the
Architects take various things in consideration e.g. functional aspects, safety, economy and need of the
people who use them etc. Architecture is a specific area of study and work which deals with design, plan
of buildings and structures. The construction industry is one of the largest organised economic sectors of
our country. Architects often work with engineers, urban planners, interior designers, landscape
architects and others.
What Is Architecture?
An architect is a scientist and artist rolled into one. He/she is involved in many activities like
Design: An architect primarily designs buildings. An architect carefully makes plans, based on which
the building is constructed. An architect also looks at the way in which the space gets utilized,
depending on what function the building will serve and how many people will use it. For instance a
hospital has to be designed and built differently from an office or a school.
When making a plan, the architect takes into account many practical issues such as climatic
conditions, water supply and drainage, electricity supply, orientation, topography of the land and
multiple other such factors. He/she usually possess sound engineering knowledge as well as
practical knowledge about building materials, public convenience facilities such as parking etc.
Safety is another very important factor, that Architects looks at while designing the building
The architect also looks into the aesthetics of the building based on what it represents. Will it reflect
a certain philosophy? Will it show comfort or represent luxury? Will it represent opulence and
richness of life or minimalistic beauty? Will it have intricate structures or stark, straight, direct lines?
Renovation and conservation: Many a times, the work of an Architect is also to renovate or
structurally modify the existing buildings. He/she also looks into conservation of old and heritage
structures.
NATURE OF WORK:
The design of a building involves a lot more than just appearance. So an architect takes a lot of things
into consideration, such as safety, function, economy and suitability. As such, this duties demand a
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variety of skills-designing, engineering, managerial and supervisory. One can specialize in Naval
Architecture which involves designing ships, ships building yards, construction of oil rigs on high seas
etc.
PERSONAL CHARACTERTSTICS:
Drawing, design and mathematical ability are essential. Architects should be practical, creative, self-
disciplinarians and decisive.
ADMISSION PROCEDURE:
Admissions to architecture courses are on the basis of an admission test to evaluate a candidates
aptitude in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as well as proficiency in drawing. The minimum
educational qualification to appear for this admission is 10+2 Science or equivalent level of education.
Most institutions select students through an entrance examination. The B.Arch. pre-entrance test is the
same as the pre-engineering test (except that it has an aptitude test) when the Architecture Department
is in Engineering Institute. Most Institutes including IITs take students through Joint Engineering
Entrance Test. B.Arch. is a 5 years course after 10+2 with PCM. The P.G. course is generally for 18
months to 2 years.
THE CAREER PROFILE OF ARCHITECTS:
The students of Architecture during their final year have to undergo a practical apprenticeship with an
architectural firm, where they do work, related to design and drawings. After graduation, architects join
architectural agencies or firms and manage small assignments. They learn under senior architects the
technicalities involved in design. After a few years of brushing up with basic skills, the young architects
learn to handle small projects, can make architectural plans and can use their knowledge and judgments
in presenting initial proposal.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor degree (B.Arch., which is a 5 year course: 10+2 from a recognized board/university with a
minimum of 50% aggregate in the science stream (physics, chemistry and mathematics). For some
architecture courses having Mathematics as a subject at 10+2 level is the only eligibility.
Alternatively, if you have a minimum 50% aggregate in a Diploma in Civil Engineering under the 10+3
years scheme of State or National Government, then you are eligible for the B.Arch.
At the end of the course, you will need to do an internship in an architectural firm to gain valuable
experience by working alongside people who have been in the field for a longer duration, before setting
out to begin on your own or join an Architectural firm or Real Estate companies. At the end of the
course, you will have to register with the Council of Architecture of India and thereby become a full-
fledged architect.
M.Arch. (Masters Programme in architecture)
The masters programme in architecture can be pursued from many institutes in India. One can also
pursue an architectural degree abroad, however one must keep in mind that it is from a university
recognized by the Indian Council and other similar governing bodies. The more recognized the institute,
the better your chances of getting work afterwards in India. Do bear in mind that the cost of studying
abroad is considerably higher.
Course Fees
A 5-year degree in architecture from a government institute can cost between Rs 1.6 2.3 lakhs. In a
private institution, it may cost between Rs 2 3.5 lakhs. The fee mentioned does not include hostel,
library expenses etc.
INSTITUTES OF ARCHITECTURE:
There are around 86 institutions which impart training in Architecture. The well known institutions are:-
1. School of Architecture, CEPT, Ahemdabad
2. School of Planning and Architecture, IP Estate, New Delhi
3. The Centre of Environment and Planning Technology, Ahmedabad,
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4. Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh,
5. J.J. School of Architecture, Mumbai,
6. Naval College of Engineering INS Shivaji Lonavla, Mumbai,
7. IIT New Delhi,
8. Vastu Kala Academy, School of Architecture & Interior Designing, 9/1, Institutional Area, Aruna
Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi
9. IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur. (Admission through IIT JEE)
10. IIT Roorkee, Roorkee
11. Faculty of Architecture, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi
12. National Institute of technology , Tiruchirapalli
13. Punjab University, Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh
14. Lucknow University, Govt. College of Architecture, Tagore Road, Lucknow
15. Goa University, College of Architecture, Campal Panaji, Goa
16. Indian Education Society's College of Architecture, 791, Bandra Reclamation, Bandra (W),
Mumbai
17. Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, School of Planning & Architecture, Mahavir Marg,
Hyderabad
18. Pune University.
19. Kerala University, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthpuram
20. Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Sushant lok, District Gurgaon, Haryana
Some institutes who specialise in different aspects of Architecture are:
1. Kasturba Lal Bhai Campus, Ahmedabad-381009. Offers a P.G. Course in Urban Design and Landscape
Architecture.
2. NICMAR (National Institute of Construction Management) offers Masters in Construction
Management, an 18 months course. Eligibility: B.E./B.Tech./MBA/ MA in Social Sciences with
minimum of 55% marks.
Career Prospects
A qualified architect may either work with an architectural firm or begin his/her own firm. He/she also
has the option of being employed by various government organizations such as Public Works
Department, the Archaeological Department, Ministry of Defense, National Building Organization, Town
and Country Planning Organization, National Institute of Urban Affairs, Departments of Railways, Post
and Telegraphs, Public Sector Undertakings, Housing and Urban Development Corporation, National
Building Construction Corporation Ltd., etc. While some other organizations or bodies like State
Departments, Housing Boards, and Local Bodies for construction works, Builders, Architecture Firms,
Consultants, etc. also hire architects.
A Day in Life
This is a general look at how an architect would function when managing a project:
Get a detailed brief from the client. Understand the exact purpose of the building and its function,
where it will be built, estimate of the number of people that will be using it and other specific
requirements that the client may have.
Work on a detailed plan of the structure and work with in-house (or outsourced) team on graphic
design, preparation of a miniature model, estimating and costing, Make detailed timelines based on
client's requirement.
Present a detailed plan on the structure to the client along with a proposed budget.
Get approvals for the same after incorporating changes if any.
Appoint a suitable construction company.
Begin work on the project by coordinating with the appointed construction company, local
authorities (such as the Municipality) where necessary. Ensure safety measures at all stages.
285
Supervise every stage of construction. Keep track of timelines at each stage.
Towards the end of the construction, involve and coordinate with electrical specialists, local water
works, electricity suppliers, carpenters, painters, glassware providers, utilities and facilities
providers, interior decorators, garden and landscape specialists and a whole list of people who will
help the architect to bring the project to its completion.
Pay & Remuneration
Architecture is a professional course. Just like a C.A. or a doctor, one may choose to work as an
employee or start ones' own practice. The initial or starting level earnings of an architect can be
approximately Rs 2.5 lakh per-annum. Ofcourse the earnings would vary depending on the city and your
area of specialisation. For example in New Delhi, a B.Arch graduate employed in an architectural firm
may get Rs 2.5 to 3 lakhs a year beginning, while employment in a real estate company may fetch a
salary of Rs 5-6 lakhs to begin with. However the same architect working in the architectural firm after a
few years of experience may start his own practice and start making very good money.
Famous Personalities
Charles Correa: An internationally acclaimed Indian architect who was behind the Mahatma
Gandhi Memorial Museum at the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Kanchanjunga Apartment
tower in Mumbai, the Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur, the planning of Navi Mumbai, MIT'S Brain
and Cognitive Sciences Centre in Boston.
Hafeez Contractor: Vastu building at Worli Seaface. Has also designed The Imperial I and II, the
tallest buildings in India.
Anant D. Raje: His acclaimed works include the Executive Management Centre at the IIM
Ahmedabad, Forest Management Institute in Bhopal, India and the Institute of Statistics in New
Delhi.
EMPLOYMENT AVENUES WITH GOVERNMENT ORGANISATION:
They can work with various Governmental and autonomous organisation such as Urban Development
Department, Central Public Works Department, National Building Organisation, New Delhi, Town &
Country Planning Organisation, New Delhi, HUDCO, City Development Authorities like B.D.A., C.D.A., etc.
SELF-EMPLOYMENT:
One can set up his/her own firm for providing service privately. For an efficient Architect there will be no
dearth of jobs
Architecture Exams
The major significant feature of the AIEEE that is conducted for the architecture stream is that it consists
of questions to evaluate the knowledge of the students, besides their attitude towards the values and
architecture perspectives.
Nowadays, architecture has become one of the most significant streams in the professional degrees. The
trend has started to boost, say some 5 to 10 years ago, though it exists in practice right from the ancient
times, but recently the craze for architecture has increased tremendously, as equal to streams like
engineering and medicine.
AIEEE now jee mains
The AIEEE is an all India level entrance examination for both engineering/architecture streams. Hence, it
comprises of separate question patterns and structure for both the streams. The AIEEE pattern for B.
Arch/B. Planning comprises of three important parts, part 1 consists of questions from mathematics and
part 2 consists of aptitude type questions and part3 consists of engineering drawing questions. It
includes questions in testing the students attitudes regarding people, place and environment. This has
to be praised, because architecture is all about the value of the creative and constructional output,
thereby placing the customers and their values in the first place, because architecture doesnt deal with
bricks and cements, rather it is more to do with the layout of a place/city/country. It is a 3 hours
examination and it is usually conducted at the end of 12th standard examination. It is conducted by
286
CBSE in India. AIEEE established online form the year 2011 onwards, which means the students, can
attend the exam online, rather attending a paper-pencil examination. The method of implementation is
yet to get confirmed by the CBSE.


The National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA), is conducted by National Institute of Advanced
Studies in Architecture (NIASA) which is a body of Council of Architecture, New Delhi in India. The
National Aptitude Test in Architecture is a national level examination for admission to undergraduate
courses in Architecture. The test measures the aptitude of applicants for a specific field of study, i.e.
Architecture, in areas like drawing and observation skills, sense of proportion, aesthetic sensitivity and
critical thinking, qualities that have been acquired over a long period of time and that are related to
Architecture. NATA or the AIEEE B.Arch exam are prescribed by the Council of Architecture as a
compulsory criteria for taking admission to any Architectural College or course in India.
Scheme of Examination
1. National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA) is being conducted by the Council of Architecture at
national level for admission to 5 year B.Arch Degree Course at all recognized institutions across India.
2. NATA scores are used by admissions authorities of different Government, Govt. Aided & Unaided
schools / colleges of Architecture.
3. The test measures drawing and observation skills, sense of proportion, aesthetic sensitivity and
critical thinking ability.
4. The test is in two parts. A paper based drawing test for two hours and computer based online
aesthetic sensitivity test.
NATA is an aptitude test conducted by the Council of Architecture for those aspirants who wish to avail
admissions into the 5 year B.Arch courses. Candidates must qualify in NATA 2014 to be eligible to apply
for admissions to the Bachelor in Architecture degree courses across the country. Given below are the
complete details of NATA 2014 inclusive of Eligibility Criteria, Application Form, and Scoring Process etc.
National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA)
Exam Type: National Level
Exam Category: UG Level
Conducting Institute: Council of Architecture
About NATA: NATA is an Aptitude Test conducted by the Council of Architecture B.Arch aspirants across
the country. Admissions to 1st year of 5 year B.Arch. degree course at all institutes / schools / colleges of
Architecture in India (including Govt., Govt-aided, Private Unaided, University Depts., Deemed
Universities, etc will be on the basis of NATA 2014.
NATA Eligibility Criteria:


Those applicants who have passed SSC (Class 10
th
) or equivalent examination can appear for NATA but
are not eligible to apply for the B.Arch courses.


Candidates who have passed 10+2 or equivalent with a minimum of 50% marks are eligible for NATA
2014.


They must have studied Mathematics as a main subject in 10+2.
NATA Exam Pattern:
There are two sections, on the basis of which a candidates aptitude is measured for NATA 2014 The
Exam Pattern for NATA 2014 includes a paper based section for drawing and computer based section
for aesthetic sensitivity. The Drawing Test is for 2 hours and Aesthetic Sensitivity Test comprises of 40
questions with 60 to 90 seconds given for each question.
The Application Form of NATA 2014 is available from March online.
287
The NATA Registration Form should be downloaded after payment of Registration fees (online), filled
and submitted to the test center where the candidates wish to appear for the NATA exam along with the
specified documents.
A receipt cum Appointment Voucher will be issued on submission of the NATA Registration Form
NATA Application Fees: Rs 1000.
NATA Application Fees can be paid : Online through Net banking, Credit Cards/ ICICI Isure
NATA Number of Attempts Allowed: Candidates can appear for NATA 2014 as many times they want to
give the exam. The procedure to give repeat exam is the same.
(Max.Mark:200, Min mark: 80)
The National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA) measures the aptitude of the applicant for specific
field of study, i.e. Architecture. The test measures drawing and observation skills, sense of proportion,
aesthetic sensitivity and critical thinking ability, that have been acquired over a long period of time, and
that are related to specific field of study, i.e. Architecture.
Candidates having 50% marks in 10+2 or equivalent examination with mathematics as one of the subject
only are eligible for admission to B.Arch. Course.
Who should take NATA and Why?
Prospective applicants desirous of taking admission to First year of undergraduate course in Architecture
(Bachelor of Architecture) in India take NATA. NATA scores are used by admissions authorities of
different Government, Govt. Aided & unaided schools / colleges of Architecture, to provide common
measure for comparing the qualifications of applicants for admission in addition to their scholastic
performance in 10+2 or equivalent examination.
Where to appear for NATA?
NATA is offered over major part of admission season at designated Test Centers located at colleges /
schools of architecture in India.
This test comprises of two parts, comprising a paper based drawing test and a computer based online
test. Both the tests are evaluated separately and the results are stored in the NATA server, which is then
displayed to the students. Both the tests are considered to be clearly designed and also executed in the
same way.
Drawing Test
The paper based drawing test is conducted for 2 hours and it consists of two questions, each with two
sub questions. The drawing test would be provided with scores, based on the observation skills of the
candidates and their drawing ability, their perspectives about color, proportion, etc This drawing test
evaluates the following:
Depth of knowledge in the three dimensional and two dimensional drawings.
Students ability and capability to draw proportionately and to produce the same as an effective output.
Creative attitude of the students. Logical reasoning of the students regarding the scale and proportions
and many more.
Aesthetic Sensitivity Test
In this test, the candidates are supposed to answer 40 multiple choice questions, which are based on the
vision to evaluate the mental ability, architectural comprehensive skills, creative capability, architectural
awareness, etc This test is conducted in an interesting manner, meaning, if a student provides a
correct answer to one question, then the immediate question would be tough (next difficult level),
otherwise it would be vice versa. Thus, the difficulty level of the questions would be chosen by the
computer itself, depending on the performance of the students and the marks would also be based on
the average level of difficult questions that are asked in the examination and there are no negative
markings in this test.
Contact Info.
288
Council of Architecture
Core 6A, 1st Floor, India Habitat Center
Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003
India
Or state engineering entrance exams to admissions to such colleges which provides architectural
courses
List of Postgraduate Courses
Masters in Architecture
Masters in Planning
Masters in Design
Masters in Technology
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
Master Program in Building Engineering and Management
Masters Program in Landscape Architecture.
Career Prospects
Candidates who have completed their course in architecture have many career prospects. They can find
jobs in both the private and public sectors. Students of architecture can find employment in government
organizations like the state and central work departments, city development authorities and the
municipalities in addition to housing and urban development corporations and state housing boards.
Professionals of this field can also get jobs in teaching institutions. They can also work as consultants or
find jobs in private architectural firms, development firms etc. Candidates can also start their own
practices with some years of experience in this area. Candidates can start their career as trainees under
established architects. Their starting salary will be approximately 10000 - 12000 per month. With more
experience and skill in the field, they can earn as much as Rs.15000 Rs. 20000 for each month. The
salary of architects who work in the private sector is more compared to those employed in government
sectors. Those who work as consultants can charge as much as 4 to 10 % of the entire price of
construction. This is applicable in the situation of multi storied buildings and luxury apartments
Introduction
What is Landscape Architecture?
Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of: botany, horticulture, the
fine arts, architecture, industrial design, geology and the earth sciences, environmental psychology,
geography, and ecology.
Who is a Landscape Architect?
They are exterior space designers. They design and layout gardens, parks and outdoor spaces, they do
site planning for campuses and corporate office parks, design residential estates and civil infrastructure
and the management of large areas or reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills.
Landscape architects work on all types of structures and external space - large or small, urban, suburban
and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials, while integrating ecological
sustainability. They work with contractors builders and architectural firms on collaborative projects. The
exteriors of a building have a huge impact on the overall look and feel of a building and can add
tremendous aesthetic value and utility to a building or space. They do systematic investigation of
existing social, ecological, and geological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of
interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The controlling of urban problems like excess
traffic and pollution also comes within the ambit of landscape designing. Hence it may even involve
regulating traffic movement and redesigning traffic ways.
Courses & Eligibility
Architecture can be studied in an Engineering college and Architecture college. There are many
institutes of repute that offer this course in India.
289
B. Arch is a 5 year course and most schools and colleges select students through a written test.
Anybody who has studied Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry at the 10+2 level can apply for
admission to study architecture at the graduate level in colleges offering the course.
M. Arch (Landscape Architecture) Post-graduate Course: On completion of the graduate course, one
can study architecture at the post graduate course which varies from 18 months to 2 years.
Entrance test for B.Arch courses:
NATA, National Aptitude Test for Architecture, can be taken at many centres in India
JEE MAIN 2013 Exam - Joint Engineering Entrance Exam (2013): for NITs, IIITs, DTU, Delhi and other
centrally funded institutions (CFTIs)
Where to Study
School of Architecture CEPT, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad
School of Planning & Architecture, 4, Block-B, IP Estate, New Delhi
Punjab University, Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh
Goa University, College of Architecture, Campal Panaji, Goa
University of Mumbai, Sir J J College of Architecture, 78/3, Dr. D.N. Road, Mumbai
Indian Education Society's College of Architecture, 791, Bandra Reclamation, Bandra (W), Mumbai
Pune University, Marathwada Mitra Mandal College of Architecture, 302, A, Deccan Gymkhana,
Pune
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, School of Planning & Architecture, Mahavir Marg,
Hyderabad
Kerala University, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthpuram
Anna University, School of Architecture & Planning, Sardar Patel Rd., Chennai
IPS Academy, School of Architecture, Rajendra Nagar, Indore
Vastu Kala Academy, School of Architecture & Interior Designing, 9/1, Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf
Ali Marg, New Delhi
Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture, Pune
Pay & Remuneration
Beginners and pass outs of premier institutes can earn around Rs.3-4 lakhs a year as starting salary. With
experience one can make god contacts and establish own business and earn pretty well.
Famous Personalities
Minesh Parikh, a pass out of School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi, made a name for himself and
has designed the lanscapes of Radisson Manesar, Le Meridion Jaipur, The Marriott at Jaipur and many
more.
DEV Gujral is a professional landscape architect whose Delhi-based family business, which goes by the
name of Landscape Development, is into landscape management services like horticulture, floriculture
and landscape. Theyve done landscape design, consultancy, turnkey and maintenance jobs of leading
five star hotels, corporate houses, farmhouses etc. Some of the projects Dev is particularly proud of our
landscaping for the Oberoi Hotel, Sidhartha Hotel (JP Group), BARC guest house, a resort in Haryana, the
US Embassy, Training Center for RAW, Gyan Bharti School, Silver Line Public School and Dabur India Ltd.
A Day in Life
A typical day of Landscape Architect depends on the stage of project that he/she is working currently.
Since they are involved in both design and implementation their days might begin with preparing the
site plans of the new contracts or visiting the sites under development. On the existing site he/she
checks the progress and see that development is going on as per the plan. On the new contracts, they
evaluate the existing land structures and features and plan the proposed features. They make these
designs by carefully analysing the reports and data on soil, environment, location and other factors and
this usually requires coordination with many other related professionals.

290

SN Name of
Course/Colleg
e
Duratio
n
Eligibility Scheme of Examination Important
dates
Institute
Address/
Website
1. School of
Planning &
Architecture
(i) B.Arch.
(ii) B. Planning


5 years
4 years
10+2 with
Maths &
Engg. Drawing
50% marks in
aggregate
Entrance
Examination
conducted by
AIEEE consisting
of Maths and
Architectural
Aptitude.
Notification:
Nov. /Dec.
Submission
of Form: Jan
Test: April end
School of
Planning and
Architecture, 4
Block,
B, I.P Estate,
New Delhi-2
www.spa.ernet.i
n
2. NATA
(NATIONAL
APTITUDE
TEST IN
ARCHITECTUR
E)
5 Years

50% marks in
10+2 or
equivalent
examination
with
mathematics
The test measures drawing and
observation skills, sense of
proportion, aesthetic
sensitivity and critical thinking
ability,
. .
3. 5 years 10+2 with 50%
marks in Maths,
English,
Physics &
Chemistry
Entrance Test :
2 Papers of 2 hours and 3
hours duration
Paper I Physics,
Chemistry and Maths
,Objective type 70 marks
Paper II Aptitude Test
100 marks followed by
Interview 30 marks
Medium -English
Notification in
April
Submission:
May end
Test: June
Faculty of
Engineering
&Technology,
Jamia
Millia University,
Jamia Nagar, ,
New
Delhi-25
www.jmi.ac.in
4. B.Arch (Guru
Gobind Singh
Indraprastha
University)


5 Years 12 th Class with
Maths (50%)
OR 10+3 years
Diploma in
Architecture
On the basis of
National Aptitude
Test of
Architecture
(NATA)
Scores
Conducted by
Council of
Architecture
Notification in
Jan.,
Submission:
March end
Test: Last
week of May



Guru Gobind
Singh
Indraprastha
University,
Kashmere
Gate,Delhi-6
www.ipu.ac.in
5. B.Arch.
(IIT/JEE)
Roorkee &
Kharagpur
5 Years Pass in 12th
with PCM with
60%
Separate Aptitude
test after obtaining
rank in IIT
Notification:
Nov./Dec.
Submission
of Form: Jan
Test: April
Indian Institute
of
Technology, Hauz
Khas, New Delh-
16

291
CAREERS IN APPLIED SCIENCES





Applied science is a discipline of science that applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more
practical applications, such as technology or inventions.
Applied science applies the basic science toward practical endeavors. Applied science is typically
engineering, which develops technology, although there might be feedback between basic science and
applied science: research and development (R&D).
This section deals with science education in India and its scope and opportunities in India. Science
education has gained tremendous importance among students in India, and more and more students
are taking up fields related to science after Class 12. Most universities and colleges in India offer a
variety of science courses in India.
One cannot underestimate the scope of science in today's world. Science is the backbone of human
existence. The practical effects of science can be seen in motion everywhere. From path breaking
discoveries in atomic science to discovery of newer vaccines in life science, to technological
advancements in the field of communication, transportation and even weather prediction, science has
left no aspect of humans untouched.
Science can be broadly classified under two categories: Natural sciences, which deal with natural
phenomena (including biological life), and Social sciences, which deal with human behavior and
societies. Our present concern is concentrated on natural science which can also be called as basis
sciences.

This section also deals with the details about career options after taking science in school and the best
universities that offer science courses.


Careers in the field of Science
Science as a discipline is vast, and making a career in this field is really challenging but rewarding.
Mentioned below are some of the careers that one can pursue after taking up science in Higher
Secondary.
CHEMISTRY
GEOLOGY
FORENSIC SCIENCE
ANTHROPOLOGY
HISTORIAN
292
ZOOLOGIST
ARCHAELOGIST
MICROBIOLOGIST
BIOTECHNOLOGY
BIOINFORMATICS
BIOCHEMISTRY
FISHERY
FORESTRY
FOOD PROCESSING
FIRE SERVICES
MARINE SCIENCES
ASTRONAUT
MATHEMATICS
STATISTICS
PHYSICS
ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE
GEOGRAPHERS AND GIS
BOTANIST
NANOTECHNOLOGIST
LIFE SCIENCES
AQUACULTURE
SERICULTURE
GEOGRAPHERS & GIS
ECOLOGIST
EARTH SCIENCES




Career in applied Chemistry
Introduction: Chemical sciences (Chemistry) offer access to a wide range of careers. Chemistry is the
study of substances, their makeup and applications. In fact it is the study of all materials and is vital to
every aspect of our lives. Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical chemistry and Biochemistry
are the main branches of chemistry. The career options in chemistry are practically endless! However,
employment options depend on how far the education, training and experience taken. Especially
masters and Ph.D. degree provides immense career opportunities in industries, research and teaching
fields. A chemistry or biochemistry degree can lead to career paths in professions such as medicine,
pharmacology, agriculture, chemical engineering, forensic science, etc.
Scope
Chemical sector of India is one of the major industries in the Indian economy. It is estimated to be worth
around US$ 35 billion, which is almost 3% of the country's GDP. The investment in chemical sector of
India is around US$ 60 billion. The chemical sector generates employment of about 1 million. The
chemical sector of India provides around 13-14% of total exports and its total imports are about 8-9%. It
is ranked 12th globally and 3rd in Asia. The emergence of chemiinformatics and nanotechnology leads to
very bright future of the chemical science.
Remuneration
293
It is based on education, experience and employer the salary ranges from 10,000 to 1.5 lakh rupees per
month.
Eligibilty
Graduation or post-graduation in the field of Chemistry or other related subjects is essential.
Employability Skills
A scientific aptitude.
Keen interest in chemical sciences.
Ability to work orderly, patiently and methodically.
Documentation skills.
A passion for laboratory work.
Ability to work independently.
Problem solving, analysing and interpreting skills.
Profound knowledge of the core subject.
Good grasp of scientific concepts and consistent and above average academic record.
Perseverance and hard work,
A curious bent of mind and commitment towards work.
The proper use of following resources like schools, colleges, online courses, professional organizations &
societies, journals, employment newspaper, salary surveys, internships and summer jobs are useful for
development in career in chemistry and chemical engineering.
Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career
in the field of Chemistry or chemical engineering.
Do I have a scientific aptitude?
Do I have a keen interest in chemical sciences?
Do I have ability to work orderly, patiently and methodically?
Do I good documentation skill?
Do I have a passion for laboratory work?
Do I have ability to work independently?
Do I have problem solving, analysing and interpreting skills?
Do I have fundamental knowledge of chemistry?
Do I have good grasp of scientific concepts?
Do I like to work systematically?
Do I prepare a written plan before doing any practical?
Do I enjoy laboratory environment?
Do I have analysing and interpreting skills?
Do I accept failure in experiment as a challenge
Do I read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?
Do I have a creative mind and deep thinking?
Do I study for 10-14 hours per day as normal routine?
Do you love to maintain the working place orderly and clean?
Am I ready to learn and adopt new techniques?
Career opportunities
Chemistry students and chemical engineers finds numerous career opportunties in industries (Textiles,
petroleum, rubber, plastics, agricultural products, paper, pharmaceutical, food, fertilizers, paints,
cosmetics, aromatic products, pulp, metal, cement and many more.), public works departments ( water
treatment, sanitary and sewage treatment plants), marketing and sales (chemicals and its products),
military(food scientist, ordinance factory), consultancy firms, patent firms, Industrial R&D and
Production departments, teaching field (Schools/colleges/Universities), Central and state government
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(government chemical industries, pharmaceutical industries, factories, petroleum companies, ISRO,
DRDO, BARC, Public Services (UPSC and othe State Public Civil services), pharmaceuticals, oeanography,
forensic science, biotechnology, geochemistry, etc.
Job options
Analytical chemist
Clinical biochemist
Forensic scientist
Research scientist (physical sciences)
Chemical development engineer
Scientific journalist
Toxicologist
Process engineer
Patent law officer.
Teacher/Professor
Quality controller
Technician
Laboratory assistant
Research associate/Research assistant
Employers
Industries
Manufacturing firms
Research organizations.
Science popularizing organizations
Central and state government
Colleges, Universities and teaching institutes
Self-employment: Environmental consultant, Chemical industry consultant, small or big
chemical process plant, etc
Note: Many graduate vacancies don't specify particular degree disciplines, so don't restrict your thinking
to the jobs listed here.
Leading manufacturer in the Chemical Sector of India:
Atul Ltd., Bulsar
BASFIndia, Mumbai
Colour Chem Ltd., Mumbai
Colourtex, Ahmedabad
Excel India, Mumbai
Galaxy Organic Ltd., Mumbai
Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd., Ahmedabad.
Herdilia-Schentady Ltd. Mumbai
Jubilant Organosys Ltd., New Delhi
Lubrizol Ltd., Mumbai
Monsanto Chem Ltd., Mumbai
National Organics Chemicals Ltd., Mumbai
P.I.Industries, Jaipur
Rayalseema Chemcials, Hyderabad
Sudarshan Chemical Industries, Pune
Courses
Courses after 12th standard
Bachelor of Chemistry Eligibility- 12th pass Duration: 3 years
B.Tech Eligibility-12th std and JEE exam Duration: 4 years Centres: IITs
B.E. Chemical Engineering Eligibility- 12th passed Duration: 4 years Centres: Engineering
Colleges
Institutes:
Courses after Graduation
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M.Sc. Chemistry (Organic/Inorganic/Analytical/Biochemistry/etc) Eligibility: B.Sc. Chemistry
Duration: 2 years Mode of admission: Depends on institute/College Centres: Almost all major
colleges and major Universities of India
M.E Chemical Engineering Eligibility: B.E Chemistry Duration: 2 years Centres: Major
Engineering Colleges and Universities.
M.Tech. Chemical Engineering Eligibility: B.E. Chemical Centres: IITs
Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) Eligibility: M.Sc. Course duration: 1-2 year Centres: Major
Universities
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) Eligibility: M.Sc. Duration (Generally): 2-6 years Mode of admission:
NET/CSIR entrance. Or Under research projects or self funded. Centres: All reputed
Universities/NCL/IARI/IISc Bangalore/Foreign Universities.
Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) Eligibility: i) 2 Years after Ph.D./3 Years after Master's Degree/ 6 Years
after Bachelor's Degree and after research in approved topic by thesis. Centres: Reputed
Universities
Post-Graduate Diploma with various specialization are available in different reputed institutes.
Distance Courses
M.Sc. Chemistry:
Annamalai Universitywww.annamalaiuniversity.ac.in
Andhra University www.andhrauniversity.info
University of Madras www.unom.ac.in
Kamaraj University www.mkuniversity.org
Nalanda Open Universiity www.nalandaopenuniversity.com
Periyar University www.periyaruniversity.ac.in
ICIS Chemical and Informatics Institutes, Noida. www.cheminformaticscentre.org
Important Institutes
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad. www.iictindia.org
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore www.iisc.ernet.in
SISCO Research Laboratories Private Limited, Mumbai. www.srlchem.com
VLife Scinces and Technologies Pvt. www.vlifesciences.com
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. www.iitb.ac.in
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. www.iitd.ac.in
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. www.iitk.ac.in
National Chemical Research Laboratory www.ncl-india.org
Industrial Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC) Lucknow www.itrcindia.org
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai www.tifr.res.in
Cochin University of Science and Technology www.cusat.ac.in
Examinations
University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test (UGC-NET): Chemical sciences/Joint
CSIR-UGC Test For Junior Research Fellowship And Eligibility for Lectureship www.ugc.ac.in
Maharashtra State Eligibility Test (SET) For eligibility of lectureship only.
GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test for Engineering) Further details: www.iitb.ac.in/gate
Civil Services (UPSC - IAS, IPS, IFS, IES): Chemistry is one of the optional subjects. Further
details- www.upsc.govt.in
MPSC (Chemistry as Optional Subject): http://mpsc.maharashtra.gov.in
Abroad opportunities
Following are some important web-sites which are giving information about the job opportunities,
fellowships and scholarships in the internationally reputed institutes, universities and business firm.
www.studydiscussions.com
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www.happyschoolsblog.com
www.scholarship-positions.com
Emerging trends
Careers in Chemical Informatics
Introduction: Chemical informatics is the application of information technology to help chemists
investigate new problems and organize, analyze and understand scientific data in the development of
novel compounds, materials and processes. Chemical informatics is the application of information
technology to chemistry. Major aspects of chemical informatics are information acquisition, information
management, information use, chemical computation and biopharmaceutical computation.
Scope: The insilico techniques are used in pharmaceutical companies in the process of drug discovery.
These methods can also be used in chemical and allied industries in various other forms.
Cheminformatics can also be applied to data analysis for various industries like paper, pulp, dyes and
other industries. The primary application of cheminformatics is in the storage of information relating to
compounds. The cheminformatics system store a molecule, find exact molecule, substructure search
and similarity search. Cheminfor matics will be a fine tool to concur the world of drugs.
Courses in Cheminformatics
PG Diploma in Cheminformatics Institute for Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB)
Bangalore http://ibab.drugdesign.biz or the IBAB website at http://www.ibab.ac.in.
PG Diploma Courses 1 year eligility M.Sc. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Bio-informatics)/ M.Pharma)
Centre: IITKozikode. www.kozhikode.com
Institute of Cheminformatics Studies, Noida
Department of Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard Deemed University, New Delhi.
www.jamiahamdard.ac.in.
In USA and in UK several Universities have started M.Sc. (Cheminformatics).
1. Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine
2. University of Manchester - www.manchester.ac.uk.
3. University of Sheffield - www.shef.ac
4. University of Indiana - www.informatics.indiana.edu.





Career as a Geologist
"To a naturalist nothing is indifferent; the humble moss that creeps upon the stone is equally interesting
as the lofty pine which so beautifully adorns the valley or the mountain: but to a naturalist who is
reading in the face of the rocks the annals of a former world, the mossy covering which obstructs his
view, and renders indistinguishable the different species of stone, is no less than a serious subject of
regret." James Hutton
If you have the aptitude and wish for yourself, a life of a naturalist, then Geology is one area where you
can lose yourself.
Primarily, geologists study the earth, the matter, the structure and its constituents. They study how
materials are formed and study the earth to find valuable rocks or minerals. This means, they study the
rocks, the water surfaces, natural phenomenon occurring on the surface of the earth and their causes.
Geology is a large area of study with specializations like hydrology, volcanology, mineralogy, structural
geology etc. A prospective geologist could choose of any of the specializations. However, as an
undergraduate student training to become a geologist, one can expect to take up coursework in physics,
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mathematics, biology as well as chemistry. In other words, its important for a prospective geologist to
be fond of science.
As mentioned above, the field is quite diverse and a geologist may have to work in various, different
environments. As a geologist, one could be working in a project that demands mapping techniques and
GIS skills or surveying a mineral structure or rock to determine water availability in the nearest area.
Natural resources like oil, gas and minerals are extracted and refined with the help of geologists.
Geologists could also be working for government agencies, mining companies, construction companies
and meteorology department as these fields require geologists for various tasks like performing geo
physical or geo chemical tests and collection and deciphering of huge amounts of data.
Geologists usually find opportunities to work with experts in various other professions. For instance, a
geologists working in a natural resource preservation project might have the opportunity to work with
biologists, a geologist working on a heritage site conservation project might work closely with
archaeologists. Also, its important to note that not all geologists would have to engage in field work.
Depending on the nature of ones specialization and job nature, a geologist may also be involved in
research work that is to be done from a work station.
Where to Study
University of Delhi, New Delhi
Courses Offered: BSc (Hons) Geology, MSc in Geology, MPhil in Geology, PhD in Geology, PhD in
Engineering Geology
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Courses Offered: M.Sc. (Geology)
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal
Courses Offered: M.Sc. in Geological Sciences, M.Sc. in Geophysics, Integrated M.Sc. in Applied
Geology, Integrated M.Sc. in Exploration Geophysics, MS (Geology & Geophysics), M.Tech. -
Applied Geology, M.Tech. - Computational Seismology, Ph.D. (Geology & Geophysics)
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Courses Offered: B.Sc. (Hons.) with Geology, M. Sc. (Applied Geology)
Amravati University, Amravati
Courses Offered: M.Sc., Ph.D
Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
Courses Offered: M.Sc. /M.Sc. (Tech.) in Applied Geology
Anna University, Guindy, Chennai
Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied -Geology, M.Phil - Applied Geology
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu
Courses Offered: M.Sc. (Applied Geology)
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu
Courses Offered: M.Sc. (Geology)
Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala
Courses Offered: MSc/MTech in Marine Geo Physics
Dr. Harishingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Courses Offered: B.Sc (Hons) and M.Sc in Geology
Gulbarga University, Gulbarga
Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied -Geology, M.Phil - Applied Geology, PhD
Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad
Courses Offered: 5 Years Integrated M.Sc. Tech. in Applied Geology/Applied Geophysics, 3 Years
M.Sc. Tech. (6 Semesters) in Applied Geology/Applied Geophysics
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Karnataka University, Dharwad
Courses Offered: M.Sc Geology
Kurukshetra University, Kurushetra
Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied Geology
Osmania University, Hyderabad
Courses Offered: M.Sc. (Geology)
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur
Courses Offered: M.Sc. (Geology)
University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied Geology
University of Mysore, Mysore
Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied Geology
University of Pune, Pune
Courses Offered: M.Sc. Geology, M.Phil & Ph.D
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar
Courses Offered: M.Sc. and M.Phil in Geology
Pay and Remuneration
In small mining organisation the starting salary could be anywhere from 1.5 Lakhs to 1.8 lakhs per year.
While a package of 3.5 lakhs to 6 lakhs per years can be expected for those entering with higher
qualifications and landing a job in places like oil industries.
Career Prospects
Geologists usually find employment in Geological Survey of India, Central and state groundwater
authorities, Indian Bureau of Mines, government mining departments (directorates of mines and
geology), mining companies, oil exploration companies, TV channels like National Geographic, Discovery
or Fox History. They also work for research organizations like Oceanography, Central Road Research
Institute, Pollution control organizations etc. Teaching and research in universities and colleges is
another option.
Famous Personalities
M.S. Krishnan, Padma Bhushan, was a famous Indian geologist. After completing his fellowship in
England, he took a job at the Geological Survey of India. He also taught Geology at Presidency College,
Chennai, Calcutta and another institution in Dehradun. He served as the director of Indian Bureau of
Mines and Indian School of Mines. He authored two famous books among which one is the well known
Introduction to Geology of India. He also played a huge role in the founding of National Geophysical
Research Institute.
A day in life A hydro geologists would spend a lot of time of the year camping near the water resource.
Their days start early with sample collections and work goes on in the camp and after coming back to
the research center. The rest of the year might be spent in the HQ where the collected data has to be
put into use for research. Geologists would also have to deal with a lot of paper work and administrative
tasks at the HQ. Geologist would get ample opportunities to travel to unusual places and work with
many people from diverse disciplines.


Career as Forensic Scientist
Introduction
Forensic science or forensics is the application of a range of different sciences to answer questions that
are of interest to civil or criminal law. This broad medical subject can be subdivided into various
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disciplines which include forensic anthropology, archeology, biology, entomology, geology,
meteorology, odontology, pathology, toxicology and criminalistics. Criminalistics is also a broad
discipline that makes use of various sciences to examine biological, trace, impression and ballistic
evidence left behind in a crime scene.
Forensic scientists work in tandem with police investigators to collect and examine information to solve
a criminal or civil case. In criminal cases, forensic scientists are usually involved in the collection of
physical evidence from a crime scene. The collected evidence such as hair samples, blood, saliva and
fingerprints are then examined in a laboratory and prepared into evidence admissible in courts of law.
Forensic scientists perform the same function in civil cases but their analyses are directed towards
resolving disputes such as road accidents for which damages are being sought.
Nature of Work
Forensic scientists' work will depend on the person's specialization. Specializations in forensic science
generally fall under three categories: (1) medical, (2) laboratory, and (3) field work.
Those who fall under the medical category should expect to work on post-mortem examinations on a
daily basis. They work in the morgues of crime laboratories examining bodies and determining such
things as cause and time of death, etc.
Laboratory forensic scientists should expect to work indoors examining evidence such as chemicals,
bodily fluids, fingerprints, signatures and other clues gathered by the field scientists. They are usually
called to provide expert testimony regarding scientific evidence that are admissible in the court of law.
Field scientists find that their work is more adventurous but equally exhausting. Their task is to gather all
physical evidence or clues at the scene of the crime.
Personality
Apart from being able to stomach gruesome situations, a forensic scientist must also be capable of
handling sensitive information. Furthermore, one must be inquisitive by nature. In any forensics field,
one must be observant and keen on details. Being able to work with a team is also essential as one will
always rely on people to perform other functions.
Professional Courses
Because forensic science is not one specific area of study but rather a combination of many different
disciplines, those who wish to pursue careers in this field have a wide variety of professional courses to
choose from. Depending on which field one would like to specialize in, students may take up forensics
and major in archeology, biology, economics, engineering, epistemology, linguistics, psychology,
psychiatry, serology, anthropology, or computer technology.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Below are some of the popular choices for those who wish to pursue careers in Forensic Science:
1. Anna University (http://www.annauniv.edu/)
o Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai - 600025
2. Central Forensic Laboratory (http://cbi.nic.in/cfsl/about.htm)
o CFIs Complex, 30 Gorachand Road, Kolkata - 700014
o CFIs Complex, Sector 36A, Chandigarh - 160036
o CFIs Complex, Ramanathapur, Hyderabad - 500013
3. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University (http://www.dbrau.com/courses.htm)
o Senate House, Paliwal Park, Agra - 282004
4. Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (http://www.sagaruniversity.nic.in/)
o Gour Nagar, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh - 470 003
5. Forensic Sciences Department - Forensic House (http://www.tn.gov.in/tamilforensic/)
o 30-A, Kamarajar Salai, Mylapore, Chennai - 600004
6. Karnatak University (http://www.kud.ernet.in/)
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o Pavate Nagar, Dharwad - 580003
7. National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science (http://www.nicfs.nic.in/)
o Outer Ring Road, Rohini ,Sec-III, Delhi -110085
8. Punjabi University (http://www.punjabiuniversity.ac.in/pages/index.htm)
o Patiala, Punjab - 147002
9. University of Delhi (http://www.du.ac.in/)
o University Road, Delhi - 110007
10. University of Lucknow (http://www.lkouniv.ac.in/)
o Badshah Bagh, Lucknow- 226007
Specialization
Those who would like to pursue a career in forensic science find areas in which they would like to
specialize. Below are some of the most popular fields of specialization in forensics:
1. Crime Scene Investigation
The most important task in this field is locating and collecting necessary evidence at the crime
scene. Through analysis of the evidence, forensic scientists will reconstruct criminal events to
explain what happened and possibly identify a suspect. Other responsibilities of a crime scene
investigator include securing the crime scene and making sure that the possible evidences within
will not be contaminated.
For one to be able to specialize in this field, a diploma or a degree in forensic investigation is
necessary. Those who graduate with a degree in analytical chemistry may also qualify.
2. Forensic Pathology/ Medicine
The main responsibility of forensic pathologists is to examine bodies and determine the cause of
death. This is important especially for cases of suspected suicide, murder, or homicide. Forensic
pathologists are also important in cases of unexpected deaths due to accidents. Should there be
cases of post mortem examinations on bodies that are no longer fresh, forensic pathologists must
also determine the possible date and time of death.
In order to specialize in this field, a masters degree in forensic pathology is necessary. Those who
hold medical degrees (MBBS) with post-graduate studies in pathology may also qualify.
3. Forensic Anthropology
Because forensic anthropologists have the necessary knowledge in skeletal anatomy, their roles in
identifying bodies are important. In the field of forensic science, cases of unidentified victims are
common. Forensic anthropologists analyze skeletal remains to identify necessary information such
as age, descent, and possibly even gender and stature in case of mutilated bodies. Their roles in
identification are especially important in cases of accidents, tragedies, or disasters such as
explosions, plane crashes, vehicular accidents, fires, and earthquakes.
Specialization in this field requires a Ph.D. in anthropology with a major in anatomy or osteology.
Those with medical degrees (MBBS) and post-graduate studies in anthropology may also qualify.
4. Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry
Forensic psychologists and psychiatrists play significant roles in identifying suspects because they
have the ability to suggest possible psychological profiles by analyzing evidences and crime scenes.
Furthermore, they may assist decision-making processes in criminal trials as they have the ability to
evaluate whether a suspect may have been urged by an unhealthy mental state in the commission
of a crime or whether they are fit to stand trial. They also play significant roles in treating suspects
who they find to be mentally ill.
For one to specialize in this field, a medical degree (MBBS) with post-graduate studies in psychology
or psychiatry is required.
5. Forensic Dentistry (Odontology)
Odontologists aid in identifying skeletal remains or fresh bodies through dental records. They assist
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criminal trials by collecting and evaluating dental evidence especially in cases where the victims'
struggle has left bite marks in the crime scene or on the suspects' body. Odontologists also have the
ability to reconstruct skulls to aid in identification.
A degree in dentistry and a post-graduate diploma in forensic odontology are required to specialize
in this field.
6. Clinical Forensic Medicine
The most significant role of those engaged in clinical forensics is examining injured suspects and
determining whether injuries were caused by the commission of a crime. Criminal investigations and
proceedings can benefit from clinical forensics through the determination of how and when injury
was sustained by the suspects in custody.
To specialize in this field, one must first pursue a medical degree (MBBS) and post-graduate studies
in forensic medicine.
7. Forensic Chemist
The roles of forensic chemists vary depending on the nature of the case. In drug cases, they have the
ability to not only determine whether illegal drugs were used but also identify the specific drugs and
their components. In cases of fire, they can determine whether arson is involved by examining
accelerants. Other roles of forensic chemists include examining explosive and gunshot residues or
even paint, glass, polymers, and fibers which are often collected as trace evidence.
The qualifications required to pursue this field of specialization is a science degree with a major in
analytical, applied, or forensic chemistry.
8. Ballistics
Forensic scientists specializing in the field of ballistics are responsible for examining projectiles. This
is very important especially nowadays when most crimes are committed with firearms. By
determining the flight paths of bullets, the location where a firearm was discharged can be
identified. In most cases, the height and distance of the shooter from a victim can also be
determined through the evaluation of angles.
Those who would like to qualify for this field must hold a science degree with a major in physics or
other relevant disciplines. Those who have diplomas or degrees in forensic investigation may also
qualify given their willingness to undergo specialized training.
9. Toxicology
Toxicologists identify whether illegal drugs or poisonous substances have been used. They have the
ability to determine the specific substances used, the level of toxicity, and their effects in bodily
functions.
Those who hold science degrees with a major in either chemistry or biochemistry may qualify for
this field.
10. Forensic Engineer
Forensic engineers deal mainly with traffic accidents and fire investigations where they are
responsible for determining causes of cases by reconstructing the scenes. They must also determine
whether the quality of vehicles or structures is to blame.
To pursue a career in this field, one must hold a degree in engineering and post-graduate studies in
forensics.
Other fields of specialization include Forensic Entomology (examining insects and arthropods gathered
in the crime scene), Forensic Serology (examining blood and bodily fluids), Dactyloscopy (examining
fingerprints), Forensic Linguistics (analyzing content of communications), Forensic Photography
(capturing all details in a crime scene for documentation and reference), Forensic Sketching or Sculpting
(reconstructing faces through witness accounts), Cytology (examining bullets), and Geology (analyzing
soil and rock samples gathered in the crime scene).
Career Growth & Prospects
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The growth in forensic science is limited in terms of hierarchy but it can be equally exciting because
along with tenure and good performance, one will find that the types of cases assigned becomes more
important. Classified cases are only given to those who have proven themselves in their field.
Some forensic scientists prefer becoming professors in different institutes that offer specialized courses.
This is also a good option for those who have already practiced but decided to take on a less intensive
profession in the same field. Of course, professors who have much experience are able to teach in more
prominent institutions and are therefore paid more.
Where to look for Jobs
Employment in forensics can easily be found in government agencies. Most new forensic scientists check
for openings in the Intelligence Bureau (IB), the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), and several other
crime investigation departments in law enforcement agencies. Others prefer to find work in private
investigative or detective agencies.




Career in Anthropology
"Anthropology is the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities."
Alfred L. Kroeber
What is anthropology? Anthropology is thus a study of the history of the development of human beings.
Who is an anthropologist? Anthropologists are essentially involved in research around development of
mankind. As this is a very vast field, anthropologists are involved in various sub-fields depending upon
their specialization like Socio-cultural Anthropology, Prehistoric Anthropology or Archaeology, Physical
or Biological Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology and Applied Anthropology.
Socio-cultural Anthropology deals with groups and community formation and development of cultures.
Prehistoric-Anthropology or Archaeology attempts to reconstruct history on the basis of relics like
statues, bones, coins and other historical artifacts. Such discoveries help to reconstruct early history and
social customs and traditions. Archaeologists also try to analyse social activity from such discoveries.
Physical or Biological Anthropology deals with physical or biological characteristics of the primate order,
like, humans and the links with other primates like chimpanzees, gorillas and monkeys.
Applied Anthropology uses the information collected from other branches of anthropology and then
uses this data in programmes like large scale initiatives for birth control, health treatment, reducing
malnutrition, solving labour problems in industries, improving agricultural practices and helping in tribal
rehabilitation.
Linguistic Anthropology deals with origin and construction of oral well as written languages.
Courses & Eligibility
One can opt for graduation in Anthropology 3 years and can also do post graduation and further higher
studies in Anthropology. For a B Sc Anthropology you need to have science stream in class 12 and most
of the colleges and universities offer B.Sc. Anthropology. Similarly, for a master's degree in anthropology
(M.Sc.), one needs to have completed the B.Sc. However, some universities also offer B.A and M.A in
Anthropology. One can also go for M Phil and PhD in
Where to Study
Bangalore University (Bangalore)
Berhampur University (Orissa)
Dibrugarh University (Assam)
Guwahati University (Assam)
Kurukshetra University (Haryana)
Manipur University (Manipur)
North Eastern Hill University (Meghalaya)
Pt.Ravishankar Shukla University Chhatisgarh)
Pune University (Maharashtra)
Sambalpur University (Orissa)
Sri Venkateswara University (Andhra Pradesh)
University of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)
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University of Calcutta (West Bengal)
University of Delhi (Delhi)
University of Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
University of Mumbai (Maharashtra)
University of Mysore (Karnataka)
University of Rajashthan (Rajasthan)
Utkal University (Orissa)
Vidyasagar University (West Bengal)
Visva Bharati University (West Bengal)
Salary
They vary widely. Academicians and people working in industrial houses get paid well.
Career Prospects
Anthropologists are involved extensively with field work and research. There are various institutes which
employ anthropologists most importantly the Anthropological Survey of India. Many anthropologists
take teaching assignments in various universities which offer courses on anthropology. Field work often
involves study of certain ethnic groups or ancient artefacts in remote locations for long periods. The
field work is usually physically and mentally exhaustive and involves working in locations with low
comfort levels.
Academic institutions are the largest employers of anthropologists and one can teach and also do
research. Government and non government institutions like Planning Commission and the Commission
for Scheduled Castes, Tribes and Other Backward Classes, the WHO, UNESCO and UNICEF etc also hire
anthropologists. They also find employment in large industries where they work in controlling labour
problems.



Career as a Historian
"Stern accuracy in inquiring, bold imagination in describing, these are the cogs on which history soars or
flutters and wobbles." Thomas Carlyle, Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian and
teacher
The mystery in history brings out the detective in us; Have you ever wondered about becoming a
historian?
The main job responsibility of historians is to study the recent as well as the distant past, conduct
researches and retell the stories and events to the world. It really provides a lot of satisfaction when you
present your discoveries to the world and let them know interesting facts about the past. These
discoveries not only provide a deep insight into the events of the past, but they also help us to assess
the future. If you are equipped with the skills needed to become a historian, you are ready to acquire
the job positions of Archivist, Researcher, Data Historian, Author/ Writer, University Professor,
Secondary Teacher, Curator or Publisher.
To the historians, history is an argument about what facts should or shouldn't mean. Even when
historians are able to piece together the basic story of what happened, they rarely agree about what an
event means or what caused it. Historians argue about the past's meaning and what it has to tell us in
the present.
Courses and Eligibility
Though entry level job positions can be landed with a bachelors degree in history, a masters or a
doctoral degree is required to join at senior level positions. Even as a high school student aspiring to be
a historian, you need to focus on subjects like social science and language. Before you decide to get
enrolled at a college, it is essential to make sure that the institution is equipped with a topnotch history
department. To become a college professor, candidates need to possess a Ph.D.
Where to Study
Almost all the universities at Central, State and Private level offer graduate and post graduate courses in
History. Some of the top colleges offering it are:
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1. Lady Shri Ram College for Women, Delhi
2. Loyola College, Chennai
3. St. Stephen's College, Delhi
4. St.Xavier's College, Mumbai
5. St.Xavier's College, Kolkata
6. Presidency College, Kolkata
7. Fergusson College, Pune
8. Christ College, Bangalore
9. Stella Maris College, Chennai
10. Miranda House, Delhi

Pay and Remuneration
The salary of historians depends on the years of experience they carry and the organization they are
working. While in teaching profession as a broad indication, an Assistant Professor may get anywhere
between Rs. 15600 Rs. 39100 and a Professor may get between Rs. 37400 Rs. 67000.
Career Prospects
Most of the historians take up academics and teaching careers. But this subject leads to many good
careers in the fileds like Archaeology, Conservation and Research, Art History, Heritage Management,
Film and TV Industry (Where they work on projects like documentries and period films). Historians work
at museums, libraries, government agencies, drug companies, military and other organizations where
historical data is required for functioning and making decisions. With relevant experience and expertise,
one can also choose to become a writer or an author and establish your expertise in the field.


Career as a Zoologist
Zoology is the study of animals, right from the smallest sub-cellular organism to the mighty blue whale,
to humans themselves. Zoologists not only study animals for their own sake (basic zoology) to figure
out how animals behave, how their characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next, and
how the body systems of individual species work but also for our sake. Finding out how animals
interact with their environment, and with human beings, figuring out the significance of animal
behavior, and discovering how their products can be used to benefit humankind (applied zoology) is
also a big part of what zoologists do. Upon doing intensive research, it is believed that all this is
important work especially in the twenty-first century, when the earths resources are being stretched
to the limit and conservation of animals and ecosystems is such an urgent issue.
Zoologists also are the bridges between the animal world and our world, and play a huge role in
educating people about the creatures that we share our planet with. In fact, although you may not have
realized it, many of the programs on the National Geographic, Discovery and Animal Planet channels are
reporting on discoveries made by zoologists! While there are enough zoologists camping in rain-forests
or scuba diving in the worlds oceans to collect actual field data, there are also a huge number of them
studying, say, IVF (in-vitro fertilization, more commonly known as the test-tube baby procedure)
techniques in a lab to help breed animal species that are seriously endangered.
There are any number of specialized fields you may go into once you have a basic degree in zoology.
Here are some examples of what you could choose to be:
Biology Teacher Teaching positions are always available for zoologists in schools, colleges, and
universities.
Agricultural Zoologist He or she studies crop pests and parasites that affect cattle, poultry and other
livestock; helps in control of disease, experiments with composition of animal feeds to come up with the
most nutritious and effective ones, develops new strains of natural agents for pest-control.
Fisheries Biologist May be involved in any one of a wide variety of areas, including aquaculture
(seeding oysters artificially to make them produce pearls, or breeding shrimp for human consumption),
developing new fisheries, checking the toxicity levels in oceans and seas, developing clean and safe
methods of fish processing for the food industry, even helping the government work out and enforce
fishing regulations.
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Food and Drug Officer Since zoologists also study microbes both helpful and harmful they can make
useful contributions in agencies that are responsible for the safe manufacture and handling of foods and
drugs.
Wildlife Biologist This probably sounds the most glamorous, but it involves physically demanding work
whether it is camping out in hot sweaty forests at the mercy of mosquitoes and snakes, patiently
sitting in one position for days and days to observe one particular feature of a rare birds life cycle, or
getting sun-burnt on the deck of a ship while waiting for a killer whale to surface. The work of wildlife
biologists not only help in the preservation of animal species, but also helps develop policies for
harvesting animals that may over-breed and tilt the balance of the ecosystem.
Herpetologist These zoologists primary focus is reptiles.
Entomologist Their area of interest is insects.
Ornithologist These guys stick to the study of birds.
Museum Curator Not as boring a job as it sounds, for a museum curator is not only responsible for the
identification and cataloging of animals native to the region and in the development of public displays,
but also in independent research. A good choice for a creative person.
Soil Conservationist She would help farmers and other land managers in using their land as
productively as possible without damaging it. She would also recommend best uses of land and
cultivation methods that will prevent erosion and maintain or improve fertility, and advise on what kind
of soil-enriching organisms and natural pest-controlling agents the farmer could use.
Forest Conservationist - This guy actually works in the forest, and studies the interdependence of the
flora and fauna in the forest. He conducts all his research in a natural setting.
Environmental Lawyer An environmental lawyer who has a basic zoology (or any other life science)
degree will have an edge over one who doesn't because of the authority with which he can argue his
case.
Courses & Eligibility
You have to choose the science stream at 10+2 level, with biology as one of your subjects.Many Indian
universities offer BSc degrees and M.Sc. in zoology. One should do a doctoral or at least a master's
degree in zoology or relevant subjects to make a career as a zoologist. Before deciding on taking
admission in a doctoral degree, one needs to be committed to survive in a highly competitive and
intense research work.
Depending on what your interest is, there are several specialized post-graduate courses that you could
take up like Marine Biology, Applied Zoology, Sericulture - or you could opt for a simple MSc (Zoology).
If you are really keen on working on research projects in the wild or managing a zoo, you should aim for
the MSc in wildlife management offered by the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. There is a national-
level examination for admission to this course and it is highly competitive as only ten Indians are
admitted each year. If you would rather do Ecology and Environmental Science, you could apply to the
Salim Ali School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences in Pondicherry.
Many colleges takes students on the basis of marks obtained in class 12,
University of Delhi, but few reputed colleges conduct entrance examination and prepare the merit list
on the basis of the marks/grade obtained in entrance examination and 12 standard or equivalent
examinations.
For post graduation you need to have B.Sc in zoology/Life science/any applied biological sciences. Most
of the university select students through entrance, still there are few reputed university takes students
on the basis of marks obtained in B.Sc.
Aspirants who have a Masters degree in Zoology can join this doctoral program.

Many top Indian institutions offer students the PhD in Zoology course. Students can opt to join any of
these colleges. These colleges require students to appear in an admission test that is carried out by
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them. Following the written test, it will be needed by aspirants to appear for an interview. Students who
clear this admission procedure shall be given admittance to the Doctoral program in Zoology.
Entrance exams in PhD in Zoology: All India Common Entrance Test
Banaras Hindu University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
Burdwan University PhD Zoology entrance
Calicut University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
Engineering Agriculture and Medicine Common Entrance Test
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Zoology Entrance Exam
Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
ICAR Entrance Exam
JIMPER Entrance Exam
Kolkata University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
Periyar University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
Shoolini University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
Thiruvalluvar University Vellore Ph.D in Zoology Entrance Exam
Admission forms for the PhD in Zoology entrance exams can be obtained from the universities that carry
out this exam. These universities also facilitate the students by sending them the form by post. Another
means to get the exam form is to take it from the official website of the preferred institution. The price
of the form shall vary from one college to the other.
Pay and Remuneration
One can work as a research zoologist, conducting experiments on specific animals. As a zoologist one
can work in Zoos, Wildlife services, Botanical Gardens, Conservation organizations, National parks,
Nature reserves, Universities, laboratories, animal Behaviorists and Rehabilitators etc. Other
opportunities include government, environmental consulting firms and conservation groups. Salary will
vary depending on place of work.Fresher zoologist would get initial salary between Rs 15,000/- to Rs
30,000/-.
Famous Personalities
There are many people who have at least minimally been involved in wildlife studies or zoology, whose
names will no doubt be familiar.
Jeff Corwin, a herpetologist who has a successful show on the Animal Planet Network.
Jane Goodall, who has devoted her life to the study of chimpanzees.
The dearly beloved and deceased Crocodile Hunter, Steve Irwin.



Career as Archaeologist
"Archaeology is the sandbox of men who care not where they are going; they merely want to know
where everyone else has been. Jim Bishop
Archaeology is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of
the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts,
architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes (the archaeological record). Because archaeology
employs a wide range of different procedures, it can be considered to be both a science and an art.
Archaeology is a career for people who love reading, observing and exploring. The work involves
carefully excavating the things, cleaning them, preserving them and studying them. Some of the exciting
discoveries have been made by archaeologists. To do so they usually travel to sites and stay for quite a
long period of time.
Some different archaeological sciences are as follows: Archaeometry, Dendrochronology, Isotope
analysis, Palynology, Radiocarbon dating, Zooarchaeology, Geoarchaeology, Bioarchaeology,
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Archaeogenetics and Computational Archaeology. The nature of work thus involves a lot of scientific
work.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor in Archaeology: Science background preferred for B Sc Archaeology.
Master's in Archaeology: Eligibility is bachelor's degree in Archaeology, History, Anthropology, Sociology,
Geology, Physics, Chemistry, Botany or zoology.
Post Graduate Diploma in Archaeology (PGDA), a course in two years is offered by the Archaeological
Survey of India, Institute of Archaeology, 24-Tilak Marg, New Delhi. Those who have completed an M.A.
in Ancient/Medieval Indian History or an M.A./M.Sc in Archaeology with 55% marks are eligible for the
course. (50% for SC/ST/OBC). Applications are invited in June and the academic session starts in
October.
Then there are two special programmes in Archaeology are offered by the Delhi Institute of Heritage
Research and Management, 18-A, Satsang Vihar, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi. The courses are
called:
Master in Conservation, Preservation and Heritage Management, and
Master in Archaeology and Heritage Management
These courses duration is two years. The courses begin in July. Those who have a Bachelor's degree in
Archaeology, History, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Museology, Geology, Anthropology/B.E,
B.Arch, B.Town Planning are eligible for this course. The candidates are admitted after passing a
competitive written test.
Where to Study
Archaeology is offered at the Bachelor's level by some colleges and universities. Some of them are as
follows.
Under Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam: U.C. College, Aluva; Assumption College,
Chandganacherry; St. Thomas College, Pala.
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
M.S. University Baroda
Barakatulla Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Bhopal
Marathwada University, Aurangabad
A lot of institutes offer archaeology at the master's level. Some of them are as follows:
Archaeological Survey of India, Institute of Archaeology, New Delhi
Delhi Institute of Heritage Research and Management, Delhi
Allahabad University, Allahabad
Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
AP Singh University, Rewa
Bangalore University, Bangalore
BHU, Varanasi
Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur
Deccan College of Post Graduate and Research Institute, Yervada, Pune
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur
Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Dr.B.S.Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad
Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
HN Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar
Kurushetra University, Kurukshetra
Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri
MS University of Baroda, Vadodara
Nagpur University, Nagpur
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North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
Osmania University, Hyderabad
Patna University, Patna
Punjab University, Chandigarh
Purvanchal University, Jaunpur
Rani Durgavati Vishva Vidyalaya, Jabalpur
University of Calcutta, Calcutta
University of Madras, Chennai
University of Mysore, Nagarjuna Nagar
University of Pune, Pune
Visva Bharati, Santiniketan
Pay & Remuneration
The basic pay scale of an assistant archaeologist employed with the Archaeological Survey of India is Rs
1.2 lakhs to 1.5 lakhs per year. Assistant professor teaching in a university earns Rs 2 lakhs to 4.8 lakhs as
basic pay per year.
Career Prospects
One can find placement with Archaeological Survey of India and with state Archaeological departments.
The selections are through State Public Service Commission examinations and Union Public Service
Commission (UPSC) examinations. The National Museum in New Delhi, the State Museums and the
National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage also employ archaeologists. Teaching in various colleges and
universities is another good option.


Career as Microbiologists
"Bacteria are the dark matter of the biological world with 4 million mostly unknown species in a ton of
soil" Edward O. Wilson
"We are survival machines robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules
known as genes. This is a truth which still fills me with astonishment." Richard Dawkins, the Selfish
Gene
What is Microbiology?
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms - little, really little, critters. To be specific, microorganisms
are the organisms which can only be seen through a microscope - they form the foundation of the
pyramid of life. Some microbes are hugely useful to mankind (the yeast microbe used in baking and
brewing, other bacteria and fungi used in the dairy industry to make cheese and curd) and others (those
that cause infections in humans, plants and animals) are plainly harmful. Microbiologists investigate the
fascinating world of microorganisms. They are in involved both in discovering how to cultivate and use
the good ones and how to isolate and then use the infectious ones in formulating vaccines and
antibiotics to treat or protect against the very diseases they cause. Every day, microbiologists around
the world explore, investigate and discover how microbes exist and affect our lives. Microbiology is an
exciting and challenging field because it seeks to find drugs for life-threatening illnesses.
Microbiologists can specialize in a variety of areas. From the food to the space industries, and
everywhere in between, there are many opportunities for microbiologists! Following is a list of some of
the many career options available to microbiologists.
Bacteriologists: Seeks to answer basic questions about bacterial growth, metabolism, diversity and
evolution.
Biochemists: Discovers and teaches us how organisms obtain energy, consume nutrients and reproduce.
Biotechnologists: Manipulates genes in order to modify microorganisms. They produce novel organisms
that make new products for human use. (i.e. insulin, medicine, grocery store items).
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Cell Biologists: Explores the actions of molecules on and in the cell. Their investigations determine how
microorganisms and cell function.
Environmental Scientists: Investigates the effects of biological, chemical, and geophysical activity on the
environment.
Geneticists: Studies the process by which organisms inherit and transmit genetic information.
Immunologists: Investigates the body's defense against disease to answer basic questions about
bacterial growth, metabolism, diversity and evolution.
Mycologist: Explores the various uses of molds and yeasts for the production of antibiotics as well as
food.
Parasitologists: Investigates the complex life cycles of and adaptations made by organisms which
depend on other organisms for survival.
Virologists: Studies viruses and bacteriophages. Virologists are interested in how viruses change and are
always on the alert for new types. They can even choose a career as science writer, who writes articles
for common people and professional microbiologists.
Career as a college/university teacher in the field of microbiology is also a bright option.
Courses & Eligibility
You have to take the science stream, choosing biology as one of your subjects at 10+2 level. A few
colleges and universities offer Microbiology at the undergraduate level. But even if your university does
not offer it, dont worry. Just make sure you do your graduation in life science, be it Botany or Zoology
or Biochemistry. After an undergrad degree with life sciences, or with at least one subject being a life
science, you could apply for a post-grad degree in Microbiology at any one of the number of Indian
universities that offer it.
Selection is made on the basis of merit. However, few universities conduct written entrance
examination for selecting candidates. You can also specialize in the study of micro-organisms in the
fields of their interest such as bacteriology; study of bacteria, mycology; study of fungi and virology;
study of viruses.
Different institutes, colleges and universities conduct different entrances for M.Sc. Microbiology across
India. The list of entrances is as follows -
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) - Entrance Exam
Indian Institute of Technology - Entrance Exam
Mahatma Gandhi University: Faculty of Applied Science - Entrance Exam
University of Calicut: Microbiology Entrance Exam
University of Kerala: Faculty of Science - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Aligarh Muslim University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Assam University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Banaras Hindu University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Delhi University, South Campus
Goa University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Guru Nanak Dev University: M.Sc. Microbiology - Entrance Exam
Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla - Microbiology Entrance Test
Lovely Professional University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Mahatma Gandhi University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Manipal Academy of Higher Education - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Osmania University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
University of Calcutta - Microbiology Entrance Exam
University of Mumbai - Microbiology Entrance Exam
University of Pune - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Where to Study
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Institutes & Colleges for B.Sc Microbiology:
Delhi University, Faculty of Inter Disciplinary and Applied Sciences, Delhi
Bharathiar University, Maruthamlai Road, Coimbatore
Osmania University, Hyderabad
Mount Carmel College (for Girls), Bangalore
University of Madras, Centenary Buildings Chepauk, Chennai
University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore
University of Pune, Ganeshkund, Pune
Institutes & Colleges for M.Sc Microbiology:
Delhi University, Faculty of Inter Disciplinary and Applied Sciences, Delhi
Medical Microbiology is offered in institutions like All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
Delhi; PIGMER, Chandigarh
MS University, Vadodara
Kurukshetra University, Faculty of Science, Kurukshetra
Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar
Punjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh
Jiwaji University, Faculty of Sciences & Faculty of Life Sciences, Vidya Vihar, Gwalior
University of Madras, Centenary Buildings Chepauk, Chennai
Hindustan College of Engineering, Chennai
Bombay University, M.G. Road, Fort, Mumbai
University of Pune, Ganeshkund, Pune
Goa University, P.O. Santacruz, Taleigao Plateau, Goa
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
Top international colleges:
Harvard University, Boston, MA
Stanford University, Stanford, CA
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
University of California, San Francisco, CA
Washington University, St. Louis, MO
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
University of California, Berkeley, CA
Yale University, New Haven, CT
Pay and Remuneration
Microbiologists who are employed in government / private organizations get remuneration along with
perk and other benefits as revised from time to time. In India, the professionals who are working in
pharma or biotechnology labs can get starting salary somewhere between Rs.1.2 lakhs to 1.8 lakhs as
grade pay. With two or three years of experience, the salary gets doubled. Those who are working in
government organizations or research labs also get handsome salary with other benefits. The salary
ranges from Rs.1.8 lakhs to 2.5 lakhs as grade pay. Those who have M.Sc or PhD degree in microbiology
can get a salary ranging from Rs.3.5 lakhs to 7 lakhs a year in reputed industries.
Career Prospects
Microbiologists can either go into pure research, in which case they would work as research scientists in
premier government institutions like the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, the National
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, or the National Center for Cell Sciences, Pune, or at private
research institutes.
Or they can get into industry and work as part of in-house research teams, developing products for the
company they work. All kinds of industry employ microbiologists, but the biggest employers are the
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pharmaceutical industry, the biotechnology industry, the food and dairy industry, the fermentation
industry, the agricultural industry and the environmental industry. A lot of microbiologists also work in
hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, and universities.
Microbiologists in industry could be involved in quality control testing random samples of vaccines,
antibiotics, vitamins, food samples, dairy products, antiseptics and disinfectants, for instance, before
they go out into the market. They might also work at identifying disease-causing organisms in water, air,
or human and animal blood, or at developing life-saving drugs or more effective vaccines.
Famous Personalities
Cholera and Tuberculosis were two of the most dangerous killer diseases in the late 19th century.
Cholera was nicknamed 'King Cholera' because no one seemed to be able to cure it. Tuberculosis was
known as the 'White Death' because sufferers vomited up white matter as their lungs disintegrated.
Robert Koch made a breakthrough in the fight against these diseases.
Rebecca Craighill Lancefield (1895-1981). Developed a system of classification for Group A streptococcal
bacteria - the Lancefield Grouping - which identifies bacteria including those causing scarlet fever, sore
throat and erysipelas. She received the Lasker Award and was elected to the National Academy of
Sciences.
Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, microbiologist, scientist, and researcher, most notable for his work in
directed evolution and his role in developing a genetically engineered organism using plasmid transfer
while working at GE. For his work in genetic engineering technology, he was awarded the civilian Padma
Shri by the Government of India in 2007.
A Day in Life
The work of a Microbiologist is totally dependent on the kind of specialization one has taken or the kind
of industry one has taken. A typical day of a researcher starts with working with DNA and bacteria, or
then moving into tissue culture, and taking care of the lab and cell lines and viruses. Besides planning
and experimentation, one just gets down to the work, yet, the most time-consuming aspect is sitting
down and looking through the data one gets back. Reading research papers, blogs, and literature and
analysing it takes most of the time of a microbiologist. A Microbiologist in food industry does analysis,
checks safety of food and also experiments with new products. Highly experienced microbiologists,
typically in a day, oversee projects and others' work, and intermediate experienced ones can do
independent testing and analysis. Beginners generally work under supervision and learn from other
microbiologists. A typical day of a medical microbiologist: A typical day might start by joining a
multidisciplinary team, ward round and then off to the lab to find out this mornings positive culture
results, and then spend time reviewing patients and discussing the management plans with their teams.

Career in Biotechnology
Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary science including not only biology, but also subjects like
mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering. It is a blend of various technologies applied together
to living cells for production of a particular product or for improving upon it. Its use and application
ranges from fields like agriculture to industry (food, pharmaceutical, chemical, bioproducts, textiles
etc.), medicine, nutrition, environmental conservation, animal sciences etc. making it one of the fastest
growing fields. The work is generally carried out in the laboratories, as it is a scientific research oriented
field.
Nature of Work
The nature of work of biotechnologists, being interdisciplinary, requires working together of people
from different fields such as biology, chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology,
immunology, genetics, engineering, food science, agriculture etc. Some of the fields where
biotechnology studies are applicable are as follows.
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1. MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE: Biotechnology's application in this area has helped in the
development of various medicines, vaccines and diagnostics. The remarkable development
work carried out by biotechnologists in this field has led to improvement in the methods of
diagnosis, medicines and vaccinations for diseases which once thought were incurable are no
more a cause of worry, which has been a blessing for humankind.
2. INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: Both the government and the private sector
employ biotechnologists. They conduct research and development work, for increasing
productivity, improving energy production and conservation, minimizing pollution and
industrial waste etc. Biotechnologists also find opportunities at places involving activities like
chemical processes, genetic engineering, textile development, cosmetic development etc..
3. AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: Indian economy is very much dependent on
agriculture and biotechnologists have made major advancements in this area. Over the years,
the agricultural output has been improving, owing to the improvements in the quality of
seeds, insecticides and fertilizers. The latest technologies like micro propagation and tissue
culture has further helped agriculturists to overcome problems like soil imbalances, genetic
breeding and crop diseases. Biotechnologists are also encouraging a shift from chemically
prepared fertilizers and insecticides to biochemical and bioinsecticides.
Biotechnology's intervention in the area of animal husbandry has improved animal breeding.
Numerous kinds of genetically engineered, high yielding animal breeds have come up which
has increased the output of dairy products as well as the meat products. India has in fact,
become the largest milk producer in the world
4. ENVIRONMENT: Environmental biotechnology has become another area of extensive work
due to the dangers brought about by increasing levels of environmental pollution. A lot of
hard work is being done to protect our environment. In this field, the job of a biotechnologist
spans from checking industrial air pollution levels, treatment of industrial waste to recycling of
sewage sludge..
Personality
As the work is largely related to scientific research. It becomes quite important to have a good academic
background in science. Hard work and high level of intelligence with a scientific bent of mind,
determination, perseverance, imagination, and innovative attitude, ability to work for long hours,
originality, and team spirit are some important essentials for becoming a successful biotechnologist.
Professional Courses
Candidates having background in science at the intermediate level can take up:
B.Tech in Biotechnology.
P.G. courses available are
M.Sc. Biotechnology
M.Sc. (Agriculture) Biotechnology
M.V.Sc. (Animal) Biotechnology
M.Tech. Biotechnology, M.Sc./M.V.Sc. Veterinary Biotechnology
M.Sc. (Marine) Biotechnology
M.Tech. in Biotechnology.
Depending upon the aptitude and necessity, more advanced courses such
Ph.D. and Post-Doctoral Research in Biotechnology can also be pursued.
Specialization
Being an interdisciplinary subject with diverse areas of study, biotechnological procedures apply
themselves to a wide range of fields allowing students from different backgrounds and interests to
specialize in fields of their choice. Some of the fields of specialization are
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Molecular Biology
Microbiology
Biochemistry
Biophysics
Botany
Zoology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Horticulture
Tissue Culture
Agricultural Engineering
Animal Sciences
Dairy Technology,
Fisheries
Medicine Life Sciences,
Genetics
Career Prospects
In recent times, biotechnology as a subject has grown rapidly. And as far as employment is concerned, it
has become the second fastest growing sector after multi-media. Candidates with postgraduate degree
in biotechnology get absorbed in corporate and government sector, both. Qualified biotechnologists are
employed in leading Indian business houses and MNCs including pharmaceutical companies, chemical
industries, bio-processing industries, agriculture related industries and pollution control activities of the
major industries etc. They can even join government and corporate run research and development
organizations. On the whole making it a good career opportunity for the bright young people.


Career in Bioinformatics
Introduction
Bioinformatics is an emerging interdisciplinary area of Science & Technology encompassing a systematic
development and application of IT solutions to handle biological information by addressing biological
data collection and warehousing, data mining, database searches, analyses and interpretation, modeling
and product design. It is mainly the application of information technology to the management of
biological data. Therefore it is a rapidly evolving scientific discipline. Being an interface between modern
biology and informatics it involves discovery, development and implementation of computational
algorithms and software tools. In the last three decades, storage of biological data in public databases
has become increasingly common, and these databases have grown exponentially. The biological
literature is growing exponentially as well. Strictly speaking, bioinformatics is a subset of the larger field
of computational biology, the application of quantitative analytical techniques in modeling biological
systems.
Bioinformatics is mainly about answering practical questions and often less about developing elegant
algorithms. Main bioinformatics areas of research are Gene Expression/Regulation, Protein/RNA
Structure, Ontologies, Genome Sequencing/ Annotation and Molecular Interactions. Therefore
bioinformatics has a key role to play in pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, it is used in reducing
the time and cost involved in drug discovery process to custom design drugs and to develop
personalized medicine.
Nature of Work
A researcher in bioinformatics mainly works on computers algorithms and database management
systems. Their work involves making new computer algorithms, databases and bioinformatics
visualization tools.
Research in bioinformatics and computational biology can encompass anything from the abstraction of
the properties of a biological system into a mathematical or physical model, to the implementation of
new algorithms for data analyses, to the development of database and web tools to access them. To
engage in computational research, a biologist must be comfortable using software tools that run on a
variety of operating systems.
Personality
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The field of bioinformatics relies heavily on work by experts in statistical methods and patterns
recognition. Researchers come to bioinformatics from many fields, including mathematics, computer
science, and linguistics. Scientists in this field require brilliant mathematical and analytical skills besides
the knowledge of their main subjects. Researchers in bioinformatics should have technical background.
To be successful in this field a researcher has to be good in molecular biology and additional computer
skills are added advantage. Bioinformatics researchers must have an above average aptitude in
understanding of biological and mathematical concepts.
Pre-requisites
Graduates or post graduates in molecular biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, statistics,
biochemistry, and microbiology are suitable for course in bioinformatics. Programs are available at
bachelors, masters, and doctorate and at post doctorate levels. Apart from these several diplomas and
post graduate diplomas are also available. In many universities bioinformatics course begins at
undergraduate levels. For these basic educational qualification is 10+2 with science as the compulsory
subject.
Professional Courses
Different professional courses are available in bioinformatics. The current research themes in
computational and structural biology are data mining, prediction and analysis of biological data,
designing of data structures to represent information unambiguously, development of accessible
software to submit new data and finally development of fast application to query the data.
At undergraduate level B.Sc. in bioinformatics is available. For getting admission in B.Sc candidate
should complete 10+2 with physics, chemistry and biology. B.Tech in bioinformatics is also available in
some of the universities. Eligibility requirements here are 10+2 with physics, chemistry, mathematics
and biology is recommended. Admissions in M.Sc are available for candidates who have completed their
graduation in bioinformatics/ agriculture/ MBBS/ B.Pharma/ BHMS/ BVSc. Advance diplomas in
bioinformatics are available after post graduation in any of the following subjects such as M.Sc in life
sciences, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biotechnology, Biophysics, Botany, Zoology, Biochemistry,
Microbiology, Computer Science, Pharmacology, Agriculture, or after M.Tech or MBBS. Post graduates in
life sciences and graduates in Pharmacy, Medical, Dental or in Biotech engineering are eligible for
admission to M.Tech bioinformatics.
How to choose the Course/Institute
In India, bioinformatics is taught at the graduate, postgraduate, doctorates and at the post-doctorate
level. The admission in course which has to be taken will depend on personal interest and also on the
percentage of marks in +2 examinations or in any other qualifying examination on basis of which
admission has be taken. Students can start with a graduate degree in bioinformatics, but starting with a
graduate degree in basic sciences or biotechnology is a good option. Since bioinformatics is a very
specialized field, so first fundamental concepts of biology have to be formed in graduation, and then
students can go for specialization in bioinformatics. Further specialization at postgraduate level and PhD
can be pursued. For getting admission in M.SC bioinformatics, M.Tech Bioinformatics at any of the good
colleges in our country, candidate with bachelor's degree under 10+2+3 or 10+2+4 pattern of education
in Physical, Biological, Agricultural, Veterinary, Fishery Sciences, Horticulture, Pharmacy, Engineering,
Technology or Medicine (MBBS) with at least 55% marks are eligible to apply.
Admissions to all postgraduate and some of the graduate courses are through all India entrance exam
conducted by different national and state level universities at multitude of centers. Candidates applying
for M.SC programme are selected on the basis of their performance in the written test conducted
nation-wide at multitude of centers. The M.Phil./Ph.D. /Ph.D. /Ph.D. candidates are short listed on the
basis of written test and invited for personal interview. In addition to this, students who have qualified
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the CSIR/UGC NET-JRF, DBT-JRF, ICMR-JRF, GATE examinations for JRF-fellowship can directly apply for
the interview, and need not appear in the written entrance examination.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Major institutes/universities in India:
1. Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB) in Bangalore offers many courses in
bioinformatics and biotechnology. Web: www.ibab.ac.in.
2. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi provide course in biotechnology and biochemical
engineering.
3. Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur also provides various courses in bioinformatics.
4. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur provides very good courses at M.Tech level, admission is
through GATE exam.
5. Madurai Kamraj University also provides courses in bioinformatics at Msc, PhD level.
6. The University of Pune, offers Advance Diploma in Bioinformatics.
7. DOEACC Society offers DOEACC Bioinformatics 'o' & 'A' level courses (1 year duration).
8. DOEACC Society, Kolkata offers DOEACC Bioinformatics 'C' level courses, which are equivalent to
M.Tech.
9. Advance Course in Bioinformatics is jointly organized by IICT, CDAC, JNTU, Hyderabad (6 months
duration).
10. Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad offers M.Tech in bioinformatics.
11. Indian Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad also offers M.Tech in bioinformatics.
12. Some National Institute of Technology like Maulana Azad NIT Bhopal, NIT Rourkela, also offers
M.Tech in bioinformatics.
13. JNU, New Delhi and West Bengal University of Technology both offer M.Tech in
bioinformatics.
14. University of Hyderabad offers 2 year M.Tech in bioinformatics. Web: www.unohyd.ernet.in.
15. Calcutta university, senate house,87/1, Kolkata -700073, www.caluniv.ac.in.
16. Bharathiar university, school of biotechnology,coimbatore-641046, tamilnadu, web:
www.bharathiaruniv.ac.in.
17. Pondicherry University, bioinformatics centre, school of life sciences, pondicherry-605014,
web: www.bicpu.edu.in.
18. Jamia Millia Islamia University, department of computer science, offers Msc in bioinformatics
as evening course. Web: www.jmi.nic.in.
19. Most of the state level universities are providing Msc and PhD in bioinformatics.
Career Prospects
Opportunities exist mainly in private organizations, for candidates having doctoral or postdoctoral
experience.
Candidate having PhD and about 2-3 years of experience are employed as Bioinformatics Scientists.
Although post-doctoral experience is desirable, fresh PhD candidates are also employed as junior
Scientific Officers, Project Associate, and Project Assistant.
Remunerations
Group Leader in Multinationals companies get a pay scale of Rupees 4,50,000-6, 00,000.
Subsequent scale to Bioinformatics Scientists and Bioinformatics Researchers depends on educational
qualifications and selection, but they could get pay between Rs.35,000/- to Rs.20,000/-.
Pay scale for Bioinformatics Research Associates is between Rs.2,00,000-2,25,000.


Career in Biochemistry (BSc/MSc/PhD)
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Introduction
Biochemistry is a branch which is concerned with the chemistry of the biological processes. The study of
biochemistry deals with the chemical combinations and reactions which take place in biological
processes such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, heredity etc., as well as the effect of the
environment on living organisms. Studying structures and functions of enzymes, proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, process of metabolism and the molecular basis of the action of genes also form a
part of biochemistry. Advances made in biochemistry have made significant contributions towards
elucidation and understanding of the DNA structure.
Nature of Work
Biochemists generally pursue research related work in the following fields.
1. MEDICINE: Biochemists, in this field carry out diagnostic tests and investigations for finding out
causes of diseases. Their major concern is to study the role of genetic transmission of diseases
from one generation to another. They also try to figure out the chemical changes that take
place in the cells of the body parts which signal the onset of various diseases such as
tuberculosis, cancer, diabetes, mental disorders like epilepsy etc. Research related to
identification and analysis of chemical processes like muscular contraction, reproduction,
metabolism etc also relates to their job.
2. AGRICULTURE: Biochemists develop and inovate new improved techniques for crop cultivation,
pest control management and crop storage management. Contributions made in this field by
biochemists has helped to better the output and quality of agricultural produce.
3. NUTRITION: In this field biochemists have researched and studied the effects of certain food
stuffs, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins, when consumed in excess or in
deficient quantities, on the human body. The mechanism of fermentation process which has
been practiced for past many years was discovered by biochemists only.
Personality
Biochemistry is a field of intense research, hence to be a good biochemist requires, inquisitive attitude,
determination, perseverance and keen observation sense along with intelligence and hard work.
Research is often a team work and therefore the individual should have team spirit, to work as a part of
the unit. The work sometimes consume a lot of time so patience, stamina to work for long hours and
tenacity become other important requisites.
Professional Courses
Biochemistry can be pursued by those having background in science at 10+2 level. Individuals interested
in pursuing this subject can initially study the subject in the B.Sc. course and further continue with it till
M.Sc. and Ph.D. level.
Career Prospects
The career prospects and employment opportunities of biochemists have shown considerable
improvement over the past years. Jobs are being offered by both government and private medical
institutions and hospitals engaged in research activities related to various diseases and disorders like
AIDS, cancer, mental disorders etc. The pharmaceutical industry where genetically engineered drugs are
developed and manufactured also look forward to employing biochemists. Research related agricultural
industries and institutions also absorb individuals with background in biochemistry.


Career as Fisheries Scientists
Fisheries Scientists study and manage the fishery resources, which may involve shellfish or aquatic
mammals as well as fish. Fisheries scientists are engaged in management, use, and conservation of
aquatic plants and animals. As researchers, managers, administrators, or educators, they use their
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expertise and knowledge in biology, ecology, and other sciences to enhance recreational, commercial,
and aqua cultural fisheries resources.
What do Fisheries Scientists do?
They work as researchers or managers and deal with aquatic species or their habitat. They are involved
with commercial harvests of fish, crabs, shrimps, or oysters, or study fish populations. They manage the
collections of aquatic species in various museums and also in big fisheries. They also work in applied
research in government and private sector in regulating the commercial fishing, creation of areas for
recreation and protection of endangered species. Some scientists also teach and carry out research in
universities and research centers. They also work in conservation and in commercial fish farms.
Courses & Eligibility
One can pursue a bachelors degree in Fish Farming (B.Sc. in Fishery Sciences) or a bachelor's degree
in Zoology (B.Sc. in Zoology). (10+2 with science is the eligibility)
For masters degree in Fishery Sciences, bachelor degree in fish farming or Zoology is the eligibility.
One can also study for a masters degree in Mariculture (M.Sc. in Mariculture) and higher studies like
PhD can be pursued later.
Diploma courses are also offered by several institutes. These diploma courses can be of 1 to 3 years.
Small certificate courses are also offered by some academic institutions.
Entrance Exam: Most of the reputed institutes take admission through combined examination
conducted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New
Delhi, in the 1st week of June.
Where To Study
College of Fisheries Roha, Nagaon, Assam
Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai
Agriculture University, Jorhat, Assam
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Bhubaneshwar
College of Fisheries, Rajendra Agricultural University, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar
Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA), Chennai.
Agriculture University, Sabour, Bihar
College of Fisheries, Vellanikkara, Trichur (Kerala)
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi
Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries University, Bidar, Karnataka
Institutes offering master's courses in fishery sciences
Department of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin
University Kochi, Kerala, India
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala, India
Institutes offering diploma courses
Indira Gandhi National Open University
Shark Processing Integrated Fisheries Project, Cochin, Kerala
Mate Fishing Vessel Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical
Engineering Training, Cochin, Kerala, TN, AP


Career in Forestry (Bachelors and Masters degree)
Forestry is the science of the development and care of forests; the management of growing timber.
Forestry or forest management is considered as both independent scientific branch and practical field,
containing many aspects of forestry, which formulates synthetic conclusions indicating the main
directions of management. It is engaged in formation of relation between nature and the man on the
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basis of knowledge of forest state, demand society for forest functions as well as scientific achievements
and experience in solving the problems of running and organic structure of forest.
Issues like global warming, deforestation, global climatic change, water scarcity, natural disasters, etc,
are all related to the effective and controlled use of forest wealth. With 175 million hectares
constituting wasteland and another 110 million hectare forming severely degraded land in India, the
need of the hour is to rejuvenate it through forestry-related programs. The profession of forestry has
experienced rapid and perceptible changes in the last years. What used to be considered as a business
and a responsibility of the local villagers has turned into a field of global concern where the preservation
and conservation of biodiversity play a main role.
"The study of nature has no beginning and it has no end," Jim Corbett had said in Jungle Lore. And the
forests of our country provide an opportunity to spend a lifetime in admiring nature and make a living at
the same time. In the remote areas of India, where a sizable proportion of the population depends on
forests, directly or indirectly for the raw materials, employment and other daily needs, forestry is the
main source of employment. In these areas appropriate steps are undertaken towards energy
conservation, proper utilization of wastelands and goods and services are also produced.
Nature of Work
Forester takes care of forest resources by protecting them from fire, pests, disease, encroachment and
indiscriminate felling of trees . Their tasks typically involve:
They advise clients on good forestry practices
They advising woodland owners on planting design and species choice, budgeting, public access,
ecological surveys, and forest certification;
They are entrusted with the task of organizing the growing, harvesting, marketing and sale of
timber;
Annual work programs are planned and implemented by them and they ensure the effective use
of resources to meet the current objectives of the forest area;
They supervising forest workers and contractors in the field
They help in wasteland development
They contact the customers, landowners, timber merchants, the public and local authorities
Liaising with and working on many projects with other professionals, such as landscape
architects, biologists, surveyors and engineers, and charitable bodies
They have to attend meetings of professional bodies
Keeping up to date with legal changes and other developments;
Budgets are planned and controlled by them and they prepare costing and financial forecasts
Forest managers/foresters are also involved in forest protection, which is a wide-ranging part of the role
reflecting the government's desire to promote sustainable forest management. This includes:
Conducting research in areas such tree improvement and entomology;
Monitoring existing forestry practices;
Protecting forests from illegal felling, pests and diseases;
Ensuring that the presence of forests does not affect the surrounding environment and wildlife
by damaging wildlife habitats, water supplies or soil.
They help in promoting eco tourism
Career Options
They can work as a
Forester: The forester is responsible for protecting and regenerating forests, protecting wildlife habitats,
checking for and fighting wild fires, landscape management and so on.
Dendrologists: Their work involves research on the history, life span, measuring, grading, classifying the
varieties of trees, and studying ways and means of tree improvement through aforestation etc.
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Ethnologists: An ethnologist studies and analyses the evolution, behavior, biological functions etc. of an
organism in its natural environment. Ethnologists design healthy habitats for animals in zoos, aquariums,
and laboratories and also study animal behavior.
Entomologists: Entomologists specialize in the study and control of diseases caused by insects and
pests.
Silviculturists: Silviculture is an aspect of Forestry that refers to the growth of plantations that yield
periodic harvests.
Forest Range Officers: Forest range officers take care of public forests, sanctuaries, botanical gardens
etc. They have conservators, loggers and other junior personnel working with them.
Zoo curators: They are responsible for animal welfare in the zoos and also undertake conservation
programs. Zoo curator plays a role in the administration of zoo functions and captive breeding
programs.
Other than career options mentioned above forestry specialists from India are finding jobs abroad as
wildlife consultants for esteemed organizations. The most important of these being the World Wildlife
Fund (WWF). Many organizations are hiring Indian personnel for working in countries like Kampuchea,
Vietnam, South Africa, and other such countries.
Personality
Following are the personal attributes required to be a forester
Liking for outdoors,
Spirit of adventure, good health,
Stamina and physical fitness,
Patience, scientific temperament,
Organizing ability,
Public relations skills,
Practicality, courage,
Decision-making ability,
Capacity to work long hours,
A genuine interest in the preservation of the natural environment and habitat,
Inclination for research and academic bent of mind,
Curiosity and excellent skills of observation,
Interest in agriculture and geography.
Professional Courses
Those with Physics, Chemistry and Biology at the intermediate level can go for B.Sc Forestry course.
Further the master's level offers specialization in subjects like Forest Management, Commercial
Forestry, Forest Economics, Wood Science & Technology, Wildlife Science, Veterinary Science etc.
PGDFM is a field-based course, which combines managerial qualities concordant with the demands
made by the forestry sector.
Courses in Forestry and Forest Services are:
B.Sc Forestry
M.Sc Forestry
B.Sc Wildlife
M.Sc Wildlife
M.Sc Wood Science & Tech.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
There are many institutions all over India conducting courses on forestry and wildlife, few are:
Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke , Ranchi - 6.
Forestry Research Institute, Dehra Dun - 248 006.
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Indian Institute of Forest Management, Nehru Nagar, Bhopal.
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar - 751 003.
Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun (affiliated to Saurashtra University, Rajkot)
College of Horticulture And Forestry, Solan 173230
College Of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, P
O Krishinagar, Akola 444104
Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli 415712
College Of Agricultural Engineering, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana 141004
College Of Agriculture, Pantnagar 263145
University Of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bangalore 560065
College Of Agriculture And Regional Research Station, Dharwad 580005
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Krishi Nagar,
Agartala, Jabalpur 482004
Orissa University Of Agriculture & Technology, Faculty Of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Khurda
751003
Eligibility
Various courses in forestry are available, at the graduate, postgraduate and diploma level, as well as at
the Ph.D. level.
Those with Physics, Chemistry and Biology at the intermediate level can go for B.Sc Forestry course,
which is a 3-year degree course. Further the master's level (2 years) offers specialization in subjects like
Forest Management, Commercial Forestry, Forest Economics, Wood Science & Technology, Wildlife
Science, Veterinary Science etc. The Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Nehru Nagar, Bhopal
offers a study program in Forest Management. There are also opportunities for doing Ph.D in Forestry at
the recognized centers. Those with Bachelors degree in related subjects can appear for Indian Forest
Service exam conducted by Union Public Service Commission.
Specialization
One can specialize in subjects like:
Agriculture economics
Agriculture statistics
Agro forestry
Forest products
Microbiology
Silviculture
Soil sciences
Waste management and tree improvement and genetic resources
Career Prospects
Foresters can work in offices, laboratories or outdoors depending on their field of specialization.
Employment opportunities exist with
Governmental, non-governmental organizations interested in preservation of forest resources
Corporate having own plantations for timbering
Industries that utilize forest resources employ industrial and agricultural consultants
Indian Council Of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) and its affiliated Forestry research
institutes such as Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, Institute of Social Forestry and Eco-
rehabilitation, Allahabad etc.
Wildlife Research Institutes in Dehra Dun, Coimbatore etc.
Zoological Parks
Wildlife Ranges
Education sector as tutors
Green watchers, Wildlife Trust of India, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the Environment
Awareness Society, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), Society for the
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Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SSPCA) etc are some of the national and international
voluntary organizations that actively work towards the preservation and conservation of
wildlife and forests.
Entry into the Central government is through the Indian Forest Service (IFS) examination conducted by
the Union Public Service Commission. Applicants with a graduate degree in animal husbandry and
veterinary science, botany, chemistry, geology, mathematics, physics, statistics, zoology, agriculture,
forestry or engineering, and between 21 years and 30 years of age are eligible to apply.
Initial training is at the Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy, after which the selected candidates are trained at
the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy at Dehra Dun. They are then posted as the assistant
conservator, district conservator, conservator, chief conservator, principal conservator, and the
inspector general of forests. The senior most post is that of the Environment Secretary in the Union
Government.

Career in Food Processing
Introduction
Food processing is a branch of food science, which owes its existence to the prehistoric times. Food
processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for the
consumption of humans and animals. Processing of food leads to preservation of food, enhances its
flavor and reduces the toxins in the food product. It leads to better distributional efficiency and helps in
the easy marketing of the food product. The modern food processing techniques have led to the
feasibility of the development of the present day supermarkets. Long voyages would not be possible,
and military campaigns would be more difficult and expensive to execute without food processing. Extra
nutrients can also be added while processing the food and processed food is less susceptible to spoilage.
The rising consumerism in the societies of developed and developing countries has contributed to the
growth of food processing with techniques such as spray drying, juice concentrates, freeze drying and
the introduction of artificial sweeteners, colorants, and preservatives. In the late 20th century products
such as dried instant soups, reconstituted fruits and juices, and self cooking meals were developed for
the convenience of middle class wives and mothers and for the working women.
In India Food Processing industry is gaining momentum as the consumer food industry, which includes
pasta, breads, cakes, pastries, corn flakes, ready to eat and ready to cook products, cocoa products,
biscuits, soft drinks, beer, alcohol beverages, mineral and packaged water and segment of consumer
foods is seeing an upward trend.
Job Prospects
The Cabinet of India on June 21, 2007, granted its approval to an integrated plan, which aims to
promote India's food processing sector and boost the country's agricultural business (according to a
press release). As per the report there are about 300 Million upper and-middle-class consumers of
processed and packaged food in the country, and another 200 Million are likely to be added by 2010.
Ministry of Food Processing Industries is planning to establish 500 food parks in the Tenth Five Year Plan
across every parliamentary constituency. This will give a further boost to the growth and development
of food processing industries and thereby is generating a huge job potential for those who have an
aptitude for the work and required qualifications.
The food processing industry is still at its nascent stage in India. It thus provides ample employment
opportunities. The areas where one can find employment in this industry are:
Food processing companies and food research laboratories
Food wholesalers
Hospitals
Catering establishments
Retailers
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Restaurants provide employment to candidates with degrees in home science and
specializations in food technology, nutrition or food services management. Diploma holders in
dietetics, applied nutrition, food science and preservation and those having certificate in
dietetics or food and nutrition can also be employed in this industry.
Bacteriologist, toxicologists and those trained in packaging technology, organic chemistry,
biochemistry and analytical chemistry can find opening food technology laboratories or in
quality control departments.
A number of public sector undertakings in the department of food also require people in this
field. The Food Corporation of India, which handles the purchase, storage transport and
distribution of food grains and other food items, provide employment to large number of
people. Modern Food Corporation which markets bread, fruit juices, edible oils, soft drink
concentrates and North-Eastern Agricultural Marketing Corporation which markets and
process fruits and vegetables also recruits people.
Self-employment opportunities also exist in the form of dynamic delivery networks for those
who want to work on their own.
Private sector companies have been the key players in the food sector and even companies like
ITC are now moving into the sector, seeing the potential in processed foods.
Some other back-end jobs in this industry are:
Bakers
Meat, poultry, trimmers, and fish cutters
Slaughterers and meat packers
Food batch makers
Food cooking machine operators and tenders
Food and tobacco roasting, baking and drying machine operators and tenders
The major players in private sector in this industry in India are:
ITC Limited
Parle Products Pvt. Ltd.
Agro Tech Foods
Amul
Perfetti India Ltd.
Cadbury India Ltd.
PepsiCo India Holdings
Nestle India Pvt. Ltd.
Britannia Industries Ltd.
Hindustan Lever Limited
Milkfood
MTR foods limited
Godrej industries Limited
Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd.
Dabur India Ltd.
Nature of Work
Food technologists, technicians, bio technologists and engineers are required in this industry for the
practical application of the principles of many disciplines of science in the manufacturing or production,
preservation and packaging, processing and canning of various food products. All this needs preparation
of raw materials for processing which involves selection, or cleaning of the raw material, followed by the
actual processing, which could be chopping, blanching, crushing, mixing or even cooking of the food
item, the addition of preservatives and the final packaging along with keep in hygiene and maintaining
quality of products. Following people are needed for the work in food processing industry:
Food technologists: They are given the responsibility of determining whether a particular
process is being performed in a certain specified way or not. They are instrumental in devising
new ways and improving the older ones for preserving, conserving and processing food. They
have to check for the contamination, adulteration and controlling the nutritional value of the
food products which are to be processed. Food technologist are also assigned to determine to
quality of the raw materials used in the plants aw well as the food which has to be dispatched
to the market. They also look after the storage conditions and hygiene.
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Organic Chemists: They advise on the methods by which the raw materials have to be converted
into processed food.
Biochemists: They suggest improvements in flavor, texture, storage and quality.
Analytical Chemists: They analyze food products to maintain quality.
Home Economists: They are in a way expert in dietetics and nutrition. They test the food and
recipes according to the directions on the containers.
Engineers: Chemical, Mechanical, Industrial, Electrical, Agricultural and Civil engineers are also
required for planning, designing, improving and maintaining the processing systems.
Research Scientists: They carry on experiments regarding improvement in yield, flavor, nutritive
value and general acceptability of the packaged food.
Managers and accountants: They manage administration and the finances apart from
supervising the processing work.
Personality
Following the personal attributes required in this industry
Conscientious
Meticulous
Organizational abilities
Particular about cleanliness and hygiene
Professional Courses
Degree courses in Home Science, food technology and food science and in specialized areas like
fisheries, or dairy sciences are offered by some Indian Universities. There are also short-term certificate,
craft and diploma courses offered by various polytechnics, food craft institutes and universities. The
Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies has several Food and Nutrition Extension Centers in different parts of
the country providing short-term courses and training in home-based preservation of fruits and
vegetables, preparation of bakery and confectionery items, rice milling, oil seed processing etc. M.Sc
and Ph.D courses in food and nutrition, home science, food technology and biotechnology are also
available in some universities.
Eligibility
For B.Sc. in Home Science/ Food Technology/ Food Science, one should have passed 10+2 examinations
with Physics, Chemistry and Biology as the main subjects. For M.Sc/Management, the minimum
eligibility is a B.Sc.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Some of the prominent institutes offering courses in this field are:
MS University, Vadodara, Gujarat; and Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore
(with branches in Karnataka and Mumbai) offers certificate courses in Bakery and
Confectionary, BSc and M.Sc in Food Science
Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Himachal Pradesh; Fruit Technology Institute, Lucknow offers degree
and diploma course in Food Technology.
National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, Chennai and Calcutta, offers associateship in Sugar Technology
and Sugar Engineering and Diploma in Industrial Fermentation and Alcohol Technology.
Central Institute of Fisheries Education with four centres in Barrackpore (WB); Kakinada (A.P);
Lucknow and Mumbai, also offers various certificate and diploma courses.
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal and Bangalore, offers B.Sc quality control in dairy
processing and B.Tech in dairy technology.
IGNOU offers a certificate course in food and nutrition.
Small Industries Services Institute, Okhla, New Delhi offers Entrepreneurial Development
Programme on Food Processing Industries.
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Specialization
Food Technologists can specialize in any of the many fields of food processing such as sugar alcohol,
bakery, oil, fruits and vegetables etc. one can do Ph.D in food technology or biotechnology or food
preservation.


CAREERS IN FIRE SERVICES
Increasing urbanization, mounting industrial activity, the use of electrical devices, appliances in all types
of houses and offices, heating and cooling systems etc. contribute to enhance fire hazards. Fire Services
have to keep abreast with fresh and increasing demands. Each state government maintains a fire
department to look after preventive and precautionary aspects of fire safety. Moreover, not only for fire
safety but in all kinds of national calamities like earthquake, flood etc. the only organisation that is
remembered is fire service.
In the protective role the fire service advises and assists various organisations in taking protection
against fire hazards.
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
Being a technical profession a scientific bent of mind is obviously required. Other qualities required
include a sense of self discipline and responsibility, peak physical condition, presence of mind to handle
crises, calmness of mind under potentially dangerous circumstances, and the ability to lead men,
motivate them, supervise and guide them to discharge their duties. Ability to plan for all eventualities in
advance.
Available Careers:
Fire Fighter, Sub-Officer, Station Officer, Assistant Divisional Officer, Divisional Officer, Dy. Chief Fire
Officer, Chief Fire Officer.
Training/Course:
National Fire Service College, Nagpur is the leading institute offering training courses in fire services.
Every course has just 30 seats and admission is based on performance of the candidate in written test
which is usually conducted in the month of May-June every year at Mumbai, Kolkata, Madras, Nagpur
and New Delhi.
The written entrance examination is normally of the objective type, held in two sessions. The Physics
paper is followed by the Chemistry paper and the level of knowledge tested is of the Bachelors degree
in Science. The papers are given in both Hindi and English. Candidates declared passed/qualified in the
written examination are called for a viva voce and final selection is made on the combined performance
in both these tests. Since peak physical condition is a pre-requisite for the profession the College expects
the applicants to be physically fit.
Physical Standard:
Height: 165 cms. Weight: 50 kgs. Chest: 81 cms with 5 cms on expansion.

Course Educational
Qualification
Physical
Standards
Age Duration
(years)
Remarks
B.E. (Fire
Engineering
)
B.Sc. P/C/M/ Height 165
cms Weight
50 kg Chest 81
cms with 5
cms expansion
19-23 3 and half
years
Advertisement in leading
Newspapers in May/ June
every year.

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Certificate
(Sub-
Officer)
10+2 As above 18-23 25 weeks ---
Diploma
(Station
Officer)
10+2 , Preferably
Science & 3 years
experience as a
leading Fireman/
Sub-Officer
--- Not more than
45 years
22 weeks ---
Diploma
(Divisional
Officer)
10+2 with Diploma
(Fire) 3 years
experience as
Station Officer
with Heavy Driving
Licence.
--- 23-45 22 weeks




CAREERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION:
Marine Science is the study of marine life forms and their usefulness to human beings. Under this,
biology of fish and other aquatic life forms are studied. Geological and mineral wealth of the ocean and
its impact on human and aquatic life are also studied.
ELIGIBILITY:
Students who have completed bachelor degree in biological sciences or in some cases, other streams of
science are eligible to apply.
BASIS FOR SELECTION:
In most programmes the selection is through entrance test. Some institutes consider career of the
candidate for entry.
ANNOUNCEMENTS & DATES:
Dates for entrance examinations are advertised in December-January. Announcements about the
programmes are usually made between January and March in local and National Dailies.
MAJOR INSTITUTIONS:
1. University of Bombay, Mumbai-400032
2. University of Madras, Chennai-600005. 3. Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam-530003
4. Cochin University, Cochin 682022 Kerala.
5. Fisheries Institute, Seal Shell, J.P. Road, 7 Bunglows, Mumbai-400058.
6. Goa University, Goa-403005
7. Mangalore University, Mangalore-575003, Karnataka.
8. Marine Engineering Research Institute (MERI), P-19, Taratolla Road, Calcutta-700088.
9. Marine Engineering Research Institute, Hay Bunder Road, Mumbai-400033.
10. School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Cochin-682016, Kerala.
11. Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur-760007, Orissa.
12. Utkal University, Bhubaneswar offers a course in M.Sc. in Marine Zoology.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES:
One can start as a Researcher or Scientist after completion of the course. There are opportunities in
public sector, research organisations, academics etc. One of the leading institutes of national stature is
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, (CIFA) Kaushalyagang, and Bhubaneswar. Opportunities
also exist in private companies having own hatcheries and cultivation of fish processing and packaging
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units. These units are located mainly in Kerala, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu coasts and other coastal
regions of India.
JOB PROFILE:
Depending upon the type of organisation, the incumbent will be concerned with issues ranging from the
seeds (or fish eggs), breeding, farm maintenance, hygiene, quality assurance, disease control,
processing, packaging and marketing.



Career as an Astronaut
"When you look at the stars and the galaxy, you feel that you are not just from any particular piece of
land, but from the solar system." Kalpana Chawla
Like many others if reaching out to the stars and the moon is what you dream of, begin now because
you are on a journey where the preparation is much much more than the journey. Astronauts spend
years training before they can go into space. They learn to operate shuttles, perform experiments in
zero gravity and learn survival techniques should a practice flight go out of control.
\What do astronauts do?
Astronauts work in space. Some astronauts are mission specialists who fly or navigate the space shuttle.
In other words, they are pilots. Other astronauts are payload specialists who work with the equipment
that is launched into space, for instance conducting scientific experiments or replacing parts of satellites.
In brief, an astronauts tasks divide into four areas: supply, repair, assembly and research, not to
mention self-care.
A considerable amount of equipment is orbited in space. Unmanned rockets launch most satellites.
However, some are carried into orbit in the payload bay of a space shuttle and launched by its crew.
Currently, astronauts work mostly with transport of equipment, new modules, supplies and crews for
the international space station.
Sometimes astronauts visit orbiting satellites for maintenance and repair. Often they work using the
space shuttles robotic arms, but sometimes they pull a satellite into the payload bay so they may work
more leisurely. Sometimes they put on their space suits and soar to a satellite that is moving at a speed
of seven kilometers a second or more.
On the space station, theres always more than enough to do, and astronauts spend much of their time
keeping the station in tip-top condition, both inside and outside. Almost daily, they take spacewalks to
tidy up around the station.
First and foremost, the station itself must be assembled. New modules arrive regularly, and the tasks of
attaching them to the station are time consuming.
Weightlessness requires astronauts to spend a considerable amount of time on exercise and self care.
Exercise in space is so important that its part of the job, a duty that cannot be shirked. Astronauts
exercise every day. Space shuttle astronauts, who seldom are in space for more than two weeks at a
time, exercise half an hour a day. But astronauts on the space station must exercise two hours a day to
stay healthy. So astronauts have more than enough to keep themselves busy and seldom have time to
be bored on the job. An astronaut with spare time can just gaze out the window.
Courses & Eligibility
To be an astronaut you need to specialize in aeronautical /aerospace engineering at an advanced level
and must also possess a unique blend of personality traits to help manage in long periods of isolation
extended confinement, boredom and uncertainty.
Bachelor in Physics/Chemistry/Mathematics/ Aerospace Engineering/ Other engineering.
Post graduation and Doctorate.
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After graduation, you can appear for the entrance exam which is held by the NASA for the recruitment
of Scientists and Astronauts.
Though you can work in ISRO in India, scope is limited and the dream company for astronauts all over
the world is NASA. NASA takes on specialists from different disciplines including computer engineering,
industrial engineering, materials engineering, optical engineering and also oceanography. You can
specialize at the masters level in any of these disciplines and then do a PhD programme followed by at
least three years of related progressively-responsible, professional experience to qualify for a NASA job.
Depending on where your interests lie, you can also go for electrical / electronic/ electrical
communications engineering before taking up a masters or PhD in a specialized field of engineering or
space science.
Interestingly, over 1/3rd of NASA employees are of Indian origin. The NASA-Ames Research Centre has
implemented a new automated recruiting and staffing system called NASA STARS. For more information
on how to apply, visit the NASA website.
Where to Study
Bihar Institute of Technology, Mesra and Ranchi University which offer ME in space engineering and
rocketry.
Andhra University, Osmania University and Anna University offer MSc programmes in atmospheric
and space sciences.
Bangalores Indian Institute of Astrophysics offers PhD programmes in astronomy and astrophysics.
Selection to these institutes is through a Joint Entrance Screening Test (JEST). The minimum
qualification required to take the JEST is a masters degree in physics or a degree in engineering.
Pay and Remuneration
The following perks are for astronauts who work in NASA
LEVEL 1: Astronaut Trainee
EARNINGS $83,000 to $92,000 a year
LEVEL 2: Working Astronaut
EARNINGS $92,000 to $114,000 a year
LEVEL 3: Senior Astronaut
EARNINGS $114,000 to $163,000 a year
Famous Personalities
Neil Armstrong: the first human ever to set foot outside of Earth.
Kalpana Chawla: the first Indian woman in space.
More about NASA Astronaut
Once you've got your degree and some work experience, it's time to apply for those astronauts
positions. Fill out a Standard Form 171 (government employment application) and send it to Astronaut
Selection Office, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058.
The astronaut application will be reviewed and ranked by various criteria, including: height, experience
and expertise. NASA receives an average of 4,015 applications to fill around 20 slots every 2 years.
Next, another screening process, and about 118 from the original 4,015 will be invited to Johnson Space
Center for a week of interviews, medical exams and orientation. The ASB interviews each astronaut
candidate and assigns them a rating based on: experience and potential, motivation, ability to function
as a team member, communicative abilities, and adaptability. You can fail due to interpersonal skills.
If you are interested in a pilot/commander position, instead of mission specialist, you will also be
required to log in at least 1,000 hours of flight time in command of a jet aircraft. During training all crew
members train aboard a T-38 jet, in which the controls are identical to the Space Shuttle and therefore,
can be used as a flight simulator either on the ground or in actual flight.
Many applicants do not meet medical standards while others withdraw after learning all that the job
entails. After collecting significant information,the Astronaut Selection Board will choose its final
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candidates and pass that recommendation on the NASA Administrator who will make the final pick for
employment.
Once selected, astronaut candidates begin a rigorous training program. Expect many long days, even
after your training ends. Being an astronaut can be hard on family life.



Career as a Mathematician
Introduction
"Pure mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas." Albert Einstein
Mathematics can be defined as the scientific study of quantities, including their relationships, operations
and measurements expressed by numbers and symbols. In simple words, mathematics deals with study
of numbers and their various calculations. The most important skills in mathematics are analysis and
reasoning.
A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study or research is mathematics. Mathematicians
are concerned with particular problems related to logic, space, transformations, numbers and more
general ideas which encompass these concepts. They do research, come up with problems and
solutions, etc.
Mathematicians solve problems in diverse fields such as medicine, management, economics, banking,
government, insurance, computer science, physics, psychology, engineering, bio-mathematics, bio-
informatics and weather forecasting.
Mathematics can be pursued with other allied subjects and various careers can be pursued. After BSc
Mathematics with B Ed and higher education like MSc Mathematics one can become a teacher. After
BSc mathematics followed by MSc stats/ MSc Operations Research one can become a statistician. One
can become an economist or Actuary after BSc Mathematics with Economics and higher studies. One
can also become a Physical Sciences Observer/Scientist after BSc Mathematics, MSc Physics. A career in
life sciences can be pursued with BSc Mathematics combined biology.
Courses and Eligibility
At the undergraduate level, mathematics is offered as one of the combinations both for B.A. and B.Sc.
courses. In some universities, it can be taken up as the principal or honors subject. While universities
and colleges generally consider merit or marks in 10+2 or equivalent for admissions to courses, some
institutes of repute hold entrance examination. Students with mathematics at 10+2 level are eligible to
take maths as a subject for graduation. ISI and CMI admit students on the basis of a written test. Both ISI
and CMI also admit students who have qualified in the Indian National Mathematical Olympiad (INMO),
or are Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) fellows.
Where to Study
Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Bangalore; Course: Bachelors degree in Maths
Chennai Mathematical Institute (CMI), Chennai; Course: B.Sc degree in Math and Computer Science
Madurai Kamraj University; Course: Numerical Mathematics
Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya; Course: Mathematical Economics
University of Pune and North Maharashtra University; Course: Industrial Mathematics
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women; Course: Business
Statistics and Biostatistics
University of Madras; Course: Applied Statistics
Delhi University (DU) has a range undergraduate programs. About 900 seats in total are being
offered across colleges in the DU for UG programmes in mathematics.
At the Masters degree level, Mathematics is offered by more than 135 universities in India. The courses
are offered by the Departments or Schools of Mathematics. Often there is one department or school for
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both mathematics and computer science. The nomenclature of the award is both M.A. and M.Sc. Some
universities make a distinction between Pure Mathematics and Applied Mathematics.
Student can also apply for an Integrated MSc-PhD degree offered at some places in India. Some of the
institutes offering integrated MSc-PhD programmes are:
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai (through a written test and followed by an
interview)
The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai (admits through NBHM exam followed by an
interview)
Harish Chandra Research Institute (HRI), Allahabad (through a test followed by an interview)
An Integrated MSc degree offered by the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER)
at Pune, Mohali, Kolkata, Trivandrum and Bhopal, and also at the National Institute of Science
Education and Research (NISER) at Bhubaneswar. The IISER admits students via IIT JEE, KVPY and
through board exam performances. While the NISER admits students through the National Entrance
Screening Test (NEST).
A student can also opt for an Integrated MSc in math offered by University of Hyderabad, which
admits students through a written test. Various central universities also have the Integrated
programme.
Pondicherry University and IITs offer five year integrated courses in the subject after school. Besides
courses in general, pure, and applied mathematics, a small number of programmes are available in
such topics as Computational Mathematics (of Mathematics with Computer Applications),
Mathematical Statistics, and Mathematical Economics, Mathematics with Computer Application,
Industrial Mathematics, and Functional Mathematics.
Career Prospects
Mathematicians work in fields of statistics, actuarial sciences, mathematical modeling, cryptography,
computer science; for teaching at both school and college level and a research career in mathematics,
statistics and bio-informatics. A strong background in mathematics is also necessary for research in
many areas of computer science, social science, and engineering. Knowledge of maths is applied in all
fields of work, from creating software systems to the field of investigation in areas like brain mapping, in
lie-detector machines, fingerprinting, etc. Also in art, the application of maths has become important for
preservation of historic sculptures, paintings and works of ancient artists.
Famous Personalities
Srinivasa Ramanujan was one of India's greatest mathematical geniuses. He made substantial
contributions to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions, continued fractions,
and infinite series.
Albert Einstein: Perhaps the most famous known scientist of all time. His theories on relativity were
groundbreaking and are still used today.
Leonhard Euler: Well known for his contributions to mathematical vocabulary and notation. In
particular, he is considered the founder of function notation


Career as a Physicist
Physicists have made some of the pivotal discoveries of the 20th century which have revolutionized the
world (e.g. the transistor, the laser, splitting the atom, TV and radio, MRI scans. Anyone with aptitude
and a lot of curiosity can think of career as physicist.
Physics offers challenging and exciting careers. As a career, physics covers many specialized fields -- from
acoustics, astronomy, and astrophysics, medical physics, geophysics, and nuclear physics etc.
A physicist is a scientist who does research in physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical
phenomena in many branches of physics. Physicists study the natural world, from the tiniest subatomic
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particles to the largest galaxies. They do experiments to discover the laws of nature. They study what
things are made of (matter) and how things behave. They also study energy. They learn how it changes
from one form to another.
Some physicists focus on theories. They work on the fundamentals and use observation and
mathematics to find the answers. Some physicists do experiments and verify use of theory in practice.
Other physicists apply theories to practical problems. They might create advanced materials, new
electronic and optical devices, or medical equipment. Physicists also design research equipment. Some
of this equipment is used in surprising ways. For example, the first laser was created for research, but
people later discovered that lasers could be used in surgery as well.
Most physicists work in research and development. Some do basic research to increase knowledge.
Others do applied research. They take what is learned in basic research and use it to create new devices,
products, and processes.
Courses and Eligibility
Being a physicist is a long drawn career, one needs exhaustive knowledge of the subject and thus
minimum post graduation. Post graduates with specialization are required in the industry and for
research a PhD. Various courses like B.Sc. in Physics and B.Sc. in applied physics are offered at many
institutes. M.Sc. in physics, applied physics, bio physics, medical physics, engineering physics, nuclear
physics, astronomy and many more are offered at institutes of repute.
You will study Physical quantities, standards and units, laws of gravitation, mechanics and properties of
matter, heat, wave motion, electromagnetic radiation, light, sound, magnetism, static electricity, current
electricity, atomic physics, nuclear physics, astronomy and space science etc.The Master of Science and
other post-B.Sc. programmes at the IITs offer high quality post-graduate education in respective
disciplines and admission is made through the Joint Admission Test to M.Sc. (JAM).
Where to Study
Almost all colleges offer B.Sc. in Physics but the top colleges offering course in Physics are as follows:
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi
University
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
IIT Kanpur offers MSc in Geo Physics
IITs various centres in India
Loyola College, Chennai
St. Xaviers College, Mumbai
Presidency College, Kolkata
St. Xaviers College, Kolkata
Presidency College, Chennai
Madras Christian College, Chennai
Fergusson College, Pune
Hindu College, Delhi
St. Stephens, Delhi
Stella Maris College, Chennai
Elphinstone College, Mumbai
Career Prospects
Physics is one of the core subjects for education, research, atomic and space organisations. It has great
commercial and military value. Physicists work in research and development with specialized branches.
Elementary research in physics finds application in space programs and automobile industry. Bio
physicists and chemical physicists get employment in government and private research and
development organisations. Applied physics is the backbone of modern electronics and communication
and medical field.
Use of radiations lasers and magnetic technologies in cure of many diseases is the result of research in
applied physics. The high technology equipment used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications is often
designed and maintained by medical physicists. Biophysics uses the concepts and tools of physical
chemistry and molecular physics to define and analyse the structures, exegetics, dynamics and
interactions of biological molecules. This field of research is leading to designs of new classes of
instrumentation for use in the expanding field of genomics, proteomics and clinical diagnostics for a
variety of biological markers.
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Physicists are employed by academic institutions, government laboratories, and private industries, with
the largest employer being the industry. Physicists also use their skills in other fields like engineering and
computers. Some physicists take up additional careers where their knowledge of physics can be
combined with further training in other disciplines, such as patent law in industry or private practice. In
the United States, a majority of those in the private sections having a physics degree actually work
outside the fields of physics, astronomy and engineering altogether.
Government work may involve setting standards at the ISI which is important for all physics research.
Government jobs pay well, but you will never become wealthy being a government physicist. But
government work may also involve working in the weapons industry. Industrial work like semi
conductors and computers related research will provide the employment in future. Many physics
students enter into business, either starting their own ventures or reaching the top levels in industry
(they learn management with experience). In fact, some of the wealthiest people in the electronics
industry came from physics/engineering backgrounds and then switched to management or set up their
own corporation.
Teaching in university and doing research is another good option.
Famous Personalities
In the present time Stephen Hawking (1942 -): who provided, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarded
the occurrence of gravitational singularities in the framework of general relativity, theoretically
predicted that black holes should emit radiation (Hawking radiation).
Michael Faraday, was uneducated apprentice, but he went on to revolutionize modern civilization with
electric motors and dynamos.


Career as an Environmental Scientist
Introduction
Our existence on earth is due to the environment. Rampant industrialization and use of natural
resources has harmed the environment in past few hundred years. Throughout the world scientists have
realized that if we dont take immediate steps, then life on earth would come under threat. Thus the last
few decades have seen increased consciousness for environment and organizations and governments
have started taking measures to develop eco friendly technologies and in protecting the environment.
This is where environmental scientists come in to the picture. Environmental Science is an
interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences to the study of the
environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental scientists protect the
environment by conducting research that will identify, eliminate or reduce pollutants and hazards to the
environment or to the health of people.
A career in Environmental Science promises employment opportunities, for the environmental
scientists, environmental engineers, environmental modelers, environmental biologists, environmental
journalists and many more.
Environmental scientists work to regulate, control and prevent air, land and water pollution. They often
conduct research to find pollutants or other hazards in the environment and then devise plans to
eliminate or minimize them. This is done in accordance with the direction of the employing company,
balanced with good environmental practice.
Environmental scientists usually specialize in a certain aspect of the environment, such as land
conservation, toxic waste removal, groundwater contamination, acid rain and wildlife protection to
name a few. They can also do environmental impact studies or design monitoring systems to ensure that
no environmental damage occurs. Environmental scientists can also work with non-profit organizations
or governments to solve environmental problems in the community. In this role an environmental
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scientist may spend a lot of time in an office, developing relationships with individuals, organisations
and other governments which are designed to contribute to environmental protection.
Environmental scientists generally do field explorations or work in the labs as technicians and research
assistants. With experience the move to higher positions and manage projects.
Courses and Eligibility
B.S.C (environmental science), Duration: 3 years, Eligibility: 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry and
Biology as their subjects.
M.S.C (Environmental Science), Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: B.S.C in environmental science,
zoology, botany, physics or chemistry.
PG Diploma courses in Environment Management and Environmental Science.
B.E in Environmental Engineering, Eligibility: 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as their
subjects.
M.Tech in Environmental Science & Engineering, Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: B.E / B.Tech. in
environmental or civil engineering.
M.Tech in Energy & Environment Management, Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: B.E / B.Tech. in
environmental or civil engineering.
M.Tech (Environmental Engineering), Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: B.E / B.Tech. in environmental or
civil engineering.
Where to Study
B.Sc Environmental Science
South Gujarat University, Surat
University of Delhi, Delhi
Berhampur University, Berhampur (Orissa)
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
University of Mysore, Mysore
University of Pune, Pune
M.Sc and PG Diploma in Environmental Science
Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune
University of Mumbai
SNDT Women's University, 1, Nathibai Thackersey Road, New Marine Lines, Mumbai
University of Chennai, Chennai
Indian Institute of Environment Management (SIES), Sri Chandrasekarendra Saraswathy
Vidyapuram, Plot 1E, Sector V, Nerul, Navi Mumbai
Gauhati University (for M.Sc and PhD)
B.E/ B Tech in Environmental Science
The Indian Institutes of Technology ( Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras
Birla institute of Technology
National Institutes of Technology
Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
College of Engineering and Technology (Anna University)
Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur
P.E.S. College of Engineering, Mandya
Delhi College of Engineering, New Delhi
Gujarat University, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
Visveswariah Technological University, AIT, Chikmagalur
M.E / M.Tech in Environmental Science
IIT, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras
Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi
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Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya , Indore (MP)
UP Technical University (Instt of Engg & Tech) Lucknow
Visveswariah Technological University, AIT, Chikmagalur
Thapar Institute of Engg & Technology, Patiala
Some other Institutes offering environmental sciences course:
TERI University (for MSc/MTech/MBA)
ISMU, Dhanbad (for BTech/MTech in Environmental Science & Engg)
NEERI (for PG research and development programmes)
Delhi University (MSc in environmental biology and BE in environmental engineering)
Indian Institute of Environment Management (SIES), Mumbai
Center for Environment Education, Nehru Foundation for Development, Ahmadabad
Jawaharal Nehru University (JNU), School of Environmental Sciences, New Delhi
Know if Environmental
Pay and Remuneration
Environmental scientists recruited in Central and State pollution control boards get between Rs 15,000 -
Rs 25,000. Candidates with a postgraduate degree may start with a salary range of Rs. 30000 - Rs. 50000
and with a PhD salaries are even higher. Environmental Engineers with a B.E degree receives a salary
anywhere between Rs.20, 000 - Rs.30, 000. A licensed engineer however can expect a higher pay
package.
Career Prospects
Environmental Science as a career offers good job opportunities. Various state and national Government
Departments and Industry provide employment on the basis of experience and specialization. There is
employment potential in distilleries, fertilizers plants, mines, refineries, textiles, pollution control
boards. Forest and wildlife department, NGOs, water resource and agriculture department, various
universities and colleges also provide employment.
Famous Personalities
Dr R K Pachauri, was the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a United Nations
panel to assess information relevant for understanding climate change. Pachauri has been quite vocal on
the issue of climate change and in 2007 IPCC shared Nobel Peace prize with former U.S. Vice President
Al Gore.


Career as GEOGRAPHERS
Geography as a discipline has evolved in many years and helps us in understanding the world. It studies
the land, its features and the inhabitants. Not only geography as such offers good career options it is a
good stepping stone for many related careers.
What do geographers do?
Geographers are people who study the earths natural environment. Their scope is not just limited to
making maps but stretches much beyond that. They study environment and human society and effects
of human society on environment. They are the backbone of Geographic information systems. They
study climate and natural phenomena like cyclones, storms, rain, land and oceans and about the earths
resources. They study weather and seasons and are involved in global monitoring of environment and
weather forecasting. Geographers are also involved in urban planning, environmental planning and
monitoring.
Geographers specialize in various fields like Economic Geography, Cultural Geography, Environment
Control, Political Geography, and Natural Resources. You can also specialize in Cartography, Geographic
Information Systems (GIS), Geo-morphology, Meteorology, Climatology, Remote sensing, and other
related areas.
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Geographers do a lot of research work and field work. As per specialization geographers work as
cartographers, climatologist, Geographic Information system specialist, environmental analyst, urban
planner, Remote sensing specialist etc.
Courses and Eligibility
B A in Geography --- Eligibility: 10+2
B.Sc. in Geography --- Eligibility: 10+2 with Maths, Statistics & Computer Science
MA in geography/Applied Geography
MSc in geography/Applied Geography
Diploma in Geo Informatics
M.Sc. Geo Informatics
Post graduate Diploma in geographical cartography
One can also do a Master's degree in Planning/ Remote Sensing/ GIS (M.Tech level courses) if you have
Mathematics as a subject in your BA/ B. Sc. You can also specialize in Population Science or Population
Studies after your post graduation.
For career in academics higher education like M.Phil./PhD is needed. At these levels one can choose any
specialized courses in Geography like Cartography, Urban and Town Planning, Regional Planning,
Physiography, Climatology, Oceanography, Population Studies, Economic and Environmental Geography.
Institutes and Universities for studying Geography
University of Delhi, New Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
Institute of Geo-informatics & Remote Sensing, Kolkata
Jamia Millia University, New Delhi
Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai
Amity University, Noida
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
SNDT Women's University, Mumbai
M. S. University of Baroda, Baroda
University of Calcutta, Kolkata
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad
Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Pay and Remuneration
In university departments and colleges an, an Assistant Professor may get anywhere between Rs. 1.8
lakhs to Rs 4.5 lakhs per year as basic salary and a Professor may get between Rs. 4.5 lakhs and 8 lakhs
as basic pay per year.
In Government jobs and with NGOs one usually begins with a lesser salary. Private organisations pay
higher.
Career Prospects
After studying geography one can join the teaching and academic institutions. One can also use skills in
various other career options. One can go for higher studies in Town and urban planning or one can go in
the field of cartography, Interested candidates can go for fields like geology and Meterology.
Geographers can also choose careers in the field of surverying etc where they do land valuations.
Geomatics and Geo Informatics are also coming up as excellent fields. Travel and tourism and Content
writing for the travel industry is another option. Research organisation and organizations involved in
environment conservation are offer good employment options.
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Famous Personalities
James Rennell is considered to be the father of Indian Geography, he started making maps while he was
in school itself.
Shashi Bhusan is another famous Indian geographer.
Rajesh Mathur, NIIT-GIS Vice Chairman, has contributed a lot in the geo-spatial industry for over two
decades in India and he was conferred with Lifetime Achievement Award at India Geospatial Forum in
2012.
A day in life
On a typical day a geographer may be engaged in making changes to the existing maps or graphs. For
this he would do a lot of research using existing maps, satellite images and Photographs. Sometimes
he/she would also use field observations to complete the information needed. With the help of
geographic information software and statistical tools he can create or modify a map/ graph.


Career as a Botanist
Introduction
Botany is a field of science, a discipline of biology in particular, involved in the study of plants. Plants
include a wide range of living organisms from the smallest bacteria to algae, fungi, lichens, mosses,
ferns, conifers, and flowering plants, all the way up to the largest living things - the giant sequoia (or
redwood) trees. Because the field is so broad, there are many kinds of botanists, or plant biologists.
Who is a Botanist?
A botanist is a biologist who specializes in the scientific study of plants. From the vast variety of
botanists, those interested in ecology study interactions of plants with other organisms and the
environment where as field botanists search to find new species or do experiments to discover how
plants grow under different conditions. Some botanists study the structure of plants. They may work in
the field, concentrating on the pattern of the whole plant. Others use microscopes to study the most
detailed fine structure of individual cells. Many botanists do experiments to determine how plants
convert simple chemical compounds into more complex chemicals. They may even study how genetic
information in DNA controls plant development.
The results of botanical research increase and improve our supply of foods, fibers, medicines, building
materials, and other plant products. Conservationists use botanical knowledge to help manage parks,
forests, and wilderness areas. Public health and environmental protection professionals use their
understanding of plant science to help solve pollution problems.
Plant science offers different specialties and career opportunities from which one can choose. This
allows people with different backgrounds, aptitudes, and interests to find satisfying careers in plant
biology. Among the careers available to a person who enjoys the outdoors are positions as an ecologist,
taxonomist, conservationist, forester, or plant explorer. Work in these areas may take you to foreign and
exotic lands. A person with a mathematical background might find biophysics, developmental botany,
genetics, or systems ecology to be exciting fields. If one is interested in chemistry might become a plant
physiologist, plant biochemist, molecular biologist, or chemotaxonomist. Plant structure may appeal to a
person who enjoys microscopy and the beauty of intricate form and design. Persons fascinated with
microscopic organisms often choose plant microbiology, phycology or mycology. With genetically
modified food becoming a regular practice, students of cytogeny, the study of the genetic make-up of
plants is currently very much in demand. On a larger scale, ornamental horticulture and landscape
design requires artistic use of plant form and color. A person concerned about the world food supply
might study plant pathology (diseases) or plant breeding. Honey production is another area where you
can be employed to determine the quality of honey, depending on the pollen grain count, which is used
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as a scale of measurement by any company. Paleobotany (the study of plant fossils) is another field that
botanists may venture into.
At larger universities there are frequently separate departments specializing in different applied
subdisciplines of botany. Some examples are: Agronomy (field crops), Horticulture (ornamentals, fruits
and vegetables), Microbiology (microbes such as bacteria and fungi) and Plant Pathology (diseases of
plants). Plant biologists who enjoy working with people have a wide range of opportunities in teaching
and public service.
Courses & Eligibility B
Sc Botany is offered by many Universities/institutes across India. After B Sc one can go for Post
graduation and later for M Phil and Ph d. For B. Sc Botany, 10+2 with science stream including Biology as
subject is the eligibility. For the postgraduate course, students must have passed graduation in the same
field.
Where to Study
Delhi University
Jiwaji University
Mumbai University
St Xaviers college, Kolkata
Government College of science, Chhattisgarh
Fergussan College
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra.
Maharajas College Kochi, Kerala.
Salary
Pay for botanists are very good. Teachers and researchers begin with Rs 2 Lakhs to Rs 2.5 lakhs per year.
While with higher qualifications the salaries get better.
Career Prospects
While working as a biological technician or in a herbarium is the immediate thing after graduation in
botany, Botany opens doors to many careers. Graduates in botany can go for higher studies and work in
area of bio technology, bio chemistry, food science, microbiology and environmental science to name a
few. One can join a university and teach as well can join a research organization. They can work in the
field of agriculture and horticulture also. Careers in ecology and toxicology are also open to graduates of
botany.


Career as a Nanotechnologist
Introduction
"Nanotechnology is an idea that most people simply didn't believe." Ralph Merkle
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is an extraordinary and unique branch in science and basically combines chemistry,
physics, biology, and engineering. Nanotechnology is also referred as molecular manufacturing. It is
related with the manufacturing and designing electronic circuits and the devices.
Who is a nanotechnologist?
Nanotechnologists are scientists or engineers who make machines and work with material smaller than
100 nanometers. Nanotechnologists work in many fields like computers (where they make chips etc)
and in the field of medicine where they study about the nano particles and their behavior in human
body and environment. Nanotechnology is focused on future and nanotechnologists are working on
finding solutions to problem where none exists.
Courses and Eligibility
Nano technology is offered as a Post-Graduate course in India. Those who want to do post graduation in
Nano-technology need to pass bachelor's degree examination with subjects like Mathematics, Physics,
Chemistry and Life Sciences obtaining not less than 50% marks in total. For doing M.Tech in
Nanotechnology, candidates need a B. Tech degree in any of these fields - Material science,
Biotechnology, Biomedical, Mechanical, Chemical, Electronics and Computer Science. Candidates with
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M.Sc. degree in Chemistry, Physics, Biotechnology, Material Science and Computer Science are also
eligible to apply for M.Tech programs.
Where to Study
IITs at Mumbai, Kanpur, Chennai, Guwahati and Delhi.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi
National Institute of Technology (NIT), Kurukshetra
National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela
National Institute of Technology, Calicut.
Biosys Biotech Lab & Research Centre, Chennai( Tamil Nadu )
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal( Madhya Pradesh )
National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Noida
Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), Sastra University,
Thanjavur
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi
University of Madras, Chennai
Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology : Dept. of Bio-Nano Technology,
Hisar
Sastra University : Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB),
Thanjavur( Tamil Nadu )
Nanotechnology is the upcoming field which interests many people due to its advancement in
technological area. It is the engineering of functional systems at molecular level which consists of
principles and technology of the work. It is the science of the future which includes innovations which
can change the world. Nanotechnology is the form of molecular engineering which is associated with the
creation of minute elements. Materials made out of it are light but at the same time strong and
transparent which can uphold any active and aggressive chemical reaction. Nanotechnology uses nano
materials which are the mixture of strong and weak but more efficient material. Examples of
nanotechnology are Carbon and diamond. It combines other fields such as chemistry, physics,
engineering, biology etc. to design and manufacture the molecular structure.
Performance and growth of industry in India
The concept of nanotechnology is very new to India and might take some time to get used to this
technology. However people have realized the potential of this field in commercial field. It is also getting
used in fields like electronics, healthcare markets, and other industrial products. Research and
Development is going on to understand the growth of it in the market. The industry is growing in various
sectors such as pharmaceuticals and medical products, electronics and computing, energy generation,
textiles, metals, auto and auto components, aviation etc. The technology is being expected to grow by
2010-2015.
Options and Opportunities
The opportunities in nanotechnology are tremendous but it requires lots of dedication and hard work to
achieve the level of expertise in this field. The sectors which are developing are medical sciences,
electronics, information technology and other disciplines which are using this technology to understand
the growth and usability of this technology. People in this field can develop themselves in health
industry, agriculture, environment industry, food and beverages, space research, and other industries as
it has a very wide scope.
Courses Available
- M.S. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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- M.Sc. Nanoscience
- M.Tech. Health Care Nanotechnology (Integrated)
- M.Tech. Nanomedical Sciences
- M.Tech. Nanotechnology
- M.Tech. Nanotechnology (Integrated)
- Ph.D. Nanoscience and Technology
- Ph.D. Nanotechnology
- Certificate Course in Nanotechnology
- Diploma in Nanotechnology
- Integrated Dual Degree (B.Tech./M.Tech.) in Nanotechnology
Qualification required
The eligibility criteria to pursue career in nanotechnology is post graduate degree in the subject. For the
post graduation in nanotechnology candidates must have a Bachelors degree with at least 50% marks
aggregate in Maths, Physics, chemistry and life sciences with PCS as subsidiary subjects.
Some good institutes
- Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore;
- Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
- National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi
- National Chemical Laboratory, Pune
- Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh
- Defence Materials Store Research & Development Organizations, Kanpur
- Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Noida
- Delhi University
- Benaras Hindu University
Entrance exams
- Aligarh Muslim University Postgraduate Entrance Exam
- Amrita University M.Tech in Nanotechnology/Molecular Medicine Common Entrance Test
- Awadhesh Pratap Singh University M.Sc Common Entrance Test (CET)
- Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Postgraduate Entrance Test
- Central University Common Entrance Test (CUSET)
- Chaudhary Charan Singh University M.Sc Nanotechnology Entrance Exam
- Delhi University Joint Admission Test (DU JAM)
- Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test
- Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)
- Vellore Institute of Technology Masters Entrance Exam (VITMEE)
- Maitreyi College PG Diploma in Nanotechnology Entrance exam
- Manonmaniam Sundaranar University M.Sc Nanotechnology Entrance Exam
- NIPER Joint Entrance Examination
- Punjab Technical University Combined Entrance Test
- SRM Engineering Entrance Examination
Salary
As far as the pay scale is concerned, freshers with M.Tech degree can earn somewhere between Rs
20,000 and 30,000 per month. After gaining some experience and professional expertise in this field,
candidates can also look for the package of Rs. 6,00,000, to Rs. 12,00,000 a year.
Career Prospects
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Nanotechnology has many applications and thus the scope is very wide. Nanotechnology finds
application in many industries like health, environment, space research, Chemicals, Bio technology and
Genetics. Forensic science & many other new industries emerging as a result of advances in
nanotechnology. Communication industry is also gaining a lot from advances in nanotechnology.
Famous Personalities
Norio Taniguchi, of the Tokyo University of Science used the term nanotechnology in 1974 for the first
time. Kim Eric Drexler, popularized the potential of molecular nanotechnology.


Career as a Statistician
Introduction
"Definition of Statistics: The science of producing unreliable facts from reliable figures."
What do statisticians do?
Statisticians harvest, analyze and explain data in ways that help decision-making. Statisticians use their
knowledge to design, collect, and interpret data experiments in many different fields of industry. This
includes fields of economics, medicine, psychology, marketing, public health, biology, sports, and others.
Even military considerations take statistical procedures for approval of certain strategies and sanctions.
The Central Government recruits postgraduates in statistics, mathematical statistics and applied
statistics for the Indian Statistical Service.
A big chunk of the ISI alumni get into analytics, banking and finance and software development.
Knowledge process outsourcing firms are absorbing stats students as well. Some become actuaries,
professionals who use mathematical and statistical methods to predict risks and uncertainty and for
valuation of financial products.
They often work for automobile, pharmaceutical, or computer software companies in trial testing and
product evaluation. Apart from development, statisticians are also involved with the manufacturing,
asset, liability, and risk management, and marketing departments of firms.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor degree in Statistics: Eligibility is 10+2 with Maths
MSc in OR; MBE/MSc Statistics; Post Graduation in statistics - Eligibility: graduation in Maths (With
statistics for at least 2 semesters)
The Union Public Service Commission conducts the examination for recruitment to the Indian
Statistical Service. This exam is open only to postgraduates in stats and certain allied disciplines.
Where to Study
Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore
Courses : M-Stat (S-stream, M-stream)
Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta,
Courses : BStat, MStat, MS (quantitative economics), and MTech
Indian Statistical Institute (Delhi Centre), New Delhi
Courses : MStat
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Courses : 2-year M.Sc. in Statistics, Doctorate in Statistics
University of Delhi (Hindu College, Lady Shri Ram College for Women, Sri Venkateswara College,
Ram Lal College)
Course: BSc Statistics
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI)
Loyola College, Chennai
Courses : BSc Statistics, M.Sc. Statistics
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Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand.
MSc in Statistics (Specialization in Biostatistics or Financial Statistics), Master in Quality and Productivity
Management (MQPM), M Phil, PhD Statistics.
Certificate courses in SPSS, Biostatistics, Financial Statistics.
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
MSc in Statistics, B.Sc. (Hons.) with Statistics Main and two subsidiaries, Diploma in Statistics
Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
Courses : B. Sc. (Hons.) Statistics, M.Sc.Statistics, M. Sc. in Health Statistics. Ph: 0542-2368418,2307255-
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Christ College, Bangalore, Hosur Road, Bangalore - 29, Karanataka.
Courses : B.Sc. Computer Science, Mathematics and Statistics(CMS)
Punjab University, Chandigarh
Courses : M.Sc. Statistics, M.Phil Statistics, Ph.D Statistics
Osmania University, Hyderabad
Courses : M.Sc. Statistics, M.Sc. Applied Statistics, M.Phil.Statistics , Ph.D.Statistics
Devi Ahilya ViswaVidyalaya, Indore
Courses : M.A/M.Sc Statistics
Fergusson College, Pune.
Courses : B.Sc.Statistics
Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla
Courses : MA/MSc Statistics, MPhil Statistics
Hindu College, Delhi, University of Delhi, University Enclave, Delhi
Courses : B.Sc.(Hons) Statistics
Hislop College, Nagpur, Temple Road, Civil lines, Nagpur, Maharashtra. Phone : 91-712-2532004, 91-
712-2520158
Courses : BSc Statistics, Post graduate Diploma in Applied Statistics
Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata
Courses : BSc Statistics
Mount Carmel College, Bangalore
Courses : Core combinations available:Economics, Mathematics, Statistics (EMS)
Maulana Azad College, Calcutta.
Courses : BSc Statistics
Nirmala college, Muvattupuzha, Muvattupuzha, Kerala, India
Courses : MSc Statistics
PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore.
Courses : BSc Statistics and M.Sc.Statistics
Parvathaneni Brahmayya Siddhartha College of Arts & Science, Vijayawada Siddhartha Nagar,
Vijayawada
Courses : B.A.Economics, Mathematics and Statistics, M.A.Statistics, B.A.Computer Applications,
Mathematics and Statistics
Presidency College, Chennai, Chennai,
Courses : BSc Statistics and M.Sc.Statistics
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra.
Courses : MSc in Statistics, Ph.D
St Xavier's College, Mumbai
Courses : BSc Statistics
St Thomas College, Pala, Arunapuram P.O, Kottayam , Kerala
Courses : M.Sc. Statistics, M.Sc. Biostatistics, Ph.D
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University of Calcutta, Kolkata
Courses : M.Sc.Statistics, M.Phil in Computer Application of Statistics, PhD
University of Calicut, Kerala
Courses : M.Sc.Statistics
University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,
Courses : MSc Statistics, MPhil Statistics, PhD
Pay and Remuneration
Starting pay packages for statisticians vary with the institute they are passing out and their prior
experience. In the past, pass out students of ISI, Kolkata were offered average pay of Rs 12 lakhs per
annum and Delhi University students were offered average pay package of Rs 4.5 lakhs.
Career Prospects
Statisticians work in government and they are in huge demand in the private sector also. Post Graduate
statisticians with certifications in statistical packages have better job prospects. Some of them join
Market Research and Financial Sector.
Opportunities available are as Manager in Data Management, Project Manager Statistician, Data
Analyst: sales and marketing, Business Analyst, Business Intelligence.
Famous Personalities
C R Rao is a world renowned statistician, who was honored at the White House in the year 2002 with
National Medal Science. He has a vast professional experience of over 40 years at the Indian Statistical
Institute in the capacity of Superintending Statistician. He has lead the Research and Training School as
its Head and also as Director in the same organization. Before that he has served as National Professor.
Further, his rich experience in the field of statistics includes 20 years in several universities comprising of
United States and United Kingdom which also includes University of Pittsburgh, University of California
at Berkeley, Pennsylvania State University, Cambridge University and Hopkins University


Career in Life Sciences
Life sciences comprise of various fields of science such as biology, medicine, botany, zoology, physiology,
biochemistry, etc. concerned with study of living organisms.

There are many fields under life science, such as:
- Biology, Bio-engineering, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Cell Biology,
- Medicine, Biomedical sciences, Microbiology
- Genetics
- Pharmacology
- Physiology
- Plant sciences
- Ecology
- Zoology.
Life Sciences Courses:
B.Sc. (Genetics)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Genetics)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Human Genetics)
B.Sc. (Life Sciences)
B.Sc. Applied Life Science (Sericulture)
M.Phil. (Life Sciences)
M.Sc. (Applied Genetics)
M.Sc. (Biomedical Genetics)
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M.Sc. (Enzyme and Fermentation Technology)
M.Sc. (Genetics)
M.Sc. (Human Genetics and Molecular Biology)
M.Sc. (Life Science)
Ph.D. (Environmental Biology)
Ph.D. (Genetics)
Ph.D. (Life Science)
Post Graduate Diploma (Computational Biology)
Post Graduate Diploma (Immunotechnology)
Post Graduate Diploma (Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering)


Career in Aquaculture
Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions. Though there are some
types of aquaculture like Algaculture which is the cultivation of kelp or Seaweed and other Algae, the
growing of Cultured Pearls, the primary form of aquaculture is Fish Farming or Pisciculture (the Latin
word piscis means fish). Fish farming or Aquaculture of this kind is end directed, that is, fishes are grown
or cultivated for human consumption or for industrial and medicinal purposes.
Aquaculture has been practised since ancient times. In ancient China (circa 2500 BC), fishes were held in
artificial tanks after the floods. Aquaculture however expanded and became a full fledged industry only
in the 20th century.
Fishes provide an excellent source of protein and essential amino acids. In many developing countries
with considerable water bodies or coasts, aquaculture is greatly encouraged in an effort to prevent
malnutrition among the people.
India is surrounded by water bodies on multiple sides and there are numerous water bodies within the
mainland. There is an approximately 7,500 km coastline and longer inland water channels. The fishing
industry is therefore a rapidly increasing and important industry and aquaculture is a viable career
option.
Nature of Work
Those involved in Aquaculture have to develop fish farms and work in fish research centres. They also
need to research and gather information about water bodies and coastal areas. Fish farmers also need
to find out and prevent water pollution and engage in fish preservation. Aquaculture involves the study
of methods of fish cultivation and harvesting, freezing and canning in both coastal as well as inland
factories. Then there is the necessity of figuring out ways of marketing, both within and outside the
country, the transportation and delivery of fishes.
Personality
Being involved in Aquaculture does not require a special kind of personality as such but one must be
prepared to handle fishes and dissect them, travel on the water and be able to swim. Therefore, it is a
major setback if one cannot physically handle fishes or stand the smell of fishes. Being sea sick is also a
problem for certain kinds of job in the aquaculture industry. An interest in marine or aqua life is an
added advantage. Being able to swim is not only an advantage, but also quite necessary.
Professional Courses
One can pursue a bachelor's degree in Fish Farming (B.Sc. in Fishery Sciences) or a bachelor's degree in
Zoology (B.Sc. in Zoology). Either of these two bachelor's degrees paves the way for a further master's
degree in Fishery Sciences. One can also study for a master's degree in Mariculture (M.Sc. in
Mariculture). One can also study for a Ph.D. after getting a master's degree.
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Diploma courses are also offered by several institutes. These diploma courses can be of 1 to 3 years.
Small certificate courses are also offered by some academic institutions.
Other short term courses are also offered by some institutes for a career in aquaculture. These short
term courses can sometimes be a concentrated period of study for 30 days.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Some colleges which offer a bachelor's degree in Fishery Sciences are:
1. College of Fisheries Roha, Nagaon - 782103, Assam
2. Agriculture University, Jorhat- 785 013, Assam
3. College of Fisheries, Pusa Rajendra, Bihar
www.pusavarsity.org.in
Email: info@pusavarsity.org.in
4. Agriculture University, Sabour - 813 210, Bihar
5. College of Fisheries, Vellanikkara - 680654, Trichur (Kerala)
Institutes offering master's courses in fishery sciences
Department of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University Kochi, Kerala - 682 022, India
Institutes offering master's courses in mariculture
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala - 682 018, India
Institutes offering diploma courses
Central Institute of Fisheries Education,
Fisheries University Road
Seven Bungalows
Andheri (W), Mumbai - 400061
Phone: +91 22 2636 1446 / 7 / 8
Fax: +91 22 2636 1573
http://www.cife.edu.in
Email: contact@cife.edu.in
Indira Gandhi National Open University
http://www.ignou.ac.in/schools/sos/courses.htm#daq
Shark Processing
Integrated Fisheries Project,
Cochin, Kerala
Mate Fishing Vessel
Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training,
Cochin, Kerala, TN, AP.
The ASPARC in Visakhapatnam and OSSPARC in Bhubaneshwar are two major training centres for
aquaculture. The courses at both these centres are of one month. Marine Product Export Development
Authority (MPEDA) in Mumbai and Mangalore also offer a 30 day shrimp farm management course.
MPEDA assists in job placements as well.
Eligibility
The eligibility for most of these courses is the study of science till class 12 in school. As the degree in
aquaculture is a science degree, one needs to have studied science till class 12. Most institutes also
make it mandatory to have studied biology till class 12. However, it is best to check with individual
institutes to see what their requirements are. The cut offs for these institutes vary from institute to
institute. Whether one needs to appear for any of the competitive exams or whether the school leaving
exam is sufficient depends on the institute.
Specialization
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What one specializes in leads to what kinds of jobs one can look for later. If one is looking for a job in the
industry, then one can specialize in the ways of breeding and cultivating fishes for industry. One can also
specialize in fields which seek to cultivate aquatic life for use in medicine. One can then find a job in a
pharmaceutical company.
If one is not looking for a job in the industry but rather wants to go into research and development, then
one can specialise in studying the life patterns, habits and breeding patterns of fishes. One can specialize
in either fresh water aquaculture or coastal aquaculture. One can also study about the preservation of
marine life. With water pollution increasing rapidly, one can study about ways in which water pollution
can be prevented and how toxic industrial wastes can be disposed of safely without destroying the
ecological system. Commercial fishing as opposed to fish farming has led to the depletion in the
population of several of the most widely consumed breeds of fishes. There are also opportunities to
study the ways in which extinction of the most widely consumed breeds of fishes can be prevented. A
ban on the extensive fishing of some breeds is one of the new fields that is being incorporated into
aquaculture studies in India and also in other countries. One can also specialize in fish processing. Since
aquaculture is end oriented, the processing as well as harvesting is an important part of studies in
aquaculture.
Career Growth and Prospects
With the huge coastlines and the numerous inland water bodies in India, aquaculture presents a
growing industry. Aquaculture is still in its early stages in India and there is a lot of scope for
development. Fishes are an important export item for India because India, with its long coastlines, has
excellent fish stocks. The career prospects and openings are therefore large.
One can find employment in fish farms in the areas of design, construction and management as well.
The CFTRI's Biology department, Indian Council of Agricultural Research; the Indian Council of
Agriculture Research (ICAR) and the MPEDA are all encouraging and boosting the aquaculture industry in
India. With these efforts, the job prospects are not limited.
Remunerations
Aquaculture is a viable career option. With large paths of development lying ahead, the job returns are
not limited. For teachers, the remuneration is as per the University Grants Commission (UGC) guidelines.
Even while one is a research fellow, one can get a salary of Rs 8,000 per month. For professors, the
salary can go up to Rs 25,000 per month.
Farming supervisors can get a salary between Rs 15,000 to Rs 25,000. For entrepreneurs, the returns are
not defined but the scope is tremendous.
How to find a job?
One can either find a placement in industry or in pharmaceutical companies or go in for research and
development and teaching.
One can find several openings in industry. Some of these are in farm management where one performs
supervisory tasks like site selection, designing and construction ponds and other water bodies, feeding
fishes, perform selective stocking, manage water quality, and monitor the fishes and prevent toxication
or infection till they are harvested and also protecting the water body in general.
In hatchery management one can be engaged in brood stock collection, breeding fishes in artificial
conditions, managing water quality, oxygen packing and transportation to the farms. One can also find
jobs which try to provide equipment required in fish cultivation like nets, fishing vessels, machines or
equipments for cleaning, salting and freezing fishes. Two low level jobs associated with the aquaculture
industry are those of a fishery inspector and a deep sea fishery worker. One can get a job as a fishery
inspector whose duty is to transport fish seed safely to different fishery stations. Deep sea fishery
workers work as crew members of fishing vessels.
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For research and development, one can be involved either with academic institutions or with the
research and development sections of fishing companies or pharmaceutical companies. Teaching posts
are available at all the institutes offering courses in aquaculture.

Career in Sericulture
Introduction
Sericulture is the art and technology of raising silk worms for production of raw silk yarn. This agro
based industry is not limited to just worms, but includes all activities related to them, like mulberry
cultivation and even post-cocoon technology. It requires both technical know-how and as well as
specialization.
Today China and Japan are two main producers of silk yarn, together producing over 50% of total world
production each year.
Educational Institutions
Sericulture is quite popular in southern India and is now available as course option in Northern India too.
Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore
College of Agriculture, Bangalore
Shivaji University, Kolhapur
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
Eligibility
Undergraduate courses: 10+2 with science
Postgraduate courses: Bachelor's degree in agriculture, sericulture or any agricultural field
Course Duration
Undergraduate courses: 4 years
Postgraduate courses: 2 years
Cost
Nominal
Prospects
Sericulture offers career opportunity in Govt. research centers, Silk boards, private textile firm.
Professionals who undergo proper training can earn starting salaries are as high as Rs 15000/- per
month in public sector and even higher in private sector and NGOs.
Current Employment Opportunities
Sericulture Jobs
Past Employment Opportunities
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences And Technology - Jammu
Maya Organic
Nagarjuna Agro Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
ELAND International

Career in Geo-informatics and GIS
Introduction
Geographic Information System (GIS) and satellite-based Remote Sensing (RS) have greatly improved
our ability to collect, store, analyse and utilise geographical information. GIS and RS is a system of
hardware, software and procedures designed for support, capture, management, manipulation,
analysis, modelling and display of spatially referenced (geographical) data. The terms geo-informatics
system or geometrics are used interchangeably. GIS and RS professionals finds career opportunities in
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environmental impact assessment, biodiversity assessment, natural resource management,
environmental modelling, town planning, public utility work and many socio-economic development
programmes. GIS professionals make the geographic information accessible to scientists, planners,
decision makers, managers and to general public. The knowledge of geo-informatics is becoming a
driving force behind the overall socio-economic development of the nation.
Scope
Geo-informatics services are growing by 10-15% per annum. There is great demand for GIS professionals
in 150 GIS companies in India and many other global companies. Geo-information system have a variety
of uses viz. agriculture, archaeology, environment, geology, health, land information system, military,
urban and rural development, transpiration, telecommunication, power, water resource, natural and
manmade disasters, oil and natural gas, banking and insurance, business geographic, mobile mapping,
etc GIS and RS has application in resource Managment especially of water, land, soil, vegetation,
etc. There is a wide gap in demand and supply of GIS professionals. India is the one of the most
preferred outsourcing destination for GIS related work in the world.
Remuneration
Salary based on training, experience and qualification. In general, salaries in private field are above
average than in government organizations. The salaries for those working in Geoinformatics are quite
good as compared to many other fields. The salary range in United States is between $31,387 for an
entry-level analyst to $83,333 for a GIS supervisor.
Eligibity
Graduation or post-graduation in science stream with good training programme is GIS is essential. The
knowledge of Geography, information technology is preferred. B.A.or M.A. geography students can also
make good career in Geoinformatics.
Employabilty Skills
Remote sensing, database programming, photogrammetry, image processing, digital cartography and
automated mapping
Knowledge of two or more GIS packages.
Excellent verbal/written communication skills.
Good documentation skills.
"Hands-on" experience
Good analytical skills.
Problem solving skills
Creativity
Good knowledge of cartography, GIS, database management and programming.
Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career
in the field of Geo-informatics.
Do I have good sense of space and dimensions?
Do I have knowledge of GIS packages?
Do I have perceptive and probing mind?
Do I have ability to handle enormous amount of data?
Do I like to travel frequently?
Am I ready to bear inconvenience if you are in remote areas?
Do I like systematic way of working?
Do I like to work for several hours (8-12hrs or more) per day in a lab?
Do I have analysing and interpreting skills?
Do I read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?
Do I have a creative mind and deep thinking?
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Do I have ability of keen observation?
Am I ready to learn and adopt new techniques?
Do I like to work as a team?
Do I have good knowledge of cartography?
Am I good in database management and software programming?
Do I have like to learn statistical analysis?
Do I have problem solving ability?
Do I have good communication skills?

Career opportunities
Agriculture: Mixed-crop discrimination and inventory, large area crop inventory and crop stress
detection monitoring.
Forest: Types and species discrimination, forest stock mapping and biomass estimation.
Environment: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and environmental planning.
Soil resources: Soil mapping and erosion prone mapping.
Geology: Geological mapping, geomorphologic mapping, terrain and cadastral mapping
Water Resources: Surface water monitoring and ground water targeting.
Disaster: Flood damage assessment, flood relief measures, etc.
Military management: GIS plays role in scheduling and fighting of wars as well rebuilding war-torn
communities.
Business applications: For finding offending taxpayers, developing pizza delivery routes, setting up
insurance rates, etc.
Public sector organisations: ISRO, NRSA, NIC, urban developmental authorities and municipal bodies
employ GIS trained personnels.
Natural resource management.
Local and municipal planning and development.
Emergency management:
Transportation management.
Socio-Economic development.
Urban development.
Public utility works.
Job options
Cartographic designer
Consultant: A consultant's primary duties are
the complete analysis, design and
documentation of a project.
Database administrator.
Geographer
Geo-Spatial Software Engineer
GIS analysts:
GIS Analyst-Environmental
GIS Application Specialist
GIS Business Analyst
GIS Data Specialist
GIS digitizers/GIS operators
GIS Mapping Assistant
GIS Mapping Technician
GIS Programmer
GIS project manager
GIS technicians/GIS engineers
Professor/Teacher
Self-employment:
Geo-informatics solution consultancy.
Out sourcing Geoinformatics services.
EIA consultant.
Employers
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Geoinformatics centres: Universities, Space Application Centres, Birla Institute of Technology, NRSA,
etc.
Central Government organizations/agencies: NESAC, RRSAC, ISRO, ADRIN, IARI, ICAR, etc.
Schools, Colleges and Universities:
Overseas firms: USA, Canada, Netherlands, Switzerland, China, Malaysia, France, Germany, Australia,
etc.
Private sector firms: Telecommunication companies, oil industry, transportation industry, etc.
Government agencies and local authorities: Departments like Agriculture, Geology, Forest, Town-
planning, etc.
Newspaper/magazines: Geoinformatics columnist
Educational content development firms: Content developer, Expert, etc.
Companies providing job opportunities
CyberTech Systems and Software Ltd., Mumbai
ESRI India, New Delhi
Fugro Survey India Ltd, Mumbai.
Geofiny Technologies Private Limited, Chennai
Geographis (India) Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad.
INCA Informatics Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
Lavasa Corporation Limited, Pune.
Magnasoft Consutancy Services, Bangalore
Reliance Communication Pvt. Ltd.
Speck Spatial Tech Ltd.
Tata Consultancy Services Ltd.
Courses
Courses after 12th standard
B.E.(Geoinformatics) Duration: 4 years Eligibility: Higher second class in 10+2 Mode of admission:
Common entrance test Institute: Institute of Remote Sensing at Anna University, Chennai. Further
details:www.annauniv.edu
Diploma in Geoinformatics Institute: Symbiosis Society Senapati Bapat rd. Pune-
1.www.symbiosissociety.org
Courses after Graduation:
B.Sc. (Applied) in GIS and RS. Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Minimum 50% marks in the qualifying
examination viz., B.Sc./B.Ag./B.A. (in mathematics/statistics) B.E./ B.Tech./ B.Arch./ B.A. (in
geography) Institute: Pune University www.unipune.ernet.in
M.Sc (Geoinformatics and Geohazards) Duration: 2 years Institute: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
(IIRS) National Remote Sensing Agency Dept of Space, Govt. of India, Dehradun (India) www.iirs-
nrsa.gov.in
M.Sc. Geomatics Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Common entrance test Institute: Symbiosis Geomatics
Institute, Pune. www.symbiosisgeoinformatics.in
M.Sc. Geoinformatics Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Common entrance test Institute: Birla Institute of
Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand Kolkatta and Jaipur. www.bitmesra.ac.in
M.Sc. Geoinformatics and remote sensing Duration: 2 years Institute: M.D.S. University, Ajmer,
Rajasthan.www.mdsuajmer.com
M.Sc. Geoinformatics Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Students having obtained minimum 50% marks in the
qualifying examination viz., B.Sc./B.Ag./B.A. (in mathematics/statistics) B.E./ B.Tech./ B.Arch./ B.A.
(geography) Institute: Pune University. www.unipune.ernet.in
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M.Tech: Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Common entrance test Institute: IIT Mumbai, IIT
Kanpur, www.iitk.ac.inRoorkee University, REC Warangal Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi,
Jharkhand Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University (JNTU), Hyderabad. www.jntu.ac.in
M.Tech (RS & GIS) Institute: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) National Remote Sensing Agency
Dept of Space, Govt. of India, Dehradun-248001 (India) www.iirs-nrsa.gov.in
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) Eligibility: M.Sc. Duration: 2-6 years Mode of admission: NET/CSIR
entrance. Or Under research projects or self funded
Centers for Ph.D:
All reputed Universities.
Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand www.bitmesra.ac.in
Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University (JNTU), Hyderabad. www.jntu.ac.in
Indian Institute of Technology (lIT), www.iitk.ac.in Roorkee, Kanpur and Kharagpur.
Indian Space Research organisation (ISRO) www.isro.org
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) www.nrsc.gov.in
Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad www.sac.gov.in
Survey Training Institute, Hyderabad www.surveyofindia.gov.in/Training.html
Geological Survey of India www.gsi.gov.in Conducts short term and long-term courses and workshops at
nominal fees.
Post-Graduate Diploma RS & GIS Institutes: IIRS, Dehradun www.iirs-nrsa.gov.in and Allahabad
University
Distant courses:
MSc (Remote Sensing and GIS): Institute: School of Studies in Distance Education (SOSDE) (Jiwaji
University),Madhya Pradesh www.idejug.com
MSc. (Geoinformatics) The Global Open University, Distance Education.Tamil Nadu, Chennai
and Annamalai University Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalainagar (Tamil Nadu).
MBA in Geoinformatics Periyar Institute of Distance Education, Mumbai
M.Sc. In Geomatics Sikkim Manipal University Directorate of Distance Education and Bangalore
University- Directorate of Correspondence Courses & Distance.
Important Institutes
Allahabad University, Allahabad, UP. www.aaidu.org
Birla Institute of Technology. www.bits-pilani.ac.in
Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, www.iari.res.in
Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR). www.icar.org.in
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing and Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun. www.iirs-nrsa.gov.in
Indian Institute of Technology(lIT), Roorkee, Kanpur, Kharagpur
ISRO, Bangalore. www.isro.org
Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University (JNTU), Hyderabad. www.jntu.ac.in
M.D.S. University, Ajmer. www.mdsuajmer.com
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Balanagar Hyderabad www.nrsa.gov.in
Regional Remote Sensing Application Center (RRSAC), Kharagpur, Dehradun, Jodhpur, Nagpur and
Bangalore,www.isro.org/rrssc/index.html
Space Application Center (SAC), Ahmedabad and New Delhi. www.sac.gov.in
Examinations
Many reputed institutes conducts entrance examinations so as to test the aptitute for the
Geoinformatics.
.


350
Career as an Ecologist
Introduction
"A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and
giving fresh strength to our people." Franklin D. Roosevelt
Anything that involves whole organisms and the living and non-living things around them involves
ecology. Whether they investigate urban, suburban, rural, forest, desert, farm, fresh water, estuarine, or
marine environments, ecologists help us understand the connections between organisms and their
environment.
Who is an Ecologist?
Ecologists are scientists who study the relationships between plants, animals, and their environments.
They do research in field of environment and help others to understand and appreciate the natural
world they live in and depend on. For example: an ecologist will study the impact of making a dam on
the adjoining forest and its flora and fauna or Impact of factory discharge on a river ecosystem. Through
research and studies they give reports which the government and other related agencies utilize for
decision making and implementation. Some of them also teach and advise students and local or other
government agencies. Ecologists also do impact analysis while the project is going on or alter to assess
the damage done to the ecology. They oversee the actions that may change the environment. Ecologists
help the corporate and government agencies to work in such a manner that natural resources can be
managed and environment can be protected.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor of Science (Environmental Science):
Eligibility: 10+2 in any discipline
Duration: Three Years (Six Semesters)
One can follow it up with Masters Degree and even a Ph.D.
While this is the formal route to become an ecologist, somebody having an interest in ecology can begin
working in this are even while he/she is in school. You can take your environmental science subject
more seriously and can also join a ecology club in the summer or winter vacations. You can intern with
an organisation involved in ecological research or work with NGOs.
Where to Study
1. Indian Institute of Ecology and environment, New Delhi Offers Master of Science (Environmental
Science), Master of Science (Sustainable Development), Master of Science (Disaster Management),
Master of Science (Remote Sensing), MBA (Environmental Management), Bachelor of Science
(Environmental Science).
2. WWF India, Darrang College Tezpur. Offers Certificate Course in Conservation Ecology
3. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Offers research programs in
Ecology.
4. Conservation India Offers Certificate course in Ecology, Ethology and Conservation.
5. Chhatisgarh University B Sc and MSc Environment and Ecology
6. Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi B Sc in Ecology and Environment
7. IIFM, Bhopal FPM in Ecosystem and Environment Management.
8. Assam University Offers M Sc (Ecology and Environmental Sciences)
9. Pondicherry University, Puducherry Offers M Sc (Ecology and Environmental Sciences)
# there are many institutes in India that offer Graduate and Post Graduate course in Environmental
Science.
Salary
Typically salaries are low at entry level technical jobs and for interns but people in the teaching career
and those working the corporate sector get good salaries after getting experience.
Career Prospects
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Career prospects are bright in the field of ecology. Entry level jobs are as research assistant where one
works in the field or lab. Later on you take the position of a research scientist who supervises
technicians and research assistants. After gaining considerable experience one works as a Environmental
Consultant. And may work on projects for restoration of ecological system of some place. College
teachers also take up research assignments.
.

Career in Earth Science
Looking for a Career Option in the Field of Earth Science? This section features Earth Science as a career
option, elaborated with reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses and training
involved, premier institutions and future prospects.
Earth Sciences mainly deal with subjects such as geography, geology and oceanography and are
connected with the study of earth, its changing aspects.
Geography> deals with the areal differentiation of the earth's surface. It includes study of factors such as
climate, elevation, soil, vegetation, population, land use and industries all over world and its different
political entities.
Geology is the science that deals with the physical history of the earth, rocks of which is composed and
physical changes which the earth has undergone or is undergoing. Allied branches of geology are
geochemistry and geophysics.
Oceanography is branch of physical geography dealing with oceans. Geologists may easily specialise in
this branch. Again the work is research-oriented or exploratory in nature.
Cartographers produce maps, including details of projection, design, compilations, drafting and
reproduction. They collect and organise all the data on which maps are based and this involves land
surveying and aerial photography. Cartography can take up by geographers. Town Planning
organisations, forest departments, land survey agencies, defence sector, rail, road and airport
authorities, housing boards and tourism departments of the government require the services of
cartography
Personality Traits

Geologist or geographer should have keen interest in physical surroundings, strong powers of
observation, good colour vision, precision, patience, perseverance, interest in outdoor work,
indifference to unpleasant wheat her conditions, good physical health, scientific approach, and love for
exploration are useful attributes for all earth scientists.
Courses/Training

The basic qualification for career in earth science is a Master's degree in specific subject. Geography and
geology are subjects of academic study. In order to take up a post graduate programme in geography or
geology, it is necessary to have studied it as major / honours subject during graduation.
Postgraduate seats are normally allotted in these subjects to students who have graduated with the
respective subjects. At the postgraduate level students take up an area of the discipline for special
study. Project work is an important part of the curriculum for these disciplines. While geology is taken
up as a science, many universities do not tare geography as a subject of the science stream and instead
award an arts degree.
The Institute of Town Planners, India, 4-A Ring road, I P Estate, New Delhi 110 002 offers Associateship
Examination. Postgraduates In geography employed in town planning work, directly or indirectly, may
apply for the Examination.
Courses in Earth Sciences are
M.Sc. Tech (Earth science (3 years) in branches: Applied Geology; Applied geophysics after B.Sc.
with Geology / Physics).
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5-year Integrated M.Sc. (Applied Geology / Exploration Geophysics) after 10+2 through It-JEE,
M.Tech. Applied Geology after B.Tech/equivalent, GATE score.
Oceanography/Marine Sciences Courses.
Placements And Prospects

Geographers are needed for research, in town planning organisations, in various government
departments and also for teaching work. Geologists find employment in teaching, research and
exploration/survey work in government, public sector organisations and private sector. Each
organisation recruits against vacancies arising from time to time. Selection is usually on the basis of an
assessment of the academic record, interview and a written examination. Research institutions prefer to
select candidates with doctoral degrees. Experienced geologists enjoy lucrative prospects in private
consultancy work.


































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Career in Humanities and Social Sciences



Humanities and Social Sciences are two major categories.
The Humanities (study the human condition by analytics) include the arts (music, theatre, studio /visual
art), literature, languages, history, philosophy, religion, and the like.
The Social Sciences (study the human condition by empiricism) include anthropology, sociology,
psychology, history, education, economics, geography, political science, and the like.
Candidates with social science degrees can opt for teaching positions. With the ongoing shortage of
teachers, lecturers and professors in the country, this is an appealing career option for people who value
giving back to the society while being in a respectable, stable salaried career.
Taking civil services exams and going into public service is a competitive arena that several students
aspire. Having the foundation of subjects like history, geography, civics, etc. will help one be better
equipped for the civil services competitive examinations. If you end up working for the government, a
secure job is assured. Law is another successful career option for several students who come from
humanities and social science backgrounds. For economics graduates, there are job prospects in the
corporate sector, banking, NGOs, etc. With the increase in media and content management companies,
there is an on-going need for journalists and writers who can express their opinions intelligently.
Students with an arts background can further go on to become script writers, lyricists, language
translators, linguists, interpreters, librarians, historians, museum curators, etc. The hospitality, travel
and tourism industries are also fields that offer jobs for humanities students. Other popular fields for
arts graduates are fashion design, interior design, footwear design, etc.
After class 12th board exams, some of the predominant questions echoing in every
Humanities/Arts student's mind are: What do we do next? What are your prospective career
options? Which courses should we apply for? So on and so forth.
Here, we try and answer these very questions and clear the mist of confusion clouding every student's
mind.
Arts or Humanities is a very diverse stream and mainly deals with subjects like literature,
Sociology, Psychology, Political Science etc. The career horizon for those who belong to this
stream of study is limit less. Students can choose from a range of career options such as
teaching, social work, law, politics, business, television, journalism etc.
Also, the discipline has a lot to offer when it comes to undergraduate courses. Few of the popular
courses students from the arts background can opt for are as follows:
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B.A in Economics: This course is a specialized academic degree in the social sciences encompassing both
literate and quantitative courses. Students from this field of specialization have a variety of career
options to choose from, such as strategic pricing, cost analysis, marketing research, statistical
forecasting. The main employers in this field are multi-national corporations, financial institutions,
unions and government organizations.
B.A Political Science: This course deals with the study of state, nation, government, and politics and
policies of government, at the international as well as international levels. Students are educated on
topics such as economic conditions, world terrorism, international relations, environmental issues etc.
Students from this course can carve a niche for themselves in the field of politics, international relations,
social work/research etc.
B.A Sociology: This course deals with the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and
consequences of human behavior. It is an appropriate discipline for anyone who wishes to pursue a
career in social work, journalism, teaching, research etc. There is a demand for students from this field
in many international organizations such as the United Nations as well as a wide range of NGOs and
social work organizations prefer recruiting candidates with a Sociology background.
B.A Journalism: This course is for anyone and everyone who has the flair of weaving words into well
written articles or the knack of verbal communication. In this course the student is exposed to subjects
such as politics, social and economic issues, entertainment etc. The course not only opens the door to
jobs in a number of media organizations, but also presents opportunities in the communications wing of
many high eng business organizations.
B.A Courses IN DETAILS
Bachelor of Arts or BA in short, is an under-graduation degree that aims at giving students a
professional foundation in the formal study of subjects like natural sciences, social sciences, and
foreign languages. The following article will help you find out more about the BA course in terms of its
duration, the subjects included, eligibility criteria and possible career pathways.
About the BA Course
Bachelor of Arts (BA) was once a very popular course among students preferring to pursue graduation to
earn a professional degree. The versatility of this degree ensures inclusion of a variety of subjects and
disciplines to suit the academic or creative bend of the students mind. The broad range of fields it
covers makes it suitable to be pursued by student of any background. Be it natural sciences, social
sciences, the liberal arts and humanities, or all. Although in recent times, the trend is to pursue BA in
social sciences or liberal arts due to the increasing popularity of degrees with more scientific orientation
like Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech), or Bachelor of Engineering (BE).
Typically, the duration of the course in India is for three years with full time studying, split into six
semesters. Each academic year comprises of two semesters. However, a BA course may even extend up
to four years in some other countries or in case of some special degree courses like an Honours course.
Essentially a student must study a minimum of five subjects in order to be considered an Arts graduate.
A student of the Arts is allowed to choose subjects to major and minor in broad range of subjects; some
examples are as follows:
Economics
Philosophy
Political Science
Literature
Sociology
Psychology
History
Anthropology
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Education
Archaeology
Religious Studies
English
French
German
Hindi
Public Administration
Sanskrit
With this wide a range of courses offered, the BA degree is perfectly suited for those candidates
preferring to exploit their strength in a particular field and pursue it as a career. Students even have the
option of pursuing and Honours in BA to gain extra insight into their subject of interest by spending an
extra year studying the course. Needless to say, Honours students do appear to be the more preferential
candidates in jobs.
Eligibility Criteria for the Course
The main eligibility criteria for any candidate preferring to opt for the BA course is a passing score in any
High School Certification (HSC) examination (also called 10+2) from any recognized Education Board.
Students may be from arts, commerce, or even science streams. Of course, selection of students
depends on the percentage of marks obtained in the HSC examination. As a secondary condition of
eligibility, some colleges conduct their own entrance exams. In this case, students must clear the
minimum cut-off marks to be enrolled into the college or university.
Skill Set
If students want to opt for higher education in Arts and Humanities, it is imperative for them have
certain skills so that they can become the best in their chosen subject. In fact, the learning difficulties
and catchy quotients in school persuade students interest. One has to dwell for and understand his
interests and difficulties, further relate them to disciplines and career. Here underneath are few skills
needed to flourish in humanities and social sciences professions.
English Communication Skills (Written and Verbal Proficiency over language)
Skills of Presentation
Mathematical Abilities
Interpersonal Skills
Inquisitive Openness for the New
Mental Abilities
Research Abilities
Decision Making Skills
Alongside identifying the area of interest, nurturing the same with needed skills prepares the students
for better future. Skills mark the difference of wavered and profession. As in arts and humanities,
interaction and observation form a good portion of the job. Ability to understand, explain and
presenting occupies the most of it. One needs to acquire command over language, develop
interpersonal skills of engaging with others and quick grasp of the situations. Leading professions of CA,
Management, Economics and others need good mathematical abilities too. Independent thinking,
research ability, decision making and problem solving, makes the career grow smoother.
Colleges Offering the Course
The following list exemplifies the extent of colleges that offer the BA course:
Presidency College, Kolkata
St. Xavier's College Mumbai
Lady Shree Ram College for Women,
Delhi
Loyola College, Chennai
St. Xavier's College, Calcutta
St. Stephen's College, Delhi
Fergusson College, Pune
356
Presidency College, Chennai
Hindu College, Delhi
Hans Raj College, Delhi
Christ College, Bangalore
Symbiosis College, Pune
Sophia College, Mumbai
St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad
Miranda House, Delhi
Stella Maris College, Chennai
St. Joseph's College, Bangalore
Jesus & Mary College, Delhi
Mount Carmel College, Bangalore
Queen Mary's College, Chennai

A student is advised to go through the website of individual colleges to determine the minimum HSC
examination marks criteria and entrance exam commitments for enrolling in that particular college.
Job Opportunities
Pursuing a course in Bachelor of Arts enable students to be eligible for a variety of jobs and build a
suitable work profile for themselves. While those considering serious academic work in their respective
field are free to pursue research, others preferring a routine job may even consider administrative
options. Depending upon their discipline, students have an opportunity to be hired by the many sectors,
some of which are exemplified below:
Banks
Educational Institutes
Departments of Economic
Development
Law Firms
Political Organizations
Municipal Planning Organizations
Field Research Firms
Career in NGO
Industrial Relation Officer
Lecturer
Liberal Arts
Librarian
Psychologist
Research Assistant
Social Worker
Sociologist
Teacher
Interested students may even find themselves in positions such as:
Administrative Officer
Business Administrator
Public Opinion Analyst
Policy Analyst
Political Commentator
Clinical Psychologist
The advantage afforded by the BA course to students is that it allows a freedom of academic interest,
letting the student decide for itself which route it wants its career to take. On top of that, throughout
the BA course, students are given opportunities to hone essential skills such as researching an issue,
presenting an argument, analysing information, communication, etc. BA graduates have a multitude of
options of choose from, once they graduate, ranging from more versatile post-graduate degree options
to greater employability in whichever job they choose.
Major Humanities Exams in India
The courses offered in Humanities are Undergraduate, post graduate and PhD in humanities. The
eligibility for the undergraduate program is to pass at least 12th grade from a recognized university. One
must not be less than 17 years of age. The study requires dedication, hard work and focus. The entrance
exams that are conducted to enroll in the college are:
Delhi University entrance exam
Calicut University entrance exam
IASE university entrance exam
357
National Institute of design and development entrance exam
Chennai IIT entrance exam
HSEE (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ENTRANCE EXAMINATION)
IIT Madras, a premier technical institution in the country, now offers a unique and innovative Five Year
Integrated Masters Programme leading to M.A. degree in either of the three disciplines, viz.
Development Studies, Economics and English Studies. With the launch of this programme, the IITM , is
poised to cross a milestone in fulfilling its role in higher education in liberal arts and social sciences in
the country.
Eligibility
1.Qualifying Examinations:
Candidates applying for HSEE should have either completed or are appearing in any one of the following
qualifying examinations (QE) :
The final examination of the 10+2 system, conducted by any recognized Central / State Board, such as
Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi; Council for Indian School Certificate Examination,
New Delhi; etc.
Intermediate or two-year Pre-University Examination conducted by a recognized Board / University.

Course conducted by Delhi University

SN Name of
Course/College
Duration Eligibility Scheme of
Examination
Important
dates
Institute
Address/
Website
1. B.A. (Hons) Courses in
DU
English
Economics **
History
Political Science
Philosophy
Psychology
Applied Psychology
Sociology
Geography
Hindi
Sanskrit
Arabic
Bengali
Persian
Bengali
3Years 10+2 with
Minimum
45 % Marks
**Maths
compulsory
On the
basis of
cut off
list
June Delhi
University
North and
South
Campus
www.du.ac.in

2. B.A (Programme ) 3 Years 10+2 with
Minimum
40 % Marks
On the
basis of
cut off
list
June Delhi
University
North and
South
Campus
www.du.ac.in
358
3. B.A (Hons) Vocational
Studies ,
Tourism
Office Administration
& Secretarial Practice
Management &
Marketing of Insurance
Small & Medium
Enterprise
Material
Management
Human Resource
Management
Marketing
Management
& Retail Business

3 Years 10+2 with
Minimum
45 % Marks
On the
basis of
cut off
list
June

Delhi
University
College of
Vocational
Studies
Sheikh Sarai,
New
Delhi.
www.du.ac.in

Options Abroad
In the West, voluntary work has a different meaning and organizations like Greenpeace have made
major impact on public policy. In India, that kind of activism is still a dream. So, another option for the
social worker could be to go abroad. The academic qualification for professional social service in the US
is the Baccalaureate degree in Social Work (BSW). There are more than 380 accredited BSW
programmes available in the U.S. The Master of Social Welfare is a two-year programme. Further, one
can do Doctor in Social Work (DSW) or Ph.D. in Social Work.
Some of the most common career options in Arts /Humanities stream are as:
Sociology
Counselor/Psychologists
Political Research
Linguistic Translators
Anthropologists
Historian
Archeologists
Home Science
Foreign Languages
Social Worker



Career in Sociology
Introduction
"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the
two within society. That is its task and its promise." C. Wright Mills
What do sociologists do?
Sociologists are social scientists who study groups of people. These groups range from small families to
mobs and even whole nations. Sociologists analyze ethnic and religious groups and political and business
organizations. They also focus on the behavior of group members and on the ways that groups interact
359
with one another. Sociologists study specific groups with the ultimate goal of establishing general laws
and theories that can explain human social behavior. Most of the sociologists teach and do research and
also get employment with government departments. Sociologists generally specialize in one or more
areas within a specific field of sociology like medical sociology, rural sociology etc. Some sociologists
work for government agencies or private social service agencies and may provide counseling services or
do community planning. They also deal with welfare and rehabilitation. They also work in public health
and also find employment with organizations.
Courses & Eligibility
BA Sociology (eligibility is 10+2 in any stream)
MA Sociology
M Phil
PhD Sociology
Where to Study
University of Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP
University of Hyderabad
Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Jaipur Rajasthan
Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
University of Mumbai
Dayalbagh Educational Institute(Deemed University), Agra
Loyola College Chennai
Barakatullah University
# Many more universities offer Sociology as a subject in Graduation and Post-Graduation.
Career Prospects
Career opportunities are plenty for sociologists. In recent times, sociology has been included in
curriculum of many professional courses and there is an increased demand for teachers and
researchers. Sociologists also find employment in government and NGOs in social welfare and
rehabilitation programs. Sociology being a broad social science opens up many other career avenues like
management, politics etc. It is also a good stepping stone for many international careers. One can work
with international agencies like UNO etc and also in research agencies.
There are opportunities in health care, community policing, adoption, environmental protection and
culture. Apart from that, activities in NGOs have become so professional that they require specialized
employees for their administration including MBAs, media experts, accountants and researchers. A
casual search on Google may lead you to diverse requirements in NGOs. For example Concern India
Foundation, an Indian NGO, had advertised the following job vacancies:
Branch Manager Applicants should have 5 years experience in Sales /Marketing in any Service
Industry/Corporate House/NGO.
Head- Resources Applicant must have above 3 years of experience in raising funds for a Charitable
Organization and preferably any other sort of Sales/Marketing experience in a Service Industry/
Corporate House.
Manager- Projects Applicants should have MSW Degree 5 years of experience in the Social Sector.
Other vacancies include, Communication Officer - Media in Bangkok for FORUM-ASIA, Project
Consultant in South Africa for Public Services International, and Grants Manager in New York for Doctors
of the World.
Famous Personalities
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While Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, C Wright Mills are some of the famous international sociologists; G
S Ghurye and Mysore Srinivas are famous sociologists in India. G S Ghurye established the Indian
Sociological Society and he is the author of 30 books in sociology. Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas
established sociology department at the Delhi School of Economics and founded the Institute of Social
and Economic Change at Bangalore

Career as a Counselor/ psychologist
"Words are the physicians of a mind diseased." Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound
This quote pretty well sums up what a counselor does - helps other people by listening to their words
and of course by guiding them.
What do counselors do?
Counselors are professionals who help people to explore their feelings and emotions and work towards
their life situations, mental health and career issues. They listen attentively and help the clients define
their problems. Basically the clients reflect on what is happening to them and then help them find
alternative ways of doing things. Counselors provide a confidential setting for the clients and empathize
with them. He/she helps the client express their feelings and perhaps understand themselves from a
different perspective. Their objective is to reduce the confusion and enable them to cope with
challenges or to make positive changes in their life where necessary. Generally counselors do not give
advice, but help clients to make their own choices but many may advices on any further investigations
or therapies needed. There is also no clear distinction between the terms counseling and
psychotherapy, and both can encompass a range of talking therapies. Counselors usually specialize and
work in particular fields like student guidance, relationship guidance, addiction, sexual abuse or health.
Courses & Eligibility
To become a counselor there are many routes and they depend on what specialisation one wishes to
take; for eg: one can do diploma in Gerentological counseling and work with elderly people or study
child psychology and become school counselor. Some of the available courses are:
Graduation in psychology 10+2 students is eligible.
For MA in psychology, psychology graduates are eligible.
Post graduate Diploma in psychological counseling, Diploma in Gerentological counseling, Guidance and
counseling, for these courses graduates from any discipline are eligible.
Post graduates in psychology can pursue Diploma program in Vocational Rehabilitation and Counseling
and PG Diploma course in Rehabilitation Psychology.
Postgraduates in psychology are also eligible for PG Diploma in Counseling and Post Graduate Diploma
in psychotherapy and counseling.
Course Fee
Diploma course in counseling would cost around Rs.8, 000 to 12,000 depending on the college and
course.
Where to Study
Universities/colleges offering courses on counseling
1. Delhi University
2. NCERT runs programmes in New Delhi, Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar and Mysore
3. Punjab University, Chandigarh.
4. University of Mumbai
5. Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka
6. Government Home science college, Chandigarh
7. University of Baroda, Gujarat.
8. Himachal University, Shimla.
9. SNDT womens university, Mumbai
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10. Annamalai University, Tamilnadu.
11. University of Madras.
12. Indira Gandhi National Open University (certificate in guidance)
Pay and Remuneration
The initial pay for a counselor would be around Rs.1.4 lakhs to 1.8 lakhs per year. On gaining more
experience the pay scale rises up to Rs.4 lakhs a year. Still more experienced counselors are given a
much higher pay and if one has established counseling practice then the remuneration can be much
higher also.



Career as a Political Research
What is political research?
Political research as a career option involves carrying out extensive research and providing useful
information for members of parliament, political parties or research institutions. It involves presenting a
wide range of information on political, economic and social issues, after accumulating it from various
sources and giving it an in-depth analysis.
What do political researchers do?
Political researches maintain two way flow of information, they remain up to date with information
which may be useful for employers and also pass on information to media and other concerned people
as per directions from the employers. They carry out research in media, past campaigns and other
related subjects affecting the employer or the constituency. Answer the queries form various people
and do public relations work. they write detailed reports and present them. They keep the employers
updated about political issues and write speeches and press releases. They also draft speeches and
handle publicity and the media.
Courses & Eligibility
There is no strict requirement to become a political researcher but post-graduates in Political Science or
Sociology are preferred. Also, one must be comfortable with statistics and be good in language. Many
students form public relations, business management, and international relations courses also enter this
field.
Where to Study
Delhi College of Arts and Commerce, New Delhi
JNU, New Delhi Offers MA in Politics
St. Xaviers College in Mumbai and Kolkata
Fergusson College, Pune
Lady Shri Ram College for Women, New Delhi
Loyola College, Chennai
Bhavans College, Mumbai
College of Arts, Thiruvananthapuram
Presidency College, Kolkata
Hans Raj College, New Delhi
Madras Christian College, Chennai
Ramjas College, New Delhi
St. Stephens College, New Delhi
Pay and Remuneration
Political researchers working with MPS and MLAs and political parties and various media and
publications earn quite well.
Career Prospects
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Political Researchers can find employment with MPs, MLAs, Political parties, Newspapers and Electronic
media, Government agencies and NGOs. Especially during election time their services are needed by
media groups for analysis and reports etc. Teaching in universities is another good option.


Career as Linguistic Translators
"Language shapes the way we think, and determines what we can think about." Benjamin Lee Whorf,
American Linguist
noted for his hypotheses regarding the relation of language to thinking and cognition.
What is Linguistics?
Linguistics is the scientific study of languages. Linguistics deals with the structure and development of
particular language and its relationship to other languages. It is the study not of one particular language
but of human language in general. There are mainly two broad divisions of linguistics: theoretical
linguistics and applied linguistics.
While theoretical linguistics is divided into many separate areas like: Phonetics, the study of different
sounds that are employed across all human languages; Phonology, the study of patterns of a languages
basic sounds; Morphology, the study of the internal structure of words; Syntax, the study of how words
combine to form grammatical sentences; Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, and how these
words combine to form grammatical sentences; Stylistics, the study of style in languages; Pragmatics,
the study of how utterances are used (figuratively, literally or otherwise) in communicative acts.
Applied linguistics covers the area of language teaching and the areas of speech synthesis, speech
recognition and speech/language pathology as well. Thus, one can use linguistics to provide voice
interface for computers, voice recognition etc.
Who is a Linguist?
A Linguist is someone who studies and works with language, or specific languages. Sometimes they
combine words from many languages to form a new language which people from many countries can
follow. For example: Esperanto is a language made from combining the words from different European
languages.
Sometimes, linguists work with computer specialists to create voice interfaces with computers, and look
for ways to make computers respond to voice commands.
Sometimes, they learn many languages and teach others.
Psycholinguists undertake psychological study of language learning.
Bio-linguists study anatomical and physiological foundations of the spoken language, Including
development of the language.
Neuro-linguists study brain functioning involved in comprehension, abstract thinking and language
production.
Socio-linguists study mans' role in relation to languages, i.e, the correlation between social groups
based on language, linguistic customs etc. It also covers linguistic aspects of small group interaction,
conformity, structural hierarchy etc.
Ethno-linguistics focuses on the study of mans' customs as shown by language. It is used for film
making, copy-writing, therapy of the speech handicapped.
Basically, linguists are a specialist in language and usually employ the language skills to earn money.
There are formal courses, degrees and diplomas which recognized universities offer to budding linguists.
Most of the linguists work as translators, as content creators for education industry, or language
specialists with multinational companies, government's foreign office, embassies etc.
Courses & Eligibility
One can begin in school itself where many progressive schools offer courses in foreign languages. One
can take up Class XII with humanities and later do Graduation and Post graduation in linguistics.
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Graduates from any stream can sit for entrance and pursue post gradution in linguistics. Almost all
Central Universities in India offer research programme (M.Phil/Ph.D) in linguistics and most of them
offer masters programme in linguistics as well.
B.A.(Hons.), M.A. in Linguistics, Certificate in Linguistics, P.G. Diploma in Linguistics
Post M.A., Diploma in Linguistics, Advanced Diploma in Applied Linguistics
Eligibility
Certificate course Foreign Language: 10+2
Diploma course: 10+2 and certificate in the language.
Degree course: 10+2, Most of the reputed institutes and universities take their own entrance exam.
Where to Study
University of Delhi: Advanced diploma in Applied Linguistics.
Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi) M.A. in Linguistics
Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad: M.A. in Linguistics
Aligarh Muslim University (UP) B.A.(Hons.), M.A. in Linguistics, Certificate in Linguistics, P.G.
Diploma in Linguistics
Max Mueller Bhawan, courses in German Language
Indian institute of foreign trade,New Delhi: Certificate courses in Chinese, Spanish and Portugese
languages.
Indian institute of Korean language and culture, Vikas Marg New Delhi
Inlingua international school of languages, South Extension-I, New Delhi: Offers courses in German,
Spanish and French at beginners level.
Institute for career studies New Delhi YMCA, 1, Jai Singh Road , Offers vocational courses in French,
German and Spanish languages
Institute of Russian language, Russian Centre of Science & Culture, 24, Ferozeshah Road , New Delhi
10-month certificate course for beginners and 10-month Diploma, Advanced Diploma and Post
Advanced Diploma course for Advanced students in Russian Language.
Japanese embassy, Delhi Offers courses in Japanese language
Many universities have department of languages like:
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi www.jnu.ac.in
Bharatiar University, Coimbatore
Calcutta University
MS University, Baroda
Pune University
Annamalai University
University of Delhi
Aligarh Muslim University (UP)
Pt.Ravishankar Shukla Unviersity, Raipur (C.G) Certificate course in Translation
Swani Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded Certificate course in Translation
University of Pune., Certificate and Diploma course in Translation Ganeshkhind, Pune
Visva Bharati University Santiniketan , M.A. in Functional Hindi (Translation ) West Bengal, India
University of Hyderabad. Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies(PGDTS)
Pay & Remuneration
Generally, pay varies with the area of work. MNCs employ linguists and pay handsomely, while a
language teacher may not earn that well. Linguists earn well in film industry also. Beginners in publishing
industry earn around Rs 2.4 lakhs a year reach higher pay scales with experience.
Career Prospects
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Qualifications in linguistics can take one to many careers. To mention a few like education, publishing,
media, social services, communication, computer languages, voice analysis research, communicative
disorders and other language related fields.
Linguists find employment in many industries and applied linguistics is fast emerging as a lucrative
career option. Teaching is one of the many options which one can explore after studies in linguistics.
There are many openings in schools and institutes of higher education. They get extensively employed
with publishing industry and electronic publishing also. Linguists get involved in speech and language
therapy with specialists. Government sector is also one of the big employers. Various embassies and
high commissions employ translators. Business process outsourcing industry is offering huge
employment in form of trainers and content.
Famous Personalities
Noam Chomsky, famous linguist and author of over 100 books, Chomsky has been described as the
"father of modern linguistics".
Jim McCawley is perhaps best known within linguistics for his work in generative semantics. Outside
academia he is noted for The Eater's Guide to Chinese Characters, his guidebook to deciphering Chinese
restaurant menus.
sten Dahl is a Swedish linguist and professor best known for pioneering a marker-based approach to
tense and aspect in linguistic typology.


Career in Anthropology
"Anthropology is the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities."
Alfred L. Kroeber
What is anthropology? Anthropology is thus a study of the history of the development of human beings.
Who is an anthropologist? Anthropologists are essentially involved in research around development of
mankind. As this is a very vast field, anthropologists are involved in various sub-fields depending upon
their specialization like Socio-cultural Anthropology, Prehistoric Anthropology or Archaeology, Physical
or Biological Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology and Applied Anthropology.
Socio-cultural Anthropology deals with groups and community formation and development of cultures.
Prehistoric-Anthropology or Archaeology attempts to reconstruct history on the basis of relics like
statues, bones, coins and other historical artifacts. Such discoveries help to reconstruct early history and
social customs and traditions. Archaeologists also try to analyse social activity from such discoveries.
Physical or Biological Anthropology deals with physical or biological characteristics of the primate order,
like, humans and the links with other primates like chimpanzees, gorillas and monkeys.
Applied Anthropology uses the information collected from other branches of anthropology and then
uses this data in programmes like large scale initiatives for birth control, health treatment, reducing
malnutrition, solving labour problems in industries, improving agricultural practices and helping in tribal
rehabilitation.
Linguistic Anthropology deals with origin and construction of oral well as written languages.
Courses & Eligibility
One can opt for graduation in Anthropology 3 years and can also do post graduation and further higher
studies in Anthropology. For a B Sc Anthropology you need to have science stream in class 12 and most
of the colleges and universities offer B.Sc. Anthropology. Similarly, for a master's degree in anthropology
(M.Sc.), one needs to have completed the B.Sc. However, some universities also offer B.A and M.A in
Anthropology. One can also go for M Phil and PhD in
Where to Study

Bangalore University (Bangalore) Berhampur University (Orissa)
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Dibrugarh University (Assam)
Guwahati University (Assam)
Kurukshetra University (Haryana)
Manipur University (Manipur)
North Eastern Hill University (Meghalaya)
Pt.Ravishankar Shukla University Chhatisgarh)
Pune University (Maharashtra)
Sambalpur University (Orissa)
Sri Venkateswara University (Andhra Pradesh)
University of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)
University of Calcutta (West Bengal)
University of Delhi (Delhi)
University of Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
University of Mumbai (Maharashtra)
University of Mysore (Karnataka)
University of Rajashthan (Rajasthan)
Utkal University (Orissa)
Vidyasagar University (West Bengal)
Visva Bharati University (West Bengal)
Salary
They vary widely. Academicians and people working in industrial houses get paid well.
Career Prospects
Anthropologists are involved extensively with field work and research. There are various institutes which
employ anthropologists most importantly the Anthropological Survey of India. Many anthropologists
take teaching assignments in various universities which offer courses on anthropology. Field work often
involves study of certain ethnic groups or ancient artefacts in remote locations for long periods. The
field work is usually physically and mentally exhaustive and involves working in locations with low
comfort levels.
Academic institutions are the largest employers of anthropologists and one can teach and also do
research. Government and non government institutions like Planning Commission and the Commission
for Scheduled Castes, Tribes and Other Backward Classes, the WHO, UNESCO and UNICEF etc also hire
anthropologists. They also find employment in large industries where they work in controlling labour
problems.


Career as a Historian
"Stern accuracy in inquiring, bold imagination in describing, these are the cogs on which history soars or
flutters and wobbles." Thomas Carlyle, Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian and
teacher
The mystery in history brings out the detective in us; Have you ever wondered about becoming a
historian?
The main job responsibility of historians is to study the recent as well as the distant past, conduct
researches and retell the stories and events to the world. It really provides a lot of satisfaction when you
present your discoveries to the world and let them know interesting facts about the past. These
discoveries not only provide a deep insight into the events of the past, but they also help us to assess
the future. If you are equipped with the skills needed to become a historian, you are ready to acquire
the job positions of Archivist, Researcher, Data Historian, Author/ Writer, University Professor,
Secondary Teacher, Curator or Publisher.
To the historians, history is an argument about what facts should or shouldn't mean. Even when
historians are able to piece together the basic story of what happened, they rarely agree about what an
event means or what caused it. Historians argue about the past's meaning and what it has to tell us in
the present.
Courses and Eligibility
Though entry level job positions can be landed with a bachelors degree in history, a masters or a
doctoral degree is required to join at senior level positions. Even as a high school student aspiring to be
a historian, you need to focus on subjects like social science and language. Before you decide to get
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enrolled at a college, it is essential to make sure that the institution is equipped with a topnotch history
department. To become a college professor, candidates need to possess a Ph.D.
Where to Study
Almost all the universities at Central, State and Private level offer graduate and post graduate courses in
History. Some of the top colleges offering it are:
1. Lady Shri Ram College for Women, Delhi
2. Loyola College, Chennai
3. St. Stephen's College, Delhi
4. St.Xavier's College, Mumbai
5. St.Xavier's College, Kolkata
6. Presidency College, Kolkata
7. Fergusson College, Pune
8. Christ College, Bangalore
9. Stella Maris College, Chennai
10. Miranda House, Delhi
Pay and Remuneration
The salary of historians depends on the years of experience they carry and the organization they are
working. While in teaching profession as a broad indication, an Assistant Professor may get anywhere
between Rs. 15600 Rs. 39100 and a Professor may get between Rs. 37400 Rs. 67000.
Career Prospects
Most of the historians take up academis and teching careers. But this subject leads to many good
careers in the fileds like Archaeology, Conservation and Research, Art History, Heritage Management,
Film and TV Industry (Where they work on projects like documentries and period films). Historians work
at museums, libraries, government agencies, drug companies, military and other organizations where
historical data is required for functioning and making decisions. With relevant experience and expertise,
one can also choose to become a writer or an author and establish your expertise in the field.


Career as Archaeologist
"Archaeology is the sandbox of men who care not where they are going; they merely want to know
where everyone else has been. Jim Bishop
Archaeology is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of
the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts,
architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes (the archaeological record). Because archaeology
employs a wide range of different procedures, it can be considered to be both a science and an art.
Archaeology is a career for people who love reading, observing and exploring. The work involves
carefully excavating the things, cleaning them, preserving them and studying them. Some of the exciting
discoveries have been made by archaeologists. To do so they usually travel to sites and stay for quite a
long period of time.
Some different archaeological sciences are as follows: Archaeometry, Dendrochronology, Isotope
analysis, Palynology, Radiocarbon dating, Zooarchaeology, Geoarchaeology, Bioarchaeology,
Archaeogenetics and Computational Archaeology. The nature of work thus involves a lot of scientific
work.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor in Archaeology: Science background preferred for B Sc Archaeology.
Master's in Archaeology: Eligibility is bachelor's degree in Archaeology, History, Anthropology, Sociology,
Geology, Physics, Chemistry, Botany or zoology.
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Post Graduate Diploma in Archaeology (PGDA), a course in two years is offered by the Archaeological
Survey of India, Institute of Archaeology, 24-Tilak Marg, New Delhi. Those who have completed an M.A.
in Ancient/Medieval Indian History or an M.A./M.Sc in Archaeology with 55% marks are eligible for the
course. (50% for SC/ST/OBC). Applications are invited in June and the academic session starts in
October.
Then there are two special programmes in Archaeology are offered by the Delhi Institute of Heritage
Research and Management, 18-A, Satsang Vihar, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi. The courses are
called:
Master in Conservation, Preservation and Heritage Management, and
Master in Archaeology and Heritage Management
These courses duration is two years. The courses begin in July. Those who have a Bachelor's degree in
Archaeology, History, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Museology, Geology, Anthropology/B.E,
B.Arch, B.Town Planning are eligible for this course. The candidates are admitted after passing a
competitive written test.
Where to Study
Archaeology is offered at the Bachelor's level by some colleges and universities. Some of them are as
follows.
Under Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam: U.C. College, Aluva; Assumption College,
Chandganacherry; St. Thomas College, Pala.
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
M.S. University Baroda
Barakatulla Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Bhopal
Marathwada University, Aurangabad
A lot of institutes offer archaeology at the master's level. Some of them are as follows:
Archaeological Survey of India, Institute of Archaeology, New Delhi
Delhi Institute of Heritage Research and Management, Delhi
Allahabad University, Allahabad
Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
AP Singh University, Rewa
Bangalore University, Bangalore
BHU, Varanasi
Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur
Deccan College of Post Graduate and Research Institute, Yervada, Pune
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur
Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Dr.B.S.Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad
Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
HN Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar
Kurushetra University, Kurukshetra
Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri
MS University of Baroda, Vadodara
Nagpur University, Nagpur
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
Osmania University, Hyderabad
Patna University, Patna
Punjab University, Chandigarh
Purvanchal University, Jaunpur
Rani Durgavati Vishva Vidyalaya, Jabalpur
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University of Calcutta, Calcutta
University of Madras, Chennai
University of Mysore, Nagarjuna Nagar
University of Pune, Pune
Visva Bharati, Santiniketan
Pay & Remuneration
The basic pay scale of an assistant archaeologist employed with the Archaeological Survey of India is Rs
1.2 lakhs to 1.5 lakhs per year. Assistant professor teaching in a university earns Rs 2 lakhs to 4.8 lakhs as
basic pay per year.
Career Prospects
One can find placement with Archaeological Survey of India and with state Archaeological departments.
The selections are through State Public Service Commission examinations and Union Public Service
Commission (UPSC) examinations. The National Museum in New Delhi, the State Museums and the
National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage also employ archaeologists. Teaching in various colleges and
universities is another good option.
A Day In Life
Archaeologists lead an exciting life when they are out excavating. A field archaeologists day would
involve getting up early and reaching the site walking or hiking as the case may be. Then he maps the
area on a graph paper using measuring tape and compass, records every structure that he finds and
makes artifacts collection along the way. The day ends with getting back through the trail and settling
down in the residential area, sometimes a temporary one. The work continues in the night where one
writes report on the findings and recommendations.


Career in Home Science
Introduction
What is home science?
Home science is the science of a home and it includes all the things that concern the person, home,
family members and resources. It is the education for "better living" and the core of this education is the
family ecosystem. It also deals with reciprocal relations between the family and its natural and man-
made environments. It aims at getting maximum satisfaction for the person and their family members
through the efficient and scientific use of your resources. It gives the person all the knowledge of the
scientific procedures involved in making a home beautiful. Home science integrates the application of
various sciences and humanities to improve human environment, family nutrition, management of
resources and child development.
Home science in school?
Home science is offered as a subject in class 11th and 12th in CBSE and other boards. It covers mainly
three areas that are Food and Nutrition, Human Development and Family Resource Management.
Home science in college?
It is offered as a bachelor degree of 3 years. Both BA and B Sc in Home science are available. Apart from
the core subjects Development Communication & Extension, Fabric & Apparel Science, Food &
Nutrition, Human Development and Resource Management, one would study Entrepreneurship, Family
Life education, microbiology, personality development, Food preservation, Fashion Designing etc. After
the UG course one can go for PG in Home science and opt for specialization or can opt for other PG
courses.
Courses after Home Science?
Home science as a field of study is application oriented and prepares one for many professions. After
completing graduation in Home science one can go for courses like Masters in Home science, Fashion
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Designing, Dietetics, Counselling, B Ed, Social Work, development studies, entrepreneurship, Mass
Communication, Catering Technology etc.
Courses & Eligibility
B.Sc. Home Science It is a professional course of three years duration. B.Sc course covers the various
fields of science like nutrition, health and growth measurements. It also involves various scientific
problems that deal in the surroundings and in the environment. B.Sc home science offers many
specializations and accordingly one can choose higher education option or find employment. Some
of the specializations are nutrition, clothing, family relations, home management, child
development, etc.
Eligibility: 10+2 students with science are eligible.
B.A in Home Science is an undergraduate degree of three years duration that is offered by various
universities in India. The course basically focuses on managing various resources efficiently. It also
involves the science of developing ones home life, family life and intellectual thinking ability. A
wide range of career opportunities are available for these graduates in industries such as Apparel
Merchandising, cafeterias, welfare organizations, etc.
Eligibility:10+2 students of any stream are eligible.
P.G. Diploma in Home Science
Eligibility: Graduate from a recognized University
Diploma in Home Science
Eligibility: Graduate from a recognized university
M.Sc in Home Science
Eligibility: B.Sc in Home science or any other equivalent degree from a recognized university.
Ph.D in Home Science
Eligibility: M.Sc in Home Science or any other equivalent masters degree from a recognized
university.
Home Science is offered as a course in Womens Polytechnic and in Agriculture Universities and is
also offered in combination with B Ed.
Entrance Exams:
Admission to Agricultural University Home Science courses is through Entrance Examination;
eligibility is for girls after plus two with Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
Eligibility for MA / MSc Home Science is BA / BSc Home Science. Admission is through merit /
entrance test.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Pusa, New Delhi, conducts an all India Entrance Examination
for admission to undergraduate courses in agriculture and allied sciences including B.H.Sc for filling
up 15% of the total number of seats in State Agricultural Universities, Central Agricultural
University, Imphal and 100% of the seats in National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal.
Where to Study
Home Science is being offered by over 150 institutions of higher learning through private colleges as
well as universities. Some of the institutes of repute are:
University of Delhi
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons & General, M. Sc. (Home Science)
University of Bombay
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science)
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University
Courses offered: B. H. Sc., M. Sc. (Home Sci.), Ph. D. Home Science
Assam Agricultural University
Courses offered: B. H. Sc., M. Sc. (Home Sci.)
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Allahabad Agricultural Institute
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University
Courses offered: Diploma in Home Science, BSc Home Science (Hons)
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
Marathwada Agricultural University
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science)
Punjab Agricultural University
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science)
Rajendra Agricultural University
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
Rajasthan Agricultural University
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science)
University of Calcutta
Courses offered: Diploma in Home Sc., B.Sc. (Hons) food and Nutrition, B.Sc. (Hons) Human Dev.
Government Home Science College (Affiliated to Punjab University, Chandigarh)
Courses offered: B.Sc. Home Science (3 Years), M.Sc. Home Science (2 Years)
Pay and Remuneration
The candidates with Home Science background can get a starting salary of Rs 1 1.2 lakh a year as a
trainee and after having experience in a particular area say Nutrition & Dietetics can get a salary which
can be more than Rs 2 lakhs a year. Those who have interests in research, teaching, catering jobs etc.
can get handsome salary. The salary of a Food Technologist in a food services department or industry
etc is relatively more. Consultant dieticians can also earn enough money depending on their practice.
Career Prospects
Home science graduates usually find employment in Teaching, Research, Institutional Management,
Extension and Social Welfare, Business and Industrial Concerns, Communication and Self Employment.
Graduates of Home Science can work
1. in textiles area and as Merchandiser or Designer
2. as Nutritionist and Dietitian in Hospitals and Food Sector
3. In hotel Industry in F&B or in House Keeping at tourist resorts, hotels, catering facilities, restaurants.
4. Institutional catering is a major area, which involves taking care of nutrition and diet at schools,
colleges, factories, clubs, and military canteens and so on. One can work with food product
manufacturers or in food product development.
5. Resource management is an evolving field, which spans family finance and consumer studies, housing
and space design, ergonomics in design development, interior design and decoration, entrepreneurship
and institutional management.
6. In social Work and Human Development
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7. as family counselors
8. in teaching profession
9. as entrepreneurs in the field of textiles, food, baking and confectionary
10. as researcher
Home Science is both science and an art related to modern house-keeping. Home Science has been
defined as a field of study built upon many disciplines for the purpose of achieving and maintaining the
welfare and well being of home and family life in an ever changing society. The subjects that come
under the study of Home Science include Chemistry, Physics, Physiology, Biology, Hygiene, Economics,
Rural Development, Child Development, Sociology and family relations, community living art, food,
nutrition, clothing and textiles and home management.
EMPLOYMENT AVENUES:
People qualified in Home Science have options to enter production jobs such as dress making, food
preservation, specialized cooking, technical jobs such as Research Assistants, Food Analysis, Food
Scientist etc. They can also take up teaching jobs. B.Sc. Home Science is a recognized qualification for a
pre-primary and primary school teacher. Home Science post graduates also take up teaching
assignments in Senior Secondary Schools and Home Science Colleges.



Career in Foreign languages
Language skills can prove to be an important attribute in many professions. A career in foreign language
has always been an attractive proposition, especially for those who have a flair for languages. The
opportunities are starting from tour operators to interpretor and translators. While interpreters are
concerned with interpreting the spoken statements from one language to another, translators have
more to do with translating the written documents from one language to another.
With the globalisation of Indian economy, multinationals coming to India and more and more companies
going for joint ventures abroad, have opened up job scenario for those proficient in foreign languages.
Academic qualifications in foreign languages helps in pursuing careers in the areas of tourism,
entertainment, public relations and mass communication, international organisations, embassies,
diplomatic service, publishing, interpretation and translation etc.
The world community today has become a global village. Nations are interacting with each other like
never before for different reasons, be it political, economics, diplomatic or peace missions. Since there is
no universal lingua franca. In the global community, the job of an interpreter is much in demand.
Learning foreign language certainly opens up avenues for career in this field. A qualified person well
versed with more than two Indian-Foreign languages can work either as a teacher, translator,
interpreter or foreign correspondent. He may also be absorbed in travel and tourism industries, foreign
embassies, airlines, shipping companies or in the electronic media.
Is Studying Languages a Wise Career Option?
In the recent past, language institutes in India have sprung-up at an unbelievable pace, in the
metropolitan centres and smaller towns. This is largely due to the fact that the global demand for Indian
professionals qualified in foreign languages has seen an unprecedented spurt. Language is one of best
means communication available to an individual. Almost every organization requires a person with good
communications skills.
Knowing more than one language means more opportunities. Apart from professional qualification, if
you are expert in any of the foreign languages like, English, French, Spanish, Persian, Japanese, Arabic,
Russian, Turkish, than you stand a great chance to land in your dream job. There are number of public
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sector and private sector organizations that are looking for translators. The best thing about learning
multiple foreign languages is that you can work in different countries.
Another good thing in pursuing language courses in India is that, they are mostly short-term and does
not need formal educational qualification. However, if someone wants to pursue degree course in any
foreign language, than s/ he should have appropriate educational qualification. Students searching for
the best foreign language institutes in India should verify the overall credibility of the institution in
terms of its market recognition and the past record in terms of helping students find employment
(recruitment assistance). There are a number of institutes and universities offering both short-term and
long-term courses in foreign languages. Options in language courses range from certificate to PhD levels
Nature of Work
Though the fact is that opportunities for regular employment are far and few and are mostly in
metropolitan cities, but on attaining professional qualification in foreign languages, one can work in the
following areas.
TEACHING: The most common of all the available career options in foreign language is teaching.
Teaching of foreign language is just like teaching any other language. For newcomers, it is advisable to
start with teaching. As a teacher, a person gets enough opportunities to enhance his skills. As far as
teaching jobs are concerned, many institutions are offering courses in foreign languages and so jobs
exists at all levels. Those reluctant to engage themselves in a full-time profession can take private tuition
as well.
INTERPRETERS AND TRANSLATORS: Interpreters and translators both need to have a good command
over two or more languages. Interpreters job relates to interpreting spoken words of one language into
another, therefore needs to have not only good command over the language but having excellent verbal
communication skills also becomes important.
The job of an interpreter can be of different types. Sometimes they are engaged in simultaneous
interpretation, which is used for meetings, conferences, speeches etc. Here the interpreters sits in a
sound proof room and listens to speeches and almost spontaneously interprets it in the target language
into a microphone. The other types of interpretings are consecutive interpreting and liason interpreting.
Consecutive interpreting goes on during formal speeches where the speaker halts for a while when the
interpreter interprets the spoken statements to the audience. Liason interpreting is to facilitate
conversation between two people knowing different languages.
Translation work can be related to a variety of fields like technical, scientific literary or business.
FREELANCING: Often, after pursuing courses in foreign languages, people like to work as freelancers.
These people get work in translation bureaus, research organisations, international organisations like
UNO, FAO, foreign companies, Reserve Bank of India, publishing houses etc. Expertise in foreign
language coupled with other additional qualifications in areas like management, tourism, hospitality
industry, airlines can be even fruitful and better the chances for employment opportunities.
Personality
Linguistic ability is nurtured from an early stage and improves with its regular and correct usage,
therefore important to practice it regularly. Learning languages can be exhaustive as at times it takes
long before one gets acquainted with it. So it is important to be patient and diligent. For language
specialists, it is imperative to have good verbal aptitude and interest in those areas where they get to
work as a language specialist. Linguists works with a variety of people and under various settings hence
need to have adaptability and a pleasant demeanour. They should also be able to handle work pressure
and withstand strain as sometimes working hours may be prolonged.
Professional Courses
Foreign language courses can be studied after 10+2 as a 3 years graduate course or even as 5 years
integrated language course in the universities offering such courses. Some universities even offer
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diploma/certificate courses for graduates and post graduates. The other option is to pursue these
courses at the institutes run by embassies and counsulates. These institutes offer both basic and
advanced level courses, some of them extending upto 5-6 years.
Career Prospects
International organisations and embassies employ language specialists for secretatial, executive and
public relation assignments as well as for translations and interpretations jobs. Translators are also
found to be employed with industries, publishing houses, government and research organisations. Other
job opportunities for language specialist lie with the travel and tourism sector, hotel industry,
exhibitions and fairs, airlines offices, export agencies, radio stations and trade organisations. Teaching
can also be given a thought. For pursuing a career in teaching, a teacher should be a graduate in that
foreign language and must have a teaching degree.
INSTITUTIONS:
1. School of Languages, JNU, New Delhi-67.
2. Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL), Hyderabad.
3. Bharatiya Bidya Bhavan, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delh-1.
4. Max Muller Bhavan at Mumbai, Bangalore, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad and Delhi (for German).
5. Alliance Francaise Centres at Calcutta, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Goa, New Delhi, Pure,
Hyderabad (for French)
6. Italian Consulate at Mumbai (for Italian).
7. Indo-Japanese Association Mumbai (for Japanese).


Career as a Social Worker
Introduction
"Dare to reach out your hand into the darkness, to pull another hand into the light"- Norman B. Rice
This is a famous quote intended to bring in a reform into our society and ideally applicable for social
workers with a die-hard motive.
A social worker is a person who works for the society with his heart and mind. The role of a social
worker is highly respected in our society. Social workers are usually the commoners who have a will and
determination to confront the managing authorities for any kind of social injustice happening in the
society. They bring about social change and work towards betterment of human lives.
Social workers strive for betterment of the society and empowering people to help themselves. Social
work professionals bring the organizations and the needy users at one platform. One can choose from
various specializations, like medical, human resource management and community development.
According to ones specialization, one works with rehabilitation centers, hospitals, or in community
development. Social work professionals work with corporate either in their HR departments or with
social responsibility departments. They basically help in providing service to different sections of society.
Some professionals are also involved in research. They work with various sections of society like people
with disabilities or elderly and the research data helps in better policy formulation or better
implementation. They work in both government and non government agencies.
Courses and Eligibility
Some of the courses available in India are
Bachelor in Social Work (B.S.W)/Bachelor of Arts Social work B.A (SW): Class XII pass students are
eligible.
M.S.W/M.A (SW): Any graduate student is eligible but preference given to social sciences graduates.
M.Phil, Duration: Candidates with master graduation degree of M.S.W can apply.
Ph.D., Eligibility: Candidates with M.S.W or M.Phil degree can apply.
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Course Fees
Most of the educational institutions and universities have nominal fees. Institutional fee varies from Rs.
15,000 to Rs. 100,000 per year depending on the amenities and the extra-curricular activities provided in
the professional colleges.
Some of the optional materials which might reduce the overall cost are
Indigenously scripted manuals either in the form of audio or video.
Superior guidance available on requests.
Miscellaneous activities which are optional.
Where to Study
1. University of Delhi, University Road, Delhi: BA and MA Social Work.
2. The Indian Institute of Social Welfare & Business Management (IISWBM) Management House,
College Square West, Kolkata: MBA, MPSM.
3. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai: BSW, MA SW, Masters Social Entrepreneurship.
4. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Institute of Social Sciences Agra
5. University of Rajasthan JLN Marg, Jaipur
6. Jamia Millia University Jamia Nagar, New Delhi: BA and MA Social Work.
7. University of Mumbai M.G. Road, Fort, Mumbai, Bachelor and Masters in social Work.
8. University of Calcutta, Kolkata-
9. Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar
10. Madras School of Social Work Offers MA in human resource management, M.Sc. counseling
psychology, MA in NGO Management, MA in HR and organizational Development.
Pay and Remuneration
As most of the social sector jobs are in not-for-profit organizations, therefore salary packages are not
very high. However, the joy of working for causes which are for the betterment of society is something
that only Social Sector can provide.
For those joining the corporate sector in Human Resource departments, the pay can start from Rs.2 to
Rs.5 Lakhs per Annum
Career Prospects
Job prospects completely depend on the specialty and the stream chosen in this field.
Famous NGOs such as WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO hire social workers from all over the world.
Government funded agencies in projects related to rural and urban development also have a lot of
opportunities.
There is scope in family courts and counseling offices.
Employment opportunities are also there in corporate HR Departments.
Famous Personalities
Baba Amte (Dr Murlidhar Devidas Amte) was an Indian social worker and social activist known
particularly for his work for the rehabilitation and empowerment of poor people suffering from leprosy.
He is the only non medical person who has got maximum medicine awards in the world.
Anna Hazare: (Kisan Baburao Hazare) is an Indian social activist who led movements to promote rural
development, increase government transparency, and investigate and punish official corruption. Hazare
follows Gandhian philosophy and conducts hunger strikes to further his causes.







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Career in Mass media and Communication




This section consists of:

Courses in Mass media:
Top Mass Communication Colleges in India
Career in Mass Communication
Career in Journalism
Career in Photojournalism
Career in Advertising
Career as a Film Director
Career as a RJ
Career as a TV Anchor/commentator
Exams in Mass Media and Communication





Courses in Mass media:
Media means different means of communication such as TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, etc.
including the press or news reporting agencies, taken collectively, which is particularly deigned to reach
out to a large audience or masses( internet media such as blogs, message boards, video sharing).
Mass communication is the study of mass media. Mass communication incorporates all types of medium
used to convey all sort of information. These medium could be newspaper, magazines and television or
radio etc. An individual trained in this field has a fair chance to build a promising career for himself in
this sector. They can try their luck in print media, electronic media, advertising field and public relation
sector as well as in research field too. Here is the list of top ten career options of this field:
1. Career as Journalist: Students who have completed their mass communication can pursue their
career as journalist. This is one of the most preferred career choices of maximum students who
have completed their mass communication. They want to make their career as a journalist as it
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gives them name and fame. They can choose their career in print media or in electronic media.
They can also work with top media house or in magazines. They can work with some newspaper,
magazine, tabloid, or with some TV channel.
2. Career in Advertising: Advertising is the business of communicating a message to an audience
through the media newspapers, magazines, radio, television, hoardings in public places etc.
Every product that is available in the market needs to be advertised. A career in advertising is
very creative and generally gives lot of professional satisfaction. Advertising professionals work
in close coordination with the companies whose product or service has to be promoted or sold.
3. Career as TV Anchor: Students of this field can make their career as TV anchor. This is one of the
most lucrative fields. Aspiring professionals can earn hefty amount in this profession. TV news
anchoring/program anchoring has emerged as a popular career option in the country after the
entry of satellite channels and 24/7 news channels.
4. Career as photojournalist: A photo journalist plays a very vital role in any print media as well in
electronic media too. A good picture is better than thousand written words. A photo journalist
can works with sports magazines, beauty magazines, newspapers and other sectors of print
media. A good photo journalist can earn a handsome amount. A photo journalist can also work
as freelancer with many organisations. He/she can sell his/her photographs to media houses,
magazines and other publishing houses and can earn a very hefty amount.
5. Career as content writer: Content writing can be defined as producing content for the web. It is
often dubbed as web content writer, because it has emerged as a job related to the cyber
media. In the age of globalisation, writing articles, stories and blogs on websites has emerged as
an effective way of expanding ones business and promoting any service or product through
internet. Writing for website is totally different from writing for newspapers and magazines or
any other media. The job of the content writer not only involves writing articles, but also
includes lots of research work too.
6. Career as Radio Jockey: Radio Jockey is specially someone who plays music on radio of his own
or audiences choice. He/she interacts with people, delivering relevant local, national or
international news and information in his/her own style. This career require rationality,
creativity, right use of words, a good sense of humour, excellent communication skills, appealing
and clear voice, and good sense of music. This is not conventional career option, but it is
emerging as one of the most sought after career choices among the youth. With the advent of
more and more FM channels, this profession has become a popular career choice among the
aspirants.
7. Career in Film Editing: Editing is an integral part of film making. Film editing can be defined as a
process of selecting the scenes and combining them in right sequence, in order to make a
motion picture. Sometimes, film editing is referred to as an invisible art because viewers
generally are not aware of the work a film editor. A film editor has to keep various points in
mind while editing a movie like story, rhythm, and audience focus of interest. This profile has
become a money spinning job, nowadays demand for the trained professionals in this field has
increased a lot.
8. Career in Screen play writing: Screen play writing can be defined as writing documents that
consists of the story of a film or a television program. All the work of director, cast, editor and
production team moves around the screenplay or script. Therefore, script should be written in a
good manner, so that every member of the team can have a clear idea of the story. There are
two important part of this style of writing- action and dialogue. Screenplay writing has emerged
as lucrative career option.
9. Career in media planning: With the media and advertising industry emerging as the most
powerful ways of communication. The career option in this field is increasing. Media planning is
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most promising career option in present situation. It includes selection of media for the
placement of advertisement on behalf of clients, keeping the budget and target audience in
mind. A media planner acts as a mediator between media organisation and clients. They help
client to buy media space for the advertisement. Media planner should have good
communication skills, pleasing personality and pro-active good observer. Thorough knowledge
of current media trends is also important to excel in this field.
10. Career as Voice-over artist: A voice-over artist is a person who lends his/her voice to
complement the visuals being telecast on the screen. It can be considered as off-screen
commentary. It is a technique wherein voice is modulated in order to be broadcast along with
the visuals of a tele film, documentary, advertisement, television serial or news. Radio also
makes use of voice-over artist to convey important massages. A voice over artist should have
good command over language and should know more than two languages, clarity of voice, pitch
of the voice, tone as well as silence in accordance with the gestures and body language of the
character.
11. Career as PR manager: PR managers are responsible for effective and impressive
communication and play a very important role in the matter of policy making. They also develop
healthy relationship between various departments within the organisation itself and external
public. They can find jobs in both public and private sectors. Government departments hire their
own PR spokes persons. They can also find jobs in corporate houses, media houses, political
parties, banking, finance, insurance, advertising agencies, hotels, tour and travel agencies,
export houses, consultancy etc.
Mass communication encompasses all the means by which information can be transmitted to a large
number of people. In this age, the mass communication industry is commonly called media and
entertainment. According to a report by a well-known research & analytics company, India showed a
remarkable revenue growth in the media and entertainment industry at 11.2% in the year 2010. With
the increase in the number of internet users, television sets in Indian household, and satellite channels,
media sector is expecting a higher growth in the next year as well. Along with this, there is always a
requirement for fresh content and new ideas in different fields of mass communication such as
television and advertising, to keep the viewer or consumer interested. Therefore, mass communication
offers a dynamic career option for well educated and trained professionals. It is no wonder that more
youth today are enrolling in mass communication courses in India.
Career in Media
Media is a term used to store and deliver information or data through books, magazines, news papers,
television, Internet and radio .Media is a magical tool used to bring about social change. It is a great
example of social movement to educate, cultivate, organize, and communicate; and to share cultural
and personal events etc. Though the term media is singular in nature, it is widely used as collective term
for news agencies or press.
Print media is comprised of periodicals printed on paper such as magazines, newspapers, books, and
directories. Though printing came into existence before 220 AD in the form of letter carving on wood,
the modern day printing techniques were developed only after the fifteenth century. Nowadays the
total volume of printed text exceeds more than 44 trillion pages a year, globally. More than 31,000
printing and publications companies are running in United States alone. In India alone, there are 63,000
newspapers being published and number of subscriptions exceeds 180 millions. The social impact of
print media is huge as it has the potential to change the way people think. It enhances their knowledge
and changes their mindset.
Current Scenario of Media in India
Electronic media is referred to the digital information shared with the users mainly through TV, films
and the Internet. It is mainly comprised of audio and video communication. Social media is also an
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example of electronic media. Social media uses this technology and it can be used through mobile
phones and laptops. It is one of the most powerful tools for information sharing, gaming, interacting,
tracing old friends, marketing and entertaining the masses. You can also use this media to update,
influence, educate, advertise and sell your products.
Advertising and maintaining client relationships on social media and networking sites is quite
economical as compared to other means and channels of advertising such as hoarding, banners, posters,
neon signs and glow signs. You can take up courses in mass communication or journalism to get into the
field of media. Professional acumen, linguistic abilities, effective communication and a passion for
results can take you places in the field of media.
Entrance Exams for Media
There is no major common exam for a course in media or mass communication. Prominent media
houses hire from IIMs, XLRI-Jamshedpur, the SIBM, Management Development Institute (MDI),
Gurgaon, and JBIMS.
Top Media Colleges in India
Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU New Campus, New Delhi
A J K Mass Communication Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Manipal Institute of Communication, Udayavani Building, Press Corner, Manipal
Symbiosis Institute of Mass Communication, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune
Asian College of Journalism, Express Building, 1 Queen's Road, Bangalore
Department of Communication and Journalism, University of Poona, Pune
New Delhi YMCA, Centre for Mass Media, 1 Jai Singh Road, New Delhi
Amity School of Journalism and Communication, (More available at AKC House, E-27 Defence
Colony, New Delhi
Apeejay Institute of Mass Communication, Apeejay Campus, Sector 8 Dwarka, New Delhi
Academy for Photographic Excellence [APEx], New Delhi
Bharati Vidya Bhavan's Sardar Patel College of Communication & Management, New Delhi
Delhi College of Arts & Commerce, New Delhi
EMPI Institute of Advertising & Communication, New Delhi
Indraprastha College for Women, 31 Shyam Nath Marg, New Delhi
School of Vocational Studies, H-58 South Extension Part I, New Delhi
Courses in Mass Communication Field
Students who wish to have a career in mass communication have a range of courses to select from,
including short duration certificate courses to doctoral programs in mass communication. A number of
colleges also offer mass communication study programs in the form of 3 years Bachelors degree, 2 years
post graduate degree and 1 year post graduate diploma. The durations for certificate and diploma
courses vary depending on the nature of the program and the college that is offering it. Here are the
popular career courses in mass communication at each course level:
Undergraduate Courses Media Studies Journalism Film and Television Production
Post Graduate Courses Journalism Advertising Convergent Journalism Communication Management
Certificate Courses Photojournalism Sports Writing Science Reporting Broadcasting
Compering
Creative Writing
Disc Jockey
Radio Jockey
Public Speaking
Photography
Poetry Writing
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Print Journalism
Diploma Courses Business Reporting Corporate Communication Journalism & Mass
Communications Film, Television & Digital Video Production
Mass Communication
Post Graduate Diploma
Courses
Journalism Public Relations Advertising and Marketing Broadcast Technology
Health Communication
Eligibility Criteria for Mass Communication Courses
Getting admission into a mass communication course in a college is possible only if you meet the
minimum eligibility criteria. The eligibility criteria for certificate courses cannot be given since it depends
on the nature of the course. For instance, a Course for Disk Jockey requires a 10th standard
qualification, whereas for a Science Reporting Certificate Course one needs to have completed a
Bachelors degree in Science. Depending on the college, Diploma programs can have an eligibility
criterion similar to that of an undergraduate or even a post graduate level. As most of the courses are
offered at both undergraduate and post graduate levels, the eligibility criteria for mass communication
courses are:
Undergraduate level:
Must have passed the 12th standard board examination
Post Graduate level:
Must be below 30 years of age (depending on college)
Must have obtained a Bachelors degree in any discipline
Must have experience in some media related work (optional)
Top Mass Communication Colleges in India
Studying a mass communication program from a well known college will make a huge difference in the
job opportunities you get in the media and communications industry. Several agencies conduct surveys
to find the best mass communication colleges in the country. The following top 10 mass communication
colleges in India are adjudged according to a survey conducted by the Outlook magazine for the year
2011:
Name of College Location Courses Offered Admission Procedure
1. Xavier Institute of
Communication (XIC)
Mumbai Certificate: Announcing, Broadcasting, Compering,
Dubbing and E Book Narration (ABCDE), Creative
Writing, Disc Jockey or Electronic Music Production,
Radio Jockey, Public Speaking, Photography, Poetry
Writing Diploma: Advertising & Marketing
Communications, Journalism & Mass
Communications, Film, Television & Digital Video
Production, Public Relations & Corporate
Communications, Mass Communication in Marathi
Language
Certificate: First come
first served Diploma:
XIC Online Entrance
Test, Personal Interview
and Group Discussion
2. Asian College of
Journalism (ACJ)
Chennai Post Graduate Diploma: Journalism Post Graduate Diploma:
Entrance Test,
Interview
3. Indian Institute of
Mass Communication
(IIMC)
Delhi Post Graduate Diploma: Journalism, Advertising &
Public Relations
Post Graduate Diploma:
All India Entrance
Examination, Group
Discussion, Interview
4. Anwar Jamal Kidwai
Mass Communication
Research Centre (AJK
Delhi Post Graduate: M.A. in Mass Communication, M.A. in
Convergent Journalism Post Graduate Diploma: P.G.
Diploma in Broadcast Technology, P.G. Diploma in
Post Graduate, P.G.
Diploma, Doctoral:
Entrance Test and
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MCRC), Jamia Millia
Islamia University
Development Communication, P.G. Diploma in Still
Photography, P.G. Diploma in Graphics & Animation
Doctoral: Ph.D. in Mass Communication
Interview
5. Symbiosis Institute
of Media &
Communication (SIMC)
Pune Undergraduate: Bachelor of Media Studies
(B.M.S.)Post Graduate: Master of Business
Administration (Communication Management),
Master of Mass Communication
Undergraduate:
Symbiosis Entrance Test
Post Graduate: SNAP
Test
6. Indian Institute of
Journalism and New
Media
Bangalore Diploma: Journalism (Television, Radio, Newspaper,
Magazine, New Media)Post Graduate Diploma:
Journalism (Television, Radio, Newspaper, Magazine,
New Media)
Diploma and P.G.
Diploma: Online
Written Test, Interview
7. Sarojini Naidu School
of Fine Arts and
Communication
(University of
Hyderabad)
Hyderabad Post Graduate: M.A. (Communication)Post Graduate
Diploma: Health Communication Doctoral: Ph.D.
(Communication)
Post Graduate:
Entrance Test Doctoral:
Entrance Test
8. Department of
Communication and
Journalism (Pune
University)
Pune Post Graduate: Master of Journalism and Mass
Communication Post Graduate Diploma (part time):
Diploma in Journalism, Diploma in Mass Media
Post Graduate & P.G.D.
(part time): Aptitude
Test, Personal
Interview, Computer
Literacy Test
9. Manorama School of
Communication
Kottayam Post Graduate Diploma: Journalism Post Graduate Diploma:
Written Test, Interview
10. Bharatiya Vidya
Bhavan
Delhi Diploma: Journalism (English and Hindi), Public
Relations, Mass Communication (English and Hindi),
Event Management, Marketing & Advertising,
Diploma in 2D/3D Animation and Multimedia
Diploma: Admission
Test, Interview

Entrance Exams for Mass Communication Courses
The selection procedure for most mass communication colleges is based on an entrance examination.
Unfortunately there is no common admission test for these courses; each college conducts its own test.
The exams although have a similar format and the syllabus usually includes current affairs, general
awareness, English language, essay and computer aptitude. You can consider taking the following
entrance tests for pursuing a mass communication course:
Career Prospects in Mass Communication
The post graduate diploma and degree programs in areas of mass communication usually include an
internship within the duration of the course and most colleges also offer placement after its completion.
Organizations that require mass communication graduates are news agencies, public relations
companies, television channels, radio networks, event management companies, advertising and
marketing firms, brand management agencies and internet companies. According to your area of
specialization, you can work as a copywriter in an advertising firm like Ogilvy & Mather, Cygnus
Advertising and Mudra Communications or even make your career as a news anchor or reporter or
presenter or news desk editor in news channels like CNN-IBN, CNBC TV 18, Aaj Tak, NDTV, Times Now
and Star News. There are a lot of mass communication pass-outs who venture out on their own and set
up their own production houses, media or advertising agencies. Salary varies depending on the
organization. It is with experience and increasing expertise that the prospects become brighter for a
professional working in this field.
WHY MEDIA?
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Media plays a very important role and has an influence in every aspect of our lives. It is considered as
the best source to know the happenings around the world. Newspaper, magazine, radio, television and
internet are the different types of media which greatly affects our lives because media has the power
to influence our thoughts. Media at times is used just to convey a message.
MEDIA COURSES
Media study is an academic discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects
of various media, in particular, the mass media. The various disciplines under media studies consist of:
Mass communication
Journalism
Electronic media
Media production
Advertising
Film-making
Public relations
Radio jockeying
Video jockeying
Publishing & printing
Video editing
TOP MEDIA COLLEGES IN DELHI/NCR
Delhi School of Communication
Delhi College of Arts and Commerce
Indian Institute of Mass Communication
Amity School of Communication
Amity School of Communication offers courses in Media, Mass Communication & Journalism & is
affiliated to Amity University. The admission to most of these courses is done through various entrance
tests at different levels and for rest of the courses the admission is done by applying directly to the
college. The various courses offered are:
Graduate:
Bachelor of journalism & mass communication
Bachelor of journalism- mass communication (evening)
B.A (Honors)- Media studies
Post Graduate:
M.A- Advertising & marketing management
M.A- Film & TV production
M.A- PR & Event management
M.Sc- Visual communication
MBA- Media management
Master of journalism & mass communication
Post graduate diploma in radio broadcast & radio management
MassCo Media
MassCo Media is a new-age media institute located at Noida for the study of Broadcast journalism, TV
production, Print journalism, Animation, etc.. The courses offered are:
Bachelor of Arts in Media and Communication (3 year degree program in partnership with Deakin
University, Australia)
Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication (UGC recognized Indian University)
Master of Journalism and Mass Communication (UGC recognized Indian University)
Master Program in TV Production, Direction and Broadcast Journalism
Diploma in Broadcast Journalism and TV Production
Diploma in Animation, Gaming & Special Effects
Master Program in Advertising, PR and Marketing
PG Diploma in Event Management and PR
Diploma in Event Management and PR
Diploma in Professional Photography and Digital Imaging
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Diploma in Character Animation & Gaming
Diploma in Corporate PR (for working professionals)
Apeejay Institute of Mass Communication
AIMC was set up in 2003 to cater to the growing demands of students interested in pursuing career in
Broadcast Journalism, Advertising, PR/Corporate Communication, Event Management, Social Media,
Bollywood and also acquiring necessary skills in News Anchoring, Electronic Cinematography and Video
Editing. The courses offered are:
M.A. in Mass Communication affiliated to UGC recognized University
PG Diploma in Advertising & Marketing communication
PG Diploma in Public Relations & Event Management
PG Diploma in Television & Radio Production with specialization in: Broadcast Journalism / News
Reading / Anchoring/Video Editing
Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Jamia Millia Islamia
It is primarily known for its mass communication courses today. The courses offered are:
M.A. in Mass Communication
M.A. in Convergent Journalism
P.G. Diploma in Development Communication
P.G. Diploma in Broadcast Technology
P.G. Diploma in Still Photography & Visual Communication
P.G. Diploma in Graphics & Animation
P.G. Diploma in Acting
National Institute of Advertising, New Delhi
Courses offered are:
Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Marketing Communications Management (PGDMCM) -Full Time
Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Advertising and Communications



Career in Mass Communication
Changing times have revolutionized prospects in all most every career field one can find today. So many
new and exciting career options are lined ahead that it is difficult to choose one. Mass communication is
one such field which is attracting a lot of young these days and why not, when it has to offer such
interesting career options in the fields, like various kinds of medias - newspapers, magazines, radio,
television, advertisements, public relations etc. Though its presence has been there since long but it is
only in recent times that it's been able to earn due recognition. Efforts are on to add professionalism to
different areas of mass communication, with many universities and institutions offering number of
professional courses.
Mass communication covers a wide area, comprising of closely related fields of advertisement,
communication and public relations. Almost all kinds of establishments whether business, government
or political are availing of services, offered by these industries, therefore an encouraging sign for those
looking ahead to making a career in mass communication.
Nature of Work
Mass communication is a vast field covering many areas under it. Some of these are discussed under the
following headings.
1. PRINT JOURNALISM: In short, journalism is collecting and editing of news for presentation through
media. Print journalism has been one of the oldest forms of journalism. Newspapers and magazines,
big or small have always been major source of news and information throughout the world and
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millions of readers go through them daily. Over the years, print journalism has witnessed major
transformation, the simple reporting of yesteryears has taken a shape of highly specialized and
professional field owing to competition and other factors. The newspapers and magazines today
cover a wide range of specialized sections like political events, business news, leisure, cinema,
sports, career, health and so many other subjects, which demands for professionally qualified
journalists. Given the variety of subjects to choose from, one can look forward to a field of his
interest and pursue several avialable courses in that direction.
2. ELECTRONIC JOURNALISM: Introduction of electronic communicaiton especially through
broadcasting has affected the lifestyles and thoughts of masses. Communication mediums like
television, radio, audio, video etc. has made possible news, entertainment, information, education
related subjects reach the very far and wide places. It has to an extent sidelined other forms of
communication. With the growing network of TV, satellite communication, cable services, radio
stations, etc., the future of this industry seems bright. Electronic journalism offers to professionally
qualified aspirants opportunities in a number of fields. Some of these are direction, production,
camera, graphics, editing, sound, programme research, script writing etc.
3. FILMS - PRODUCERS, ACTORS, MUSICIANS AND DANCERS When we talk of films today, there is no
dearth of available professional career options. Although, it is not all that easy to taste success in
one of the most competitive and sought after fields, but definitely for someone sanguine and
determined, it can be quite rewarding. Films have always earned recognition and fascination of
masses. There are so many different groups of people associated with the so-called big screen and
one has a variety to choose from the available options from technical professions like directors,
producers, soundmen, lightmen, cameramen, editors etc. to artists like actors, dancers, musicians,
stuntmen etc.
The rapidly growing film industry and its certain future has led to various institutes offering highly
professional courses. One definitely finds it useful to pursue these courses in order to hone their
skills and make themselves better to compete with the best in the industry.
4. ADVERTISING: Advertising is brand building process of a product, idea, thought or a even a service,
through effective mediums of communication. From newspapers, magazines, posters, signboards,
bills to the commercials on radio, television and even Internet, advertising has come a long way.
Business organisations, political organisations, social organisations, all find it important to advertise
in order to influence public opinion.
Since advertising is a service industry, the reputation of the ad agency depends on the effective
work being done and campaign released from time to time. This makes the job even more
challenging. With the advent of the multinational companies, more and more Indian agencies are
tying up with the the foreign agencies to pitch for international clients which is clearly indicative of
high growth in coming years in this industry.
5. PUBLIC RELATIONS: Once, the simple operation of publicity, today has emerged as an important
management function. Public Relations, as the name suggests, is used to generate and portray,
positive image of an organisation by various means. Business houses, schools, universities, hospitals,
government institutions, etc. engage public relations personnels and agencies to cast and present
their image, objectives and policies in the best possible light.
For somebody to become a successful public relation consultant, it is imperative to have a liking to
meet people alongwith excellent communication skills, ability to interact with, convince people, and
build a rapport is important. The other traits should be quick decision making abilities and good
organizational skills.
Personality
The sphere of mass communication being widely spread, requires a combination of skills and traits.
Different areas asks for different qualities, but for anyone to take on any of the fields of mass
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communication definitely requires better than average performance in whatever one does. It is not easy
to get in and progressing is even difficult. In general, excellent communication skills, being a good team
player are important, besides being confident and hardworking. Physical stamina and will power count
in favour for jobs in mass communication. Other attributes vary from one another depending upon the
area one pursues.
Professional Courses
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
1. Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU New Campus, New Delhi-
110067
2. A J K Mass Communication Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025
3. Manipal Institute of Communication, Udayavani Building, Press Corner, Manipal-576119.
4. Symbiosis Institute of Mass Communication, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune-411004.
5. Asian College of Journalism, Express Building, 1 Queen's Road, Bangalore-560001.
6. Department of Communication and Journalism, University of Poona, Pune-411004.
7. New Delhi YMCA, Centre for Mass Media, 1 Jai Singh Road, New Delhi-110001.
8. Amity School of Journalism and Communication, (More available at AKC House, E-27 Defence
Colony, New Delhi -110024.
9. Apeejay Institute of Mass Communication, Apeejay Campus, Sector 8 Dwarka, New Delhi-
110075
Some of the other offered courses include the following
Undergraduate courses (Journalism) offered by some colleges in Delhi University.
School of Vocational Studies, H-58 South Extension Part I, New Delhi-110024.
Indraprastha College for Women, 31 Shyam Nath Marg, New Delhi-110054.
Career Prospects
Diversification in different areas of mass communication is witnessing a steep rise and is expected to
thrive further, on account of growing professionalism and advancement in this sector. Anyone who is
creative, dynamic, enterprising and has a flair to project his ideas, thoughts, observation through
different mediums of communication can accommodate himself comfortably in this industry.
Computers, especially the advent of Internet has furthermore brought new and challenging
opportunities in the communication segment. It is attracting a more and more people from traditional
forms of mass media.
Opportunities for placement in diverse fields of mass communication are available in publishing houses,
radio and television companies, corporate world, entertainment industry, media industry, advertising
agencies, public relations agencies, government organisations etc. As far as remuneration is concerned it
varies from one area of mass communication to another. However in every area, it is much dependent
on the size of the organisation, its location combined together with the level of responsibility and
experience of the candidate.


Career in Journalism
"Journalism can never be silent: that is its greatest virtue and its greatest fault. It must speak, and speak
immediately, while the echoes of wonder, the claims of triumphs and the signs of horror are still in the
air."
Coming from Henry Grunwald, the Managing Editor of TIME Magazine and the Editor-in-Chief of Times
Inc, nothing could describe journalism better!
The definition of the word journalism would take you back to the origin of the newspaper, where the
profession of journaling daily events, happening and announcements came to be termed as Journalism.
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In modern times, not much has changed and journalism still refers to the investigation and reporting of
events, issues and trends to a mass audience. Given the power of mass media in todays world,
journalism is a much venerated profession. A journalist may find a role and position in any of the
following media:
Newspapers
Magazines
Television
Radio
Web-based Newspapers and Magazines
It is a profession that requires utmost levels of ethics and integrity. In news parlance, you will be tested
to see if you have a nose for news, which essentially means whether you can look beyond the obvious
and hunt for the truth. A journalist is also required to be an excellent writer if you are interested in print
and online media. To be a successful television and radio journalist, you need to have an incredible
verbal communication skills and a pleasing personality.
Journalists often develop an area of interest and make it their desired beat, or subject of reportage
through their career. Most journalists at the start of their career try one or more beats to see which they
enjoy more. More often than not, many news organisations assign specific beats to reporters so that
they can test them better. Some of the most popular beats in the news world are the following:
Politics
Sports
Business
Defence and Strategic Affairs
Entertainment
Environment
Technology
Fashion
Have you ever seen a news channel blink? Thats because news never stops! Journalism is a demanding
profession and its definitely not for the weak-hearted. Its almost a round-the-clock job, where a
journalist is expected to be aware and available for any news development. As a journalist you will be
expected to respond quickly, think on your feet, be resourceful and most importantly be inquisitive
Courses and Eligibility
In India journalism as a field of study is available as both bachelors and post graduate degree courses. At
the post graduate level there are also diploma courses available in the country. Some individual
institutes offer certificate short-term courses as well and there are distance learning programs as well.
For a student wanting to study journalism as an undergraduate study, you can be from any stream.
Similarly, for a post graduate program, your undergraduate degree does not matter as long as you fulfill
the requirements of having excellent written and verbal skills, an interest in current affairs and have a
go-getter personality!
A word of caution Due to the overreaching existence of media today, journalism and mass
communication schools are mushrooming in every corner of the country. It is advisable to do a thorough
background check of the institute. Find out about the curricula, the teachers (check if they are industry
trained), guest faculty, internship and placement history, workshops and exposure; you must also look
for references, find former students of the institute and see what they have to say about the school and
its course.
At undergraduate level one can do
BA in Journalism
Bachelor in Media Studies
Bachelor in Mass Media
BA in Journalism and Communication
Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication
At Post Graduate Level one can do a
Post Graduate Diploma in Journalism
MA in Journalism
Entrance Exams:
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Most of the reputed institutes and Colleges take admissions through entrance exams. Delhi University
takes entrance test for its graduate program in journalism and Symbiosis conducts SET for admission to
SIMC (UG). Times School of journalism also conducts an all India Level entrance exam for admissions to
its Post graduate Diploma Program.
Where to Study
Some of the prominent institutes offering journalism courses in India are the following:
Delhi University (Offered at 5 colleges), Bachelors Degree in journalism. Aditi Mahavidyalaya,
B.R.Amberdkar College, SGND Khalsa College, Ram Lal Anand College.
Symbiosis Institute of Media and Communication, Pune, Bachelor in Media Studies with
specialisation in Journalism, radio and TV Production, Advertising and PR and Events. It also
offers Diploma in broadcast journalism, film, radio, video production, advertising, public
relations and corporate communication.
IP University, Delhi, offers Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication
AAFT, Noida offers BA Hons in International Journalism, and B Sc in Mass Communication.
Apeejay Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi Offers 1 year PG Diploma Advertising and
Mass communication, Social Media and Web Journalism, TV and Radio Journalism and
Production.
Times School of Journalism, Daryaganj, New Delhi Offers 1 year Post graduate Diploma in
Journalism (English and Hindi).
Need Institute of Technology and Management, Haryana Offers BA Journalism.
Pune University, Offers BA journalism.
University of Technology and Management, Shillong Offers Bachelor in Journalism and Mass
Communication.
Christ University
Mumbai University, Various colleges affiliated to Mumbai University like Ramnarain Ruia
College, SIES College of Arts, Science & Commerce, HR College, KC College of Arts, Science &
Commerce, St Andrews College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Jai Hind College
Offer Bachelor in Mass Media Course.
Indraprastha College for Women, Delhi University
Manipal Institute of Communications, Manipal
MS Communications, BA, BSc (Information and Media Studies)
Asian College of Journalism, Chennai
Jamia Millia Islamia: MA in Journalism, New Delhi
Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi
PG Diploma In journalism
BHU, Varanasi, MA in Journalism, PG Diploma In Journalism.
Xavier Institute of Communication, Mumbai
Indian Institute of Journalism and New Media, Bangalore
Central university of Jharkhand offers 5 years integrated course in Mass Communication.
Bundelkhand University, offers 3 years B.A. course in Mass Communication.
Amity University, offers BJMC at its Noida and Lucknow campus.
CCS University, Meerut offers BJMC.
Goa University, offers 3 years B.A. course in Mass Communication.
University of Lucknow
Manipal University
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MC National University of Journalism and Communication, Bhopal, M.P., offers BJH at its
Khandwa Campus. Also offers 2 years bachelor course in broadcast Journalism and
Communication and 3 yr BSc in Electronic Media.
Jaipur National University offers BJMC>
Pearl Academy, conducts its own written examination GPT and DAT.
New Delhi Institute of Management and Mass Communication.
Delhi School of Communication.
FleMITS, Lucknow
R.K. Films and Media Academy, Delhi
Certificate course in Journalism after 10+2
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu
Manomaniam Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu
Punjab University
SNDT University, Women College, Mumbai.
Pay and Remuneration
The starting salary for cub reporter / trainee could be anywhere between Rs1.2 lakhs Rs 3 lakhs per
month. For a mid-level employee the salaries range from Rs 8 12 lakhs per annum. For senior editors,
salaries range from Rs.20 - 40 lakhs per annum.
Career Prospects
Journalism is a career where almost every fresher begins as a cub reporter or trainee. Generally a beat is
assigned and you are expected to deliver quality news stories with great efficiency. Once you have
established your forte in a chosen field of reporting, you can qualify to be a Correspondent / Special
Reporter, one who has the ability to interpret, analyse and present news with a totalitarian view. The
next step would be that of a Sub Editor, one who sorts the content to be published; rewrites news
stories and correct grammatical errors. A sub editor also checks news articles for their innovative
headlines and therefore must be someone with a deep sense of news, language and imagination. In a
news channel, this person is typically part of the input desk that fine tunes the stories that are to be
aired. Next up is an Associate Editor who assigns stories to reporters, ensures they come in on time,
plans parts of the paper, designs the layout, writes and readies news, reviews and critical analysis
pieces. In the electronic medium, this person is part of assignment/ output desk; he assigns stories,
brings various inputs, arranges for footage from remote locations, and is overall responsible for the
news that is produced on a daily basis. Editor is the one who heads the ship. Its a position that comes
with years of experience and demonstrated career of great news reportage. An editor gives a news
organisation a vision. Typically he/she is the one who decides the voice of the paper / magazine /
channel. As the most definitive face of the organisation, the editor is a position of great power and
greater responsibility.
Journalism at one time was the domain of whosoever wrote written content or reported on a news
story. The person who got the visuals and photographs were often called cameraperson / photographer.
Today, however much of that has changed. Photographers have transformed into photo-journalists with
their active involvement in bringing newsworthy pictures. Similarly, video journalism is a dynamic
process in the electronic news gathering process.
Personal Attributes:
To become a good journalist one should have the qualities of being
Curious
Flexible
Good personality
Clear thinking
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Good writing skills and command over the language
Humanity, spirit and concern for the society
Moreover, there are different positions in the field of Journalism, demanding different personal
characteristics.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES: Openings for journalists are available in Newspapers, Magazines and
Periodicals, News Agencies/Bureaus, Television and Radio, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting,
related Govt. Agencies like DAVP (Directorate of Audio, Visual Publicity) and some on-line web-sites.
A journalist can work in different capacities, viz. as Reporter, Sub-Editor, News-Editor, Feature-Writer,
Columnist, Editor or freelance writer.
Chief Editor/Resident Editor, News Editor, Assistant Editors and Chief Sub-Editors:
These are the caption of the editorial department having an excellent comment of the major and minor
political or current affairs. Chief Editor is one who is highly qualified and having long term experience.
REPORTER:
A reporter is said to be the eyes and ears of a newspaper. He/she is always supposed to stick to facts
and give accurate information only. They are required to cover a political gathering, an exhibition or an
inaugural function. For this he/she has to stay in touch with police station, courts, hospitals, and he/she
also makes use of press releases issued by various local bodies or private organisations. He may be a
specialist in a particular field such as politics,sports, cinema, environment, crime etc, and receives
invitations for press conferences, parliamentary or legislative sessions etc. A reporter is required to
select the significant news items for printing.
SUB EDITOR:
The sub-editor deals with most of the editing work. All news items articles, etc. are checked and
rechecked by him. He improves the language, inserts punctuation deletes the irrelevant portions and
even rewrites the whole story. Not only this he even composes suitable headlines. The main aim behind
so much of hardwork is to make the article clear, simple, appetising and genuine.
THE NEWS EDITOR:
The news editor heads the news desk. He controls the vast network of correspondents and other news
sources like the news agencies, wire services etc. He is the right hand man of the editor and also a vital
link between the editor and the newsroom i.e. sub-editors, reporters, feature writers, photographers
etc. He keeps an eye on how news is featured, how it is edited and headlined.
FEATURE WRITERS:
Feature writers produce ideas for and write articles about a variety of subjects of general interest. They
may also specialize in particular subjects. They collect information and opinions about current topics and
may also do interviews with well known personalities. Feature writers often have to do a good deal of
research for their articles.
COLUMNIST:
A columnist usually has years of experience of feature writing. He/She writes more or less about what
interests him/her.
EDITOR:
The Editor is the keeper of public conscience, He comments editorially on important matters in an
unbiased manner and he is the one who decides the topic for editorial column. The personality of a
newspaper is dependent on the dynamism or otherwise of the editor.
Famous Personalities
Benjamin Franklin: Little do people know that the founding father of The United States was a journalist.
He published The Pennnsylvania Gazette in 1730s which he used as a propaganda tool to influence the
populace leading up to the American Revolution.
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Arnab Goswami, the famous news anchor on TV, started his career with NDTV as newscaster. Currently
he is the editor-in-chief of Times Now English News Channel. He did his class XII from Kendriya
Vidyalaya, Jabalpur and his graduation in Sociology from Delhi University.
Vinod Dua, who shot to limelight with his current affairs Parakh for Doordarshan, is known for his
cutting edge election and political analysis in NDTV's Hindi channel.
Shekhar Gupta: Editor in chief of The Indian Express, his long career in Indian Journalism began as a
reporter; he covered some of the most courageous news stories like North ease insurgency and US
terrorist attack and many more.
A Day in Life
The typical news gathering process involves an edit meeting at the start of the day that sets the agenda
for the entire days coverage. In terms of publications (depending on the time of publication), edit
meetings are held in the evenings to plan the news coverage for the next day. News in monitored
constantly through news wires to stay updated on breaking news and developing stories. Reporters in a
newspaper typically cover one-two news events in a day. They return to their desks at the end of their
events, and write their stories themselves. The news articles then reach the sub-editors who prune the
copies to make them publish-worthy.



Career in Photojournalism
Photojournalism is a form of journalism, wherein the person clicks, develops, and submits images
relevant to a news story. Initially, the term 'photojournalism' was restricted to still photography. Its
scope has now widened and in the present time, photo journalists even shoot videos to come up with a
good news item/ feature a trend commonly seen in citizen journalism. Photo journalism is not merely
about taking the best shots, but also how to click news-worthy photographs, in accordance with the
interest of the reader. Generally, the work of a photojournalist is quite similar to a reporter, except the
fact that a photo journalist doesnt gather, write, and report news stories. To become a successful
photojournalist, one should have thorough knowledge about the three principles of photo journalism -
timeliness, objectivity, and narrative. He/She should be able to use modern gadgets like digital camera,
state-of-the-art studios, and other software in order to develop quality photographs. Photojournalism is
a lucrative career option in India, since it has become an integral part of mainstream journalism. As a
result, many institutions that offer courses in journalism have also included photo journalism in their
curriculum.
What is it?
Photojournalism consists of creating images to tell a story. These photographers are often hired by
newspapers and wire service agencies. Many famous newspapers have built their reputations largely on
their excellent use of photography. Today, these types of journalists are responsible for photographs as
well as video capture.
Careers
You can work as a freelance photographer and find work with various clients. You can work for agencies,
newspapers, magazines and many other types of media. Your career allows you to get the experience
you need in journalism, and can lead to other types of careers such as public relations, advertising,
marketing and so on. The most famous news agencies for photojournalists is the US Associated Press.
Many people who study journalism find themselves as photojournalists, reporter/photographers,
picture Editors, photo technicians, freelance photojournalists and photographers, and digital publishing
specialists.
More careers in photography: Advertising, fashion, portraits, crime scenes, food photography (for
packaging, advertising or editorial use), wildlife and landscape (think National Geographic).
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Studying Photojournalism
Studying photography or photojournalism includes:
reporting and writing
news judgment
camera operation and lighting
electronic publishing
digital imaging
principles of photopage design
types and objectives of news photography
the history, philosophy, traditions and ethics of photojournalism
digital photography, video capture and computer-based image processing
Qualifications
Ability to meet deadlines and work in a fast-paced environment
Objectivity and ethics
Ability to relate images with other news elements
Quick decision-making
Artistic and technical skill in photography
Ability to withstand significant obstacles (physical danger, weather, crowds)
Knowledge of current affairs and new technologies
Course Details
In India; many educational institutions have started conducting separate courses for photo journalism at
postgraduate diploma level. For enrolling in the program, candidates are required to have a graduation
degree from any recognized institute or university.
Career Prospects
Photojournalists can work for newspapers, magazines, or any other media houses. One can opt for
commercial photography, fashion photography, industrial photography, wildlife photography, aerial
photography, scientific photography, etc. as his/her specialized field.
Top Colleges Offering UG/PG/Other Courses
Some of the leading institutions offering programs in photo journalism are India International
Photographic Council (New Delhi), Amity School of Journalism & Communication (Delhi), Asian College
of Journalism (Chennai), Biju Patnaik Film & Television Institute (Bhubaneswar), Bhavans Institute of
Communication & Management (Mumbai), Indian institute of Mass Communication (Delhi), and Indian
Centre for Media & Communication (Pune).
Remuneration
Newspapers and news agencies pay according to the assignment offered to the photojournalists.
Generally, at the beginning of the career, a photojournalist can earn around Rs. 12,000 - 15,000 per
month. The experienced ones can easily extract between Rs. 25,000 and Rs. 30,000 per month. Those
who have acquired perfection in the field are offered high pays by reputed organizations.


Career in Advertising
Introduction
"Creativity without strategy is called Art; creativity with strategy is called Advertising."Jef I Richards,
advertising expert
Indeed, it is the advertising professionals who, through their creative renderings, using a few good
pictures and a few good words, help sell almost anything under the sun. Marketing as a function would
be very dry without advertising.
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Advertising is the business of communicating a message to an audience through the media newspapers,
magazines, radio, television, hoardings in public places etc. Every product that is available in the market
needs to be advertised. Advertisement helps in the publicity of the product by creating awareness
among the consumer. The consumer comes to know about the different features of household goods
(like T.V. fridge, cooking oil, soap etc) or a service provider (Airlines, Insurance etc.) An attractive
advertising campaign helps in popularizing a product/service and gives a boost to the sales figures. It
forms the basis of marketing.
Advertising offers jobs on the executive side or the creative side. While the executive department deals
with client servicing media planning and market research the creative department employs copywriters
and visualizers along with the scriptwriters, storyboard artists, typographers, etc.
Work of Advertising Professionals
A career in advertising is very creative and generally gives lot of professional satisfaction. Advertising
professionals work in close coordination with the companies whose product or service has to be
promoted or sold. They first decide about the desired outcome of the advertisement planned and then
accordingly work out a strategy. This part is usually done by senior people in the advertising agency and
the marketing team of the company.
The advertising agency then gives the work of developing the advertising material to the creative team.
The creative teams work on different ideas and after lot of fine-tuning, produce the advertising material
for different media like Print (newspapers or magazines), Radio (in the form of radio advertisements or
jingles), TV (in the form of TV advertisements) and Internet (in the form of online ads).
After the advertising material is produced then it is released in different Medias and it is here that the
advertising people specializing in different media help the company in negotiating and buying media
space for effective dissemination of the advertisement.
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
Good power of observation,
An insight into the psyche of the people,
A creative visual imagination,
Patience and perseverance,
Proficient in the language,
Expert at interacting with the people.
Courses & Eligibility
BA Advertising: 10+2
Bachelor of applied art/ Courses in multimedia and mass communication/ any graduation (For Copy
Writer), Entrance test- Copy Test.
Graduation in communication Design/ Graphic Design/Animation Design (For Visualiser)
Post Graduation Advertising: Any Graduation and entrance exam and/or interview.
MBA/Communication Management/ Media Management
Entrance Exam:
Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan, Jamia Millia Islamia, Rajendra
Prasad Institute of Communication and Management, Xaviers Institute of communications, School
of Communication and Management Studies, Cochin conduct various entrance exams for admission
to their courses.
Where to Study
Mudra Institute of Communication (MICA), Ahmedabad.
Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) Offers Post-graduate Diploma Course in Advertising
& Public Relations. JNU new campus, New Delhi Phone
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National Institutes of advertising, New Delhi offers Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Marketing
Communications Management (PGDMCM) -Full Time and Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in
Advertising and Communications.
The Delhi School of Communication, New Delhi Offers 2 year Post Graduate Program in
Communication integrating Advertising, Public Relations, Marketing and Strategy.
Asian Academy of Film & Television, NOIDA
Sardar Patel College of Communication & Management, New Delhi Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New
Delhi
University of Delhi Website: www.du.ac.in
University of Mumbai, Mumbai Offers Bachelor in Mass media (BMM) 3 years course.
Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi
South Delhi Polytechnic for Women, New Delhi.
Sir Aurobindo Institute Of Mass Communication New Delhi
The Advertising Academy, New Delhi
International Institute Of Mass Media, New Delhi
Institute of Mass Communication, Manipal
PROSPECTS:
With the growth in markets and ever-increasing number of consumer goods, advertising is here to stay.
Well-known Advertisement Agencies have openings for copywriters, editors, visualisers and even
musicians. One can also be self-employed by opening up own advertising agency.
COURSE/TRAINING:
In order to be a successful advertiser one does not need any formal qualification as such. Anyone with a
talent to understand public perception and preferences can excel in this field. However, training in also
available in the field of executive and creative departments.
Executive Department: In this department students are taught marketing, media planning, graphics, and
group campaigns with all other aspects of advertising and public relations.
(i) Graduation in any discipline with a flair for writing.
(ii) Diploma or degree in Mass-Communication/Advertising/Social Communication.
(iii) MBA Graduates with specialization in marketing.
Creative Department:
I. Bachelor of fine arts (BFA) can be taken after +2. The duration is four or five years.
ii. The National Institute of Design at Ahmedabad offers a School Leavers Professional Education
Programme (SLPEP).
Client serving- Direct link with the Client: Account Director and Account Supervisor
Pay and Remuneration
Usually the fresh people in advertising industry get Salaries of around Rs. 1.5 to Rs.2 lakhs per year, after
about 5-6 years of experience the professionals in this field start earning anywhere between Rs.4 to Rs.8
Lakhs per annum and very senior professionals usually get anywhere between Rs.15 to Rs.40 lakhs per
annum.
A Day in Life
The advertising professionals usually start their careers in either Art (Visual Creativity) or Copy (Written
Creativity). Professionals in Art are usually trained in fine arts or visual graphics. Professionals in Copy
are essentially those trained in language. As the profession is quite creative, therefore it is also not very
structured. Most of the advertising agencies where advertising professionals work have an open and not
very formal structure.A typical day for a new or fresh pass-out starts with checking for new work brief
sent by the superiors over Email or in person. After the brief is taken, then the person spends time in
conceptualizing the new campaigns. After making a few concepts, the same is forwarded to the
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supervisors. Thereafter the person works on giving finishing touches and finalizing the campaigns where
the clients and superiors have given their feedback.
There are days when the professional is relatively free by early evening and there are also days when
they have to meet the clients deadlines and it becomes really late. However there is always creative
energy flowing in an advertising agency and the professionals never feel bored.


Career as a Film Director
Introduction
"My movie is born first in my head, dies on paper; is resuscitated by the living persons and real objects I
use, which are killed on film but, placed in a certain order and projected on to a screen, come to life
again like flowers in water." Robert Bresson
Film direction is an art of putting a dream on to a medium called film. Film directors are the force behind
a film and work together with many people who make a film happen.
What do film directors do?
Directors are the visionarys behind the story of the film and decide the overall look and feel of the film.
They closely work with producers and other people involved in making of a film and shoulder many
responsibilities related to the creative aspects in the film. It is said that casting is more than half of
direction. Other than casting, directors are overall in charge of film making, script, camera and editing
etc where as finance and marketing are looked after by producers. They coach the actors and direct
them to give performance as per the requirements of the film. They coordinate with the staff on the sets
and direct the shooting of the film. Directors are also involved in the post production aspects of the films
and get it edited to a final shape.
There are formal courses offered by recognized institutes and colleges, where one can learn about
different aspects of film direction.
Courses and Eligibility
Although getting a formal education is not compulsory in this field, it is advisable. Many directors have
worked their way up in the film industry by learning on the job and by making mistakes. A course in film
institute gives you technical skills and gives opportunity to refine your creativity. There are many types
of courses available in Institutes across the country that train people in aspects of direction. Short term
courses, graduation and Post graduate diplomas.
Course Fees
Satyajit Ray Film Institute charges Rs 40,500 in the first semester and 19,500 in the subsequent
semesters. Private institutes charge a much higher fee.
Where to Study
Film and Television Institute of India, Pune.
Course: 3 year Post Graduate Diploma in Direction; Eligibility: Graduate degree holders are eligible.
Course: 2 year Post Graduate Diploma in Art Direction and Production Design, Eligibility: Bachelors
Degree in Architecture/ Painting / Applied Arts / Sculpture / Interior Design in or any related field in
the Fine Arts or an equivalent qualification
Course:1 year Post Graduate Diploma in TV Direction; Eligibility: Graduate degree holders are
eligible.
Admission is through All Indian level entrance test.
Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata.
Courses Offered: 3 years PG Diploma in Cinema with specialization in Direction and Screenplay
Whistling Woods International, Mumbai
Courses Offered: 2 years course in Direction.
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Zee Institute of Media arts, Mumbai
Courses Offered: Degree course in Film making, short term course in direction.
Center for Research in Art of Film and Television (CRAFT), Delhi
Courses Offered: Offers 1 years PG Diploma In Direction.
Asian Academy of Film and TV, Noida
Courses Offered: Three-month course
Pay and Remuneration
Beginners earn around 2.5 lakhs a year as assistant director, while established directors earn big time
money per film.
Famous Personalities
Some of the famous names in film direction are Alfred Hitchcock, Steven Spielberg, Woody Allen,
Tarantino and Werner Herzog.
Popular Indian directors include Satyajit Ray, Guru Dutt, Yash Chopra, Mani Ratnam, Vidhu Vinod
Chopra, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, among many others


Career as a RJ
A Radio Jockey (or RJ) entertains listeners of a radio program and provides information along with
selecting and playing records. They have their own style and they create newer ways to entertain the
people while they are listening. RJs need to have very good awareness of the events and things going
around in the city, they must know the city well and of course they should know a lot about Indian films
and film music. They usually write their own scripts and have to be very innovative at the same time
keeping their style intact. RJs begin with odd-hours duty and with experience and popularity they come
in the prime time.
Pay and Remuneration
At entry level, a radio jockeys get Rs 1.8 lakhs to Rs 2.4 lakhs a year and the pay increases according to
your job profile and experience. Senior RJs make around Rs 10 lakhs to Rs 15 lakhs in a year.
The average take-home for a disc jockey at the initial level is Rs 1.5 to Rs 2 lakhs a year. Pay increases
with ones skills and the market condition and label/club/music composer one is working with.
Career Prospects
The demand for professional in Disc Jockeying and Radio Jockeying is increasing. People are spending a
lot these days on hosting big parties and events which has opened a lot of opportunities. The profession
of RJ has just taken off in India, as there demand is increasing , in the coming years , 10 more FM
channels are purposed.
Famous Personalities
Some famous VJs are Cyrus Baroacha and Rhea Chakraborty.RJ Richa Vyas and RJ Prateek are two most
popular radio jockeys of contemporary radio.
Institutes for Radio/video Jockey courses:
CRAFT Delhi, Offers P G Diploma IN Radio Jockey.
The Radio School, Mumbai
All India Radio, Academy of Radio Mgmt., Delhi
ARCJMC, Lucknow
EMDI Institute, Mumbai, Kolkata, Noida.
MICA, Ahmedabad
Some other institutes that offer related courses are:
IILM Academy, Gurgaon
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) New Delhi
AJK Mass Communication Research Centre New Delhi
395
Amity School of Journalism & Communication, New Delhi
Asian Academy of Film & Television
Delhi University
Xavier Institute of Communications, Mumbai
EMDI, Mumbai
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
AAFT, Noida
ISOMES, Noida and Lucknow
YMCA center for Mass media, Delhi
Amity School of Communication, Delhi
Wigan & Leigh College. Delhi
IIMM, Delhi



Career as a TV Anchor/commentator
"Being an anchor is not just a matter of sitting in front of a camera and looking pretty. David Brinkley,
American Newscaster
Gone are the days when there were news readers and comperes who would host quiz programs. TV
anchoring has evolved into an art. A whole new set of people with specific skills, have emerged who
host news shows, live events and reality shows.
A career as a TV anchor (Program/News), requires the incumbent to keep the viewers informed about
the event/ program that they are reporting. It could be news analysis, a cricket match, news debate, live
broadcast of Independence day, comedy show etc. The TV anchors should have detailed knowledge and
information related to the show. Anchors and journalists work with teams of camera people and
reporters. Anchoring is not only about passing on the information but about presenting the same in an
interesting and entertaining manner. They have to anchor and present the show keeping in view the
objective and mood of the show.
A commentator is an expert who reports a live match on radio and/or television in real time. S/he
specializes in reporting or commentating on sporting/other events. Commentator is career meant for
experts as one has to understand, analyse and talk about the particular sporting event. Thus many
former players become commentators although people from outside have also gained success. Sunil
Gavaskar, Navjot Singh Sidhu, are former cricketers but Mandira Bedi was an outsider, who rose to fame
during ICC cricket world cup in 2003 and 2007.
Courses & Eligibility
Just like Film Actors, while formal training is a plus, however it is the skills that play a vital role in the
success of a person who wants to pursue career as a TV anchor. The job of a TV anchor is to strike an
instant rapport with potential audiences. Although many successful anchors and commentators have
not been professionally trained but have learned with experience. Some institutes offer specialized
courses on TV anchoring.
One can begin with a Bachelors degree in the mass media field. Else, Post Graduate Diploma in Mass
Communication, PG Diploma in Journalism and TV Anchoring would also help.
Where to Study
TV anchoring is not a career that is accessible through a classroom. There are no institutes which train
people to become TV anchors or sports commentators. But one can always go for courses in English,
Personality Development and Communication Skills to gain an edge in this career.
CRAFT Delhi: PG Diploma in TV Journalism and Anchoring.
Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi.
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Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, New Delhi
R K Films & Media Academy - New Delhi
AAFT, Noida offers B.Sc in Electronic Media and Graduate Diploma in electronic Media, PG Diploma
in TV Journalism and Communication.
International Institute for Media & Films (IIMF), Jaipur;
National School of Events (NSE) at Mumbai, Indore, and Kolkata;
International Media Institute (IMI), Gurgaon;
Osmania University College for Women, Hyderabad;
Garden City College, Bangalore.
Indian Institute of Journalism and new Media offers graduate and post graduate diploma in
Journalism.
NDTV Worldwide and India Can, offers post-graduate diploma in broadcast and digital journalism.
Offered at Delhi, Bangalore, Guwahati, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Ranchi
centers. The diploma is recognized by Mahatma Gandhi University. 12 months intensive program
and one can intern with NDTV. Final selection is through interview and on camera presentation. On
successful completion, the candidates are awarded UGC accredited PG Diploma.
Pay and Remuneration
Freshers may start with a salary between Rs. 2.5 lakhs to 3 lakhs per year. Experienced TV anchors can
be offered lucrative packages and get paid per show. Commentators get paid for the days and yearly
earnings depend on the number of events.
Career Prospects
With the increasing number of TV channels and entertainment programs there will be a lot of demand
for anchors and show presenters. It is better to intern with a leading channel to gain access.
There are very few openings for sports commentators in India as former national players usually enter
this field. You can start from All India Radio or Doordarshan or any other channel which are usually good
platforms. You need a rich, long experience in the sports arena to get hired by a sports channel.
Famous Personalities
Cricket commentator Charu Sharma.
Breaking News, Aap ki Adalat host Rajat Sharma, Chairman and Editor-in Chief of India TV.
Hussain Kuwajerwala anchor for many famous shows on various channels like Indian Idol.
A Day in Life
Anchors and commentator schedules depend on the timings of the events, like day and night match or
film awards functions. Their days begin by keeping themselves updated on the current events and
happenings in their space. Then the work begins at the venue or studio as the case may be. Anchoring
and presentations continue with beaks for meals. The evening following the event may include
.

Exams in Mass Media and Communication:
FTII Entrance Exam 2014 - Film and Television Institute of India, Pune Entrance Exam acronym as FTII
Entrance Exam is conducted by FTII - An autonomous institute under the ministry of Information and
Broadcasting , Govt of India - for providing admission to the following given course:
S.No Course Pre-Requisite Qualification
No. of
Seats
1
Three Year Post Graduate Diploma
in Direction
Bachelor's Degree 12
2 Three Year Post Graduate Diploma Bachelor's Degree 12
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in Cinematography
3
Three Year Post Graduate Diploma
in Sound Recording and Sound
Design
Bachelor's Degree with Physics as a subject at
Senior Secondary (10+2) leve
12
4
Three Year Post Graduate Diploma
in Editing
Bachelor's Degree 12
5
Two Year Post Graduate Diploma
in Acting
Bachelor's Degree 12
6
Two Year Post Graduate Diploma
in Art Direction and Production
Design
Bachelors Degree in Architecture/ Painting
/Applied Arts / Sculpture/ Interior Design in or
any related field in the Fine Arts or an
equivalent qualification
12
7
One Year Post Graduate Certificate
Course in Feature Film Screenplay
Writing
Bachelor's Degree 12
8
One Year Post Graduate Certificate
Course in Direction (Television)
Bachelor's Degree 12
9
One Year Post Graduate Certificate
Course in Electronic
Cinematography (Television)
Bachelor's Degree 12
10
One Year Post Graduate Certificate
Course in Video Editing
(Television)
Bachelor's Degree 12
11
One Year Post Graduate Certificate
Course in Sound Recording and TV
Engineering (Television)
Bachelor's Degree with Physics as a subject at
Senior Secondary (10+2) level
12

FTII Entrance Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification:
Desiring candidates should be a graduate from any of the recognised university.
Note: Appeared Graduates may also apply. Such candidates opting for any of the Diploma Course or for
Certificate Course in Screenplay Writing must submit graduation certificate / mark-sheet at the time of
Orientation.
Those opting for One Year Certificate Course in Television must submit the same at time of interview. In
the event of not submitting the said certificate/ mark-sheet as per above, the candidate will not be
allowed to participate for further admission process.
FTII Entrance Exam Syllabus
FTII Entrance Exam consists of questions from the subjects:
General Awareness and
Mental Ability
FTII Entrance Exam Pattern
398
FTII consists of 100 objectives multiple choice types of questions to be completed in 90 minutes.
FTII Entrance Exam Dates
Medical Entrance Exam Dates is not fixed as it is usually conducted in the month of May.
How to apply for FTII Entrance Exam
Aspiring candidates can apply for FTII Entrance Exam getting the prospectus containing the application
form and other details by sending a request along with a demand draft of Rs. 2150 for General Category
and Rs. 650 for SC, ST and Economically Backward (candidates should enclose attested copy of Parent's
BPL card with the application form) drawn on any of the Nationalised Banks in favour of "Accounts
Officer, Film and Television Institute of India," payable at Pune to the below given address on or before
the stipulated date.
FTII Entrance Exam Fee
AIIMS Entrance Exam Fee is Rs.2150 (Rs.650 in case of SC/ST and Economically Backward candidates).
FTII Entrance Exam Contact Details
Controller of Examinations
Film & Television Institute of India
Law College Road
Pune - 411 004
Phone Nos. 020-25431817, 25430017, 25430363 Ext. 223
Direct Line 020 25425656
Email tutorial_sec@ftiindia.com
Website: ftiindia.com
FTII Entrance Exam Test Centres
FTII Will held on the following given centres throughout India.
Agartala, Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Deharadun,
Gangtok, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Imphal, Jaipur, Jammu, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, New Delhi, Patna,
Pune, Raipur, Ranchi, Thiruvananthapuram
IIMC Entrance Exam - Indian Institute of Mass Communication Entrance Exam acronym as IIMC
Entrance Exam is conducted by IIMC - an internationally known centre for training and research
in Mass Communication, an autonomous body under the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting, Govt of India,- for providing admission to following given PG courses.
1. Post Graduate Course in Journalism (English), New Delhi, Dhenakanal (Odisha), Aizwal
(Mizoram), Amravati (Maharastra), Jammu (J & K) and Kottayam (Kerala)
2. Post Graduate Diploma Course in Journalism (Hindi), New Delhi
3. Post Graduate Diploma in Radio and Television Journalism, New Delhi
4. Post Graduate Diploma Course in Advertising and Public Relations, New Delhi
5. Post Graduate Diploma Course in Journalism (Odia), Dhenkanal (Odisha)
Five seats available in each Course for NRIs/NRIs sponsored candidates, for which a separate prescribed
application form should be submitted.
IIMC Entrance Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification
The aspiring candidate should have a Bachelors degree in any discipline
Note: Those who have appeared / are appearing in final degree examinations are also eligible to apply
Age Limits
E The candidates should have born on 1.8.1989 or later (for SCs/STs/PH 1.8.1984 or later and for OBC
1.8.1986 or later)
IIMC Entrance Exam Syllabus
IIMC consists of question from the General Knowledge of daily use.
IIMC Entrance Exam Pattern
399
IIMC Entrance Exam consists of written test followed by interview. Written test consists of objective
type multiple choice questions of General Awareness and General Knowledge.
Medium of Instruction and Examination will be Hindi and/or English and for Course No. 5: Odia.
How to apply for IIMC Entrance Exam?
Offline
Aspiring candidates can apply by obtaining Application forms in person or by post. Application forms and
prospectus can be obtained on payment of Rs. 1200/- for general category and Rs.1100/- for
SC/ST/OBC/PH category through a demand draft only, drawn on any scheduled bank payable toRegistrar
IIMC at New Delhi, from IIMC New Delhi or IIMC Dhenkanal (Odisha). Request for applicationforms
should be accompanied by a Demand Draft & a self-addressed stamped (Rs. 70/-) envelope (27x17 cm).
On-line
The application form can be filled after downloading from www.iimc.gov.in. Each application form must
beaccompanied by a Demand Draft of Rs. 1200/- for General & Rs.1100/- for SC/ST/OBC/PH categories
drawn in favour of Registrar, IIMC New Delhi on or before due date.
Important: The sale of application forms will commence at IIMC New Delhi and IIMC Dhenkanal from 10
March 2014. Application form for Course Nos. 1 and 2 is common. There are separate application
forms/entrance examinations for Course Nos.3, 4 & 5. Candidates who wish to apply for more than one
Course will have to fill separate application forms for each Course they wish to apply for.
IIMC Entrance Exam Dates
IIMC Entrance Exam is normally held in the month of May/June.
IIMC Entrance Exam Test Centre
IIMC Entrance Exam will held at the following given centers:
New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Patna, Lucknow, Bhubaneswar, Bhopal Chennai, Jammu,
Srinagar, Kochi, Nagpur ,Aizawl and Guwahati ,Oriya Journalism exam will be held at Bhubaneshwar
centre only.
IIMC Entrance Exam Contact Details
Registrar
IIMC, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg
New Delhi-110067
New Delhi 011-26741073, 26741352, 26741062, Fax : 011-26742462, 26741268,
Dhenkanal 06762-226194 & 226196, Fax: 06762-226195, 226197
website : www.iimc.gov.in, Email: iimcadmissions2013@gmail.com
TSJ AIWE 2014 - Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam acronym as TSJ AIWE is
conducted by the Times School of Journalism for admitting students to a year-long full-time PG
Diploma programme in Journalism.
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification
Any graduate with minimum 45% in graduation. Those with less than 45% but having relevant
experience will also be considered.
Those in their Final Year of Graduation can also apply (Final year mark sheet/proof of graduation has to
be submitted by them by December 31, 2014)
Age Limit:
Not more than 28 years. Age limit can be relaxed for those with relevant experience.
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Syllabus
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam consists of question from the GK testing the General
Awareness of the candidates.
400
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Pattern
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam consists of written Exam followed by
Interview/personality test.
How to apply for Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam?
Aspiring candidate can downloaded from (http://www.timesmediastudies.com/images/tsjcomboform-
2013-14.pdf) and sent the filling in application form to TSJ with requisite copies of certificates and exam
fee (non-refundable).
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Dates
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam is normaly held in the months of May/June.
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Test Centre
Applicants can choose their choice of location for test and interview themselves
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Contact Details
Website: www.tcms.in & www.timesmediastudies.com
E-mail: tsj@timesgroup.com
Address: Times School of Journalism, 10, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002
Telephone: +91 11 23273514, +91 11 39843369.



















401
Career in Hotel Management, Hospitality Management & Travel and
Tourism Management



CONTENTS IN THIS SECTION

Career in Hotel Management, Hospitality Management & Travel and Tourism Management:

Career in Hotel Management Industry
Career in Hospitality Industry
Career in Tourism &Travel Industry
Career as a Chef
Career in Public Relations






Career in Hotel Management Industry
The country's rapidly growing economy has led to a remarkable growth in the tourism sector. In line
with this growth, the hotel industry has flourished and thus, the demand for human resources
specializing in hotel management has increased as well. For this reason, more and more students are
beginning to take up hotel management in hopes to build a successful career in the industry.
In a general sense, hotel management as a course may sound fairly simple. However, taking into
consideration the number of specializations in this field of work, it would be important for one to really
decide on which field to focus on. Although dozens of career prospects are available in hotel
management, the more common ones include General Managers, Assistant Managers, Catering
Management, Front Office Management and Housekeeping.
Nature of Work
Graduates of hotel management may end up filling positions of general hotel managers or assistant
managers. The roles of these two are very significant because not only should they serve as leaders of
the number of workers employed by the hotel but also ensure that all the hotel's guests enjoy a
pleasant and comfortable stay.
402
The role of general managers becomes increasingly important as they work with the hotel's owners and
directors to foresee income and expenditures by setting room rates and budgets. They must also
establish the hotel's identity in terms of the kind of service that they are able to provide. Managers of
each department will also serve varying functions and will take responsibility for all the levels of
employment in their departments.
Food and Beverage:
The food and beverage manager is responsible for all operations under the Catering
Department. Here, the food and beverage manager leads all employees under both the
culinary section and the steward section. Under the culinary section, the Executive Chef who is
in charge of all kitchen activities answers directly to the food and beverage manager. This
section is composed of all employees who work in the kitchen including all chefs and
dishwashers.
Front Office:
The role of the Front Office Manager is vital to the hotel's existence because employees under
this department are those first encountered by all guests. Apart from making sure that all
reservations and room assignments are in order, they supervise receptionists, information
clerks, reservation officers, bellboys and doormen. They must ensure that all employees under
their supervision are not only efficient but polite and courteous as well.
Housekeeping:
The Executive Housekeeper is responsible for all employees who work towards maintaining all
rooms and the rest of the hotel facilities to make sure that everything is clean and tidy at all
times. Under direct command of the Executive Housekeeper are floor supervisors who ensure
that all rooms in their floor of responsibility are well-maintained. Other employees who are
under the supervision of the Executive Housekeeper are the bays who are in charge of making
beds and cleaning rooms, chamber boys and maids who clean the toilets and the shower
areas, and the linen maids who collect and stock all sheets, towels, and napkins for laundry.
Personality
A job in the hotel industry requires certain essential personality characteristics. An individual seeking
employment in this dynamic sector needs excellent social skills. A pleasant personality, enthusiasm,
discipline, a genuine interest in a customer's needs and a willingness and aptitude for public relations
work are the basic traits employers watch out for in their applicants.
In addition to these basic personality traits, hotel managers must be highly business oriented and
flexible and exhibit exceptional leadership skills. Managerial positions in hotels require excellent
organization skills and the quick thinking and adaptive capabilities needed to handle the pressures of
dealing with guests from vastly different cultures.
Professional Courses
To pursue a career in hotel management, university courses that take 3 to 4 years are recommended.
Among these courses commonly offered by Indian colleges and universities are 3 years in Bachelor of
Science in Hotel Management, 3 years Diploma in Hotel Management, 3 years in Bachelor of Arts in
Hospitality and Tourism Management, and 4 years in Bachelor of Hotel Management and Catering
Technology.
In order to qualify for these courses, one must have a 12th or equivalent pass with a minimum
aggregate performance of 50%.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Below are some of the popular choices among those who wish to pursue careers in hotel management:
1. A.K. Hafizka College of Hotel & Tourism Management Studies & Research
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Studies
403
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Catering and Hotel Administration
3 years - Advanced Diploma in Culinary Arts
2. Army Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology
4 years - Bachelor of Hotel and Restaurant Management
3. Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology
4 years - Bachelor in Hotel Management and Catering Technology
4. FHRAI Institute of Hospitality Management
4 years - International Hospitality Administration
4 years - International Culinary Administration
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hospitality, Catering, and Tourism
1 year - Diploma in Hotel Operations
5. Heritage Institute of Hotel and Tourism
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Tourism
6. Institute of Hotel Management
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hotel Management
7. Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology, & Applied Nutrition
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hospitality and Hotel Administration
8. Merit Swiss Asian School of Hotel Management
3 years - Diploma in Hotel Administration
9. Oberoi Center of Learning and Development
3 years - Diploma in Hotel Operations Managemenet
10. Welcomgroup Graduate School of Hotel Administration
4 years - Bachelor of Hotel Management
Specialization
Post Graduation in Hotel Management
Those who have graduated with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Hotel Management can pursue post
graduate studies and obtain a Master of Science degree in Hospitality Administration. These post
graduate studies usually take up to one year.
Career Prospects
Graduates of professional courses under this field are usually taken as trainees under the positions they
apply for. While most graduates usually seek work in five star hotels or other private hotel chains, some
find themselves seeking alternative employment avenues in restaurant management, cruise ship hotel
management, institutional and industrial catering, club or bar management, airline catering and cabin
services, or management of catering departments in banks and insurance houses.
Remunerations
Compensation can greatly differ because of the number of factors affecting it. The most significant
factors include the size of the firm or organization, the location of the business, when the applicant
graduated and his or her performance in school. However, below is the regular pay scale one can expect
when seeking employment in hotel management: these ranges vary with the hotel.

Hotel Management in India is one of the top most purused courses in India. Hotel Management
Entrance Examination are those which are conducted on All India basis for recruitment to various
Universities / Institutes offering Hotel Management Courses.
The National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology (NCHMCT) is a Registered Society
under Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Government of India which centrally regulates academics for
hospitality management through structured courses of studies that are imparted at the Government
sponsored 24 Institutes of Hotel Management and eight Food Craft Management and eight Food Craft
404
Institutes located in different parts of the country. Allmost all the Hotel Management Colleges in India
also conduct tests of their own.
List of Hotel Management Entrance Exams
MAH HM CET - Maharashtra Hotel Management Common Entrance Test

NCHMCT JEE - National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology Entrance Exam

PUTHAT - Panjab University Tourism and Hospitality Aptitude Test

Hotel Management Entrance Examination Eligibility
1. 10 + 2 (% varies from institute to institute).
2. 22 years for General/PH and 25 years for SC/ST candidates as on 1st July. In the case of
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates, upper age limit is relaxable by three years.
Hotel Management Entrance Examination Pattern and Admission Process
Hotel Management Entrance Exam is of two hour duration.
The test includes multiple-choice questions based on GK, Current affairs, General English,
Aptitude & Numerical Ability.
The test comprises objective question. Each correct has 1 marks & for wrong answer 1/4 marks
will be deducted.
Admission depends on the performance of the students in the written admission test, personal
interview round / group discussion session.
The pattern of the Hotel Management Entrance Exams is almost the same in almost all the
institutes.
Some of the main Hotel Management Entrance Examination in India are -
1. NCHMCT JEE - National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology.
2. FHRAI - Federations of Hotels and Restaurants Association of India.
3. MAH-HM-CET Maharashtra Hotel Mangement Common Entrance Test.
4. IITM - Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management.
5. HIHT - Heritage Institute of Hotel and Tourism.
6. ITDC - India Tourism Development Corporation.

Career in Hospitality Industry
India is ranked 11th in Asia and 62nd in the world for its richest cultural heritage and beautiful flora and
fauna, according to a recent Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report of World Economic Forum. This
suffices the reason for the growing importance of hospitality in the country. The word hospitality can
be defined as a relationship between a visitor and a host.
The field of hospitality requires personal skills, like sense of responsibility, helpful and friendly nature,
and attractive appearance, along with good presence of mind. On realizing the significance of the
hospitality sector in the country, a number of institutes have started courses in this field, under the
administration of National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology (NCHMCT), an
autonomous body under the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Scores of job opportunities are
available in the hospitality sector, including hotels, travel and tourism, and aviation.
Course Details
Most institutes in India offer courses in hospitality at diploma, certificate, and postgraduate diploma
levels. However, some institutions also impart programs in hospitality at undergraduate and
postgraduate degree levels. Some of the most common hospitality courses are
B Sc (Hospitality)
M Sc (Hospitality & Hotel Administration)
BA in Hospitality & Tourism Management;
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Certificate Course in Hotel and Catering Management;
Diploma in House Keeping, Hotel Reception and Book Keeping, and Restaurant and Counter Service;
Craftsmanship Course in Food and Beverage Service;
Diploma in Bakery and Confectionery;
Diploma in Front Office,
Post Graduate Diploma in Dietetics and Hospital Food Service
Talking about the eligibility for UG programs, one has to clear 10+2 level of examination, in any stream,
from a recognized state/national board. For PG courses, graduation in relevant stream from any
recognized University is mandatory. Students are imparted technicalities about various aspects of the
relevant subjects, apart from practical exposure and knowledge.
Career Prospects
On successful completion of the course in hospitality, one can become a specialist in the field and work
as a catering officer or chef in hotels, restaurants, fast food chains, and allied sectors. Customer
relations executive, management trainee, and marketing/sales executive are other prospective positions
to look out for. Besides, kitchen management and house keeping management are other areas to seek
lucrative jobs. Moreover, one can join as an executive in tourism development corporations and resort
properties, as a lecturer in hotel management institutes or food craft institutes, and as cabin crew in
national and international airlines and cruises. The vast and extensive hospitality industry attracts young
aspirants in service apartments, health care, Ayurveda and spa centers, cafs, bars, discotheques, clubs,
etc.
Top colleges offering UG/PG/Other courses
Some prominent hospitality institutes in India include:
Indian Institute of Hospitality Management, Maharashtra;
Angel Institute of International Hospitality and Management (AIIHM), Greater Noida;
FHRAI Institute of Hospitality Management, Greater Noida;
Amman Institute of Hospitality Management and Computer Application, Salem;
Brilliant Institute of Hospitality Management, West Bengal;
College of Hospitality Administration, Jaipur;
College of Hospitality and Tourism, Gurgaon;
Hope Institute of Hospitality Management, Delhi;
Institute of Hospitality Management, Goa;
Army Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Bangalore;
MS Ramaiah College of Hotel Management,
Bangalore; and Saptagiri College of Hotel Management, Mangalore.
Remuneration
Remuneration in the field of hospitality may vary from one organization to another. At the fresher level,
the salary may seem to be low, but with experience, one can be offered high salary packages.
.
Career in Tourism &Travel Industry
Tourism and travels serves as the promoter of national and international goodwill. It is the third biggest
industry in the world. In India tourism was declared an industry only a few years ago. It has however
become the second biggest foreign exchange earner next only to gems and jewellery export. However,
inspite of this India with its rich and diverse culture and numerous places of tourist interest, still lag
behind. Today, with a conscious effort from the Government, the future of the industry holds
tremendous promise for growth.
MAIN AREAS:
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The travel and tourism industry operates in the private as well as in the public sector.
PRIVATE SECTOR:
In this sector activities are divided into two distinct sections.
(1) Travel Agents:
Travel agents are concerned with the marketing of travel and tourism. They are basically retailers, who
plan and sell trips to individuals or groups. They book passages for air, rail, sea and road travel, arrange
hotel reservations or other accommodations, hire cars and coaches. All travel agents take on both
international and domestic bookings. Some specialise in areas, like business trips, group tours or
conferences.
(2) Tour Operators:
Tour operators deal in travel and destination management. They put together and sell package holidays.
These could be for individuals or groups and include incoming tourists from abroad, outbound tours to
foreign destinations or domestic travelers. Tour operators could offer special interest packages that
range from archaeology to golf, wildlife to astrology.
PUBLIC SECTOR:
This sectors main concern is the promotion of tourism in India. To this end, most public sector
organisations connected with tourism not only run a network of hotels, information centres and other
facilities and services for visitors to the country, but also involved in larger development projects aimed
at improving tourism infrastructure and expanding the industry. They are aided in this task by other
semi-government bodies, including the Indian Railways and the two national airlines.
THE WORK:
Work in the travel and tourism industry is essentially concerned with providing services for people who
are away from home, on business or holiday. Work at every functional level in the industry involves
dealing directly with people. A great deal of mobility is also required in certain jobs where contact must
be maintained with representatives of the myriad services provided to clients or individuals or groups
that are to be accompanied to and around their destinations. Besides this, it is vital that all tourism staff
in marketing, counter sales, or guide services, be acquainted about the places their clients visit, in terms
of general background, air read and rail connections and facilities available.
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
(1) An outgoing nature (2) willingness to travel (3) ability to communicate with people of different
backgrounds (4) enthusiasm for meeting people, (5) awareness of the countrys history and culture etc.
TRAINING/INSTITUTES:
After completing +2 level of education, a student can enroll himself/herself in a specialised tourism
course.
The vocational colleges in the country offer tourism as a discipline and completion of such a course leads
to a graduate degree.
Polytechnics also offer training programmes in certain aspects of tourism and travel, for example in
ticketing and reservation. This level of qualification leads to jobs in travel agencies, as well as in Govt.
departments, air lines and hotels but does not offer prospects for much growth and promotion in the
industry.
The most professional training in travel and tourism is available in the form of the postgraduate
diploma and degree programmes of one or two years duration provided by many Universities and
institutes in the country. Important among them are


- COURSE INSTITUTIONS ELIGIBILITY DURATION
MTA(Master of Tourism
Administrator)
Kurukshetra University,
Aligarh Muslim University;
Graduate/PG 2 years.
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Jiwaji University, Gwalior;
Anantpur University,
Anantapur, Marathwada
University, Aurangabad.
Management of Visitor
Service/Tourism Dev./ Planning
in Tourism Travel &
Transportation/ Environmental
Parameters of Tourism
Development/ Management of
issues in Tourism & Travel/
Computer Technology &
Communication in tourism.
Kerala Institute of Tourism
and Travel,
Thiruvananthapuram;
Garware Institute of Career
Education and
Development, University of
Bombay. Indian Institute of
Travel and Tourism
Management, Chanakyapuri,
New Delhi. (All three are
regional chapters of Indian
Institute of Tourism and
Travel Management, New
Delhi.
Graduate with 3 years
experience at junior or
middle management level,
maximum age-30 years.
24 credits programme (cyclic
programme scheduled in
April, July, October and Dec.)
Diploma in Tourism
Management
Indian Institute of Travel &
Tourism Management, Agra
university; Annamalai
University; Berhampur
university, Orissa; Bombay
University; Delhi University;
Indore University; H.S. Gour
University; Goa University;
Guru Ghasidas university,
Bilaspur; Jiwaji University,
Gwalior. University of Keral,
Trivandrum; Kota Open
University; Kumaon
University, Nainital;
Kurukshetra university,
Madurai University; Madras
University, Manipur
University, Imphal;
Marathwada University;
Pondicherry University, Ravi
Shankar university, Raipur;
Utkal University,
Bhubaneswar.
Graduate with 60% marks 1 year (August to July).
Graduate integrated course in
Tourism.
College of Vocational
studies, Delhi, University
10 + 2 3 years
Language Training Course for
Professionals in Tourism.
Cultural organisation of
foreign countries
Graduation -do-
Full-time Diploma course in
Travel & Tourism
Cultural organisation of
foreign countries.
Graduation 1 year
Basic Course in Air Travel Fares
& Ticketing.
The Ministry of Tourism &
Delhi Tourism, 9 Nyaya
Marg, Chanakyapuri, New
Delhi-110021.
Graduation 3 months
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Basic Course in Air & Seal
Carriage Services management.
The Ministry of Tourism &
Delhi Tourism, 9 Nyaya
Marg, Chanakyapuri, New
Delhi-110021.
Graduation 2 months
Basic course in Computer
application in Tourism & Travel
Industry
The Ministry of Tourism &
Delhi Tourism, 9 Nyaya
Marg, Chanakyapuri New
Delhi-110021.
Graduation 2 months
Basic Course in Airlines, Travel
Agency & Tour Operation
Management.
The Ministry of Tourism &
Delhi Tourism, 9 Nyaya
Marg, Chanakyapuri, New
Delhi-110021.
Graduation 2 months
Courses in Spanish, Japanese,
French, & Russian Language.
The Ministry of Tourism and Delhi Tourism, 9 Nyaya Marg,
Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021.
6 months.
JOB OPPORTUNITES:
(1) Positions in travel agencies, Air Lines, Transport and Cargo Companies.
(2) Government jobs in Tourism Department including ITDC & State T.D.Cs.
(3) Work as tour operators.
(4) Or be self-employed.
SELF EMPLOYMENT:
This requires capital and minimum experience of having worked as a manager in a travel agency. A
single enterprising individual can, after a few years of experience, start by handling all travel
requirements of a client and gradually build up business.


Career as a Chef
Introduction
"I liked the energy of cooking, the action, the camaraderie. I often compared the kitchen to sports and
compare the chef to a coach. There are a lot of similarities to it."Todd English, Celebrity Restaurateur,
Chef and Author.
These are the words of Todd English who is a celebrity restaurateur, chef and author. He is well known
all over the world for his restaurant Olives which is in Las Vegas and Boston. Food trip with Todd English
is his show on television which is also very famous. Cooking more than being a mere profession; is an art
and in recent times has become a very popular choice of profession among the youth.
Whenever you think about food, you are actually thinking about the Chef or the Master Chef who is
skilled to bring the best food to your taste buds. Essentially, a cook, who cooks the food, a Chef, by his
own knowledge and understanding of various spices, flavors and other ingredients, brings the delicious
food to those who savor it. Today, Chef has emerged as one of the sought-after careers by many.
The Chef, being the master of the kitchen in the restaurant has total control over the junior staff and
oversees the entire proceedings. He divides the work within his team in such a manner that there is
seamless integration between raw material handling, basic preparation, final preparation and finally the
presentation.
Courses and Eligibility
The minimum qualification for becoming a chef is a bachelors degree or diploma in Hotel Management;
kitchen management training adds value to an inspiring Chef.
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One can go for both Degree and Diploma courses in Hotel Management. The basic qualification for both
degree and diploma levels is 10+2. There are a few short term courses as well. These short term courses
are meant for usually of 1 Years duration and the eligibility criterion is 10+2 with English as one of the
major subjects. These courses are: Diploma in Food Production, Diploma in Food and Beverage Services,
and Diploma in Bakery and Confectionery
Institutes coming under the National Council now offer a 3-year degree course B Sc Hospitality and Hotel
Administration, while some private institutes offer a 4-year Bachelor's programme in Hotel
Management.
To get admission in the institutes one has to take the entrance test consisting of English, Reasoning,
General Science and General Knowledge. The test is of 2-hour duration and is held around April every
year. The test is followed by a group discussion and interview, in which a person's personality and
confidence is seen. Private institutes have their tests at different times in April/May and the pattern of
the paper is roughly the same. Academic sessions usually start by July/August every year.
Where to Study
The Institute of Hotel Management (IHM) and Indian Institute of Hotel Management (IIHM) are
leading Institutes where these courses are offered with specialization. Admission procedure is strict
and students are selected through admission tests and personal interview.
Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition, Pusa Road, New Delhi.
The institute has 19 branches in all, located in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar,
Calcutta, Chandigarh, Chennai, Goa, Gurdaspur, Guwahati, Gwalior, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow,
Meerut, Mumbai, Shimla, Srinagar and Thiruvananthapuram. Courses: M.Sc. Hospitality
Administration , Post Graduate Diploma in Accommodation, Operation and, Management, Post
Graduate Diploma in Dietetics and Hospital Food Service, B. Sc. In Hospitality and Hotel
Administration, Craftsmanship Course in Food Production, Craftsmanship Course in Food and
Beverage Service, Certificate Course in Hotel and Catering Management, Diploma in Food
Production, Diploma in Food and Beverage Service, Diploma in Front Office. Total no. of seats are
more than 3000.
Indian Institute of Hotel Management (run by the Taj Group of Hotels), Aurangabad. Courses
offered BA Hons in Hotel Management., 4 years BA Hons in Culinary Arts.
A.K. Hafizka College of Hotel & Tourism Management Studies & Research Mumbai offers 3 years -
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Studies, 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Catering and Hotel
Administration, 3 years - Advanced Diploma in Culinary Arts
Army Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology Bangalore, Courses Offered: 4 years -
Bachelor of Hotel and Restaurant Management
Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology Kalkaji, New Delhi
Courses Offered: 4 years - Bachelor in Hotel Management and Catering Technology
FHRAI Institute of Hospitality Management , Greater Noida, Courses Offered: 4 years - International
Hospitality Administration, 4 years - International Culinary Administration, 3 years - Bachelor of
Science in Hospitality, Catering, and Tourism, 1 year - Diploma in Hotel Operations
Heritage Institute of Hotel and Tourism, Agra, Courses Offered: 3 years - Bachelor of Science in
Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Tourism
Merit Swiss Asian School of Hotel Management Ooty, Courses Offered: 3 years - Diploma in Hotel
Administration
Oberoi Center of Learning and Development, Delhi, Courses Offered: 3 years - Diploma in Hotel
Operations Management
Welcome group Graduate School of Hotel Administration , Manipal Courses Offered: 4 years -
Bachelor of Hotel Management, Specialization: Post Graduation in Hotel Management
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Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad , BA Hons Culinary Art (4 years), Hotel management (4
years), Masters in International Hospitality management.
Indian Institute of Hotel Management and Culinary Arts, HyderabadBachelors Degree in Catering
Technology and Culinary Arts (BCT&CA), ( As a Specialization in Hotel Management) , Bachelors
Degree in Hotel Management and Catering Technology (BHM&CT) . 1 year Certificate Course in
Food Production and Patisserie (F.P.P) .
South Delhi Polytechnic for women, Lajpat Nagar, Delhi Offers 3 years Full Time, UG degree in Hotel
Catering and Hospitality.
Guru Nanak Institute of Hotel Management (Under JIS group educational initiatives)
PCTE Institute of Hotel Management
M. A. Rangoonwala Institute of Hotel Management & Research
Christ College, Bangalore
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Subhas Bose Institute of Hotel Management (SBIHM)
Rayat & Bahra Institute of Hotel Management
Acharya Institute of Management and Sciences (AIMS)
Garden City College of Science and Management Studies
Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology
Pay and Remuneration
It is worth mentioning that fresh candidates for the Chef Job, in the beginning, get between Rs.3 to 4
lakhs per annum. The mid-level chefs can make something between Rs. 10 lakhs and 15 lakhs of rupees
every year. There is a possibility for the senior most chefs where the annual salary can be between 15
lakhs and 30 lakhs per year.
Famous Personalities
There are many chefs all over the world who are amazing in their work. They have the art to make the
most unusual and delicious dishes. Gordon Ramsay, Jamie Oliver, Anthony Bourdain, Paul Bocuse,
Thomas Keller and Wolfgang Puck are some of the internationally renowned chefs.
While Sanjeev Kapoor and Tarla Dalal are some well-known Indian names in this field. Sanjeev Kapoor is
a product of Institute of Hotel Management (IHM) Pusa, Catering Technology & Applied Nutrition. After
working in many hotels, he became the Executive Chef of the Centaur Hotel in Mumbai. He is not only a
Chef but also a host, an author of cookbooks and a restaurant consultant.
Tarla Dalal , PadamShri, is a noted Indian food writer, chef, best-selling cookbook author and host of
cooking shows like ""Tarla Dalal show"" and ""Cook It Up With Tarla Dalal"". She has written over 100
books and in all sold more than 3 million books. She also runs the largest Indian food web site, and
publishes a bi-monthly magazine, Cooking & More.


Career in Public Relations
Introduction
Public Relations were once used to be a simple operation of Corporate Publicity. It has now emerged as
a broad based management function now popularly referred as Corporate Communication. It
encompasses activites in the realm of management of Public Affairs, Media Relations. Corporate
Communication functions works towards maintaining a balanced public image and regularly
communicating the News about the Organisation to the public, employees, Investors at large.
Besides being a simple operational tool for quite a lone period in corporate publicity, Public Relations
today also is a key management functionary. It is known by the name Corporate Communication.
Management of public affairs, management of media relations, critical analyses and research works are
these days taken care of by the former. Corporate communication takes care of protection of
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organizational interests and maintenance of a sound image of the corporate house to the public
regarding its performance.
The success, growth, and continued existence of any organization depend upon the success with which
it handles its relation with the public in matters of the various policies and aims set by the company.
Exactly this thing is taken care of by the PR professionals in field like banking institutes, business houses,
media houses, academic institutions, governmental organizations, medical institutes, and the like. They
maintain a positive relation of the concerned organization with the public. The organization is projected
in front of the public in the best possible way. Their success naturally draws positive response of the
public for the concerned organization.
Nature of Work
Broadly speaking, there can be two operational structures in which the PR professionals play such
critical part:
The In-house Corporate Communication Section, and
The Specialized PR Agencies.
PR professionals in In-house Corporate Communication Sections
In running any kind of enterprise, problems and confusions in communications with the clients, the
management and the employees is a very common affair. Such problems of the firm are analyzed by the
Corporate Communication professionals. It is up to them to see to it that objectives specific to the end
are set and plans chalked out in accordance with the end so the aims are met successfully and within the
permitted budget.
The in-house functions involve chores like Press Releases, Report Editing, Brochures, Newsletters,
Articles, Speeches, Leaflets, Film and Video scripts, and so on. Annual report preparation also comes
under this category of functions. The PR department also successfully coordinate in matters like
production of company newsletters, radio tapes, brochures, leaflets, etc. that is published with the aid
of the Advertising Agencies.
The PR department also conducts Interviews, Presentations, Meetings, Conferences, Press Releases,
Trade fairs, Exhibitions, etc. for the company. It is also up to them to carry on evaluation of the company
through market surveys and their effective analysis.
Consultancy
This is a very specialized responsibility for the PR professionals. There are ideally specific teams that
specialize in several forms of Accounting works, like the Consumer Accounting, or Corporate, Financial,
Public Affairs, and the like. These activities become all the more important as the several legal bodies,
governmental houses, shareholders, marketing agencies, wholesalers & distributors, etc. keep an intent
eye upon such activities of the company.
The Specialized PR Agencies
PR professionals in this field are entrusted with the provision of counseling to the various concerned
organizations with their varied range of dealings and issues. These PR agencies have separate sections
for dealing with chores related to the Media, Client Servicing, and Research Departments. There are the
account executives who handle dealings of the PR section with the different clients. They need to clearly
realize the demands and objectives of the clients and set up strategies for the company accordingly.
Press tours are organized by this section of the PRO They also look after the issuing of press briefs and
press conferences. The briefings for the media coverage are also strategically designed by this client
servicing outfit. Another responsibility that the PR section has to deal with utmost precision is crisis
management.
Personality
Academics build the basics. That is true. But, when you are on the verge of making it into the
professional world or even contemplating the idea, a strict adherence to your academic institutional
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learning will fall short of equipping you with the tools that you need to make it large in your career. The
same holds for the profession of PR as well. There are a lot many tangible and intangible factors that you
need to master. Often such techniques can be learnt only when you have actually walked in to the
office. However, following are some of the essential points that any aspirant in this field should make a
point to remember.
a. Sociability: ability to gel well with people from different professions.
b. Tactfulness and Diplomacy.
c. Patience.
d. Precision of Conduct.
e. Analytical Mind.
f. Natural flair for innovative ideas, especially for crisis management.
g. Clarity of speech and thought process.
h. Brevity of writing.
i. Organizational abilities.
j. Oration power.
k. Attitude to welcome pressure situations and take them up as challenge. I. Basic numerical skills.
l. Self motivational spirit.
Professional Courses
A good thing about PR is that it can be taken up as a post graduate course of study after completion of
graduation in any discipline. Generally courses of PR do not extend beyond one year. One has to sit for
written tests (occasionally followed by personality tests) in order to study in this particular discipline.
Students often need to spend some time with a PR firm as part of the curriculum.
One can pursue a degree in Mass Communication with specialization in Public Relations.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
There are several colleges and universities besides other academic institutes all across India that have
come up with proper courses on PRO. To name a few premium institutes amongst them that offer
degree courses are:
South Gujarat University, Surat.
University of Mumbai.
Makhanlal Chaturvedi University, Bhopal.
Some of the universities that offer diploma courses in PR are :
Gujarat University, Navrangapura, Ahmedabad.
IIMC, JNU Campus, New Delhi.
Aligarh Muslim University.
St. Xaviers College of Communications.
Symbiosis Institute of Journalism & Communication, Pune.
YMCA Institute of Media Studies, Delhi.
BR Ambedkar University, Hyderabad (Distance Education facility).
Career Prospects
The upcoming years are going to be extremely bright for those who want to make a career in Public
Relations. Recent surveys have shown that jobs in the PR field are to see an increase at a rate that will
be higher than the rate of the average of all other kinds of jobs combined together. And where is
actually the need to wait and watch the statistics to arrive at such a decision? The direction in which
jobs are heading these days; I mean, the trends that are getting customary with the corporate houses
and the like, unanimously reflects the indispensability of this post of Public Relations executive. This
holds true more so for aspirants who hold proficiency in the fields of science and technology, medicine,
finance, international affairs, and other such specialized fields.
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Once you have the right kind of education, complemented by sound aptitude, opportunities for a career
in PR is no difficult proposition. These days the departments of corporate communication play such a
key role in matters of policy planning.
Job Prospects
As has already been stated earlier, the Job Prospects as PR professionals are ever on an increase. Listed
below are some of the premier organizations which provide good opportunity scope to the PR
professionals:
Public sector organizations.
Corporate organizations.
Hotels and resorts.
Banking institutes and other financial organizations.
Tourism industry (departments of guest relations).
Assistant and consultants to several political leaders and political parties.
Private consultancies.
Professionals in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, like the Doordarshan, AIR, Film
Division, Publication Division, NFDC, Press Information Bureau, Registrar of the News papers in
India, Audio & Visual Publicity, etc.

















Career in Education and Teaching
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Introduction
Education is a basic requirement of all human beings across region, race, culture, caste, class and
gender. It is important not only to lead a life with dignity but also to fully develop one's personality. The
job opportunities in the educational sector are increasing.
Scope
Educational jobs not only provide a path to earn money but also offer maximum job satisfaction. The
employment opportunities are available in preschool, kinder garden, schools, colleges, universities,
research institutes, government organizations, non-government organizations, international
organizations, etc. Teaching jobs are expected to grow about 32.5% by 2014. There is a huge demand for
Indian teachers in many western countries.
Eligibity
Nursery teachers training: Training of 1-2 years at Vocational Training Institutes is essential. The
preferred eligibility is Class XII with 50% aggregate.
Pre-primary teachers training: Most vocational training centres conduct training for pre-school
teachers. The preferred eligibility is Class XII with 50% aggregate. The Montessori teacher
training schools (which are privately owned in some large cities) impart training to the teachers.
Primary teacher training: Teachers with diplomas in education (D.Ed)/Bachelors in education
(B.Ed) teach the primary classes. Graduates of Home Science also serve as primary teachers.
Secondary teachers training: Teachers having B Ed Degrees after graduation are called Trained
Graduate Teachers (TGTs).
Higher secondary (Junior College) teachers/lecturers training: Post graduate teachers with B.Ed
are eligible for teaching at Secondary school level or at junior college level.
Senior College Teachers (Assistant Professors/Associate professor/Professor): College lecturers
require a good academic record with at least 55% or an equivalent grade at master's degree
level in the relevant subject from an Indian University or a foreign University. The eligibility test
for lecturers, National Eligibility Test (NET), is conducted by UGC, CSIR or similar tests accredited
by the UGC. The State level test SLET is for appointments within the state.
Post-Graduate teachers (University/College level) training: The eligibility that of senior college
lecturers along with good academic record and preferably Doctorate.
Employabilty Skills
Dedication, perseverance and patience.
Deep knowledge of the subject.
Ability to shoulder responsibility.
Tact, patience and ability to get along with all kinds of students.
Deep passion of the subject.
Organization skill.
Friendly and helpful nature.
Ability to communicate well.
Analytical skills.
Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career
in the field of Education.
Do I like to study more about behaviour and traits?
Do I have excellent communication skills?
Am I self-confident?
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Do I have good decision making power?
Do l Iove systematic way of working?
Do I have analysing and interpreting skills?
Do I have a creative mind and deep thinking?
Do I have ability of keen observation?
Am I ready to learn and adopt new teaching techniques?
Do I like to work as a part of team?
Do I have social adaptability?
Do I have physical and emotional expressiveness?
Do I have ability for improvisation, observation and emulation?
Am I good in documentation skills?
Courses
Elementary Teacher Education (ETE): Candidates who have qualified their 10+2 examination or
equivalent from a recognized board are eligible for admission to this course. Passion for teaching,
comfortable hours of working and paid vacations is the main reasons for joining this profession.
Basic Training Certificate (BTC): In order to improve the quality of the teachers, the government of India
has set up institutes in almost all the states in India to impart BTC.
Diploma in Education (D.Ed): Various states have made it compulsory to have D.Ed to be eligible for
appointment as a teacher. For D.Ed minimum qualification is 12th with 50%.
Bachelor in Education (B.Ed): It is one year course while Vocational B.Ed. course is of two years.
Graduate from any stream is eligible.
Bachelor in Physical Education (B.PEd): It is mainly concern with the physical education and sports. It is
one year course while Vocational B.PEd. Course is of two years. Graduate from any stream is eligible.
Master of Education (M.Ed): The M.Ed Course can be pursued after the successful completion of B.Ed.
M.Ed. helps the students to learn the education systems and patterns more profoundly and
comparatively. Those who have passed B.Ed are eligible for M.Ed.
Master of Physical Education (M.PEd): It can be pursued only after the successful completion of B.PEd.
Other courses in education:
Diploma in Educational Management: 1 year any graduate IInd class.
Diploma in Educational Technology: 1 year any graduate IInd class.
Certificate course in Sports Management: (Part time) 5 Months Any graduate IInd class.
Certificate course in Gymnasium Instructor: 130 hrs HSC with 45%.
Examinations
For Senior College Teachers in India: National Eligibility Test (NET): Eligibility for lectureship and
for award of Junior Research Fellowship. www.ugc.ac.in
State Level Eligibility Test for Lectureship SLET/SET
Other related Career opportunities
Enormous jobs are available such as educational psychologist, e-learning jobs, content writing jobs,
librarian jobs, library assistant jobs, placement coordinator jobs, publishing jobs, animation jobs,
education advisor jobs, etc.
1. E-Learning Jobs: These jobs are offered by a number of reputed e-learning companies in both India
and abroad. Most of the e-learning companies hire professionals on a regular basis. The pay package
offered to the e-learning professionals is quite lucrative. E-learning companies provide employment
opportunities to graphic designers, content developers, instructional designers, project managers,
technical instructional designers, programmers, business development managers and solution
architects. Marketing and sales consultants are also hired for various managerial functions in the e-
learning institutes.
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Eligibility: For graphic designers: Must possess excellent creative and communication skills and should
be expert in Photoshop, flash and other areas of graphic designing. For instructional designer it is
necessary to have at least some years of experience in the field of content writing as well the technical
knowledge. For Project managers/business development managers MBAs are generally preferred. The
knowledge of e-learning business is also necessary.
Important e-learning companies in India:
24X7 Learning Solution Pvt Ltd.
WITS Interactive Pvt. Ltd.
Hurix Systems.
Gurukul Online Learning Solutions
Magic Software Pvt Ltd
LearningMate Solutions Private Limited
2. e-tutors: The jobs like instructors for Online Tutoring, Content Development, Email- Assignment
Solutions, Essay Writing and Assessment Services, Test Assessment Services, preparation for
standardized tests like SAT, GCSE, ACT, CLEP etc. are available. The greatest advantage of this job is
flexibility of time and ease of operation (right from your home). Experienced teachers or tutors,
graduate and post graduates who can devote time partially or fully in teaching through web-based
applications. The substantial experience in the field of teaching with excellent communication skills is
essential. Further details about online teaching.
3. Content Writing Jobs: The content writing includes development, re-writing, editing of contents and
even building of website structures. Freelancing jobs are in this industry.Some of the software
companies also hire content writers for preparing their user manuals and other technical documents.
KPOs in India and abroad provide jobs as a web content writer.
Eligibility criteria: Undergraduate/postgraduate/doctorate degree in any discipline can apply for the post
of content writing job. Good command on English, creative skills and domain (specialized subject)
knowledge are essential for this profession. Most of the KPO firms conduct admission test to evaluate
the writing skills of a content writer aspirants. Content writers are required to write articles on a wide
variety of topics.
4. Librarian Jobs: Librarians are also known as information managers. They are in charge of
administration, finance and other technical functions of library. Private as well as government libraries
appoints librarian. Librarian jobs are available in the foreign embassies, news agencies, film museums
and galleries, libraries and other educational institutions.
Eligibility criteria: The candidates with B.Lib and M.Lib are appointed as librarians in reputed libraries.
Career opportunities:
Public/Government libraries.
Universities and other academic institutions.
Media houses, news agencies and news groups.
Private organizations and special libraries.
Foreign embassies.
Photo/film libraries.
Information centres/documentation centres
Large companies and organizations with huge information handling requirements.
Important Institutes:
Central Institute of Library Science, Hyderabad.
Department of Library and Information Science, Gujarat Uni. Ahmedabad
www.gujaratuniversity.org.in
Central Secretariat Library, New Delhi www.csl.nic.in
Delhi Public Library, New Delhi www.dpl.gov.in
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National Library, Kolkata www.nlindia.org
Distance courses in India
Indira Gandhi National Open University www.ignou.ac.in
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University www.braou.ac.in
Nalanda Open University www.nalandaopenuniversity.com
Madhya Pradesh Bhoj (Open) University www.bhojvirtualuniversity.com
Karnataka State Open University www.ksoumysore.com
Netaji Subhas Open University www.wbnsou.ac.in
5. Education psychologist jobs: It is emerging as one of important job option. Education psychologist
has to perform a variety of functions such to enhance learning process for the overall development of
the students; to help the teachers and parents to understand the psychological problems of the
students; to observe the behaviour of the child in school and also at the playground; to review the work
done by the students at school to come to a conclusion. Several schools, educational council offices and
government academic institutions offer employment opportunities to educational psychologists.
Eligibility: Undergraduate or postgraduate degree in Psychology or educational psychology are eligible
for this job. Individuals in this profession must have strong interpersonal and communication skills,
patience and problem solving skills.
6. Placement Coordinator Jobs: Suitable educational background and relevant experience in placement
field is necessary. Career opportunities are available in reputed B-Schools, HR consultancies, colleges,
Universities, etc. They maintain database of students and employers, review resumes of students,
conduct preliminary interview sessions, invite HR executives and guide the students about job
opportunities matching with their education profile.
Eligibility: Graduates or post graduates from any discipline may apply for the placement coordinator job
however; MBAs with specialization in human resource are always given special preference. The
candidates must have excellent communication skills. The students get job opportunity as placement
officer, Director Placement, Training & Placement Officer, etc.
Job options
Assistant Professor
Associate Professor
Director of Education
Education Counsellor
Education Psychologist
E-tutor
Interpreter
Librarian
Library assistant
Primary School teacher
Principal
Professor
Registrars
Secondary School teacher
Special school teacher
Teacher
Tutor
Vice Principal
Employers
Colleges
Universities
Schools
Private coaching classes
E-learning centres
Education outsourcing centres

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Education and Teaching Entrance Exams
B.Ed Entrance Exam -
Bachelor of Education Entrance Exam or B.Ed Entrance Examination is an Entrance Exam undertaken by
various universities of the different states to admit students in various education colleges attached with
it for the One year Course of Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) and Bachelor of Physical Education (B.Ph Ed.)
B.Ed Exam Eligibility
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An aspirant to take the B.Ed examination should be a graduate or have appeared in the final year of
graduation. Some universities have also set minimum marks as 50% to be eligible for taking the exam.
B.Ed Exam Syllabus
Main content of the B.Ed Entrance exam are as follow:
1. Numerical Ability
2. G.K and Metal Ability
3. English
4. Teaching Potential
5. Language Test
B.Ed Exam Pattern
B.Ed is an objective type test with multiple-choice answers. The test is designed to measure a persons
general aptitudes as the following table indicates:
Subject No. of Question Marks
Numerical Ability 15 15
G.K and Metal Ability 15 15
English 15 15
Teaching Potential 15 15
Language Test 15 15

However number of questions and marks per question may vary from university to university but the
general format of the test remains the same for most of the universities and institutions.
There is negative marking for each wrong answer ie is 25% of the right answer.
B.Ed Exam Dates
B.ED entrance is usually conducted in the month of July.
B.Ed Exam Fee
At Present the cost of a B.Ed entrance exam Prospectus is Rs.500/- and Rs 500/- is the fee to be
deposited with the form for taking the fee.
B.Ed Exam Test Centres
B.Ed entrance is conducted in all major cities of the state.

..

UGC NET 2015 - University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test acronym as UGC NET is taken by
UGC twice in a year for determining the eligibility of Indian nationals for the:
Award of Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) and/or
Eligibility for Lectureship in Indian universities and colleges.
This test is conducted in nearly 78 (Seventy Eight ) subjects at 77 (Seventy Seven) selected University
Centers spread throughout the country.
Those candidates who qualify this test for the award of Junior Research Fellowship are eligible to pursue
research in the subject of their post-graduation or any of the related subjects and are also eligible for
Lectureship in the Indian Institutions. However award of JRF depends upon the performance of the
candidates performance in the test and the option they has opted for as the candidates qualifying
exclusively for Lectureship will not be considered for award of Junior Research Fellowship.
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The validity period of the offer is two years w.e.f. the date of issue of Junior Research Fellow Award
Letter. But in case the candidates have already joined some higher educational course like M.Phil/Ph.D.,
the date of commencement of fellowship shall be from the date of declaration of Net result or date of
their joining, whichever is later.
Candidates appearing in Net should clearly specify in the prescribed application form whether they are
applying for both Junior Research Fellow & eligibility for Lectureship OR only for eligibility for
Lectureship.
UGC-NET Exam Eligibility
Eligibility conditions for taking UGC-NET exam are as follows:
1. Educational Qualification:
Aspirants who have secured minimum of 55% marks in Masters Degree OR equivalent examination from
recognised Universities/Institutions in Arts, Social Sciences, Computer Science & Applications, Electronic
Science etc. are eligible for taking this test.
However there is a relaxation of 5% marks for The Scheduled Caste (SC)/Scheduled Tribe (ST)/Physically
Handicapped (PH)/Visually Handicapped (VH) category candidates in Masters Degree examination for
being eligible in taking this test.
Candidates who have already appeared / will be appearing at the qualifying Masters degree (final year)
examination and whose result is still awaited OR candidates whose qualifying examinations have been
delayed may also apply for UGC-NET exam on provisional basis and shall be considered eligible for
award of Junior Research Fellow/Lectureship eligibility only after they have passed(within two years
from the date of NET result with required percentage of marks, failing which they shall be treated as
disqualified) their Masters degree examination or equivalent with at least 55% marks (50% in case of
SC/ST/PH/VH category candidates).
The Ph.D degree holders whose Masters level examination had been completed by 19th September,
1991 (irrespective of date of declaration of result) shall be eligible for a relaxation of 5% in aggregate
marks for appearing in UGC-NET exam.
Note: Candidates are advised to appear in the subject of their post-graduation only if not covered in list
of subjects then they may appear in a related subject.
2. Age Limit
For Junior Research Fellowship:
The candidate should not be more than 28 years.
1. However a relaxation up to 5 years is provided to the candidates belonging to
SC/ST/OBC/PH/VH categories and to women applicants.
2. Relaxation will also be provided to the candidates having research experience, limited to the
period spent on research in the relevant/related subject of post-graduation degree, subject to a
maximum of 5 years, on production of a certificate from appropriate authority.
3. Three years relaxation in age will be permissible to the candidates possessing LL.M. Degree.
Note: Total age relaxation (in case a candidate falls under multiple categories) on the above ground(s)
shall not exceed five years under any circumstances.
For Lectureship: No upper age limit is prescribed for taking up Lectureship.
3. Other Exemption for highly qualified candidates (Eligibility for Lectureship)
1. For M. Phil/ Ph.D candidates: The candidates having Ph.D. Degree in the concerned subject are
exempted from NET for Under Graduate and Post Graduate level teaching. The candidates
having M. Phil Degree in the concerned subject are exempted from NET for Under Graduate
level teaching only. The candidates who have passed the UGC/CSIR Junior Research Fellow
examination prior to 1989 are also exempted from appearing in NET.
2. For SET Qualified Candidates: The candidates who have cleared the State Eligibility Test (SET)
accredited by UGC for eligibility for Lectureship held prior to 1st December 2002, are exempted
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from appearing in Net, being eligible to apply for Lectureship anywhere in India. For SET held
from 1st June 2002 onwards, the qualified candidates are eligible to apply for the post of
lecturer only in the universities/colleges belonging to the state from where they have cleared
SET. All SET qualified candidates are also eligible to appear in NET, if they so desire.
UGC NET Exam Syllabus
For getting the syllabus of the paper one can visit http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/syllabus.html. The official
website of the UGC.
UGC NET Exam Dates
UGC-NET is usually conducted twice in a year in the month of June and December.
UGC NET Exam Fee
Category Amount of Fee
General Candidates Rs.450
Other Backward Classes (OBC) Candidates Rs.225
SC/ST/PH/VH Candidates Rs.110
For taking UGC NET exam the candidate should not be more than 28 years of old if he belongs to a
general category. However a relaxation up to 5 years is provided to the candidates belonging to
SC/ST/OBC/PH/VH categories and to women applicants. Relaxation will also be provided to the
candidates having research experience, limited to the period spent on research in the relevant/related
subject of post-graduation degree, subject to a maximum of 5 years, on production of a certificate from
appropriate authority. Three years relaxation in age will be permissible to the candidates possessing
LL.M. Degree.
What is UGC NET Exam Schedule?
UGC conducts NET EXAM twice in an year, in the months of June and December. The notifications
announcing the June and December examinations are published in the months of March and September
respectively in the weekly journal of nation-wide circulation, viz, Employment News.
Basic Teacher Training
This is a type of academic course that helps one in becoming a teacher. Teaching is said to be an art,
which can be gained by a series of activities. Such a course includes some procedures and policies that
are designed to train people, who aspire to be teachers, with the required knowledge, teaching skills, as
well as attitudes and behaviors, which they need for the successful performance of their basic tasks. This
kind of training assists one in effectively playing his or her role as a teacher within the classroom, school
or in a much wider community.
Current Scenario of Basic Teacher Training in India
Such a training course in the Indian Republic is, commonly, called the "Basic Training Certificate" or B.T.C
course. The importance of this training is quite apparent in this country since, the Indian culture gives
significant respect to teachers. Thus, this kind of job includes a significant and influential role, which in
turn necessitates a proper training.
Major Basic Teacher Training Examinations in India
Post fulfilling the basic criteria, the aspirants need to appear in the entrance examinations conducted by
the respective institute, where a candidate intends to enroll him or herself to gain a certificate on basic
teacher training. Generally, conducted in the month of May or June, such entrance examinations are
objective in nature. This type of a test judge's one in subjects like English, basic mathematics, aptitude,
general knowledge, along with one regional language.
Top Basic Teacher Training Colleges in India
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The country houses several teacher training institutions that offer various kinds of training courses.
Located in different parts of the nation, following are some of the famous teacher training institutes in
India:
Banaras Institute of Teacher's Education or B.I.T.E
Cosmos College of Education or C.C.E
Department of Education, Aligarh Muslim University or A.M.U
District Institute of Education and Training or D.I.E.T, Almora, Uttar Pradesh,
Lovely Institute of Education, Punjab
National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research or N.I.T.T.R, Chandigarh
Technical Teacher's Training Institute or T.T.T.I, Bhopal
Trident College of Education or T.C.E, Meerut
Vivekananda College of Education, Aligarh
Other Educational Exams
B.Ed. Entrance - B.Ed. Entrance Exam
ARS NET - Agricultural Research Services / National Eligibility Test
KSET - Karnataka State Eligibility Test
CTET - Central Teacher Eligibility Test
AI SSEE - All India Sainik School Entrance Exam
NEST Junior - Nationwide Education and Scholarship Test Junior
PU M.Ed Entrance Exam - Panjab University Master of Education Entrance Exam
SIE D.El.Ed Entrance Exam - State Institute of Education Diploma in Elementary Education Entrance
Exam
MSET - Maharashtra State Eligibility Test
HTET - Haryana Teacher Eligibility Test
PTET - Punjab Teacher Eligibility Test
UP B.Ed. JEE - Uttar Pradesh B.Ed Joint Entrance Exam
Jharkhand TET - Jharkhand Teacher Eligibility Test
RSET - Rajasthan State Eligibility Test
TNSET - Tamil Nadu State Eligibility Test
PU M.Phil./Ph.D Entrance - Panjab University Master of Philosophy and Doctorate of Philosophy
Entrance Exam
AP State DIET CET - Andhra Pradesh State DIET Common Entrance Test
NEST - National Entrance Screening Test
GIIS CV Raman Scholarship - Global Indian International School's CV Raman scholarships Exam
NMMS Exam - National Means Cum Merit Scholarship Exam
AWES WAT - Army Welfare Education Society Written Admission Test
Patna University BEET - Patna University Bachelor of Education Entrance Test
MTET - Maharashtra Teacher Eligibility Test
WBTET - West Bengal Teacher Eligibility Test
CBSE Proficiency Test - CBSE Proficiency Test
NEST - Nationwide Education and Scholarship Test
AP TET - Andhra Pradesh Teacher Eligibility Test
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ICMR JRF Entrance Exam - Indian Council of Medical Research Junior Research Fellowship Exam
HP University B.Ed Entran - Himachal Pradesh University B.Ed Entrance Exam
RIE CEE - Regional Institute of Education Common Entrance Exam
Ed.CET - Education Common Entrance Exam
KARTET - Karnataka Teacher Eligibility Test
NITWET - National institute of Technology Warangal Entrance Test
FRI Dehradun Entrance Exa - Forest Research Institute, Dehradun Entrance Exam
IGIDR Entrance Exam - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Entrance Exam
IMA Entrance Exam - Institute of Mathematics and Applications Entrance Exam
IISER Aptitude Test - Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Aptitude Test
CSIR UGC NET - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research University Grants Commission National
Eligibility Test
Besides these important exams there are a few other educational exams/courses that are held from
time to time to upgrade the trainer with the changing needs and requirements.

Eligibility requirements like educational qualification, age and minimum experience etc depends upon
the level of examination and varies from organisation to organisation. Details of all those requirements
have been provided with the individual exam description in the exam section of the site


Career as a School Teacher
Introduction
"Those who educate children well are more to be honoured than they who produce them; for these only
gave them life, those the art of living well" Aristotle
The above lines elucidate the significant role a teacher plays in building the foundation of the students
future. Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, who preferred celebrating 5th September as Teachers day rather
than his birthday, was first and foremost a teacher. Later, he became the first Vice President of India.
What does it take to be a good teacher? Those who love children, are good at transmitting and
explaining information to children verbally. Have loads of patience, stamina, and nerves of steel,
teaching career is undoubtedly a right move for you.
Being a worthwhile and a steady profession, teaching is an increasingly popular career choice for people
from all walks of life. Remaining unaffected by the economy, this profession has privileged security as
compared to many other professions. No matter what, there are always children to be educated. As it is
said, in teaching you cannot see the fruit of a days work. It is invisible and remains so, may be for
twenty years. So it is evident enough that a teacher affects eternity.
Schools are the first place where kids future and behaviour takes shape. The teacher has several roles
to play as that of the information provider, the role model, the facilitator, the assessor and the planner.
The teacher must know her student and create a warm and protective environment in the classroom
which is then reflected in the academic progress of the students. Rather than being a totalitarian in the
classroom, the teacher must be a guide to the student. By their love and caring attitude towards the
student, by aiding their self esteem, encouraging them to share their issues in personal life, the teacher
makes a big difference in the students life.
A school teacher can be of the following types:
Montessori teachers
primary school teachers
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middle and secondary school teachers
Main tasks of a teacher:
to make children understand abstract concepts with logical reasoning, solving their problems, to
kindle in them a wish to learn,
prepare lessons and make them as interesting as possible,
make homework and confer with students over their work,
to assess childrens work, maintain record of lessons taught and the progress report of their
children,
to discuss the progress of their children to their parents and give an appropriate feedback,
assist children to learn and not judge their inability to learn,
identify emotional, intellectual, physical etc. issues which hinder the student to give his/her cent
percent,
to supervise teaching assistants, trainee teachers and newly-qualified teachers,
to attend professional development sessions for keeping themselves updated on the latest
amendments in their curriculum and new teaching methods,
to treat students with respect and to teach them to treat others with respect,
to prepare students to sit for SATs, GCSEs, A/S levels and A-Levels.
Courses & Eligibility
It is rightly said that we cannot hold a torch to light another's path without brightening our own. So
before teaching one needs to learn, and also know and understand how to become a school teacher.
There are various teacher training courses available at many levels like Diploma, Degree and Post
Graduate level. Some specialised courses for teaching in special schools are also available. Some of the
courses in teacher training that are available are as follows:
Nursery Teacher Training (NTT)
Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE).
Diploma in Education (D.Ed.)
Elementary Teacher Training (ETT)
Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.), B.Ed. (Special Education),
Bachelor of Elementary Education (B.El.Ed.).
Integrate courses like BA B.Ed. (integrated), B.Sc. B.Ed. (integrated).
Master of Education (M.Ed.), M.Ed. (Special Education), M.Ed. (Educational Technology), M.Ed.
(Guidance & Counseling).
M.A. (Adult Education),
MBA - Educational Management; can help a candidate to work in a specialized field/organization.
International Diploma in Guidance & Counseling (NCERT, New Delhi), International Diploma in
Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA, New Delhi).
Some institutes and universities offer courses in the distance education mode also like IGNOU offers
B.Ed and B.Ed. - special education, M.Ed. Certificate in Guidance, Diploma in Higher Education, M.A.
(Distance Education), Post-graduate Diploma in Distance Education, Master of Education
In order to pursue B.Ed course one needs to be a graduate from a recognised college or university with
atleast 50% marks and must clear the common entry test (CET). To pursue M.Ed. one must have a
Bachelors degree in education and selection is based purely on merit basis. For other diploma courses in
teaching one must have completed 10 + 2 with aggregate 50% marks.
Course Fees
The cost of such courses varies from Rs.10,000/- to 50,000. While recently, the government has
announced a fee structure for all teacher education and physical education courses. An accredited
Bachelor of Education (B. Ed.) course will cost Rs.46,500, a Masters in Education (M. Ed.) Rs. 47,500 and
a Diploma in Teacher Education (D. TEd.) will cost Rs.23,000.
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Where to Study
1. University Of Delhi, Dept. Of Education, Delhi offers B Ed and M Ed courses.
2. IGNOU, New Delhi offers Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education.
3. Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi offers degrees in specialisations like special education, nursery
education and art education.
4. R. Memorial Nursery Teachers Training Institute, Nilothi Morh, Delhi 110041
5. Lady Irwin College, Sikandara Road, Near I.T.O, Delhi
6. Women's Training Institute (YWCA of Delhi), Bangla Sahib Lane, New Delhi 110001
7. Govt. College Of Education, Sector 20-D Chandigarh 160020
8. State Institute of Education, Sector 32-C, P.O. Sec-47, Chandigarh 160047
9. Annamalai College Of Education, Tuticorin 628003
10. Annamalai University, Department of Education, Annamalai Nagar 628002
11. Bharathiar University, Maruthamalai Road, Coimbatore 641046
12. Berhampur Govt. Primary Teachers Training Institute, PO. Berhampur, Murchdabad Distt. 742101
13. Kalimpong Govt. Primary Teachers Training Institute, PO. Kalimpong, Darjeeling Dt. 734301
14. NIMH Regional Training Center, NIOH campus, Bonhooghly, B.T. Road, Kolkatta 700090
15. Amravati University, Tapowan Road Camp, Amravati 444602
16. Arya Vidya Mandir Institute Of Education, Plot No. 287, J.V.P.D. Scheme, Mumbai, Maharashtra
400049
17. Aligarh Muslim University, Department OF Education, Aligarh 202002
18. Bareilly College, Department Of B.Ed., Bareilly 243001
19. Banaras Hindu University, Faculty Of Education, Kamachana Campus, Varanasi 221005
20. Buddha P.G College, Dept. Of Education, Kushinagar 274403
21. Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208024
22. Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut 250005
23. K.J. Somaiya Comprehensive College of Education, Training and Research, Mumbai
24. Bombay Teacher's Training College, Mumbai
25. Andhra University, Visakhapatanam
26. SNDT Womens University, Mumbai
27. Government College of Education, Chandigarh
28. St. Xaviers College of Education, Patna
29. D.M.College of Teacher Education, Imphal
30. Kirorimal College of Education, Bhiwani
31. University of Punjab
32. University of Pune
33. Himachal Pradesh University, Department Of Education, Shimla
34. University of Bombay
35. A.G. Teachers College, Ahmedabad
Pay and Remuneration
Statistics say that the emoluments of a teacher are the best in government schools. A Primary teacher
gets a starting pay package of Rs. 2.5lakhs to 3 lakhs a year depending on the class that he or she
teaches. The government schools offer perquisites and allowances. On the other hand, private schools
usually offer a higher package starting from Rs. 3 lakhs+ depending on the class, education, and
experience of the teacher. But this may not include other perquisites.
Career Prospects
Teaching as a career option is regaining a lot of interest from youngsters. Teachers can get jobs in
Playschools, Nursery schools, Primary/elementary schools, Secondary schools, Colleges, Universities,
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educational research institutes, Special schools. Work timings of teachers are mostly between 8 AM and
3 PM which are comfortable enough.
The Central Board Secondary Education, Delhi, conducts the Central Teacher Eligibility Test (CTET) for a
person to be eligible for appointment as a teacher for classes I to VIII and after clearing the test one can
get employment in central schools and schools funded by government. In India, the demand for good
teachers is definitely high. Introduction of virtual classroom teaching, E-learning and online web
teaching by some schools has increased the overall opportunities for teachers. For instance, a retired
teacher with 20-25 years of experience has great scope in online teaching.
Even in other countries such as the UK and the US, there are plenty of teaching opportunities. There are
even great career advancement opportunities, say, after some experience of around 3 years, teachers
are as likely to be in a management position as graduates in other careers. They could progress to a
senior management position such as deputy or assistant head and, of course, head teacher at which
point they will have overall responsibility for the management of a school.
Famous Personalities
Few renowned figures who were first and foremost a teacher and have even excelled in many other
fields are:
Rabindranath Tagore whose legacy in the form of Santiniketan is the most lasting. Tagore took teaching
out of the confines of the four walls and formed a school where teaching was often done under trees.
Tagore personally mentored his students and guided them not just academically but also emotionally
and spiritually. Visva-Bharati is now a university of repute and will perhaps be the greatest gift to the
Indian education system.
Poet Nissim Ezekiel, whose poems have helped Indian English find its voice and have also inspired an
entire generation of poets was also a teacher.
Dr Manmohan Singh Long before he became the politician had taught in Punjab University, Delhi School
of Economics, University of Delhi and the Jawaharlal Nehru University among others.
Oprah Winfrey a daytime television host in the U.S., who runs an international book club, act, produce
films and started a magazine. She can also add 'professor' to her resume as she taught the Dynamics of
Management at Northwestern University's renowned Kellogg School of Management.


Career as a Professor/Lecturer
Introduction
"Better than a thousand days of diligent study is one day with a great teacher."
If you are someone who is inspired by the idea of learning, sharing and imparting knowledge, the
moulding of young minds and see education as a gift to be enjoyed by all, then teaching is your calling.
Especially teaching at the college and university level could be ideal for you as it is here that you will
help multitudes of students who would be stepping into the world to fulfill their lives ambitions.
The main role of a professor is to transfer knowledge and practical skills, methods and techniques, on a
particular subject which is his/her area of expertise. A college/university professor teaches graduate and
post-graduate students.
Professors sets and assess students project work and conducts examinations and provide feedback
based on the results. He/she may also organize field trips, supervise projects and dissertations and if in
the role of a departmental head, he/she will also be responsible for deciding syllabi and course content,
referencing course study material and validating student admissions.
A visionary and perpetual seeker of knowledge, a professor remains abreast of the developments in his
academic field and constantly strives to expand his/her knowledge of the subject, conducts relevant
research, prepares research proposals, publishes or disseminates research findings and seeks
accreditation for the same. He/she is a thought leader in his field.
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Excellent communication skills, people and team management skills to deal with students, colleagues
and staff are some of the important attributes of a good professor. He deals with and supports in the
goals of his students, who comprise of a variety of people, coming from different social, religious,
economic, cultural backgrounds.
Courses and Eligibility
The following degrees must be obtained to teach in a college or university. These requirements may
vary depending upon the chosen stream as per guidelines set by the University Grants Commission
(UGC).
Step 1: Complete class 12 in a chosen stream, follow by completing graduation to obtain a B.A. / B.Sc. /
B.Com i.e. Bachelors degree in Arts, Science, Commerce etc. There are a vast range of subjects for
which the Bachelors degree can be obtained.
Step 2: Complete post-graduation to obtain a Masters degree in the chosen field. Candidates must try
to obtain at least a minimum score of 55%.
Step 3: Appear for the NET (National Eligibility Test), the qualifying exam for teaching in a college. The
eligibility for this test is a minimum 55% at the PG level (with 5% waiver for SC/ST/Tribal/Differently
abled candidates). There are also accredited state level tests like the State Level Eligibility Test
(SLET/SET). These tests are the minimum eligibility criteria for the appointment as an Assistant Professor
in a college / university / institution.
OR
Where the candidate has already completed M.Phil, and/or Ph.D., he/she is eligible to apply directly for
the post of an Assistant Professor / Professor (depending on the number of years of teaching
experience) without appearing the NET/SLET/SET. However this varies from State to State. In some
States the NET/SLET/SET is still a necessity even after obtaining an M.Phil.
Apart from the above, the number of years of teaching experience also count:
A minimum of 8 years are required to qualify as an Assistant Professor.
A minimum of 10 years are required to qualify as a Professor.
Aspiring professors can begin to accumulate their teaching experience by teaching at a senior school
level while completing their various degrees. Hence many also do their Bachelors in Education which is
required for teaching in school. If you obtain a degree in Masters or M.Ed. it will be useful as you could
possibly fall in a higher pay bracket. Since you will invest many years in obtaining your various
qualifications, it is advisable to begin teaching as early as you can in order to start earning.
After gaining some experience in teaching and obtaining at least a Master degree, you can also then,
apply to a college or university to begin teaching as a part-time / guest lecturer.
Keep in mind, that the more the degrees you have completed, more the articles/research
papers/journals/books you have published, more the teaching experience you have, the closer you are
to becoming a professor and subsequently, a professor at a senior level. Additional qualifications also
allow you to enter into bands where the pay scale is higher.
Where to Study
A person can opt for day, residential or distance learning programmes depending on the programme,
the institution and their convenience.
A Bachelors degree may be obtained in the local college in your area. All State Governments and major
cities have colleges and universities offering various courses. Many specialized institutes also offer
courses such as the Indian Institute of Science, Indian Institute of Technology etc. Always look for an
accredited and at least State recognized institution. The Bachelors is a 3 year degree course. In some
subjects like engineering, medicine etc. it is 4 years. There are some common admission tests and
qualifying exams to be taken for entry into various institutions. Examples are the Joint Admission Test
for M.Sc., Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE), All India Post Graduate Medical Institute
Entrance Exam etc. Individual institutes also have their own admission tests. Once you have identified
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your preferred institutes, you need to find out which tests they require, the dates when the tests are
being conducted and when is the last date for submission of applications.
Masters programmes are offered in State and city run universities or at various specialized institutions.
Admission is based on merit and performance in the entrance test. A Masters generally takes 2 years to
complete.
A Ph.D. can be done at any time and there is no age limit. It can be done as Full Time or Part Time
research. Some institutions require scores of tests like GATE, NET or Junior Research Fellowship in order
to enroll for a Ph.D.
A Ph.D. aspirant selects a topic and seeks the support of a guide (a person with expertise in the related
field) to begin work. Time frames for completing a Ph.D. are 3-6 years for Full Time and 4-7 years for
Part Time. An exemption of 1 year may be given if for instance, the applicant has an M.Phil. / M.D etc.
It is possible to obtain grants from universities and various government agencies such as the UGC,
NCERT and others to conduct research. Some universities hire Ph.D. students as research assistants.
Distance learning programmes are offered by many big universities and agencies like Indira Gandhi
National Open University (IGNOU), among others.
Pay and Remuneration
Pay scales vary according to level of qualification, experience, band and multiple other criteria.
As a broad indication, an Assistant Professor may get anywhere between Rs. 15600 Rs. 39100 and a
Professor may get between Rs. 37400 Rs. 67000.
A college professor also gets summer, winter and autumn vacations, sabbaticals and grants for research,
apart from other employment benefits. In some institutions accommodation within the campus is
provided.
Career Prospects
As the economy booms and the need for qualified work force is increasing day by day, the need for
enhancing the number of quality higher learning institutions is being felt. Recently the government of
India announced the setting up of many new IIT's and IIM's apart from Central Universities, all this
points to the fact that the requirement of quality professors is only going to increase. Hence
professorship offers quite lucrative prospects in terms of future scope.











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Career in Library and Information Science



Introduction
"Google can bring you back 100,000 answers, a librarian can bring you back the right one." Source
Unknown
Todays librarians are information experts; they ensure that people get the relevant information in
minimum time with least effort. The modern librarian can be termed as knowledge manager. With the
advent of information technology, the traditional concept is being revised to include new-age tools of
information like CDs, Internet, e-libraries etc.
Traditionally, a librarian is associated with collections of books. Modern day librarians have evolved
themselves to meet social and technological needs. They may deal with information in many formats,
including books, magazines, newspapers, audio recordings (both musical and spoken-word), video
recordings, maps, manuscripts, photographs and other graphic material, bibliographic databases, web
searching, and digital resources. A librarian may provide other information services, including computer
provision and training, coordination of public programs, basic literacy education, assisted equipment for
people with disabilities, and help with finding and using community resources.
The modern librarian is the manager of an enormous warehouse thus research and computer skills are
important. Librarians who specialize in medicine or law will find their professions more lucrative than
general librarians. A large part of his or her job is research. Librarians are challenged daily to find
creative ways of retrieving a different information; and how well they can satisfy these requests
determines their success and satisfaction in the profession.
Libraries are the reservoirs of knowledge and agencies of communicating information. Libraries are now
universally recognized as important institutions. A public library is an important element in the life of a
community, an academic library is an essential part of an educational institution, a business or special
library is indispensable in Govt. department and large business and industrial organisation. Libraries
require proper maintenance and care. Hence the need for a special branch of knowledge, called the
Library Science.
Objectives: -
To share expert skills, knowledge, and abilities with communities and the profession as a whole
To train professionals to meet the changing information needs of individuals and groups in a
diverse and global society
To contribute to the librarianship and allied fields through publication, research and other
creative activities.
To provide the information of classical library science with the current technologies.
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
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A Librarian should have (1) A wide range of interest; (2) patience with readers queries (3) a helping
nature, (4) a methodical approach, (5) love for books and (6) a good memory etc.
Different types of libraries require a varied combination of these qualities.
Courses and Eligibility
Certificate Course in Library Science
Certificate Course in Library and Information Science
Certificate in ICT Application in Library
Diploma in Archives & Documentation
Diploma in Library Science (D.LSc) Bachelor of Library & Information Science (BLISc)
Bachelor of Library Science (B.L.Sc)
Bachelor of Arts in Library Science
Master of Library & Information Science (MLISc)
Master of Library Science (MLSc)
Master of Arts in Library Science
M.Phil, Master of Philosophy in Library & information Science
Post Graduate Diploma in Library Automation and Networking
PhD, Doctor of Philosophy in Library & information Science
Graduates from any stream can take a Bachelors degree in library science which is a one-year
course. The Masters degree course in library science is also of one year for this the eligibility is
bachelors course in library sciences. There are also diploma and certificate courses.
Specialised courses in the field of Library Science considered equivalent to the M.Lib.Sc. Courses
are available at:-
1. Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC), Bangalore.
2. Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC), New Delhi.
Selection of candidates is mainly merit based. Some institutions hold admission tests in order to shortlist
students.
Basic Eligibility UG: For admission in the bachelors degree, the candidate must have passed the higher
secondary school certificate (10+2) examination with science subject such as (biology, maths and
chemistry). The duration for this course is 3 years.
PG: The eligibility criterion for pursuing a masters degree is holding a bachelor's degree with science
subjects such as (biology, maths and chemistry). The duration for this course is 2 years.
some of its specialized fields are: -
Information architecture
Indexing
Librarian
Information broker
Archiving
Abstractors
Metadata Management
Researchers
Cataloguing
Metadata Architecture
Computer, Data, and Information System
Preservation Administration and Conservation
There are lots of career opportunities available for library science professionals. Librarians are
information providers. They help people in finding information effectively. Initially, a graduate starts
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with a job title of a library assistant and gets promoted gradually. Qualified librarians in this field can
seek employment in academic institutions, schools, government and public libraries, news and
broadcasting agencies, universities and in private libraries.
Graduates can also seek employment in galleries, archives, museums, and documentation centers.
Graduates can also work for publishing houses and statistical research centers. Some experienced
librarians work independently as service providers.
Job Titles: -
Librarian
Library Attendant
Library Assistant
Deputy Librarian
Information Assistant
Senior Information Analyst
Junior Information Analyst
Director/Head Of Information Centre
Junior Librarian/Assistant Librarian
Junior Librarian/Professional Assistant
Junior Librarian/Semi-Professional Assistant
Where to Study
Various Universities, Colleges, Polytechnics as well as distance learning institutions around the country
offer certificate diploma and graduate and post graduate degree course in library and information
science.
University of Delhi, Delhi
National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resource (NISCAIR), New Delhi
Indian National Scientific Documentation Center (INSDOC), New Delhi
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore
Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
Punjab University, Chandigarh
Jadavpur University, Kolkata
University of Calcutta, Kolkata
Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara
Devi Ahilya university, Indore
University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram
University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai
SNDT Womens University, Mumbai
Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
Indira Gandhi National Open University (I.G.N.O.U.), New Delhi
Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar,Tamil Nadu
ISI, Bangalore
MK University, Madurai
Annamalai University
Pay and Remuneration
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At the entry level the pay and remuneration is not that high but a post graduate librarian can earn
around Rs 2-2.5 lakhs in the beginning. At senior levels the salaries are good and comparable to asst
professors. Those employed with corporate earn much more but their work pressure is quite high.
A day in life: Most of the time of their days is spent in classifying and storing information. They work
with various computer applications and manage the books, periodicals and electronic resources for the
organisations needs. They conduct online searches and retrieve information for their clients. They also
supervise and train the staff in the libraries.
Recruiters:
Govt. Libraries,
Universities,
Colleges,
Corporates Training Centres,
Research Institutions,
Media Organisations,
Consulting Firms
"The concept of library has changed. Now the need is to provide anytime anywhere access to
knowledge resources
Dr Antony Jose,
Chief Librarian, MDI Gurgaon
Librarians are worried that with newer ways of access to knowledge, they will have to catch up
with technology to keep the users hooked to the library. The consensus on the future of the
library was that it will have to be web-enabled, participatory and interactive. So its no more
about ideal upkeep of books. Its about making the same book, journal or paper available online,
and also making the user aware about its availability through social media platforms like
Facebook and Twitter to be more precise. Welcome to the world of new-age librarians.
Role of the librarian
The concept of library as a building with stacks of books and journals has changed. The need of the
hour is to provide anytime anywhere access to knowledge resources, says Dr. Antony Jose, chief
librarian, MDI Gurgaon. According to Dr. Jose, who has trained in advanced web technologies, a
contemporary librarian is one who works in a hybrid environment dealing with a variety of information
sources ranging from print to online resources. For instance, the mountains of newspaper and magazine
clippings from diverse sources at the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) library, popularly known as
Sapru House are all digitized, now. So if you want access to yesteryear magazines like The Illustrated
Weekly, this is a good destination. However, innovation also extends to using physical space more
effectively. And managing both requires skills, and knowledge which is where specialised courses in the
domain come into play.
About the course
Library and Information Science is a degree course, offered at Bachelors and Masters level by
universities across the country. The Bachelors is a one-year programme, which requires a bachelors
degree in any stream. Dr Jose has a Bachelor of Library and Information Sciences from The MS
University, Baroda. Also, offered through distance education by IGNOU and others, admission is on the
basis of marks obtained in school-leaving exam in case of graduation, and on the basis of marks
obtained in graduation, in case of postgraduation. Students from all streams are eligible to join the
Bachelors course.
The programme subjects include library administration (including acquisition and verification);
budgeting, personnel management; cataloguing; networking, automation; information sources;
conservation of material; research methodology; and public libraries and academic libraries.
Ishtiaq Ahmad, a student of the Bachelor of Library and Information Science course for graduates
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offered by Jamia Millia Islamia says, students are exposed to software like Virtua, Libsys, SOUL and
MARC, which help in organisation and management. He and a few other students interned at the JNU
library in December. Our training helped fill the gap between theory and practice, he shares. Masroor
Faizi, his classmate interned at the National Medical Library, which houses medical journals and e-
journals. Here he was exposed to the process of how a print journal is made available online.
The syllabus also covers understanding of staff deployment, manpower management, and about such
issues as electricity supply and right selection of furniture, shares Dr. MMA Ansari, faculty at Jamia. This
gives students exposure to the daily functioning of a library. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya under DU
offers a one-year Bachelor of Library and Information Science, which is open to graduates from all
streams.
Higher studies
At the postgraduate level, as in the case of University of Delhi, the curriculum delves deeper into
Information Systems, Knowledge Organisation, Cataloguing and Classification. The syllabus includes
Advanced Library Cataloguing (non-book material), Advanced Computer Application, Research and
Statistical Methods, Marketing of Library and Information Services, Information Storage and Retrival and
electives in Public Library, Academic Library, Research Library, Health Science Library, Agriculture
Science Library and Engineering and Technology Library.
The course structure should take into consideration various technological changes, which are affecting
the library and information services. Greater emphasis should be placed on topics in computing and
web content management and development, he shares. Dr Jose, a Master of Science in Library and
Information Science from the Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore, rates this postgraduate course, as
well as that at the National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR),
New Delhi, high on these parameters. NISCAIR also offers a fellowship (read box for details). Library
professionals are increasingly opting for doctorate too, for better growth prospects. Dr. Jose did his
research at Pune University, in the area of design and development of expert systems.
Growth and pay packages
A library professional is a specialist, and is treated at par with other experts. Thus, in an academic
institution a head librarian is equivalent to a professor and falls into the same salary bracket. A deputy
librarian is treated equivalent to associate professor. In private sector, according to BK Panda, a
graduate in Library Science from Delhi University and now works as an Information Analyst with TCS in
Bhubaneswar, the starting salary can even be Rs 5 lakhs per annum.
Jobs in the education sector
The number of schools and colleges that are opening up in the country offer great opportunity to
young professionals, says Dr. Ghayas Makhdumi, University Librarian and Head, Department of Library
and Information Sciences at Jamia. Makhduni has a PhD in British Medical Information System and a
proposed model for India from the University of London. The Government has also launched a number
of Central Universities and state universities. Theres also a plan to create a knowledge grid, which will
depend upon the services of library professionals. Add to this, subject libraries that are opening up, with
the increase in specialised institutes for law, hotel management, engineering, medical etc. A librarian
working for a law firm may hold both library science and law degrees, while medical librarians should
have a strong background in the sciences.
Corporate sector opportunities
More and more librarians apply their information management and research skills to arenas outside of
traditional libraries for example in areas such as, database development, reference tool development,
information systems, publishing, Internet coordination, marketing, web content management and
design, and knowledge management, observes Dr. Jose. Take the case of Panda. He joined TCS as
information officer working in the field of knowledge management, and his job is to provide virtual
information services, as part of the global help desk. A user sends a query, and information is provided
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within 30 minutes. In the corporate world, companies have to store vast amounts of information and
therefore have a comprehensive content management system, says Panda. For instance, an area such
as banking demands mass information management, which can be done only by professionals who have
the ability to organise vast amounts of information in a systematic manner.
Turning consultant
Professionals like Mamta Joshi - a library and knowledge management consultant since 1978 - render
services to several libraries. She did her Masters from Annamalai University and has worked with
organisations like Information and Augmentation Centre, Lucknow and Tata Management and Training
Centres management library. Today she renders her expertise to L&Ts Management Development
Centre Library in Lonawala and Central Library at Powai. Her role as a consultant spans innovating,
suggesting books to the library, and working on physical use of space available. But one must stay
abreast of new products. Fifty per cent of my time is spent searching for new things. If you dont keep
abreast of technology, and offer newer features, the user will get frustrated, she says.
































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Career in Defense





Engraved on the entrance to the central hall of the Indian Military Academy (IMA) is a passage known as
the Chetwode motto. It says -
"The safety, honour and welfare of your country come first, always and every time. The honour, welfare
and comfort of the men you command come next. Your own ease, comfort and safety come last, always
and every time."
Officers who graduate from this prestigious academy swell with pride, whenever they see this motto as
it exemplifies their patriotism and courage, and is a constant reminder of why they decided to join the
Indian Army.
While joining the Indian Army doesnt need astute academic caliber, but you need to have extremely
high level of physical endurance and mental agility. Also it demands a different kind of a commitment
from you. You can join as an officer or lower down in the hierarchy as a junior commissioned officer
(JCO) or as a soldier. The Indian Army has over a million active personnel.
Apart from the obvious advantages of patriotism and serving the nation, joining the Army has the
following benefits- job security, economic stability and the possibility of promotions, all of which have
tangible values and are possible even in other spheres of employment. However joining the Army also
advances social status and quality of life apart from allowing one to experience thrills and a sense of
adventure which few other professions can compete with.
Although the Army is predominantly comprised of men, women are also allowed to join at the officer
level. On graduation officers can accept either permanent commissions or short service commissions
(SSC), however women are not allowed to join as permanent officers but can stay only for between 10
to 14 years in the Army, the same as any male SSC officer. However there are still obvious advantages to
being a SSC officer. The training and discipline that the Army instils is valued in the corporate world and
getting a well paid job after leaving the Army is not generally a problem.
This is one of the best career options. It is mainly related with the internal and external security of
country. The defence services offer dignified, disciplined and prestigious placements.
Employabilty Skills
Courage and sense of responsibility.
Ability to reason, determination and ability to organize group activity.
Proactive and self-confidant.
Ability to make fast and right decisions. .
Social adaptability and excellent powers of expression.
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Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career
in the field of Defence.
Is the nation is my first priority?
Am I determined to sacrifice for the nation?
Do I have ability to organize the group?
Am I self-confident?
Do I have social adaptability?
Am I physically fit?
Do I have analytical skills?
Do I make quick and right decision power?
Do I have sound knowledge of human behaviour?
Am I disciplined?
Do I have ability to work for several hours at a stretch?
Do I think logically and then take decisions?
Do I have organizational and administrative skills?
Am I ready to take daily exercises and keep myself physically fit?
Am I ready to travel to the remote and adverse places?
Do I give utmost importance to the accuracy?

Career in Defense Services
Courses and Eligibility
Courses for Permanent officers: Aspiring Permanent commissioned officers can join National
Defence Academy (NDA) at Khadakvasla near Pune or Indian Military Academy (IMA)
Dehradun.
Eligibility for NDA: An entrance exam is conducted by union public service commission (UPSC)
twice a year in April and September. Admission forms are available in post offices or online in
September and March after an announcement is made by UPSC in Employment News and other
newspapers.
Candidates should have passed Class 12 in any stream. Only unmarried males between the age of 16 yrs
and 19 years can apply. On passing the exam, the candidate is called for a 5 day interview by the service
selection board (SSB) followed by a medical examination. Selection for NDA is done only after passing
these 3 barriers.
Eligibility for IMA: There are 4 main ways to apply
Direct Entry for unmarried male graduates aged between 19 and 24: Selection is by appearing for
a Combined Defence Services Examination conducted by UPSC twice a year in February and
August. Selected Candidates have to undergo a one and half year course.
Technical Graduate Entry for engineering graduates: Selection is by a SSB interview. One year
course.
University Entry scheme for unmarried students in their final year of B.E. or B.Tech. Selection is by
Campus SSB interview.
10 + 2 Tech Entry for students passing class 12 with Physics, Chemistry and Maths with an
aggregate of 70% in these subjects: Selection by recruiting directorate who send deserves
students for a SSB interview. Total training 5 years including one year at Officers Training Centre,
Gaya.
There are no fees once admission to NDA or IMA is secured. Graduate cadets at IMA are paid a stipend.
If for any reason you forgo your training, a fee of around Rs 8000/- per week will be levied.
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Admission procedures for Short Service Commissioned Officers: Successful applicants, both male and
female, will join Officers Training Academy (OTA), Chennai. An announcement is made by UPSC in
Employment News twice a year. Application forms are available online. Candidates are screened by
Recruiting Directorate and sent for SSB interview. Successful candidates will be sent for a medical test.
There are three main ways to apply -
Graduate non Tech applicants both men and women aged between 19 and 27.
Graduate Tech applicants both men and women aged between 20 and 27. The applicant has to hold
a degree in Engineering (in any branch), architecture or law. Post graduates in certain disciplines can
also apply. An announcement is made by UPSC in Employment News twice a year.
Graduate NCC cadets both men and women aged between 19 and 25 with 50% in University exams
and a minimum of B grade in NCC C certificate exam.
There are no fees, the Government pays for the cost of training. However leaving training half way
through the course invites a cost of about Rs.8000/- per week.
Pay and Remuneration
Salaries in the Army have increased after the 6th Pay Commission; in addition there are about 60 perks
and benefits which bring armed forces salaries closer those obtained in the private sector. Officers: On
Graduation from any of the military Institutes, i.e. NDA, IMA or OTA one can join the Army at the level of
Lieutenant at a pay scale of Rs 15600/- to 39100/- per month. (This figure doesnt include perks and
benefits).
Famous Personalities
Field Marshall K.M.Cariappa joined the Indian Army when the British were still ruling India and played an
active role in World War II. After Independence he became the first Indian Commander-in-chief of the
Indian Army. He retired from the Army in 1953, but still visited the front lines during the 1965 and 1971
wars with Pakistan to keep up the morale of the soldiers. He also served as Indian High commissioner to
Australia and New Zealand in the 1950s. He is famous for saying, to me there are only two stans -
Hindustan (India) and Foujistan (the Army)."
Field Marshall Sam Manekshaw also participated in World War II. He was the 8th Commander-in-chief of
the Indian Army and masterminded Pakistans rout during the 1971 war. He was awarded the Padma
Vibhushan in 1972 for his service to the nation.

Introduction: Indian navy
Indian navy is the Naval Branch of armed forces of India. The primary objective of the Navy is to secure
national maritime borders.
The Indian Navy offers challenging careers to young men and women. The Navy provides countless
opportunities ranging from being in charge of part of a ship to flying an aircraft or looking after one
department on the ship/establishment independently. In addition, throughout his/her career one can
actively participate in the sports and adventure activities of their choice. An officer at a very young age
assumes the responsibility of commanding his men and use of latest equipment on the
ships/submarines/aircraft. Working in the latest technology environment, the young officers are
exposed to the very best in their field of operations. The cutting edge technology and Revolution in
Military Affairs makes the career very challenging in the Indian Navy. Men in white command dignity
and respect and are always in high spirits as the service offers personal, financial, emotional security and
status in the society. Adventure activities like mountaineering, sailing, yachting, water sports, polo and
other sports/games are easily accessible. For those who seek fulfillment in life, there is no career like the
Navy. It offers an attractive pay package, perks, life time pension, medical benefits for self and family.
Courses and Eligibility
Selection for Permanent Commission through 10 + 2 NDA / Indian Naval Academy cadet entry and CDSE
(Combined Defense Service Exam) (Graduate) entry is through a written examination conducted by the
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UPSC, followed by an interview by the Service Selection Board (SSB). For all other Permanent
Commission entries and Short Service Commission entries there is no written examination. These
applications are short listed as per the criteria laid down by the Naval Headquarters, Directorate of
Manpower Planning & Recruitment. Selection is through merit alone.
Women Entry in Indian Navy
Women are granted Short Service Commission (SSC) in Naval Architect, Law, Logistics, ATC, Aviation
(Observer) & Education Branches. The government has also given approval for Permanent Commission
(PC) in Education, Law and Naval Architect branch on completion of SSC tenure depending upon merit
and vacancy.
Navy officer
One can become a navy officer in following branches:
Executive Branch
As an officer of the Executive Branch one can exercise command of ships, submarines and aircraft.
Executive officers can specialize in any of the following:-
Gunnery & Missiles
Navigation and Direction
Anti-Submarine Warfare
Communications
Pilot
Observer
Submarine
Hydrography
Diving
The other cadres that form part of the Executive Branch are - Law, Air Traffic Control, Naval Armament
Inspection, Information Technology and Logistics.
Engineering Branch
As an Engineer Officer, you will be responsible for keeping all the Hi-tech machinery and propulsion
systems serviceable. Opportunities exist to work in gigantic naval dockyards and indigenous production
units. An Engineer Officers career is interspersed with technical courses up to post graduation level in
India/abroad.
You can also join in the Naval Architecture Cadre of the Engineering Branch. The Indian Navy today
employs the largest pool of trained Naval Architects in India. A Naval Architect is involved in design,
construction, quality control, repair and new construction work of naval vessels.
Electrical Branch
A warship is a mini floating city with an integral power generation and distribution system. In addition,
complex missile systems, underwater weapons, radar and radio communication equipment form major
part of a warships equipment. A majority of these are either computer-based or computer aided and
incorporate the latest trends in electronics engineering. For a ship to be able to fight effectively, all
these equipment must be kept working at peak efficiency. Electrical Officers have this responsibility and
other challenging tasks. To sharpen their skills, the Navy offers excellent opportunities for post-graduate
courses in India/abroad to deserving candidates.
Note: Officers of the Engineering and Electrical Branches can also volunteer for the Aviation/ Submarine
Arm.
Education Branch
Any service will be as good as the training its officers and men receive. As an Education Officer you will
play a major role in the training of naval officers/sailors. Education Officers are responsible for scientific
and methodical instructions, including theoretical aspects of technical subjects of all branches of the
navy and also for general education. An Education Officer can specialize in almost all specializations of
the Executive Branch. In addition some officers also get specialization in Oceanography & Meteorology.
For NDA and CDSE you must have 10+2 with physics and maths. PCM with 70% is the min requirement
for engineering branch. Post graduates with more than 50% can join education branch.
Where to Study
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The navy trains its officers at Naval Academy. The academy is equipped to run 4 year engineering
programs and all cadets are awarded engineering degree. Navy also sends its officers to premier
institutes for further education like IIT for M Tech.
Pay and Remuneration
After the sixth pay commission the pay has become very attractive. The base pay for lieutenant and
lieutenant commander is Rs 15,600-39,100 and for Commander is Rs 37,400-67,000. Besides this officers
get allowances and perks, housing, insurance and other benefits.

Introduction: Indian Air Force
"Two stars on the shoulder are better (and brighter) than a thousand in the sky"
This is a saying that is uttered very commonly in the Indian Air Force. This portrays the patriotism and
the dedication that one has towards serving their country. The stars on the shoulders are referred to the
ranks that are conferred upon. For all those who are willing to do their bit for the nation and serve their
mother land, the Indian Air Force is a wonderful way to do the same.
The compassion for doing something for the motherland is a dream for many. The feeling of serving the
Motherland creates a unique passion in them which makes them do and die for their country. They can
do this by joining the armed forces of India, among which the airforce is probably the most attractive,
fascinating, and challenging. This attracts thousands of enthusiasts every year.
There is no doubt that a career in Indian Airforce is highly attractive and it also promises a fantastic
career which is full of vigor. Such a career requires the deepest sense of motivation, dedication, and
discipline. That is why a career in India Airforce symbolizes courage, dedication, devotion and discipline.
An aspiring youth can join the airforce and become a valiant soldier who shoulders the responsibility of
keeping the air boundaries of the country safe from the enemies evil intentions.
At present, the world is facing a severe challenge and the situation is becoming grimmer each and every
day and that is why the requirement of dedicated airmen has increased quite sharply. The selection and
training procedure of the career of an airman is very tough and it is believed that all these are highly
rewarding as well. The airmen who get direct commission in the Indian Airforce do not need to look back
in their career as far as safety, security, and social prestige are concerned.
Courses and Eligibility
A career in Indian Airforce can be divided into two parts namely- technical and non-technical. The
nature and responsibilities are different for technical and non technical. For both technical and non-
technical cadres, the minimum age is 18 years. However, the educational qualifications differ from each
other.
There are various routes to join the Indian Air Force
Through NDA for which eligibility is 10+2 (Physics, Chemistry and Maths). The selection is through
written test which is followed by SSB.
After graduation/Post Graduation in Physics/Applied Physics/ Geo Physics, Meteorology an
oceanography/Mathematics: Through selection test followed by AFSSB, can join the meteorology
branch.
One can also join in the engineering branch where eligibility is 10+2, with physics, chemistry and
maths.
Though CDS for which the eligibility is Degree of Recognized University (with Physics and
Mathematics at 10+2 level) or Bachelor of Engineering. Written test followed by AFSSB.
National Cadet Corps Special Entry (Through CO NCC Unit / DG NCC)
As a Air Wing Senior division 'C' Certificate holder of the National Cadet Corps, you can apply to the
Flying branch of the Indian Air Force. Men can join the Air Force through this mode of entry and will
be given a Permanent Commission.
439
Graduates from recognized universities with degrees like B. Tech, and BE can also become eligible
for direct commission in India airforce. However, it must be noticed that non-technical positions are
only meant for men and not for women. Students studying in the final years of their graduation
courses can also apply for the same but their appointment would depend upon their final results
only. It is worth mentioning that the students having a NCC certificate with them get a certain
preference in the final selection for the same categories in Indian Airforce.
Job options
Technical Trade: Radio Fitter, Radar Fitter, Missile Fitter, Missile Fitter (L), Missile Fitter (M),
Workshop Fitter (B), Workshop Fitter (C), Instrument Fitter, Electrical Fitter, Airframe Fitter,
Plant Maintenance Fitter, Plant Maintenance Fitter (M), Engine Fitter, Weapon Fitter, Photo
Technician, Safety Equipment Worker, Machinist, Mechanical Transport, Technician, Air Defence
System
Operator and Radio Technician and Non-Technical Trade: Education Instructor, Ground
Training Instructor, Meteorological Assistants, Air Field Safety Operator, Telephonist / Radio /
Telephone Operator, Indian Air Force Police, Clerk General Duties, Equipment Assistant, Clerk
Pay Accounting, Medical Assistants, Mechanical Transport Drivers, Aircraft Hands General
Duties, Catering Assistant, and Musicians. The positions are available for people having
qualification viz. matriculation or below, intermediate, diploma, graduate and post-graduate.
IAF officer: There is a golden opportunity for young aspirants having 10+2 (Science) qualification
with Physics and Maths to join as officer in Indian Air Force. Candidates, short-listed for Air
Force after the initial selection procedure, go through a rigorous three-year training regimen at
the National Defence Academy, followed by specialised training at the Air Force Academy.
Thereafter, they are commissioned as officers and posted as pilots at any of the Air Force
Stations. The graduates of this academy serve as IAF officers. The aspirant can join NDA by
taking the exam conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). This exam is conducted
twice a year in all major cities throughout India.
Engineer: They can become a part of the Indian Air Force team. Candidates short-listed after the
initial selection procedure, go through a rigorous training regimen at one of the Air Force
training establishments. Thereafter, they are commissioned as officers. One can even join the
Technical Branch in final or pre-final year of engineering through the University Entry Scheme.
IAF as Airmen: Depending on your educational qualification, one can join the Air Force in the
Technical Trades or Non-Technical Trades. Air Force gives opportunities to learn and grow to
newer heights.
Examinations
1. Indian Air Force (IAF) There are several modes by which one can enter the Air Force.
Air Force after 10+2 in Flying Pilot batch.
Air Force as an officer, after graduation.
Air Force as an engineer. Engineers have several branches to choose from such as Flying,
Technical and Ground Duty.
Air Force after post-graduation as an officer.
Indian Air Force (IAF) training: After the initial selection procedure is done and you have been selected
you will have to undergo a scientifically planned and rigorous physical and academic training that will
enable you to become the best. The major academies are National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla
Pune. www.nda.nic.in Air Force Academy, Dundigal, Hyderabad, Air Force Administration College,
Coimbatore and The Flying Training Establishments at Bidar, Hakimpet, Allahabad and Yelahank are the
school where Air Force pilots are taught the nitty gritty of flying.
2. Air Force Technical training: The Air Force Technical Training College, Jalhalli grooms young trainee as
aeronautical engineers. www.indianairforce.nic.in
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Pay and Remuneration
The Indian airforce officers get a handsome salary which varies from one post/ position to another. The
salary is a combination of various types of scales and allowances. These allowances include pay in pay
band, grade pay, military service pay, kit maintenance allowance, transport, flying, and technical
allowances. The pay varies between Rs. 6 lakhs and Rs. 12 lakhs all inclusive. The officers get a large
amount of other benefits apart from their salaries. These benefits include free accommodation with
decent features, insurance cover for the soldier and his entire family, leave, Leave Travel Concession
(LTC), Loans at rebated interest rates, ration, recreational facilities, pension for the retired personnel
and family pension for their widows, Education, canteen facilities, and placement after successful
completion of the service period.
Famous Personalities
Air Marshall M L Sethi, fighter pilot Karamveer Vashishth and Air Commodore Mohit Nayyar have set
landmarks for the later generations of Indian Airforce personnel. Their work and achievements work as a
source of inspiration for the future generations of personnel of the Indian airforce.
Marshal of the Air Force, Arjan Singh: Singh led No. 1 Squadron, Indian Air Force into command during
the Arakan Campaign in 1944. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in 1944, and
commanded the Indian Air Force Exhibition Flight in 1945. He was Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), from 1
August 1964 to 15 July 1969, and was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1965. He also became the first
Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force when, in recognition of the Air Forces contribution in the 1965
war, the rank of the Chief of Air Staff was upgraded to that of Air Chief Marshal. Further, he is only one
to have been accorded the rank of the Marshall of Air Force, a Five Star rank equivalent to Field Marshall
in the Army.

INDIAN ARMY
Indian Army constitutes one of the branches of the defence services where the forces are trained to
fight on land. The regular Army consists of armed personnel (troops) their equipment, weapons and
military bases. Almost all nations have their army for defending the mother land. The Indian Army offers
opportunities to the aspiring, educated, talented and healthy young men to join its ranks. One can join
this prestigious service and become partner in national defence.
Branch/Type of entry/Month of
commencement of course each year.
Age Limit Educational eligibility/ Mode of
selection.
PERMANENT COMMISSION:
National Defence Academy.
Jan & July.
16 -19 yrs. Minimum 10+2 with Physics & Maths.
Through a written examination
conducted by UPSC followed by a
Services Selection Board interview for
those who pass the written examination.
Indian Military Academy, Dehradun
(For Army only)
19-24 yrs. Degree or equivalent.
Combined Defence Services Examination
(CDSE) conducted by UPSC and SSB
interview.
Direct Entry :
Civilians (32 vacancies are reserved for
NCC C Certificate Holders for Army
Wing)
Jan. and July.
19-24 yrs. Degree or equivalent.
Combined Defence Services Exam.(CDSE)
and SSB interview.
Engineering Graduates as Permanent
Commissioned Officer.
Jan. and July.
20-27 yrs. Engineering Degree in
Civil/Mechanical/Electrical/
Architecture/Production/Aeronautical
441
ENTRY:
Army (Commissions):
SERVICE SELECTION BOARD TEST (SSB):
SSB tests for Army are divided in two stages:
Stage I: Stage - I is designed to ascertain the mental fitness of the candidates and to determine whether
or not the candidates is fit to take on Stage-II tests. Stage-I test contains four parts as under:
(e) Screening test of verbal intelligence.
(f) Psychological test (Social Psychology)
(g) Thematic Apperception Test (one only)
(h) Group Discussion based on TAT.
State-II: Broadly it is divided into four parts. These are:
(v) Screening test
Electronics/ Metallurgy Tele-
Communication.
SSB Interview.
University Entry Scheme
Engineering Graduates. Jan. and July.
19-23 yrs. Pre Final/Final year students of Engg.
Degree Courses.
Campus interview followed by SSB
Interview.
Army Education Corps and Army
Ordnance Corps.
Jan. and July.
23-27 yrs. Post Graduate Degree in subjects
notified for each course. M.A/M.Sc.
degree in 1
st
or 2
nd
division in the
following :
(a) Physics, (b) Mathematics, (c)
Computer application,

(d) Psychology, (e) Political Science.
SSB Interview.
Military Farms.
Jan. and July.
20-27 yrs. Degree in Dairying/Agriculture.
SSB Interview & Departmental Screening
Board.
SHORT SERVICE COMMISSION :
Officers Training Academy, Madras (For
Army only). May and Oct.
19-25 yrs. Degree or equivalent at the time of
joining the course.
CDSE conducted by the UPSC and SSB
Interview.
Technical/Engineering. May and Oct. 20-27 yrs. Engineering Degree in notified discipline.
SSB Interview.
Law Graduates for JAGs Department. 21-27 yrs. Law Degree (professional) with 50%
marks.
October. Written Exam. conducted by JAGs
Deptt. in March SSB Interview in July
detailed advertisement in November.
Remount Veterinary Corps 21-32 yrs. BVSC/BVSc. With AH Animal Husbandry
from any Indian Univ. or its equivalent
foreign degree.
SSB Interview.
Women Special Entry Scheme
(Officers) in Education/Law
Administrative/Logistics branch. March
and Sept.
19-27 yrs. Post Graduate/Graduates with diploma
in specified subject/ LLB
(Professional)/Engineering Degree.
SSB Interview.
442
(vi) Psychological test
(vii) Group Testing Officers Test
(viii) Interview.
DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL OBSTACLES: Zig Zag, Vertical rope climbing,Tarzon Swing, Commando Walk,
Double Jump,Tiger leap, Monkey Crawl, Wall climbing ,Making figure 8,Going through Tyre.
Visual Standards: The minimum acceptable visual acuity are : Distant Vision (corrected)
Better eye 6/6, worse eye 6/18, Myopia of not more than minus 5.5 D including astigmatism. To be
passed fit, a candidate must be in good physical and mental health and free from any disability likely to
interfere with the efficient performance of duty.
PHYSICAL TEST:
Candidates meeting the laid down standards are required to qualify in each of the following tests :-
(a) 1.6 Kilometers Run.
(b) Beam.
(c) Balance.
(d) 9 Feet ditch.
MEDICAL EXAMINATION:
Successful candidates will undergo medical examination. Candidates should get their ears cleaned
before coming for medical examination.
WRITTEN EXAMINATION:
Candidates declared medical fit will be eligible to appear in the written examination comprising General
Knowledge and Arithmatic of Matric level standard.

INDIAN NAVY
Career as Commissioned Officers
The life of a Naval Officer is a pleasant mix of hard work, professionalism and adventure. Navy gives the
opportunity to move around and visit different places within India and abroad. There exist openings for
a wide cross-section of aspirants ranging from fresh 10+2s to Post Graduates, in fields as diverse as
electronics , law, economics or physics/mathematics. The service comprises of five branches, Executive,
Marine Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Naval Architecture and Education.
Branch/Type of Entry Unmarried
Men/Women
Age Limit (Years) Educational Qualifications
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Permanent Commission
(a) Cadet Entry (NDA) Men 16 -19 10+2 or equivalent with Physics &
Maths
(b) Cadet Entry (10+2)
(Executive) Naval Academy,
Goa (Through NDA Exam.)
Men 16 -19 10+2 or equivalent with Physics &
Maths
Graduate Special Entry
Naval Academy, Goa
(Through CDSE)
Men 19-22 B.Sc (Physics & Maths) or B.E.
(d) NCC Special Entry Naval
Academy (Goa)
Men 19-24 B.Sc (Physics & Maths) or B.E. with
Naval Wing Senior Div NCC C
Certificate
(e) Direct Entry Naval
Armament Inspection Cadre
Men 22-27 A Degree in Electronics/Elect/ Mech.
Engg. or Post Graduate Degree in
443
Electronics or Physics
(f) Direct Entry Law Cadre Men 22-27 A Degree in Law qualifying for
enrolment as an Advocate under the
Advocates Act 1961 with minimum
55% marks.
Short Service Commission
(g) Law Cadre Men & Women 22-27 A Degree in Law qualifying for
enrolment as an Advocate under the
Advocates Act 1961 with minimum 55%
marks
(h) Logistics Cadre Men & Women 19 -25 BA (Economics) II Div or B.Com II Div, or
B.Sc Physics & Maths II Div, or
B.Tech/BE or Graduation in any subject
with Degree/Diploma in MATERIAL
FINANCE MANAGEMENT

(j) ATC (Air Traffic

Control)
Men & Women 19 -25 B.Sc II Div with minimum 50% marks
with Physics and Maths.
(k) Hydro Cadre Men 19 -25 B.Sc II Div with minimum 50% marks
with Physics and Maths
EDUCATION BRANCH
Permanent Commission
Men 21-25 A Masters Degree in one of the
following with at least 55% marks: (a)
Physics (with Maths in B.Sc) or (b)
Maths (with Physics in B.Sc) or (c)
Chemistry (with Physics & Maths in
B.Sc) (d) Computer
Application/Computer Science (with
either Physics or Maths at Graduation
level) or
(e) Humanities (Eng./ Eco/Hist/Pol. Sc)
or (f) An Engineering Degree in
Mech/Elect/ Computer Science/Tech.
Short Service Commission Men & Women 21-25 -do-

ENGINEERING BRANCH (MARINE ENGINEERS)
Permanent Commission
(a) Cadet Entry (NDA) Men 16 -19 10+2 or equivalent with
Physics & Maths
(b) 10+2(Tech) Cadet Entry Men 16 -19 10+2 or equivalent with
Physics, Chemistry & Maths
(minimum 70% marks in
aggregate of PCM, minimum
50% marks in English either
in 10
th
or 12
th
class)
444
Direct Entry Men 19 -25 A degree in
Marine/Mech/Aeronautical/
Control/
Metallurgy/Production
Engineering or any other
qualification recognized by
the Institution of Engineers
(India) as equivalent to a
degree course.
Short Service Commission
(d) Direct Entry Men 16 -25 Degree in courses mentioned
at (c) above
ENGINEERING BRANCH (NAVAL ARCHITECTS)
Permanent Commission
(a) 10+2 (Tech) Men 16 -19 10+2 or equivalent with
Physics, Chemistry & Maths
(minimum 70% marks in
aggregate of PCM, minimum
50% marks in English either
in 10
th
or 12
th
class)
(b) Direct Entry Men 21-25 A degree in Naval
Architecture/Mech/Aeronaut
ical/Civil/ Metallurgy
Engineering.
ELECTRICAL BRANCH
Permanent Commission
(a) Cadet Entry (NDA) Men 16 -19 10+2 equivalent with Physics
& Maths
(b) 10+2 (Tech) Cadet Entry Men 16 -19 10+2 or equivalent with
Physics, Chemistry & Maths
(minimum 70% marks in
aggregate of PCM, minimum
50% marks in English either
in 10
th
or 12
th
class)
Direct Entry Men 19 -25 A Degree in
Elect/Electronics/
Telecommunication/ Engg. or
any other qualification
recognized by the Institution
of Engineers (India) or
Institution of
Telecommunication
Engineers (India) as
equivalent to a degree
course
Short Service Commission Men 19 -25 A Degree in courses
mentioned at (C) above.
445
HOW TO APPLY:
Candidates are to apply in accordance with application format published in the Employment News
alongwith the notification. For further details you may refer to the advertisement which appears in the
Employment News and other prominent national dailies or nearest Headquarter Recruiting Zones. For
more information one can contact Naval Recruitment Cell, DMPR, Naval Headquarters, Sena Bhawan,
DHQ PO, New Delhi-110011.


INDIAN AIR FORCE
The Indian Air Force is the guardian of our skies. It is the most important arm of national defence and is
recognized as one of the largest Air Forces in the world. The Indian Air Force offers opportunities to the
aspiring, educated, talented and healthy young men to join its ranks. So you can join this prestigious
service and become a proud partner in the national defence.




(
MATRIC
ENTRY
SCHEM
ES )
Branch
Unmarried
Men/Women
Age Limit Qualification Medical Standard
SEAMA
N
Unmarried Man 17-20 years Matric or equivalent
with at least 55%
marks. Candidates
having less than 55%
marks in Matric are
also eligible provided
they have obtained
55% or more marks in
any higher board
examination.
Minimum Height-157 cms with
co-related weight
proportionate chest with
minimum 5 cms expansion.
Good mental and physical
health, free from any
disease/disability. No Cardio-
vascular, surgical deformities of
infection of ears. No history of
fits or phychiatric ailment.
ARTIFIC
ER
APPREN
TICE
Unmarried Man 14-17 yrs. Matric or equivalent
with Science & Maths
with 60% and above
marks in aggregate or
55% or more marks in
aggregate in any
higher Board
examination with
Science & Maths.
Minimum Height-152 cms with
co-related weight and
proportionate chest with
minimum expansion of 5 cms.
Good mental and physical
health, free from any
disease/disability. No
Cardiovascular, surgical
deformities or infection of ears.
No history of fits or psychiatric
ailment.
446
Branch/Type of Entry Age Qualification Type of Commission
FLYING
(a) National Defence Academy
(NDA).

(b) Combined Defence Services
Examination (CDSE)

(c) NCC Special Entry

(d) Short Service Commission
(Transport & Helicopter)

TECHNICAL
(a) Direct Entry Scheme



(b) University Entry

GROUND DUTIES
(i) Administrative
(ii) Accountants
(iii) Logistics
(iv) Meterology
(v) Education

SSC FOR ADMIN.
Fighter/Air Traffic
Controller


16 -19 yrs


19-23 yrs.


19-23



19-23 yrs
19-25 yrs for
Commercial Pilot
License Holders)



18-28 yrs.


18-28 yrs.


20 to 23 yrs.
20 to 25 yrs.
-do-
-do-
-do-


20 to 23 yrs.
20 to 25 yrs.

10+2 with Physics and
Maths.



B.Sc. Physics and/or
Maths or BE.

B.Sc. Physics and/or
Maths or BE and Air
Wing C Certificate.

B.Sc. Physics and/or
Maths or BE.


Degree in Engineering
in
Electronics/Mechanical
/ Allied Subjects.

Pre-Final/Final year of
Engineering degree in
Electronics/Mechanical
or Allied subjects.

1
st
Class Graduate .
IInd Class Graduate in
subjects as given in the
Newspaper Advt.

Ist Class Graduate
IInd Class Graduate

Permanent Commission


-do-


-do-


Short Service Commission-
Women.




PC & SSC Men
SSC Women.

PC & SSC Men




PC Men
SSC- Women







SSC - Men

FOR DETAILED INFORMATION: Detailed information about the above examinations appears in the
Employment News and other National Dailies from time to time. One can also contact ADP03(B), Air
Headquarters Room No.17, J Block, M.N. Marg, New Delhi-110011.
SOME OTHER Defence Services Entrance Exams
Defence Services Entrance Exams are those which are conducted on All India basis for recruitment into
defence forces such as the army, navy and air force. Defence Services are also known as The Combined
Defence Services (CDS). The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts the CDS Examinations
twice a year and successful candidates can serve the country through their efforts in the Indian Navy,
Indian Army or Indian Air Force. Therefore these exams are also referred as UPSC CDS Exam.


447
List of Defence Services Exams
AFCAT - Air Force Combined Admission Test

I.A.F. Exam - I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam

I.A.F. Exam - IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam

Indian Army Soldiers General Duty (NER) Exam

Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant's M.E.R. Exam

I.N.A Exam - Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam

Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam

Indian Navy Sailors Matric Entry Recruitment Exam

TA Exam - Territorial Army Exam

Defence Services Entrance Examination Eligibility and Application Procedure
Examination Notification - The general public is notified about the Combined Defence Services
Examination once in August and again in March through press advertisements, which are normally
carried in 'Employment News' and all leading newspapers of India.
1. For the Indian Military Academy and the Officers Training Academy - Candidates must have a
degree from a recognized university or any other degree of equal educational value. Age should
be between 19 and 24 years of age
2. For the Naval Academy - Candidates should be graduates in Science with Physics and
Mathematics as compulsory subjects. Engineering graduates are also eligible. Age should be
between 19 and 22 years of age
3. For the Air Force Academy - candidates should be graduates in Science with Physics and / or
Mathematics as compulsory subjects. Engineering graduates are also eligible. Age should be
between 19 and 23 years of age
Defence Services Entrance Examination Pattern and Admission Process
Examination Schedule - The CDS examinations are generally held in February and September.
Examination Pattern
Indian Military Academy and Air Force Academy
Objective Type Written Test in English -100 marks
Objective Type Written Test in General Knowledge - 100 marks
Objective Type Written Test in Elementary Mathematics - 100 marks
Officer's Training Academy
Objective Type Written Test in English - 100 marks
Objective Type Written Test in General Knowledge - 100 marks
For the interviews to be conducted by the Staff Selection Board once the candidate successfully clears
the written test, the total marks are as follows:
Indian Military Academy, Naval Academy and Air Force Academy - 300 marks
Officers' Training Academy - 200 marks
Candidates who clear the Combined Defence Services Exam are called for an interview by the Service
Selection Board (SSB) and subject to their performance in the interview and overall ranking; they are
deputed to any of the CDS institutes.
There are many types of Defence Services Entrance Exams in India. These are -
1. Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun
2. Naval Academy, Goa
3. Air Force Academy, Hyderabad
4. Officers Training Academy, Chennai.
448
AFCAT - Air Force Combined Admission Test acronym as AFCAT is conducted by India Air Force
for grant of Short Service Commission in Flying Branch and Permanent/Short Service
Commission in Technical and Ground Duty Branches of the IAF after the successful completion
of the courses. The courses offered are:
Eligibility Conditions for Flying Branch:
Age Limit:
Candidates should be between 19 years to 23 years as on 1st Jul. 2014 i.e. born between 02 July 1991 to
01 July 1995 (Both dates inclusive).
However candidates holding valid Commercial Pilot Licence issued by DGCA (India) will be relaxed in age
upto 25 years i.e. born between 02 July 1989 to 01 July 1995 (Both dates inclusive).
Educational Qualifications:
Bachelors degree in any subject area with 60% Marks from a recognized University or Bachelor of
Engineering / Bachelor of Technology of 4 years with 60% Marks. Candidates must be passed 12th
Examination with Maths and Physics.
Physical Standards:
Minimum Height: 162.5 cms with correlated weight
Leg length: Min-99 cms. Max-120 cms.
Thigh length: Max-64cms.
Sitting height: Min-81.5 cms. Max-96 cms.
Vision 6/6 and 6/9
Eligibility Conditions for Technical Branch:
Age Limit:
Candidates should be between 18 years to 28 years as on 1st Jul, 2014 i.e. born between 02 July 1986 to
1st July 1996 (Both dates inclusive).
Educational Qualifications:
For Aeronautical Engineer (Electronics) AE (L):
Candidates applying for AE(L) branch would be eligible if they have undergone a minimum of four year
degree qualification from a recognised university or cleared sections A and B examination of Associate
Membership of Instituion of Engineers (India) or Aeronautical Society of India or Graduate Membership
examination of the Institue of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers by actual studies.
Aeronautical Engineer (Mechanical) AE (M):
Candidates applying for AE(M) branch would be eligible if they have undergone a minimum of four year
degree qualification from a recognised university or cleared sections A and B examination of Associate
Membership of Instituion of Engineers (India) or Aeronautical Society of India or Graduate Membership
examination of the Institue of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers by actual studies.
Physical Standards:
Minimum Height (Men) - 157.5 cms, (Women) - 152 cms with correlated weight.
Eligibility condition for Ground Duty Branches:
Age Limits
Education Age Limit
For Graduates 20 to 23 years
For Post Graduates/LLB (5
years)
20 to 25 years
For LLB (3 years) 20 to 26 years
449
For M.Ed/Ph.D/CA/ICWA 20 to 27 years
Educational Qualification
Branch Qualification
Administration
and Logistics
Graduate degree in any discipline with a minimum of 60% marks in aggregate
of all papers put together or a Post Graduate degree/equivalent diploma in
any discipline with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate of all papers put
together.
Accounts
Graduate degree in Commerce (B.Com) with a minimum of 60% marks in
aggregate of all papers put together or a Post Graduate Degree in Commerce
(M.Com)/CA/ICWA with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate of all papers
put together.
Education
Post Graduate Degree in any discipline with a minimum of 50% marks in
aggregate of all papers put together.

Air Force Combined Admission Test Syllabus
The AFCAT will consist of question from the following given subjects:
Subjects Topics
General Awareness
History, Sports, Geography, Environment, Civics, Basic Science, Defence,
Art, Culture, Current Affairs, Politics etc.
Verbal Ability in
English
Comprehension, Error Detection, Sentence Completion, Synonyms,
Antonyms and Testing of Vocabulary.
Numerical Ability
Decimal Fraction, Simplification, Average, Profit & loss, Percentage, Ratio
& Proportion and Simple interest.
Reasoning and
Military Aptitude Test
Verbal Skills and Spatial Ability
Combined Admission Test Pattern
The AFCAT Question Paper will have 100 questions carrying three marks each. For every correct answer
the candidate will get three marks and for every wrong answer one mark will be deducted under
negative marking. The total time allotted for the paper is two hours.
Air Force Combined Admission Test Selection Process
Candidates who qualifying in th AFCAT Written test will be called for next phase of selection process
divided into three stages ie.
Stage-I Intelligence Test
Stage-II Psychological Test, Group Test and Interview
Stage-III Pilot Aptitude Battery Test (PABT)
Medical Examinations:
Candidates recommended by selection Board will be sent for the medical examination either at Air
Force Central Medical Establishment (AFCME), New Delhi or Institute of Aviation Medicine, Bengaluru.
All India Merit List:
An All India Merit List is compiled on the basis of your performance in the written test and AFSB
450
interview and subject to being medically fit. Based on the vacancies available in various branches / sub
branches, joining instructions are issued to join one of the Training establishments.
How to apply for AFCAT?
Aspiring candidates can adopt any of the following given two modes to apply for AFCAT.
Online Mode:
The candidates need to register in the official website of Indian Air Force and fill the form following the
instructions given along with. Candidates are advised to go through the detailed guidelines for filling up
online application before filling up of the form.
Offline Mode:
Those opting for Offline mode can get the application downloaded from the official website of India Air
Force. Complete the application in all aspects and super scribe the envelope with APPLICATION FOR AIR
FORCE COMMON ADMISSION TEST: 26 AUGUST 2012' and send it to:
AFCAT Cell,
Post Bag No-5,
RK Puram (Main) P.O.,
New Delhi - 110066
Note: Applications must be send by ordinary post only.
Air Force Combined Admission Test Contact Details
AFCAT Cell,
Post Bag No-5,
RK Puram (Main) P.O.,
New Delhi - 110066.
Tel,: 011 - 23010231/ 7905.
E-Mail: afcatcell@gmail.com
I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam - - I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam is
conducted twice in a year generally in the month of April/May and August/September on national basis
to admit young candidates in IAF as Education Branch as Instructors. Due to its National level approach
this test is taken by most of the defence services aspirants on the priority basis.
I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
A candidate should have passed B.A.(English/Physics/Computer science with 50% marks and B.Ed.
or
M.A.(English) / M.Sc. (Mathematics / Physics / Computer Science) with minimum of IInd class.
2. Age
Aspiring candidate should be between 20 to 25 years for the candidates having B.A./B.Sc. with B.Ed. as
the qualification & 20 to 28 years for the candidates having M.A./M.Sc. as the qualification.
4. Marital Status
Unmarried Indian citizens are eligible.
5. Physical Standard
1. Minimum Height: 152.5 cm
2. Chest Requirements:
o Minimum expanded chest be 75 cm
o Minimum range of expansion 5 cm
3. Vision Acuity: At least 6/ 12 in each eye without glasses or 6/6 in better eye and 6/36 in worse
eye with glasses.
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4. Generally free from all communicable diseases.
5. No cardiovascular, surgical deformities or active infection of the ears.
6. No history of fits or psychiatric ailment.
I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam Syllabus
This I.A.F. Exam consists of the following two sections
1. English:
Comprehension, transformation of simple sentences, punctuation, tenses and parts of speech.
2. Intelligence and General Knowledge:
Who's Who, Sports, Entertainment, Indian History and Geography, Discoveries and Inventions.
Elementary Knowledge of Computers.
I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam Pattern
IAF written test comprising of objective Type questions in English, Current Affairs and General
Awareness.
Those who qualify this test will be given another test in English comprising an essay and precise writing.
Successful candidates will undergo Interview on the same day.
Results will be declared on the same day and the successful candidates have to immediately appear in a
Trade Allocation Test.
How to apply for I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam?
Application should be sent to the President, Central Airmen Selection Board, Post Box No. 3004, New
Delhi-110003.

Indian Air Force Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam- IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam is conducted twice
in a year generally in the month of April/May and August/September on National level to admit young
candidates in IAF as non-technical trade Airmen. Due to its National level approach this test is taken by
most of the tenth class pass defense services aspirants on the priority basis.
IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
Matriculation or equivalent with Science and Mathematics as main subjects with 45% or above marks in
aggregate.
Candidates with less than 60% marks in Matric may also be recruited if they have secured 55% or more
marks in aggregate in a higher board examination with Science and Maths as the main subjects.
2. Age
Aspiring candidate should be between 16 years to 19 years.
4. Marital Status
Unmarried Indian citizens are eligible.
IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam Syllabus
This I.A.F. Exam consists of the following two sections
English:
Comprehension, transformation of simple sentences, punctuation, tenses and
parts of speech.
Intelligence and
General Knowledge:
Who's Who, Sports, Entertainment, Indian History and Geography,
Discoveries and Inventions. Elementary Knowledge of Computers.
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IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam Pattern
The question paper will be bilingual, consisting of the objective questions in above given two parts. The
candidates will be required to qualify each part separately. Results will be declared on the same day and
the successful candidates have to immediately appear in a Trade Allocation Test.
Physical Fitness:
All the aspiring candidates has to undergo a mandatory physical test and have to qualify in it to be
eligible.
1 One-mile (1.6 km) runs to be completed within 7 minutes.
2 20 squats (Up-Downs)
3 10 push-up
How to apply for IAF Non-Tech Trade Exam?
Candidates must submit their application on plain paper in the prescribed Performa as published in the
Employment News and send it by Post on or before the specified last date,
To the President
Central Airmen Selection Board
Post Box No 11807
New Delhi-110010

Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam -
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty N.E.R Exam is conducted four times in a year for recruiting personnel
to the Indian Army as Sepoy/Soldier. The short listed candidates are imparted the required training to
become fully capable of dedicating themselves to the honorable task of serving their country on various
fronts throughout their carrier.
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
Aspiring candidates who have passed the Matriculation / equivalent examination preferably with
Science and English as the main are eligible to apply for the Indian Army Soldiers General Duty exam.
2. Age
Male candidates belonging to the age group of 16 to 21 years are eligible
3. Marital Status
Unmarried Indian male citizens are eligible.
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty NER Exam Application Procedure
The applications for the said exam are invited through advertisements published in the Employment
News and other leading newspapers. Interested candidates may collect blank application forms that are
available, free of cost, at local Recruitment Offices, District Collector's Office, Zila Parishads and
Employment Exchanges. However aspiring candidates can send their applications on plain paper,
handwritten / typed but as per the given format.
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam Syllabus
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty (NER) Exam Consists of questions from
General Intelligence,
Mathematical Aptitude and
General Knowledge. in Priliminary exam and
Physics, Chemistry and Biology in mains exam
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Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam Pattern
Selections for the Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam is made on the basis of a written test
followed by Physical fitness test.
Only the successful candidates in written test will be put through the aptitude test and interview. Final
selection will be on basis of overall merit attained in all the test.
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistants MER Exam
-Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistants M.E.R Exam is conducted four times in a year for recruiting
personnel to the Indian Armys medical core. The short listed candidates are imparted the required
training to become fully capable of dedicating themselves to the honorable task of serving the Indian
army men in the medical core.
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistants MER Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
Aspiring candidates who have passed the Matriculation / equivalent examination preferably with
Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English as the main are eligible to apply for the Indian Army Soldiers
Nursing Assistants MER exam.
2. Age
Male candidates belonging to the age group of 16 to 23 years are eligible (relax able by 5 years for SC/
ST candidates)
3. Marital Status
Unmarried Indian male citizens are eligible.
4. Physical Standard
Minimum Height of the candidates must be 167 cm, which can be relaxed for candidates
belonging to certain regions.
Chest Measurement: On expansion, the candidate's chest measurement should not be less than
77 cm with minimum range of expansion of 5 cm.
Minimum Weight of the candidates must be 50 kilograms, which can be relaxed for candidates
belonging to certain regions.
General Health: The candidate must be free of all communicable diseases and cardiovascular,
medical or surgical deformities or infection.
How to apply for Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistants MER Exam?
The applications for the said exam are invited through advertisements published in the Employment
News and other leading newspapers. Interested candidates may collect blank application forms that are
available, free of cost, at local Recruitment Offices, District Collector's Office, Zila Parishads and
Employment Exchanges. However aspiring candidates can send their applications on plain paper,
handwritten / typed but as per the given format.
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistants MER Exam Syllabus
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant's M.E.R. Exam consists of questions from
General Intelligence,
Mathematical Aptitude and
General Knowledge in the preliminary exam and from
Physics, Chemistry and Biology in the mains exam.
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistants MER Exam Pattern
Selections for the Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistants M.E.R Exam are made on the basis of a written
test divided into two parts.
The First Paper contains three sections:-
General Intelligence,
Mathematical Aptitude and
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General Knowledge.
The Second Paper contains questions on Physics, Chemistry (total 50 marks) and Biology (50 marks).
Each Test is of 45 minutes duration and carries a maximum mark of 100.
Only the successful candidates will be put through the aptitude test and interview. Final selection will be
on basis of overall merit attained in all the test.
Physical Fitness Test
Physical Fitness Test carries 100 marks.

Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam-
Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam acronym as INA is conducted twice in a year generally in the
month of June and December on national basis to admit young candidates in Navy. Due to its National
level approach this test is taken by most of the defence services aspirants on the priority basis.
Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
Matriculation or equivalent with Science and Mathematics as main subjects with 60% or above marks
in aggregate.
Candidates with less than 60% marks in Matric may also be recruited if they have secured 55% or
more marks in aggregate in a higher board examination with Science and Maths as the main subjects.
2. Age
Aspiring candidates should be between the age group of 15 years to 18 years.
a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka and East African Countries
of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia and Vietnam
with the intention of permanently settling in India.
Provided that a candidate belonging to categories (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) above shall be a person in whose
favour a certificate of eligibility has been issued by the Government of India.
3 Marital Status
Unmarried Indian citizens are eligible.
4. Physical Standard
Minimum height: 157 cm.
Minimum eye standard: Without glasses better eye 6/6 and worse 6/9.
Color perception: CP II.
Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam Syllabus and Exam Pattern
Check syllabus online.
The question paper will be bilingual, consisting of the objective questions in above given four sections of
75 minutes. The standard of the questions will be of matriculation level.
Physical Fitness:
All the aspiring candidates has to undergo a mandatory physical test and have to qualify in it to be
eligible.
1. One-mile (1.6 km) runs to be completed witnin 7 minutes.
2. 20 squats (Up-Downs).
3. 10 push-ups.
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Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam Test Centres
Most of the major cities of the Countries are made the test centers of this exam. The Examination will be
held at the following Centres.
.

Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam
- Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam is conducted twice a year for recruiting personnel to the
Indian Navy, one of the branches of the Indian Armed Forces responsible for conducting naval
operations in India. The short listed candidates are imparted the required training before absorbing in
the force as Dockyard Apprentices in following trades:
Electrician
Fitter
Turner
Mechanic Diesel
Crane Operator
Welder
Rigger
Ref and Air condition Mechanic
Shipwright and Maintenance Mechanic
Non-Designated: Engine Fitter, Ship
Fitter, Radar Fitter, Machinery Control
Fitter, Sonar Fitter, Electronic Fitter, GT
Fitter.
Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification
Aspiring candidates who have passed the Matriculation / equivalent examination preferably with
Science are eligible to apply for the Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam.
Age
Male candidates belonging to the age group of 14 to 19 years are eligible (relaxable by 5 years for SC/
ST candidates )
Physical Standard
Minimum Height of the candidates must be 150 cm.
Chest Measurement: Candidates should have a well developed chest with minimum range of
expansion of 5 cm.
Weight: Maximum Weight of the candidates must not exceed 50 kilograms.
General Health: The candidate must be free of all communicable diseases and cardiovascular,
medical or surgical deformities or infection.
How to apply for Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam?
Applications as per the Performa given in the advertisement in the employment news along with the
requisite fee and necessary documents must reach the nearest HQ Rtg Zone or as advertised in the
Newspapers or Employment News.
Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam Syllabus
Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam Consists of questions from:
Mathematics and
General Awareness
Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam Pattern
Selections for the Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam are made on the basis of a written test
divided into two parts.
The First Paper contains questions on Mathematics consisting of the questions from:
Number system, Natural numbers, Integers, Rational and Real numbers, Commutative, Associative and
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Distributive law, Fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division),Square
root, Decimal fractions, Unitary method (application to simple and compound interest), Time and
Distance, Time and Work, Percentages, Profit and Loss, Ratio and Proportion, Averages, Areas and
Volumes, Factors, Problems and Equations on Algebra.
The Second Paper contains questions on General Knowledge from:
Abbreviations, Books and Authors, Facts about India and the World, Sports, Awards and Prizes, Everyday
Science, and short notes on various subjects in 100 words.
Each Paper is of 2.5 hours duration and carries maximum marks of 100.
Based on their performance in the written examination, candidates will be called for interview at Delhi,
Mumbai, Calcutta and Bangalore. Final selections will be made on the basis of the performance of the
candidates in the final interview, after which they will be sent to Naval Dockyard School.

Indian Navy Soldier Metric Entry Recruitment Exam
Indian Navy Sailors Matric Entry Recruitment Exam is conducted twice in a year for recruiting personnel
to the naval wing (Indian Navy) of Defense force.
Indian Navy Soldier Metric Entry Recruitment Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification
Aspiring candidates should have passed the Matriculation / equivalent examination preferably with
Science and Mathematics with at least 55% marks in aggregate.
Candidates with less than 55% marks in Matriculation / equivalent examination will be eligible only if
they have secured 55% or more marks in aggregate in a higher board examination with Science and
Mathematics.
Age
Male candidates belonging to the age group of 17 to 20 years are eligible.
Marital Status
Unmarried Indian male citizens are eligible.
Indian Navy Soldier Metric Entry Recruitment Exam Pattern
Questions in these tests will be of Objective Type and bilingual, i.e., in Hindi and English. The Test is of
60 minutes duration and the questions asked will be of the Matriculation standard.
The written test will be followed by a Physical Fitness Test comprising of a one mile (1.6 km) run to be
completed in 7 minutes, 20 squats (Uthak-Baithak) and 10 push-ups.
Based on their performance in the Written Examination, the Physical Fitness Test and the Medical Test,
candidates will be selected for enrollment as Indian Navy Sailors.

Territorial Army Exam
Territorial Army Exam acronym as TA Exam is conducted for enabling motivated young men to serve in a
military environment without having to sacrifice their primary professions in two capacities ie. as a
civilian and as a soldier. The selected candidates are given one month basic training in the first year of
commission. Two months annual training camp every year including the first year. Three months Post
Commissioning training within first two years at IMA Dehradun.
You can serve the nation in two capacities as a civilian and as a soldier.
Territorial Army Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualifications:
The aspiring candidates should be a graduate from any recognized university.
Employment:
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The aspiring candidate should be Gainfully employed in Central government/Semi Government/Pvt
Firm/Own Business/Self Employed. Note: Serving employees of Police/Para Military Forces are not
eligible.
Age Limit:
Aspiring candidate should be between 18 years to 42 years of age as on 30 jun, 2014.
Territorial Army Exam Syllabus
Territorial Army Exam consists of question from the following Topics/Subjects.
Part I
English Essay
English comprehension & Language
Sequencing of sentences.
Comprehension passage.
Fill in the blanks.
Part II
General Awareness which consist of Economics
Politics
Defense
Sports
International Events etc.
Territorial Army Exam Pattern
Territorial Army Exam consists of two parts carrying 100 marks to be completed in 2 Hrs time.
Part I
Short Essay: Essay depends on current national and international events.
English comprehension & Language
Sequencing of sentences (04 marks)
Comprehension passage (06 marks)
Fill in the blanks. (10 marks)
Part II
Objective Type Questions
General Awareness which consist of Economics
Politics
Defense
Sports
International Events etc.
Important: Overwriting in objective and fill in the blanks will not be awarded any marks. Half mark will
be deducted for each wrong answer. (Negative marking).
Territorial Army Exam Selection Process.
On the basis of correct applications, shortlisted candidates will be called for Screening at the respective
headquarters of Territorial Army by a Preliminary Interview Board (PIB) including written exam.
They have to submit detailed Resume, present employment details, salary along with all the attested
documents which are attached to original application form.
Applications of candidates, who will successfully complete this stage of selection, will be forwarded to
Service Selection Board for SSB Interview.
Candidates also have to go through Medical Board for final selection.
How to apply for Territorial Army Exam?
For Civilian Candidates
Aspiring candidates can apply for Territorial Army in prescribed format given in the advertisement cut
outs or by downloading application from official website www.indianarmy.gov.in.
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They should complete the application in all respect as per the guidance given in the form. Applicants
should send this application to respective zonal office address along with self addressed stamped
envelope, two pass port size photo, and postal stamp of Rs.12 and Rs. 25 for J & K. The zonal officer are:
For Ex-Servicemen
Ex-service Officers of three services as a candidate should send their application along with enclosures
as mentioned in the application form direct to Addl Directorate General TA, Integrated HQ of MoD
(Army), L Block, New Delhi-01. The candidates are screened by an Army HQ Selection Board held at
Addl Dte. Gen TA, GS Branch, L Block, Church Road, New Delhi which is followed by a Medical Board at
New Delhi for successful candidates.
Territorial Army Exam Dates
Territorial Exam is noarmally held in the month of Aug.

Introduction: Paramilitary Forces

The Paramilitary Forces of India (PMF) are those agencies that help the Law Enforcement Agencies and
the Indian Armed Forces in their operations. It has over a million personnel active in its service. PMF is
regarded as the worlds second largest paramilitary organization (second only to the Chinese Peoples
Armed Forces) and its head officers and other senior officers being members of Indian Police Service
(IPS).
The defence services of the country are responsible for the guarding our national boundaries from
external aggression. However for internal security, as also for providing additional support to the
defence forces in guarding the national frontiers, paramilitary services viz., CRPF, BSF, ITBP and CISF
had been constituted many decades ago .Each of these units plays a well-defined role besides coming
to the nation's rescue at times of national calamities and emergencies.
The first tier of the PMF is formed by the Central Police Organizations (CPO) and the second tier is
formed by the Central Paramilitary Forces (CPF). The main difference between the two is that CPO
works independently or in coordination with Indian Federal Agencies, State Police Forces and other
Law Enforcement Agencies whereas the CPF works in cooperation with the Indian Armed Forces. All
the branches of PMF excluding the Indian Coast Guard are under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The
largest force of the PMF is the Central Reserve Police Force which assists the Indian Police in
maintaining law and order.
LIST OF CENTRAL POLICE ORGANIZATIONS
# Railway Protection Force it consists of about 45,000 personnel who provide police security to the
Indian Railways.
# Indian Home Guard consists of 400 to 600,000 personnel
# Civil Defence it consists of 35,930 personnel
# Sashastra Seema Bal it consists of 32,500 personnel who guard the indo-Nepal and indo-Bhutan
borders
# Special Protection Group it consists of about 3000 personnel
# Special Frontier Force it consists of about 10,000 personnel and is an elite, parachute qualified
commando unit deployed along sensitive areas of border with china.
# Provincial Armed Constabulary it consists of 250 to 300,000 persons who act as mobile armed
reserve
# Central Reserve Police Force it consists of 172,000 personnel in 200 battalions
Rapid Action Force it consists of a 10 battalion semi-independent part of CRPF
Commando Battalion for Resolute Action it consists of a 10,000 strong force
LIST OF CENTRAL PARAMILITARY FORCES
# Border Security Force it consists of 215,000 personnel
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# National Security Guards it consists of 30,500 personnel who are charged with the protection of
very very important people (VVIPs) such as ministers.
# Central Industrial Security Force it consists of 105,000 personnel
Nature of Work:

CRPF - The promotions in CRPF are structured. Generally an Assistant Commandant may reach the
rank of DIG or IG in a 20 year service. After training at the academy, Assistant Commandants complete
their field training. They move to the rank of deputy commandant in five to six years. As Commandants
they are in command of about 1000 men. Movement upwards to the position of DIG is dependent on
selection, based on service records and vacancies. During these years, opportunity for special training
is available eg. in mountaineering, communication, management etc. Many refresher courses keep the
personnel updated in all aspects of work. Officers of CRPF are given opportunity to serve with National
Security Guards and Special Protection Groups. This earns them special allowances.
B.S.F - Newly selected candidates begin their careers as AC (Assistant Commandant) and within 20
years the career graph ascends to the rank of DIG or IG. Officers of these organisations also get the
opportunity to work for special groups like National Security Guards and Special Protection Group.
They are deputed to these groups for three to four years, after which they are replaced by another
batch of officers sent on deputation. They receive special allowances for their important duties like
protecting VIPs during deputation. CRPF, BSF, ITBP act as feeders for these special groups doing
important duties.
CRPF - Selection Boards of Central Police Organisation recruit personnel for the CRPF. While selection
to non-gazetted posts of constables is made through a selection test open to non-graduates, the
gazetted positions are open only to graduates. Graduates from any stream can apply if they fall in the
19 to 25 years age group.
They begin their careers as Assistant Commandants/Company Commanders, Quartermasters and
Deputy Superintendents. The prescribed qualification is a 1st Class/2nd Class Bachelors degree with
50% marks. Special relaxation in marks is made for graduates who have the certificates of N.C.C. For
officer cadres, preference is given to certificate holders. Selection is made through a written
examination, physical efficiency test (PET) and an interview. Senior positions of IGs, DIGs,
Commandants are filled through promotions or by deputed personnel from the defence services or
from the Police Services.
Police - Entry is open to the police service to both men and women. The police constabulary is a large
force. Physically robust young boys/girls are recruited. For recruitment to the post of sub-inspectors
and assistant sub-inspectors, a degree is essential. Both boys and girls are eligible. These posts are
advertised from time to time and selection is carried out at the state level. Gazetted posts above the
sub-inspector level are filled by selection conducted by the State Public Service Commissions. Indian
Police Service (IPS) appointments move to their respective state cadres to fill the senior most positions
of Superintendents of Police, DIG, IG etc.
ITBP
ITBP stands for Indo-Tibetan Border Police. This force was established mainly for the protection and
safeguarding our border areas adjoining Tibet. However now they are also deployed for internal security
duties like providing security cover to VIPs. Strength wise it is a much smaller force than CRPF and BSF.
CISF
CISF stands for Central Industrial Security Force. This force was raised to provide security to industrial
establishments and handling labour unrest. However recently they have also been handed over the
responsibility to provide security cover to some of the major airports in the country and other such
duties related to internal security. The force has also geared itself to provide consultancy services in the
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area of security cover of industrial establishments.
Border Security Forces motto is "Duty unto Death. The motto reflects the true passion with
which this agency has helped secure India and Indians. The Paramilitary Forces of India like BSF,
CRPF, and ITBP help the Armed forces and Police in securing India. India has the second largest
Para military force in the world.
While these agencies work under the ministry of home affairs, some work in cooperation with the Police
forces and some work in cooperation with the Armed Forces.
CENTRAL PARAMILITARY FORCES
Border Security Force it consists of 215,000 personnel
Central Industrial Security Force it consists of 105,000 personnel
CENTRAL POLICE ORGANIZATIONS
Railway Protection Force it consists of about 45,000 personnel who provide police security to the
Indian Railways.
Indian Home Guard consists of 400 to 600,000 personnel
Civil Defence it consists of 35,930 personnel
Sashastra Seema Bal it consists of 32,500 personnel who guard the indo-Nepal and indo-Bhutan
borders
Special Protection Group it consists of about 3000 personnel
Special Frontier Force it consists of about 10,000 personnel and is an elite, parachute qualified
commando unit deployed along sensitive areas of border with china.
Provincial Armed Constabulary it consists of 250 to 300,000 persons who act as mobile armed
reserve
Central Reserve Police Force it consists of 172,000 personnel in 200 battalions
Rapid Action Force it consists of a 10 battalion semi-independent part of CRPF
Commando Battalion for Resolute Action it consists of a 10,000 strong force
The Border Security Force (BSF) is a Border Guarding Force of India. The personnel of this force guards
India's land border during peace time and prevents transnational crime. It is a Union Government
Agency under the administrative control of Ministry of Home Affairs. The Border Security Force has
three main operational arms, the General Duty branch, which is in charge of vigilance, The Technical
branch, which maintains equipments, telecommunication networks and is also in charge of construction
work and the Medical branch, which provides all kinds of medical facilities to BSF troops as well as
civilians.
Border Security Force patrols mountainous terrains, deserts and long coastal stretches on camel-back,
horseback, on foot, speedboats or in helicopters. During war-time they are required to hold ground in
less threatened sectors so long as the main attack does not develop in a particular sector. Protection of
vital installations against enemy commando raids is also part of responsibilities in the Border Security
Force. They also carry out internal security, anti-infiltration and counter insurgency roles.
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is an armed Force of the Union of India, with the basic role of
striking reserve to assist the State/Union Territories in Police operations to maintain law and order and
contain insurgency. Its role is that of a catalyst in maintaining law & order, and returns to barracks once
this objective is achieved. The force is also being used for various police duties in various States. It is All
India in character, both in deployment and in its composition. Due to its unique capability to quickly
adapt to various situational requirements, and also, to work in perfect harmony with the State Police,
CRPF has, over the years, acquired the distinction of being perhaps the most acceptable Force, by the
people and the State administrations. CRPF personnel do Crowd control, Riot control, Counter Militancy
/ Insurgency operations, Dealing with Left Wing extremism, Overall co-ordination of large scale security
arrangement specially with regard to elections in disturbed areas, Protection of VIPs and vital
installations, Checking environmental de-gradation and protection of local Flora and Fauna, Fighting
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aggression during War time, Participating in UN Peace Keeping Mission, Rescue and Relief operations at
the time of Natural Calamities.
Courses and Eligibility
Graduates from any stream, who can pass the written test as well as the physical fitness criteria, are all
welcome to join in. The forces take in candidates at the Sub-Inspector level, wherein the academic
eligibility is not very high, but the physical fitness is given more emphasis. Similarly, there are vacancies
for technical graduates, education officers, medical officers, and other specialists.
Apart from this, candidates who have just completed Class X or XII can apply for the post of a jawans.
There are different requirements in the four distinct levels at which recruitment takes place jawans,
technical personnel (like radio operators), sub-inspectors and finally, officers (the highest rank being
assistant commandant).
While for the jawans, meeting the physical fitness criteria of height, weight and chest-size is very
important (they also have to appear for a written test on general knowledge), at the officer level there is
a full-fledged written exam conducted by the Union Public Service Commission and an interview. The
age limit for applicants is a minimum of 18 years and maximum of 26 years, which is relaxable for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Vacancies are announced regularly in the electronic and print
media.
How to join Para military forces?
BSF: For the post as an officer (of an assistant commandant (AC): Any graduate is eligible. Possession of
NCC B or C certificate or outstanding achievements in sports or athletics is an added qualification.
UPSC selects officers for BSF through written test, preliminary medical examination, physical efficiency
test, group discussion, interview and the final medical examination. On selection there is one year of
basic training and one gets posting.
Newly selected candidates begin their careers as AC (Assistant Commandant). Officers of these
organisations also get the opportunity to work for special groups like National Security Guards and
Special Protection Group. They are deputed to these groups for three to four years, after which they are
replaced by another batch of officers sent on deputation. They receive special allowances for their
important duties like protecting VIPs during deputation. CRPF, BSF, ITBP act as feeders for these special
groups doing important duties.
Civil, electronic and electrical engineers find employment in the technical branch. One of the most
important departments of this branch is the Signals Arm. Here, you will be in-charge of the line of
communication for passing information on matters relating to internal security.
Qualified Doctors join in the Medical Branch where they take care of Border Security Force personnel as
well as civilians. They dispense medicines to the civilian population as well as attend to the sick. In
addition you will be involved in numerous civic actions.
CRPF From time to time UPSC holds written exam for recruitment of Assistant Commandants (Group
A) in CAPF, CRPF, CISF, ITBF and BSF for which only Indian Nationals are eligible. While selection to non-
gazetted posts of constables is made through a selection test open to non-graduates, the gazetted
positions are open only to graduates. Graduates from any stream can apply if they fall in the 19 to 25
years age group.
Selection is made through a written examination, physical efficiency test (PET) and an interview. Senior
positions of IGs, DIGs, Commandants are filled through promotions or by deputed personnel from the
defence services or from the Police Services. During their career in forces there is opportunity for special
training in mountaineering, communication, management etc. Many refresher courses keep the
personnel updated in all aspects of work. Officers of CRPF are given opportunity to serve with National
Security Guards and Special Protection Groups. This earns them special allowances.
Police - Entry is open to the police service to both men and women. The police constabulary is a large
force. Physically robust young boys/girls are recruited. For recruitment to the post of sub-inspectors and
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assistant sub-inspectors, a degree is essential. Both boys and girls are eligible. These posts are
advertised from time to time and selection is carried out at the state level. Gazetted posts above the
sub-inspector level are filled by selection conducted by the State Public Service Commissions. Indian
Police Service (IPS) appointments move to their respective state cadres to fill the senior most positions
of Superintendents of Police, DIG, IG etc.
CISF - Recruitment to the posts of sub-inspectors and assistant commander are open to graduates, while
for junior positions, eligibility is a school leaving certificate. Preference is given to NCC certificate
holders.
Admission Procedure
Selection Test for graduate entry to all paramilitary services: Graduates take the written exam which is
a selection test for recruiting cadets. The entrants also go through a physical efficiency test (PET).
Those who qualify face an interview board and take the medical test. Selected candidates undergo
rigorous training before taking charge. Technical graduates too go through the PET and medical
examination.
The written part has two papers - Paper I of 200 marks is a test of general awareness, basic intelligence
and reasoning and numerical ability. Paper II of 100 marks is an assessment of ability to read and
understand serious discursive prose and also the ability to express the ideas clearly and correctly. This
comprises essay (in Hindi or English), precise writing and comprehension of a given passage, (in English
only).
Physical Efficiency Test -This is a test to ensure physical fitness. It compromises of 100 meters (16 sec
men, 18 sec girls), 800 meters races (3 min men, 4 min. girls), and long jump, high jump for both men
and women and shot-put for men only.
Interview - Beginning with questions pertaining to the bio data, the interviewers move on to hobbies,
subjects of study, general awareness and general intelligence. The candidates psyche, aptitude,
mannerisms and etiquette along with the dedication to the cause of the nation are also assessed by the
Board. Preference in selection is given to outstanding sports men & NCC cadets who have outstanding
record.
Physical Standard - Height 165 cms. for men & 157 cms. for women, Chest 86 cms. with expansion
weight 50 kg. for men & 46 kg. for women. Physical /mental health should be good. Knock knees, flat
foot and squint in eyes are not permitted. Perfect colour vision/corrected vision J-I/J-II
permitted/corrected distant vision 6/6 or 6/9 and 6/9 and 6/9 or 6/12 permitted. Road ahead to join
Para Military Forces
BSF/CRPF/ITBP/CISF is organised and conducted by the Special Selection Board (SSB) of the Central
Police Organisations. Eligible, interested candidates have to go through a three stage selection process
which includes:
1. The written examination carries 300 marks split among two papers. Paper-I (200 marks) has selection
on: general awareness, general intelligence and reasoning and numerical ability. Paper-II (100 marks)
includes: essay writing (in Hindi/English), precis writing (in English only) and comprehension of passages
(in English only).
Physical Standard: Height-165 cm (for men), 157 cm (for women)
Chest-81 cm. Unexpanded, 86 cm. Expanded for men only.
Weight-50 kg. For according to height (men), for women according to height but not less than 46 kg.
INDO-TIBETAN BORDER POLICE
Naik or Head Constables (Combatant Ministerial) :
Eligibility : Matriculation or equivalent. Preference will be given to Graduates for Naik (CM) and Senior
Secondary Certificate (10+2) for Head Constable (CM).
Technical Qualification: Minimum 30 wpm in English Typing or 25 wpm in Hindi Typing.
Physical Student: 170 cms. 5 feet 4 inches for ST candidates. Chest-80 cm. Expandable by 5 cms. 157
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cms. For female candidates.
Selection: Eligible candidates shall be put through a Physical Efficiency Test. Those who qualify will be
put through written tests comprising General Knowledge, General English and Arithmatic. Then follows
typing test and interview.
Constable (Stenographer) :
Eligibility : Matriculation or equivalent.
Age Limit : Between 18-25 years. Relaxable upto 30 years for STs.
Technical Qualification : 100 wpm in English Stenography and 30 wpm in English Typing or 80 wpm in
Hindi Shorthand & 20 wpm in Hindi Typing.
Other details are same as for Naik (CM) mentioned above.
Address for Reference :
Directorate General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (MHA),
Block-2, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003.
CENTRAL RESERVE POLICE FORCE
Sub-Inspector/Constable :
A. Sub-Inspector (Stenographer Gr.III or C/Assistant Sub-Inspector(Clerk)/ Assistant Sub-Inspector
(Ministerial).
Eligibility: Intermediate (10+2 or equivalent). Typing speed 30 wpm in English & 25 wpm in Hindi & 80
wpm in Shorthand (English, Hindi).
B. Constable (General Duty or GD)/Ct. Fitter and Tradesmen/Head Constable or Draftsman/Constable
(Drivers).
Eligibility : For Ct/Fitter : Motor Mechanic Fitter Certificate from I.T.I. For Head Constable or Draftsman:
Draftsman two years diploma course. For Constable Driver: Heavy Motor Driving Licence.
Age Limit : For Category A : 18-25 years. Category B: 18-23 years.
Physical Standard :
For Category A : (Male) Height-165 cm., Chest-77 cm., Weight-48 kg. Relaxation for STs.
For Female : Height-157 cm., Weight-43 kg.
For Category B : For Male : Height-170 cms. Chest-80 cms. Weight-50 kg.
For Female: Height-157 cms. Weight-43 kg.
Address for Reference :
Central Reserve Police Force CGO Complex,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003.
BORDER SECURITY FORCE
Sub-Inspector (Stenographers) and
Assistant Sub-Inspector (Clerk) :
Eligibility : 10+2 or equivalent, Shorthand English or Hindi 80 wpm and Typing English 40 wpm, Hindi 30
wpm. English 30 wpm & Hindi 25 wpm for ASI(Clerk).
Age Limit : 18 to 25 years, relaxable to certain categories.
Physical Standard: Height-167.5 cms. Chest-81 cms. unexpanded with 5 cms expansion.
Selection : Made on the basis of (a) Written Examination (b) Shorthand Test, Type writing Test for
ASI(Clerk) (c) Interview and (d) Medical Examination.
Constable (Operator/General Duty :
Eligibility : H.S.C. with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. For Constable (GD) only H.S.C.
Age Limit : 18 to 22 years (27 years for SC/ST).
Physical Standard : Height-170 cms. Chest-80 cms. unexpanded with 5 cms. expansion.
Selection : Selection is made on the basis of Physical Test, Written Test and interview.
Engineering Directorate : SI/JE (Civil),SI/JE (Electrical) :
Eligibility : 3 years diploma in Engineering Civil & Electrical.
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Age Limit : 18 to 25 years, relaxable by 5 years for SC/ST.
Physical Standard : Height-167.5 cms. Chest-81, unexpanded.
Selection : Physical Test and Written Test.
Address fpr Referemce :
Deputy Director (Pers),
BSF HQ, Block No.10 CGO Complex,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003.
INDIAN COAST GUARD
Assistant Commandant (General Duty-Pilot/Navigator) :
Eligibility : 10+2 or B.Sc. with Physics & Mathematics, Commercial Licence Pilot.
Age Limit : 19 to 27 years, as on July 1st of the year of admission (32 years for SC/ST).
Physical Standard : Height-162 cm. Leg length-Minimum 99 cm.(for Pilot Navigator only).
Weight-91 kg. maximum, Eye sight-6/6 without glass.
Selection : Short-listed candidates are called for selection test/interview of New Delhi and other
specified centres. Candidates with extracurricular activities and NCC are given due weightage
Yantriks (Technical Soldiers) :
Eligibility : (a) H.S.C. (b) Diploma in mechanical/Electrical/Electronics/Aeronautical Engineering.
Age Limit : Below 22 years relaxable by 5 years for SC/ST.
Physical Standard : Height-157 cm. Chest-Proportionate to height, Eyesight-6/12 (good eye)
6/24 (bad eye).
Selection : Short-listed candidates will be called as per the marks obtained in Matric, Diploma and N.C.C.
and Sports.
Address for Reference :
Director (Training) Recruitment Cell,
Coast Guard Headquarters National Stadium,
Purana Quila Road, New Delhi-110001.
CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL SECURITY FORCE
(A) Assistant Sub-Inspector (Clerk/Typist) :
(B) Sub-Inspector (Steno) :
Eligibility : 10+2 and for Category A: 30 wpm in English Typewriting or 25 wpm in Hindi, for Category B :
80 wpm in Stenography and 35 wpm in English Typewriting and 30 wpm in Hindi.
Age Limit : Minimum 18 years for Category A and 19 years for Category B, relaxable by years for SC/ST.
Physical Standard : Height-167 cms. Chest-81 cms. unexpanded, 153 cms. for female candidates,
Eyesight-6/6 with or without glasses.
Selection: Written Test in General Knowledge, Arithmatic and Language (English & Hindi)
Inspectors & Sub-Inspectors (Fire Wing) :
(A). Sub-Inspector (Mech./Fire :
(B). Sub-Inspector (Fire) :
Eligibility : For Category A: H.S.C. with 3 years Diploma in Mechanical/Electrical/ Automobile Engineering
or equivalent.
For Category B: Degree in Science with PCM or H.S.C. with 3 years diploma in
Aeronautical/Telecommunication Engineering or equivalent.
Age Limit: 19 to 25 years, relaxable by 5 years for SC/ST.
Physical Standard : Same as for candidates of CISF ASI (Clerk/Typist).
Selection: Written Test in G.K. and Language Test in English and Hindi, Physical efficiency Test and
Interview.
Constable (General Duty) :
Eligibility : H.S.C.
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Age Limit : 18 to 23 years, relaxable for SC/ST/OBC.
Physical Standard: Height-167 cms. Chest-80 cms. Eyesight-6/6. Candidates should not have knock knee,
flatfeet and squint eyes.
Selection: Written Test and Interview.
Address for Reference:
For applicant from West Bengal, Orissa, Andaman and Nicobar:
DIG, CISF (East Zone), 41, Karaya Road, Park Circus, Calcutta-700017.
Relaxation in age and physical standard is given to different categories. For details contact the
respective headquarters.
Before appearance at the recruitment test candidates should thoroughly prepare themselves for
physical tests like cross-country, high jumping , long jumping etc.
N.B. Prescribed applications format and other details are published in Employment News/Leading
Newspapers.
N.B.: Given dates are subjects to change
Job Prospects
Young, energetic and adventurous individuals are always attracted to a career in the paramilitary forces.
A career in para-military forces gives prestige as well as honour to the person associated with a
particular job. Once you are selected, the training takes place according to the specific paramilitary
organisation that you have entered. Women can also enter the paramilitary services, but the scope for
them is limited.
The opportunities available in Para-military forces are many. With the growing concern for domestic
security, their services have also been required in a wide range of areas.
























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Career in Merchant Navy



"Every seaman is not only a navigator, but a merchant and also a soldier."- William Petty
A career as Merchant Navy Officer is financially rewarding but is much more than that and this quote
brings out the essence aboard a ship The Merchant Navy is a non-combatant commercial fleet, which
deals with transporting cargo and passengers by sea. Its fleet is therefore composed of passenger
vessels, cargo, liner tankers, carriers, as well as other special types of vehicles. Merchant navy is a career
full of adventure and long voyages to different beautiful places. In spite of a lot of hard work and long
absence from home, the Merchant navy professionals earn a high tax free salary, with other numerous
benefits and promising promotional opportunities. This makes merchant navy a lucrative and exciting
career.
The main positions open in the merchant navy are for marine engineers, navigating officers and radio
officers. In a field which was hitherto purely for men, there is some positive change visible now, with
many women joining merchant navy as ship doctors and radio officers.
The employment on board a ship is divided into three different streams. Deck officers, Engineers and
Ratings. Deck officers are headed by the Captain of the ship. Deck officers are responsible for navigation,
safe and efficient movement of the ship and transportation of cargo. To navigate the ship they use a
range of satellite, radar systems and equipments and communication systems. Checking weather and
navigation reports is very important; it helps in taking appropriate action. Deck officers monitor the
loading, storage and unloading of cargo and the maintenance of deck machinery. They also take care of
the safety, firefighting and life-saving equipment in terms of any emergency. They also maintain the
legal and operational records. The Engineering department looks after the main engine, which is gigantic
and complicated. They are also responsible for the operation of mechanical and electrical equipment on
board, managing power, fueling and distribution systems, repairing and upgrading systems and
equipments and implementing regular equipment inspections and maintenance programmes. Engineers
also need to be updated with new developments in the marine engineering field.
Ratings have three categories. Deck rating is responsible for handling cargo, mooring / unmooring and
general maintenance. Engine ratings who help the engineering officers in maintenance of engine and
other equipments. Saloon (catering) consists of steward / cooks; they look after the housekeeping and
catering.
PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES:
Medically and Physically one should be sound to face the rigorous life at sea, mentally, one should be
prepared to be away from home and family for an extended period of time. There is no place for the
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weak. To someone who is adventurous, extrovert and wants to enjoy life with others, merchant navy
offers a very suitable career.
FUNCTIONAL SET UP:
The captain (Master) holds the highest rank in navigation and the Chief Engineer in Engineering. On
joining the ship, the cadet is appointed third mate in case of navigation and fifth engineer in case of
engineering. The promotional routes are from third mate to second mate, first mate and captain and
from fifth engineer to fourth, third and second engineer and then Chief Engineer.
The two internationally recognized training institutes in India are training ship Chanakya (formerly
Rajendra), New Bombay and Marine Engineering and Research Institutes (MERI), Calcutta. Both operate
under the Ministry of Surface Transport. The former produces navigating officers while the latter marine
engineers.
Courses & Eligibility
Eligibility for Merchant Navy; Merchant Navy can be joined after 10
th
as seafarer after
qualifying pre sea courses or after 12
th as
an officer through various degree or diploma courses in
mainly two specialized fields, Nautical (Deck) and Marine engineering. Unmarried Female and
Male candidate are eligible.
Age Limit: 16-25 Years
Medical Standards:
Candidates should be physically and mentally strong, fit for sea-services under standard norms
Eye-Sight:
6/6 without glasses, No color Blindness. (The candidate is subject to medical examination).
Courses to Join Merchant Navy; There are various courses to join after 10
th
or 12
th
in both private and
govt training institute recognized and approved by Director General of Shipping, Ministry of Shipping.
These are;-
Pre Sea Training In this course you will get proper training of maintenance of engine as well as deck.
It is also known as G.P.R (General Purpose Training) you can join this course after 10
th
with minimum
aggregate percentage of 40% with Mathematics, science and English as compulsory subject and should
have 40% marks in each of them. The time duration of this course is 06 months and age limit is joining
this course is 17 to 25 years. Beside that other short term courses are also there
3 month Pre-Sea Course in Deck rating.
3 month Pre-Sea Course in Engine rating.
4 month Pre-Sea Course in Saloon rating.
Deck cadet In this course you are given a diploma in Nautical Science. The minimum education
qualification for this course is 10+2 with P.C.M (Physics, Chemistry and Math) as compulsory subjects
and you should have scored minimum 50% in aggregate and 50% in English at 12
th
level.
STCW Course This is basically a safety course which is compulsory for every seaman. This consists of
four basic course i.e EFA (Elementary First Aid), EPFF (Fire Prevention & Fire Fighting ), PST (Provisional
Survival Techniques) and PSSR (Pesonal Safety & Social responsibility). It is totally 15 days programme.
Beside that there are others certificates, diploma and degrees enables you to join Merchant Navy is:
Pre-sea Training for personnel, man Dredgers, Tugs, OSVs, etc on N.C.V (DECK)
Qualification -Minimum 10th standard, courses approved by DG Shipping (Govt of India)
Pre-sea Training for personnel, man Dredgers, Tugs, OSVs, etc on N.C.V (ENGINE)
Qualification- Minimum 10th standard, courses approved by DG Shipping (Govt of India)
1 year Pre-Sea Diploma in Nautical Science
Its leads to B.Sc Nautical Science affiliated to Indian Maritime University and approved by DG Shipping
(Govt. of India) eligibility 10+2 PCM/Bsc. Degree/ B.E./B. Tech. Degree
HND (Higher National Diploma) Nautical Science
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Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM
HND (Higher National Diploma) Marine Engineering
Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM
B.E Marine engineering (4-Year Degree course in Marine Engineering)
Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM and English
B.S. in Nautical Technology (3 years training at Institute + 1 year at Sea)
Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM
3-Year B.Sc. Degree in Nautical Science
Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM and English
2-year Marine Engineering course
Qualification Diploma in Mechanical /Marine/ Naval Architecture / Electrical / Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
1-year Marine Engineering Course, Graduate Marine Engineer(GME)
Qualification Graduation in BE (Mech) Engineering / Naval Arch. with minimum of 50% marks in final
year and with 50% minimum marks in English language at 10th or 12th or in Degree Exam.
Merchant Navy entrance exam ; The All India Merchant Navy Entrance Test (AIMNET) is conducted by
Bharat Shipping Limited usually in the month of November-December every year for following courses;
B.Tech NAVAL ARCHITECURE & SHIP BUILDING (4 years) Qualification -Pass HSC OR 10+2 from a
recognised board with 50% average in PCM (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics) Maximum age-25 years.
B.Tech MARINE ENGINEERING: Qualification -Pass HSC OR 10+2 from a recognised with 60% average
in PCM (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics) Maximum age-25 years
B.Sc NAUTICAL SCIENCE: Qualification -Pass HSC OR 10+2 from a recognised with 60% average in PCM
(Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics) Maximum age-25 years
PRE-SEA TRAINING G.P. RATINGS: Qualification 10th pass with total average of 40% marks (with
Mathematics & Science) OR Has Passed in Govt. approved 2 years ITI course from recognized institute
with 50% minimum aggregate marks. 40% marks in English subject shall require in 10th or 12th OR any
Degree OR Diploma course approved by AICTE. Maximum age- 25 years.
M.B.A. SHIPPING & LOGISTICS: Any degree from a GOVT recognized University OR Mariners holding
following professional qualification obtained after study-cum training of 6 years after 10+2 OR Diploma
from a recognised Institution leading to:
(a) Master Foreign Going Certificate of Competency.
OR
(b) First Class Motor or Combined (Chief Engineer) Certificate of Competency issued by the DG Shipping
(Directorate General of Shipping), MOS (Ministry of Shipping), Govt of India or its counterparts in other
countries.
Merchant Navy - The courses offered by Institutes are:
1. 3 year degree course in Nautical Science for (10+2) students.
2. 4 year degree course in Marine Engineering for (10+2) students.
3. 2 year course for Diploma Holders.
4. 1 year course for Graduate Mechanical Engineers.
5. 3 month course for Deck Cadets for (10+2) students.
6. 4 month Pre-Sea Course for General Purpose (GP) rating.
7. 3 month Pre-Sea Course for Deck rating.
8. 3 month Pre-Sea Course for Engine rating.
9. 4 month Pre-Sea Course for Saloon rating.
In order to pursue a B.E. Marine Engineering, a four years degree course; the qualifying age is 20 years,
eyesight +/- 2.5, without colour blindness and the candidate should have passed higher secondary
examination with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as compulsory subjects with an aggregate marks
469
of 60%. It is also mandatory to qualify in the Joint Entrance Examination (J.E.E) which the IIT conducts
every year or All India Engineering Entrance Examination (A.I.E.E.E) which is conducted by the Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) once a year or the other most important entrance level
examination, which is held at the national level for the enrollment of the students in the government
merchant navy institutions, which is called A.I.M.N.E.T or All India Merchant Navy Entrance Test.
Course Fees
The cost for Marine Engineering course varies from Rs.2, 20,000/- to Rs.10 lacs for all four years
depending on the university and the state selected. The cost for B.Sc. Nautical Science varies from Rs.2
Lacs to Rs.8 Lacs for all three years depending on the university and the state selected.
The four Government Training Institutes providing Pre-Sea and Post-Sea training of international repute:
1. Training Ship Chanakya, Navi Mumbai.
2. Marine Engineering & Research Institute (MERI), Kolkata.
3. Marine Engineering & Research Institute (MERI), Mumbai.
4. Lal Bahadur Shastri College of advanced Maritime Studies and Research, Mumbai.
Where to Study: Here's a list of institutes from where one can pursue course in marine engineering:
1. Tolani Maritime Institute (TMI), Pune
2. Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies - Mumbai
3. International Maritime Institute (IMI), Delhi/NCR
4. Maharashtra Academy of Naval Education and Training (MANET), Pune
5. Institute of Technology & Marine Engineering (ITME), Kolkata
6. B.P. Marine Academy, Navi Mumbai
7. TS Rahaman Mumbai, India
8. Indian Maritime University (IMU) (Chennai, Cochin, Kandla port, Kolkata, Mumbai and Vizag) -
Offers B.Sc. Nautica Science and B.Sc. Maritme Science
9. Indian Centre for Advancement of Research and Education (ICARE), Haldia
10. Coimbatore Marine College (CMC), Coimbatore
11. Academy of Maritime Education & Training (AMET University), Chennai
12. Maritime Foundation, Chennai
13. Chennai School of Ship Management, Chennai
14. MASSA Maritime Academy (MMA), Chennai
15. S B Vignesh Marine Training Centre, Chennai
16. Cosmopolitian Technology of Meritime, Chennai
17. Vels University, Chennai
18. International Maritime Academy (IMA)
Career Prospects
Merchant Navy plays a very important role in import export business. Without merchant navy,
international trade would come to an stand still. It is growing industry offering hard working and
qualified people with opportunities in navigation, engineering and catering & hospitality. There are
numerous government and private shipping companies which hire officers for the deck, engine and
service departments. The foreign shipping companies offer better pay packages.Merchant navy offers
opportunities for promotion, which are dependent on clearing the requisite competency exams
conducted by the Ministry of Surface Transport for all navigating officers and marine engineers. Among
all developing countries, India ranks as one of the countries having the largest merchant shipping fleets.
OTHERS ROUTES FOR ENTRY:
Instead of entering the merchant navy through the training programmes at TS Chanakya and MERI,
interested persons may directly approach shipping firms/lines, which from time to time recruit deck
cadets and train them for a marine career. Minimum eligibility to apply for deck cadets is a pass in +2 or
equivalent examination with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. In case of engineering officers
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shipping lines follow their own recruitment policies. Sometimes candidates with BE qualifications are
taken directly after they complete on eight month attachment with a naval dockyard in Bombay, Cochin,
Calcutta or Vishakhapatnam. Unlike the marine engineers from MERI these candidates have to pass
additional competency examination.
ENTRY OF WOMEN:
The image of the bearded captain in white uniform may no longer signify the typical mariner, soon
women, too will do that cap. With Sonali Banarjee of Allahabad joining the marine engineering courses
the Indian merchant navy is finally entering the unisex time zone. More and more women are now
opting for training in marine engineering which will eventually lead to their employment in the
merchant navy.


Career in Marine Engineering
This branch of science, deals with the engineering of ships, boats, oil rigs and different other kinds of
marine vessel. Such type of engineering includes both marine propulsion, which is all about the
propulsion systems of the vessel and marine architecture that refers to the engineering of the structures
supporting the various marine vessels.
Marine engineering can be of the following two kinds:
Sea going engineering
Shore based engineering
A student aspiring to be a marine engineer needs to have an academic degree of this course of study.
Many universities, based all over the world, offers varied courses on this field. The nature of those
educational programs ranges from under graduate level to post graduate level.
Current Scenario of Marine Engineering in India
The requirement of Marine Engineers is getting increased day by day to keep pace with the increase in
the number of marine vessels. However, the different engineering institutes in India, which offers
courses on marine engineering, keep a cut off marks along with some other eligibility criteria for
enrollment in their offered programs on this field. The basic and common eligibility criteria for getting
admission in any of such courses is that a student needs to score at least 50 % marks in the subjects of
chemistry, english, mathematics and physics. This is followed by passing the admission tests conducted
by the respective institute, where a candidate intends to enroll him or herself.
In the Indian Republic, the students graduating in marine engineering are conferred with the degree of
B. E. or Bachelor of Engineering whereas, those post graduating in this branch of engineering are
awarded with the degree M. E. or Master of Engineering. Post graduating in marine engineering, some
of the engineering institutes in India even provides an opportunity to a marine engineer to do Ph. D in
that field.
Major Marine Engineering Examinations in India
The various entrance examinations for admission in any of the marine engineering institutes in India are,
generally, conducted every year during the month of April. Apart from judging one on the core subjects
of science like chemistry, mathematics and physics, these admission tests check the capability of logical
reasoning and aptitude of the candidate. Separate entrance examinations are held for Bachelor's degree
and Master's degree. The names of some of the most important ones are mentioned below according to
their categories:
Graduation Level Marine Engineering Entrance Examinations in India
A.I.C.E.T or All India Common Entrance Test
Indian Institute of Technology JEE advance and main.
I.M.U.C.E.T or Indian Maritime University Common Entrance Test
Marine Engineering and Research Institute (M.E.R.I) Entrance Examination
471
Post Graduation Level Marine Engineering Entrance Examinations in India
Andhra University Entrance Examination
Bengal Engineering and Science University Entrance Examination
Chidambaram Institution of Maritime Technology Entrance Examination
Cochin University of Science and Technology Entrance Examination
G.A.T.E or Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
Goa University Entrance Examination
Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T), Mumbai Entrance Examination
Indian Maritime University (I.M.U) Entrance Examination
International Marine Communication Centre Entrance Examination
International Maritime Institute Entrance Examination
Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Advance Maritime Studies and Research Entrance Examination
Mangalore University Entrance Examination
Marine Engineering and Research Institute (M.E.R.I), Chennai Entrance Examination
Marine Engineering and Research Institute, Kolkata Entrance Examination
Marine Engineering and Research Institute, Mumbai Entrance Examination
Tolani Maritime Institute Entrance Examination
University of Madras Entrance Examination
Top Marine Engineering Colleges in India
The country has got several public and private institutes that offer varied marine engineering courses to
the students, who aspire to get him or herself a degree in this field. The names and contact information
of some of the most reputed ones are provided in the below mentioned table:
B.P Marine Academy or B.P.M.A
Chennai School of Ship Management or C.S.S.M
Indian Maritime University or I.M.U
Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering I.T.M.E
Vels Academy of Maritime Studies or V.A.M.S
Tolani Maritime Institute T.M.I
Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies or S.I.M.S,
Mumbai Marine Engineering and Research Institute or M.E.R.I
Maharashtra Academy of Naval Education and Training M.A.N.E.T
Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering I.T.M.E


CAREERS IN SHIPPING INDUSTRY
Merchant Navy Ships consists of Bulk Careers that carry cargo, Tankers that carry petroleum crude and
derivatives and Liners that carry passengers. The navigation of these ships and their maintenance
require qualified personnel on land as well as at sea. The industry is a highly specialised one and it needs
trained manpower.
Specialisation:
The two broad areas of specialisation are navigation and engineering. Navigation involves the navigation
of ship and overall responsibility of the ship. Engineering involves running the ship and engineering of
the ship.
Navigation:
Training of navigation is offered at Training Ship Chanakya a land based institution. This programme
in Nautical Science is of three years duration and covers principles and practices of navigation, use of
navigational equipment, seamanship, basic principle of ship design, and ship repairs. Successful
472
completion of the programme earns for the candidates a B.Sc. in Nautical Sciences from the Bombay
University. Following this, a training of one year on the deck is required for obtaining second mates
certificate of competency. This allows appointment to foreign going ships. From the second mate
upwards, the officer has to clear regular examinations to go up he hierarchy on the navigation side.
Another route to becoming a navigating officer in the merchant navy is to join as a deck cadet in the
ships. After a minimum of three years, the cadets can apply for appearing for a written examination that
evaluates their competency to become navigating officers.
Marine Engineering:
The Engineering stream is concerned with the maintenance of the ship. This includes the engine,
navigation systems, and auxiliary systems such as the air conditioners, heating systems, equipment for
loading and unloading and safely equipment. Some of the marine engineers who opt for a share job are
absorbed in design, building and dry dock maintenance of ships.
Major Institutions:
1. T.S. Chanakya, Karaus, New Mumbai-400706
2. Marine Engineering & Research Institute (MERI), Hay Bunder Road, Mumbai-400033.
3. Marine Engineering & Research Institute (MERI), P-19, Taratolla Road, Calcutta-700088.
4. Ministry of Surface Transport (Govt. of India), Directorate General of Shippping, Jahaz Bhavan
Ballard Estate, Opp Indira Dock (Red Gate), Walchand Hira Chand Marg, Mumbai-400038.
Basis for Selection:
Entrances to T.S. Chanakya and MERI are based on performance in Joint Entrance Examination (JEE)
jointly conducted by Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT). Eye sight is important for those who aspire to
get into navigation stream a normal vision of 6/6 or better is required. For those in engineering stream,
up to plus minus 2.5 is allowed.
The competency examination for moving from cadets level to officer level is conducted by the
Directorate General of Shipping.
Employment:
Employment could be with international and domestic shipping companies. Jobs are usually on a
contract basis.
Shipping can be categorized into three work segments:
1. The first area has shipping companies, which have an administrative set up manned with
personnel who take care of the logistics, and the general documentation required by the
industry.
2. There are vessels which move passengers and cargo and have on board the ships crew who are
responsible for its running on the scheduled routes and for overseeing and liasoning the loading
and offloading operations while the ship is docked.
3. The third area of work is at the docks and ports where the ships are loaded and unloaded and all
documentations and other formalities are completed.
Institutes
Academy of Maritime Education and Training (AMET) University
Indian Maritime University, Vishakhapatnam OR Chennai OR Kolkata - B.Sc. (Nautical Science),
B. Tech. (Naval architecture & Ocean Engineering), B. Tech. (Marine Engineering), B.Sc.
(Maritime Science)
Alagappa University - MBA in Shipping


Career in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
Land resources are getting scarce and oceans and water bodies would be the destination in future. Small
countries like Singapore are expanding and creating artificial land and underwater structures. For a
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country like India which surrounded by water on three sides the potential in water structures and
vehicles is huge. Who knows India will have commercial floating airport or floating city. All the structures
and developments in the oceans is made possible by Naval architects and Ocean Engineers.
Naval architects are basically engineers who deal with the design, construction, maintenance and
operation of marine vessels and structures like watercrafts, hydrofoils and oil drilling platforms. They do
research, design development, design evaluation and stability calculations during all stages of the life of
a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and
maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are
also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair).
Naval architects also are involved in formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules and the
approval and certification of ship designs to meet statutory and non-statutory requirements.
Their work includes all types of watercrafts like cargo ships, tankers, bulk carriers, warships, submarines,
passenger ferries, cruise liners, hovercraft, boats, yachts, icebreakers, and other structures.
Ocean Engineers invent Oceanographic instruments and devices for use by Oceanographers. Ocean
Engineers study engineering sciences, and receive training in core study areas related to Ocean
Engineering and Naval Architecture. A course in Ocean Engineering includes Marine constructions,
Floating structures, Hydrostatics and Stability,
Courses and Eligibility
B.Tech and B.Tech(Hons) Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering
M.Tech Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
B Tech Arch Naval architecture: PCM in 10+2, Selection criteria Entrance test.
JEE for admission into IITs and NITs. Separate entrance tests for other institutes.
Post Graduate Diploma in Naval architecture : Navy officers are eligible for this program conducted
at IIT Delhi. The Indian Navy takes in graduates in select branches of engineering and then sends
them for training.
Where to Study
IIT Kharagpur
Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture
B.Tech.- Ocean Engg. and Naval Architecture
Dual Degree - Ocean Engg. & Naval Architecture
Dual Degree - MBA
M. Tech. - Ocean Engg. and Naval Architecture
IIT Madras
B.Tech and B.Tech(Hons) -( Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering)
B.Tech & M.Tech (Dual Degree) -(Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering)
M.Tech -OE1(Ocean Engineering)
M.Tech -OE2(Ocean Technology)
M.Tech- (Offshore Structural Engineering)
College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam
Naval College of engineering, INS Shivaji, Lonavala.
Cochin University of Science and Technology, BTech in naval architecture and shipbuilding
IIT Delhi (Diploma in naval construction, for Indian Navy officers)
Indian Maritime University, Chennai and various campuses Offer B Tech Naval Architecture and
Ocean Engineering at Vizag.
Ocean Engineering in India is offered at undergraduate and postgraduate level in following colleges
/ universities / institutes
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
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Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin
National Institute of Technology Surathkal
National Institute of Technology Calicut
National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)
Pay and Remuneration
Fresh Engineers get around Rs 2.5-3 lakhs per annum . The pay increases with experience and there is no
upper limit of earnings for entrepreneurs.
Career Prospects
Indian Navy and government and private shipyards offer huge employment opportunity. Naval architect
can also be self employed ship repairs, boat-building, shipbuilding, harbors and docks, ship lifts,
equipment for the ships.
Both private and government agencies seek the services of Ocean Engineers. Ocean Engineers find
employment in industries related to Offshore Oil Recovery, Marine metals and corrosion, Environmental
Protection, Global Climate Monitoring, Renewable Energy, Underwater Vehicles, Remote Sensing,
Marine Transportation, or Naval Architecture and Defence.
































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Careers in Aviation


Career in aviation industry can be extremely fascinating and exciting. All the activities dealing with the
operation of an aircraft, whether it is aircrew, air traffic management, flying operation, technical
aspect, comes under the purview of aviation industry. Privatization and liberalization of the industry
has resulted in tremendous growth of the sector. At present, aviation industry is among the fastest
growing industries in India, which offers plethora of job opportunities to meet the increasing demand of
manpower. Youngsters are the one, who are most attracted towards the job offers of aviation industry,
as most of them rovide the opportunity to travel across the globe, in addition to whopping salary
package.
Course Details
Highly specialized courses are available in both technical and non-technical sectors of aviation industry,
at undergraduate as well as at postgraduate levels. In order to enroll in technical courses, study of
physics, chemistry and mathematics as mainstream subjects at 10+2 level is must. For non-technical
course at the undergraduate level, 10+2 in any stream and for postgraduate level, graduation in any
stream from a recognized institution is required. Numerous courses like Aircraft Maintenance
Engineering Courses, Aviation Safety Training Instructor Courses, Flight Attendant Courses,
Commercial Pilot Training, Flight Deck Crew Courses, Cabin Crew & in-Flight Services and Air Hostess
courses are also available. These courses provide detailed outline of the job profile. In addition, they
impart mental and physical training to the aspirants.
Career Prospects
Aviation industry is quiet vast and offers plenty of career options. One can work as air hostess,
customer care executive, air ticketing professional, commercial pilot, operation executive, flight
steward, aerospace engineer, aviation administrator, cargo manager or be a part of the cabin crew.
Various divisions of the prominent airlines companies like Kingfisher, Sahara India, Jet Airways,
Deccan Airlines, Trans Asian Aviation, Indian Airlines and Indian International Airlines etc. hire
professionally trained aspirants. Opportunities in civil aviation department of India are also desirable.
Apart from career opportunities in top Indian airlines, doors of international airlines like Lufthansa,
Emirates, Qantas, Singapore Airlines, etc. are also open.
Aviation refers to all activities involving the operation of aircrafts. Aviation courses in India deal
with Flying Operation (jobs performed by Pilots), Aircrew (such as Air Hostesses), Aircraft, Air
Traffic Management, Technical aspects of Flight, Aviation Safety, Regulatory Policies and
economics of airport. Civil Aviation courses (as opposed to the Indian Air Force, that is, the air
wing of the Indian armed forces) are necessary for those wishing to work in government or
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regulatory bodies of aviation or those planning to work as aviation consultants. All aviation
courses in India are supposed to comply with the rules laid down by the Director General of Civil
Aviation (DGCA).
Careers in the aviation industry are much sought after as they are very well paid. Not too many people
go in for careers in aviation as the courses are very expensive. However with student loans and high pay
packages once one finishes the course and gets a job, that is a lesser problem nowadays.
Nature of Work
The nature of work is different for different types of workers in the aviation industry. Whereas being a
pilot or an air hostess is most advertised, there are other equally lucrative options in the aviation
industry. The aviation courses focus on some aspects of the work like airline customer support, flight
attending rules, the nuances of the air transport industry, cargo marketing and management,
transportation of perishable cargo, ticket reservation, regulation of traffic, customer relationship, cargo
reservations, attendance of flight, flight and ground instruction, cockpit resource management, federal
regulation and the federal laws on aviation, aerodynamics and the basic concepts of flying, advanced
navigation procedures, multi engine flight instruction, crew synchronization, aviation safety, aviation
administration and meteorology.
The nature of the work, entails in several posts like those of pilot, air hospitality attendants like air
hostesses and flight stewards, cabin crew, travelling all over the world.
Two distinct sectors: Commercial and Military sectors are present. Regulations for the commercial
aviation industry are determined by the apex body, Directory General of Civil Aviation in India (DGCA).
Personality
Agility, stamina and good health are vital to attend to the stressful duties for long hours.
Requires presence of mind, courage, physical fitness, determination, due to the risks which flying
involves. They need to be self-confident and at east working with other people.
Air hostesses must have a need appearance. They require a polite, pleasant and tactful manner
with the ability to put people at east also described as service aptitude.
Aircraft engineers must be able to work in all types of weather conditions. Ability to work as a
team is needed.
Personality
Air hostesses and flight stewards need to have a hospitable and pleasant personality. One of the
common problems faced by air hospitality attendants is that the passengers misbehave with them. Air
hospitality attendants need to have a strong personality to deal with such problems in a strong manner
and rebuke the passengers without becoming excessively rude.
As for the technical staff and for almost all jobs in the aviation sector, one must be able to work at
different times of the day. One may have to work night shifts and sometimes may have to spend more
than 24 hours without sleeping. Pilots, cabin crew and air traffic controllers also need to have a high
level of concentration and focus as there is a lot of minute observation and immediate response
required in such technical posts and these are also positions of great responsibility as the lives of the
passengers depends on the proper functioning of the air plane which is ensured by the minute and
thorough work of those involved in such work.
Professional Courses
Professional courses are available for both those wishing to work in technical sectors of the aviation
industry as well as for those wishing to work in non technical sectors of the aviation industry like those
involved in air hospitality like air hostesses and flight stewards.
Eligibility
The eligibility for technical courses is Physics, Chemistry and Maths till class 12 in school.
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For air hospitality careers, the eligibility is generally appearing for the class 12 board examinations
though some institutes require physics, chemistry and maths till class 12.
Some of them also require a certain physical height in order to be eligible to become air hostesses. The
practice is widely criticized as it has no necessity.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Some of the institutes offering aviation courses are as follows:
Indian Institute of Aeronautics, Delhi Contact: 011-25911882/25163367
Bharat Institute of Aeronautics, Patna Contact: 0612-2224160/2221696
Indian Institute of Aeronautics Science, Jamshedpur Contact: 0657-2309349/2223062
Hindustan Institute of Aeronautics, Bhopal Contact: 0755-2748018/2665473
Indian Institute of Aeronautical Science, Kolkata Contact: 033-25673830/25673832.
Flytech Aviation Academy 102, Al Kausar, Road No 10, Street No 1, West Maredpally,
Secundarabad, Andhra Pradesh - 500 026 Tel: +91-40-5549 6900, Fax : +91-40-2780 7664,
email id : contact@flytechaviation.com
Avalon Aviation Academy, Aptech House,A/65, MIDC, Andheri (E), Mumbai -400093. Outside
Mumbai, Avalon Centres are situated at the following locations.
Bombay University or Mumbai University now offers a 3 year B.Sc. course in aviation. The course is
being conducted by the Institute of Aviation and Aviation Safety (IAAS), an educational wing of the
Mumbai based Federation of Indian Pilots. This course also trains students to be pilots and thus also
offers commercial pilot's licenses (CPL) if one wishes to become a pilot. The fees for such a course
including the charges for getting a CPL are very high - Rs 12 lakh for the three year course.
Courses for air hostesses and flight stewards are offered by the following institutes:
Global Institute, B-!/637, Janakpuri, Main Najafgarh Road, New Delhi-58
Indian Aviation Academy, 7/8 Rushabh Complex, Oshivara, Andheri (West)
Sristys Aviation, Sristy's School of Air Hostess, 307, Swarnajayanthi Complex, Hyderabad
Air Hostess Academy (AHA), 48, Ring Road, Lajpat Nagar III, New Delhi, 110024,
Aptima Air Hostess Academy, J1/164, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi 110027,
Flyers Inc,33, Jangpura Road, New Delhi 110014, Ph: 4313411, 4323412; Fax: 4313411
Pacific Airways, Pocket GH-6/35,PaschimVihar,New Delhi 110087, Ph: 5576463, 5577190
Free bird Aviation & Management Services, TC-41/2454 Mancaud, Trivandrum-9
Frankfinn Institute of Air Hostess Training has emerged as the leading institute for air hostess
training in the country. Frankfinn institutes are located all over the country. Check
http://www.fiatfrankfinn.com/ for more details.
Specialization
The specialisation options in the technical sector are at an advanced level. For instance, one can
specialise in air traffic management and in cabin control amid a lot of other specialisations.
Career Growth and Prospects
Airports are being upgraded (some by being privatized) and there is a major thrust in the aviation sector
from the central and state governments. With the Indian airports becoming bigger and busier, new jobs
are opening up rapidly. With the extremely lucrative nature of these jobs, the prospects for a career in
the aviation industry are extremely bright.
Remunerations
The remuneration for those in the aviation industry is extremely high. This is primarily because careers
in the aviation industry require a lot of special skills. All technical jobs are highly specialised. Pilots, too,
are one of the highest earners in the country with senior pilots being paid approximately 4.5 lakh rupees
to 5 lakh rupees per month. Non technical jobs such as those of air hostesses are well paid too. Even
fresh starters get paid approximately Rs 16,000 per month.
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The fees for aviation courses are very steep as well. However, student loans are easily available and the
loan can be easily repaid off in six months' time after one gets a job in the aviation industry.
An added benefit of being in the aviation industry especially for pilots, cabin crew, air hospitality
attendants like flight stewards and air hostesses, is the chance to visit places all over the world as part of
the work requirements. This is an attractive feature of careers in the aviation industry.
How to find a Job?
Most institutes offering aviation courses also have placement cells. Recruitments are made through
campus placements. One can also apply to the major airlines in India like Indian, Spice Jet, Deccan
Aviation, Jet Airways, Kingfisher, Alliance Air and Air Sahara. With new airline companies coming up
frequently, getting jobs in the aviation industry is not a problem as the nature of the jobs are specialised
and there are few skilled practitioners.


Career as Air Hostess/Flight Steward
"You cant imagine a world, quite frankly, without a safe and secure aviation system. And so our job is
to really focus on that, and what we need to do to keep it safe and secure." This is what
Janet Napolitano said about the aviation industry. She holds a respectable post in the scheme of things
for the United States of America. This is a great boost for those who are willing to get into the profession
of Flight Steward / Air Hostess or stewards.

What Is The Job All About?
Air Hostess / Flight Steward is a person who is responsible to take care of and handle all the activities
that go on inside the aero plane. There is no denying the fact that the aviation industry is constantly
seeing a rise over the last few years, helping the career emerge as one of the sought-after by those who
want to start earning early in their life.
A Flight Steward / Air Hostess usually is a great blend of diplomacy along with great efficiency. There are
several qualities that one needs to inculcate so as to become a Flight Steward / Air Hostess. For an
instance a Flight Steward / Air Hostess is always expected to keep calm in emergency situations and
crisis time. As part of their responsibility, they have to greet all the passengers with smile, guide them
elegantly to their seats, coordinate with the security personnel, helping passengers to settle down in
their seats etc. Some of the traits which come in very handy in
this career are: self confidence, presence of mind, patience to keep working for long hours, humour,
good communication skills, initiative, attractive personality etc.
Courses and Eligibility
While most of the airlines earlier looked at possession of the personality traits (mentioned above) in the
potential candidates, however lately with the boom in aviation sector , formal qualifications have come
into play. Following are some of the courses that are being considered for this career:
1. Diploma in Aviation, Hospitality and Travel Management
2. Diploma in Hospitality, Travel and Customer Service
3. Post Graduate Diploma in Aviation and Hospitality
4. Post Graduate Diploma in Airport Ground Services
The eligibility criteria of getting into airline companies vary from each other. However there are a few
common traits as mentioned earlier, that one needs to have in order to go ahead with the courses. The
age of the candidates should be between 18 to 26 years with a minimum qualification of intermediate
(10+2). Good interpersonal skills along with smartness always add up as positives.
Course Fees
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The usual duration of the courses designed for Flight Steward/Air Hostess vary from institutes. But on
average the courses range from 6 months to 18 months. Similarly the course fee also depends on the
institute that you choose to do the course from. The course fee usually ranges from INR 40000 to INR
120000.
Where to Study
1. Aptech Aviation & Hospitality Academy - Aptech Aviation & Hospitality academy is one of the
premier most institutes when it comes to providing training and courses for Flight Steward/Air
Hostess. The institute provides with very good placements which is the requirement of the day.
2. Pinnacle Career Zone - The name serves just perfect for the institute which has been providing part
time and full time diploma for aviation industry. The course usually lasts over a period of 12 months.
The institute is known for its very good placements.
3. Frankfinn Institute of Flight Steward/Air Hostess Training - Association of Frankfinn and the aviation
industry is something that goes pretty deep. The courses provided by the institute are well thought
over and very practical which makes things easier for the students.
4. All India Institute of Aeronautics - The institute has collaborations with lots in organizations which
help it to provide the best education possible. The institute provides with BBA degree in Aviation
and also takes care of the placements.
5. Rajiv Gandhi Memorial College of Aeronautics
6. SES College of Hotel & Tourism Management
7. Sristys Aviation Sristys School of Air Hostess
8. Indira Gandhi Institute of Aeronautics
9. Fly Airaviation Academy
10. Universal Aviation Academy
11. Avalon Academy
12. IIFLY Aviation Training Center
13. Kairali Aviation
14. Mumbai College of Hotel Management and Catering Technology
15. India International Trade Center
16. Livewel Aviation Training Academy
17. Kompass Aviation
18. Wings Airline Academy
19. Annamalai University
20. Narayan Academy of Civil Aviation Apart
from the above mentioned institutes and universities, there are several other universities and
institutes all over the world and in India which provide with such courses. This means that the
interested candidates have lot more options to choose from
Pay and Remuneration
The payment or remuneration that a Flight Steward / Air Hostess can expect completely depends on the
area of her functionality and also the airline she is involved with. Thus it does not take much to
understand that Flight Steward / Air Hostess with more experience can bag better salaries. A fresher
seeking an Air Hostess Job may expect a salary anywhere between INR 16000 to INR 30000 per month
as per the national salary survey data. A head flight attendant can get up to INR 70000 per month on
domestic airlines. When it comes to international air lines, the pay scale becomes bigger and better with
more perks and better packages. International airlines pay up to INR 200000 per month along with other
perks and incentives.As part of their work, a Flight Steward / Air Hostess gets to travel to lots of places
and have interactions with people from various fields of life.This acts as an additional perk in this career.
Career Prospects
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As the Indian Economy grows, one sector which is bound to grow alongside is the Aviation sector as
more and more people adopt air-travel as a preferred mode of travel.Therefore career in aviation
industry is going to be lucrative.
A Day in Life A typical day in the life of an Flight Steward / Air Hostess can be very challenging and at the
same time very thrilling as well. One of the major issues that Flight Steward / Air Hostess have to cope
up with is the change in the timing and schedule. Depending on the kind of people who are travelling in
the air plane, an Flight Steward / Air Hostess can either have a smooth time or busy time as well. For an
instance if only elderly people are the passengers, the time proves to be smooth. But with kids and
babies in flight, one might have to take care of crying babies, kids kicking the back of seats etc. The
schedule of an Flight Steward / Air Hostess varies as per the airline and the place where she is working.
No matter what, an Flight Steward / Air Hostess has to go through pre-flight briefing. It is during this
time that they are required to brush up the manuals and refresh the emergency locations on the flight.
But nothing beats the fact that one might have breakfast in one destination and lunch in another
destination and so is the case for dinner.




Career as a Commercial Pilot
Being a pilot is perhaps one of most glamorous careers. No wonder, so many students want to be pilots.
Nothing can beat the thrill of handling complex machinery, flying high to all the beautiful places and at
the same time earning a lot of money. But hold on, somebody has said Flying is injurious to your
wealth".
Pilots fly aircrafts of all sorts like passenger planes of various capacities, helicopters, and cargo planes.
To fly they should have sound technical knowledge on air navigation. They should know how to operate
various controls and should know how to interpret the weather and other reports. Flying is physically
taxing and especially if one flies international, one has to deal with frequent changes in time zones. They
have to be continuous learners as flying is filled with challenges. One has to remain calm and take
decisions in fractions of seconds. Practical skills are of utmost importance and one has to be medically fit
to fly.
Courses & Eligibility
To become a Commercial Pilot one must have a commercial Pilot license (CPL). In India the licensing
authority is Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). After 10+2, (English, Mathematics and physics),
one can undergo a pilot training course from a reputable DGCA-approved institute. Reputed flying clubs
conduct written entrance exam and one must be medically fit to apply and must meet the criteria as per
the Class I medical assessment rules of the DGCA. It is mandatory to complete 200 hours of flying and to
clear theory papers to be eligible to apply for the commercial pilot licence (CPL).
Selection Procedure:
Before beginning the training to obtain CPL the flying clubs and academies select students for training.
For selection they should clear the written exam, pilot aptitude test, and interview.
Written exam for CPL is paper of 2 hours duration, maths, physics, general English, and reasoning.
Successful candidates of exam undergo the pilot aptitude test and interview.
Eligibility for Rajiv Gandhi Uran Academy: Age 17 years, 10+2 or equivalent with maths and physics and
English, Class 1 medical certificate is required before joining the course.
Student Pilot Licence (SPL): This is an examination conducted by flying clubs in every State and covers
papers in Air Regulations, Aviation Meteorology, and Air Navigation Air Technical. It is a theory exam.
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Eligibility-age of 16 years minimum and pass in class X. A medical certificate of fitness, security clearance
and a bank guarantee of Rs.10, 000 are required.
Aspiring Pilots receive extensive training in the academies and the flight instructors begin with the flight
training. First flights are dual flights after 15 hours or more of dual flight one flies solo. One also flies
cross country before one applies for CPL.
For CPL one has to clear 5 theory exams in subjects Air Regulations, Aviation Meteorology, Air
Navigation, Aircraft Engines, Seamanship and complete 250 hours of flying. 250 hours of total flying time
(150 hours of solo, 25 hours of cross country, 10 hours of instrument flying , 5 hours of night flying).
Even after getting the CPL one should have multi engine endorsements to apply for an airline job.
Once in a job, one can get further training on simulators to get the type endorsement (say, from Airbus
or Boeing) to be able to work as a co-pilot. This training takes six months to one year after you get the
CPL.
CPL License and training as a particular aircraft leads to a co-pilot assignment. Promotion depends as
flying experience and vacancies. Co-pilots must have the required numbers of flying hours and license. A
pilot has to keep training himself and depending on the type of license one has to continuously renew
ones license through medical and other tests.
What will you study?
In addition to flying on twin engine simulator, one will study Flight planning, Air navigation, Aviation
meteorology, Air frames and engines, Air regulations, Cockpit resource management
Study Abroad
One can also get training at any reputed institute outside India but to get the CPL one has to clear the
exam and other procedure as specified by DGCA from time to time.
Commercial Helicopter Pilots
Helicopter pilots need to have Commercial Helicopter Pilots License (CHPL). This License can be acquired
after completing required hours of training and after clearing the exams on aviation subjects.
Helicopter Pilots find employment with big companies, with helicopter services companies and Public
Sector organisation and other security/protective agencies.

Where to Study
Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udaan Academy, Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh - The institute also offers BSC
Aviation (Affiliated to university) degree simultaneously with CPL course, subject to completion of
syllabus
Faculty of Flight Safety Services, Delhi Flying Cub.
Ahmadabad Aviation and Aeronautics
Carver Aviation, Baramati, Maharashtra
Gujarat Flying Club, Vadodara
Orient Flying School, Chennai
Ludhiana Aviation Club, Ludhiana
Nagpur Flying Club, Nagpur
Pay and Remuneration
The pay for senior pilots range from INR 65 Lakhs to 1 Cr per year. While in low cost airlines the pay is
INR 35 lakhs to 60 lakhs per year. There are also other perks and allowances. One can begin with a
package of INR 10-15 lakhs depending on the airline.
Famous Personalities
Rajiv Gandhi: Before joining politics and becoming the prime minster of India he was a co-pilot with
Indian Airlines.
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Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on moon was an astronaut and a Pilot.
Durba Banerjee, the first woman pilot of Indian Airlines in 1956.
Ronald Nagar: shot into fame becoming the first pilot to land in toughest foggy conditions in Delhi.
Ronald was the first to land using Instrumental Landing System under CAT III B condition on a foggy
Delhi runway.


Career in Meteorology
Introduction
"Meteorology has ever been an apple of contention, as if the violent commotions of the atmosphere
induced a sympathetic effect on the minds of those who have attempted to study them." Joseph
Henry 'Meteorology in its Connection with Agriculture',
US Patent Office Annual Report Agricultural, 1858.
In J. R. Fleming, Meteorology in America: 1800-1870
What is Meteorology?
Meteorology is the study of different processes and phenomena of atmosphere along with weather
forecasting.
Who is a Meteorologist?
Meteorologists / Atmospheric Scientists scientifically study the earths atmosphere for various purposes
and one of them being weather forecasting. On the other hand the climatologists are involved in long
term study of weather. These professionals observe, understand and predict weather. Meteorologists
use sophisticated instruments and satellites to monitor weather and advanced computing techniques
are used to analyze the data. They are involved in weather forecasting based on various weather
conditions. This information is used by many industries and government agencies like Airlines, Shipping,
and Disaster Management etc. They collect data and evaluate it using various techniques.
Courses & Eligibility
B Sc, M Sc Meterology, Science students after class 12 are eligible. There are various branches of
meteorology and one can specialize in them like Climatology, Synoptic meteorology, physical
meteorology, agricultural meteorology and applied meteorology. One can also take up courses like M
Tech Atmospheric science and M Tech Meteorology PhD Atmospheric Science is another higher studies
option.
Admission is through entrance exam in reputed colleges.
Where to Study
1. Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Offers MSc Meteorology, M Tech Atmospheric
science.
2. Cochin University of science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala Offers MSc Meteorology, M Tech
Atmospheric science.
3. IIT Delhi Offers B Tech, M Tech Atmospheric sciences
4. IIT Kharagpur offers course in Physics and Meteorology.
5. The center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Science (CAOS), Indian Institute of Science. Bangalore, offers
research - oriented programmes leading to M.Sc (Engg). And Ph.D degree.
6. University of Pune, Pune Offers M Tech Atmospheric Science, PhD Atmospheric Science
7. ABV Government Degree College Jangaon, AP Offers B Sc Meterology
8. Govt Institute of science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra Offers M Sc Meterology
9. Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Palanpur, Gujarat
10. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Fatehgunj, Vadodara. Offers B.Sc in Meteorology.
11. Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra. Course offered: B.Sc in Meteorology along
with Oceanography.
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Salary
A fresher can begin with Rs. 4-5 lakhs a year and pay increases with experience.
Career Prospects
With increase and travel and transport from water and air ways, employment opportunities will also
increase. Professionals in meteorology, in the field of pollution control and climate changes would get
ample employment options with state run and private organizations. Career prospects are bright in
government agencies, aviation and shipping industry and in private agencies that use this data. The
Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) recruits these students at Grade II level through Union Public
Service Commission (UPSC). Selected students undergo one - year advance course in Meteorology at
IMD campuses in Pune and New Delhi.
Meteorology Courses in India are not as popular as they are in western nations, partially because these
have not aroused much interest in students possibly because of the lack of information. Meteorology is
the 'Science of Weather'. The term has been derived from the Ancient Greek word Meteoros meaning
High in the Sky and Logy meaning The study of the Sky. Aristotle's 'Meteorological' (c.340 ) is the
oldest comprehensive treatise on meteorological subjects. It is also the interdisciplinary scientific study
of the atmosphere. Additionally, it can be defined as The branch of science concerned with the
processes and phenomena of the atmosphere, especially as a means of forecasting the weather.
Largely, Meteorology deals with various meteorological factors such as the changes in temperature, air
pressure, moisture and wind direction in the troposphere. Meteorology involves 3 aspects 1)
Observation 2) Understanding and 3) Predication of Weather. All these aspects are used in
understanding the pattern and behaviour of climate to discover how natural processes and human
activities affect our atmosphere. The study and research of Meteorology is conducted with simple
instruments like the thermometer for measuring temperature or the anemometer for recording wind
speed. More advanced instruments include Satellites, which are increasingly being launched and used to
monitor the weather globally or locally.
The information gathered by various countries around the world is used to prepare weather charts
which are analyzed by professionals at forecasting centres. Weather forecasts are then made with the
help of modern computers and supercomputers. Weather forecasts are essential for many activities like
agriculture, aviation, shipping, fisheries, tourism, defence, industrial projects, water management and
disaster mitigation. A Meteorology professional is known as Meteorologist. Meteorologists, also
known as Atmospheric Scientists, study the atmosphere and its characteristics. They use various
equipments such as rain gauge, anemometer, thermometer, barometer, radiosondes, remote sensing
instruments (Radar, Lidar, and satellites etc), in order to measure temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
speed, rainfall and air quality. Meteorologists provide a variety of services to industries and other
organizations. Some are consulting meteorologists with their own companies and others worked for
corporations. Meteorologists help planners and contractors locate and design airports, factories and
many other kinds of construction projects. They provide climatological information for heating and air
conditioning engineers. Meteorologists also work in government agencies, private consultancies,
research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations and in education.
Some of its specialized fields are -
Aeronomy It is the study of the physics of the upper atmosphere.
Aerology It is the study of free air not adjacent to the earth's surface.
Agricultural Meteorology It is study of the application of meteorological information for the
enhancement of crop yields and reduction of crop losses.
Applied Meteorology - It is the study and the application of weather data for specific practical problems.
Climatology It is the study of climate of a place or regions on the basis of weather - related date
gathered over a period of time.
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Dynamic Meteorology It is the study of atmospheric motions including the meteorology of other
planets and satellites in the solar system.
Physical Meteorology - It is the study of the physical properties of the atmosphere.
Synoptic Meteorology It is the study of the movement of low pressure area, air, masses, fronts and
other weather systems used for day-to-day analysis and forecasting.
Content
The study of this field includes all or few of these
Atmospheric Waves and Instability.
Introduction to Weather and Climate.
Dynamics of Monsoon.
Radiation.
Objectives of Meteorology Courses in India
To develop outstanding research talent to effectively utilise atmospheric sciences for the benefit
of humanity.
To further the advancement of research by undertaking relevant scientific programmes.
To collaborate with other institutions and minimise or eradicate the threats to atmosphere.
Basic Requirements
Meteorology Education in India- A number of institutes offer courses in meteorology at undergraduate
and postgraduate levels. The eligibility criterion for U.G. courses is - 10+2 pass with physics, chemistry
and biology, from any recognized state/national Board. For the P.G. programs, one must have passed in
B.Sc., from any recognized University.
Meteorology Courses in India
Diploma in Meteorology.
Duration: 1 year.

B.Sc. Bachelor of Science in Meteorology.
Duration: 3 years.
M.Sc. - Master of Science in Meteorology.
Duration: 2 years.
M.Sc. - Master of Science in Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences.
Duration: 2 years.
M. Tech. Master of Technology in Meteorology.
Duration: 2 years.
M. Tech. - Master of Technology in Atmospheric Science.
Duration: 2 years.
Meteorology Colleges in India
Andhra University Visakhapatnam.
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala.
IIT Kharagpur.
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.
Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.
Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
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Job Perspectives
Careers in Meteorology have been flourishing ever since the advent of Global Warming and increasing
occurrences of natural disasters like Tsunami. Though, a bad case scenario for the world at large, the
increase in the availability of meteorological jobs is good case scenario. Apart from the environmental
concerns, meteorology has application in various diverse fields like agriculture, construction, energy
production, military, transport etc. After pursuing course in meteorology, one can specialize in fields
such as aviation meteorology, agricultural meteorology, and hydrometeorology and so on. Jobs in
Meteorology exist in various meteorological centres like Indian Association for the Cultivation of
Science, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational
Sciences, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Indian
Space Research Organization. These offer placements as research scholars and scientists.
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) recruits students at Grade II level through application
submitted to the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). Minimum Qualification for the above is M.Sc
Physics /Maths or in Applied Physics of Maths or Computer Applications; B.Tech. Engineering /
Computer Application; B.Tech. Engineering / Computer Science, M.Sc. Electronic or B. Tech Electronics.
Students of B.Sc. are also recruiter in the IMD through applications forwarded by the respective
employment exchange. All those who have done their Master's Meteorology or Atmospheric Sciences or
Geo - physics or Meteorology as one of the subjects can also apply to MD. Those with Master's degree in
Physics or Maths with Astronomy or Astrophysics as one of the subjects along with Masters degree in
Science from a recognized University or equivalents are also eligible to apply. Selected students undergo
- 1 year advance course in Meteorology at IMD campuses in Pune and New Delhi.
Meteorology Careers can also be pursued abroad like in U.S.A. - National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Energy and
the Department of Agriculture are major employers. In U.K., it is the Royal Meteorological Society.
There are increasing employment opportunities for meteorologists in industry, private consulting firms,
and research organizations. Many television stations employ professional meteorologists rather than
reporters to present weather information to their viewers.
Remuneration
Meteorology Salary may vary according to the person's work experience in the field. Beginners in this
field can earn around Rs. 10,000 Rs. 15,000 per month. On the other hand, experienced ones can get
a salary as high as Rs. 50,000 per month.
Some Job Types
Archive Meteorologists.
Broadcast Meteorologists.
Climate Meteorologists.
Consulting Meteorologists.
Forensic Meteorologists.
Research Meteorologists.
Teachers and Professors.
Some Employment Areas
Meteorological Departments.
Meteorology Research.
Meteorological Educational Institutes.
Environment Regulatory Bodies.
Research Institutes.
Consultancies.
Non Government Organisations.
Television Channels.
Meteorological Equipment
Manufacturers.
Meteorological Equipment Service and Repair.
List of Meteorology courses in India
B.Sc. (Meteorology)
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B.Tech. (Atmospheric Sciences)
M.Sc. (Meteorology)
M.Tech. (Atmospheric Sciences)
M.Tech. (Meterology)
Ph.D. (Atmospheric Sciences)

Other related careers in Aviation Industry
Still amongst the better-paid and more attractive jobs going, in popular imagery the profession of a pilot
has a special mystique attached to it. So those who do succeed in realizing the almost universal
childhood dream of earning their wings are generally a pretty pleased lot. Although the employment
scenario has been tight in the last decade, thanks to the waves of change sweeping the civil aviation
industry and the entry of several new private and international airlines, more aspirants may be able to
realize this dream in the near future.
Aviation sector has opened avenues for Pilots, Co-Pilots, Aircraft Maintenance Engineers, Cabin Crew,
Technicians and Ground Duty Service Officers. In 2003-04, India had only three domestic airlines with
123 commercial jets. But today, the scenario has changed.
If a person has a scientific bent of mind, he can opt for a career as a Pilot, Aircraft Maintenance
Engineer, etc. and if a person is good at communication and interpersonal skills, she/he can consider a
career as an Air Hostess or a Flight Steward.
Commercial pilots are employed by national airlines like Indian Airlines or Air India and by private
airlines as well as by foreign airlines. With the Asia Pacific region emerging as the pivot of the world, the
aviation industry in India is poised for takeoff. From a mere 175 aircrafts in 2004, by 2010 around 400
odd aircrafts will zip across the Indian skies.
The aviation industry employs about 3000 pilots and there is an immediate shortage of 450 planes that
will be added to the activity expanding Indian fleet in the next five years and a shortage of additional
4,500 pilots stares us in the face (Total requirement: 7500 pilots by 2010)
Training to be a pilot can be a pretty expensive affair that can push you into a financial air pocket! From
April 2001 all DGCA-subsidized rates have been discontinued. However, various states offer separate
subsidies of varying amounts up to the PPL stage. Considering the high cost of aviation fuel, you have to
pay the steep commercial rate, which is in the region of Rs.2750-3500 per hour. 40 free flying
scholarships are awarded to SC/ST trainee pilots every year. Under this scheme, apart from free flying
training, student pilots receive financial aid.
While a private school may charge as much as Rs.15-20 lakh, the cost of obtaining a CPL in a
government-sponsored school works out to Rs.10 lakh plus boarding and lodging, which add up to
another Rs.1, 500/- p.m.
Salaries for commercial pilots are very attractive, ranging anywhere from Rs.40, 000/- to whopping Rs.4
lakh p.m., depending on the airline. Besides the obvious thrill of going places and seeing the world in
five-star comfort, there are several attractive perks that go with the job.
Where to Look for Work:
Besides Indian there are several private airlines like Jet Airways, Sahara, Air Deccan, Kingfisher, currently
expanding their fleet and range of operations in India. There are several other international airlines that
operate through India like United Airlines, Air Canada, Virgin Atlantic, Quantas, KLM, Lufthansa, United
Airlines, Cathay Pacific, British Airways, Thai Airways, Malaysian Airlines and China Airlines to name a
few.
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You could start off as a trainee pilot on smaller aircraft. Besides large corporate houses that own private
aircraft, there are about 40 aviation companies in the country that rent out helicopters and small
aircraft (for a fee of Rs.30, 000-Rs.1.30 lakh per hour + 15% air travel tax.)
Helicopter Pilots:
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltds (HAL) Rotary Wing Academy at Bangalore would be a good bet. However in
compliance with the flight-safety requirements that are being followed worldwide, the DGCA has
recently upped the mandatory flying time from the present 100 hours to 150 hours before the CHPL can
be issued. So correspondingly, the earlier fee of Rs.10 lakh, which makes it rather steep. Also Ive heard
some rumblings about the non-availability of training aircraft. But on the flip side, the placements for
helicopter pilots are far better than their CPL counterparts.
Lest you think this is only a male prerogative, remember Indian Airlines was the first to have a women
pilot (Durba Bannerjee) command the wide bodied Airbus 300 way back in the early 60s. Today it has
scores of women Airbus pilots on its rolls. The Indian Air Force has over 200.
Aptitude
There are certain attributes to be a Pilot. First of all, one should not be afraid of heights and should have
a passion to fly those machines. One should possess a good coordination of mind and limbs. The ability
to remain calm under any circumstance and apply theoretical knowledge into practice while flying is
very important.
A Pilot has to be quick thinker as he is the one who is responsible for the lives of many. One should have
patience, commitment, responsibility and self-confidence. A lot of hard work, stamina, adaptability to
follow difficult time schedules, good team spirit etc., are also required in an aspirant. Most importantly,
one must have emotional stability in crisis situations.
Eligibility
To get a CPL, one should have passed 10+2 examination with Physics and Mathematics and must be
between the age of 18-30 years. The minimum height should be 5 feet and eyesight 6/6.
Air Hostess / Flight Steward
The trouble free, comfortable and safe journey of a passenger is of prime importance to the aviation
sector. In this regard, it is an Air Hostess / Flight Steward whose role becomes really crucial as they are
the first one to welcome passengers aboard an aircraft.
Their job also includes giving instructions to the passengers on how to use safety measures during crisis,
catering foods and drinks to the passengers and answering passengers| inquiries on facilities and
services. They are supposed to provide First Aid to passengers who feel sick.
By the count, the various airlines in the country have almost 10,207 Cabin Crew members in 2007-08
and the number is expected to grow to almost 20,284 by 2011-12.
Aptitude:
To be an Air Hostess or a Flight Steward, one should have common sense, sense of responsibility,
initiative quality, friendly outgoing personality, politeness, physical stamina and the capacity to work for
long hours on the feet.
The ability to react quickly in time of emergency, presence of mind, systematic approach, unruffled
appearance, a well-modulated pleasant voice and a proportionate figure with a graceful carriage are the
important traits required in an Air hostess or a Flight Steward.
Eligibility
The educational qualification for an Air Hostess / Flight Steward training programme is 10+2 or a
graduate degree with a diploma / degree in Hotel Management or Tourism Management. The aspirant
must be eligible to hold an Indian Passport and should be below twenty-five years of age with
proportionate weight and height.
Further, one must be unmarried, with normal eyesight of 6/6 increased vision in each eye. Fluency in
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English, Hindi and knowledge of an international language is an added advantage.
Selection Procedure
The applicant should be physically fit with a pleasing personality and clear complexion. After the initial
screening of applicants is completed, the airline company calls them for a written examination, usually
of the objective type (multiple choice).
Those who qualify in the written examination have to appear for a group discussion followed by a
personal interview of successful candidates. If selected, the applicant will be on training for two to three
months in which one can learn about service, grooming, safety and first aid, after which one is initially
put on trainee flights.
Flight Training
The flight training covers several topics, each of which deals with technical or nontechnical aspects of
the aircraft.
Beginning with the history of aviation, the candidates are made to learn in-flight service, passenger
handling, passenger psychology, service of meals on the aircraft, the art of conversation, transactional
analysis, emergency evacuation system, personal grooming and hygiene, First Aid, confidence building,
handling of visually impaired passengers, making announcements, emergency demonstration, etc.
Prospects
There is a great demand for Air Hostesses/Flight Stewards in the Aviation sector.
Flight Purser
After three to five years, depending upon your performance, Flight Steward/Air Hostess is eligible to
become a Flight Purser. Your responsibilities increase as you take over the charge of the Cabin Crew on
board. Salaries generally get double up.
Ground Job:
You can join here directly or after having served on the flight for long, you can opt for ground jobs in
sections like staff-training and human resource management in the corporate office.
Remuneration
The Cabin Crew can get up to Rs.40, 000 per month for domestic flights whereas upto Rs.1, 50,000 for
international flights on wide-bodied aircrafts. The ground staff can also earn Rs.20, 000 - Rs.30, 000 per
month.
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer
The Aircraft Maintenance Engineers play a stellar role in Aviation sector as they are the ones who ensure
that the aircraft is in a perfect condition before take-off. An engineer needs to be completely focused on
safety as the casual attitude can pose a danger to the lives of people on board.
The Aircraft Engineer has to certify the aircraft fit for release. The job ensures the availability of safe
aircraft at the best possible cost. The Engineering and Maintenance department of an airline performs
scheduled and unscheduled tasks, leading to restoration of the expected airworthiness.
The job includes diagnostic and mechanical duties covering maintenance, repair, trouble shooting and
overhaul, in addition to performing inspection and modification on an aircraft.
Aptitude
An Aircraft Maintenance Engineer, at times, has to work under stringent conditions, tough deadlines and
harsh weather in difficult locations. To overcome all this, one should be logical, focused and have
perseverance.
Eligibility
The basic and minimum qualification required to be an Aircraft Maintenance Engineer is a Senior School
Certificate with Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics as main subjects. Candidates are required to
undergo a 3-year certificate course on aircraft maintenance engineering, conducted by various training
schools approved by the Director-General of Civil Aviation.
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Candidates also need to undergo structured aircraft type courses in the mechanical or avionics stream
and obtain regulatory licences or approvals on a type of aircraft. Candidates need an engineering degree
for career in support services in technical services, engineering planning quality assurance and logistics.
Courses on structured aircraft type maintenance are also desirable.
Other Jobs
Flight and Ground Instructors:
The Flight Instructors give training to the Pilots on some systems and are mainly with engineering
background. On the other hand, the Ground Instructors are from operations background.
Flight Instructors are usually senior Pilots who are employed within the airline. They usually perform line
duties as they are not released due to shortage of pilots.
Flight Despatchers:
Flight Dispatchers| are those people who give a briefing to the Pilots before a flight on the weather,
flight path and optimizing the flight.
Factor Facilitators:
The Factor Facilitators give training to the cockpit and cabin crew on resource management. They also
undertake joint sessions of cabin crew, engineers and cockpit crew on working together.
Aviation Psychologists:
The Factor Facilitators give training to the cockpit and cabin crew on resource management. They also
undertake joint sessions of cabin crew, engineers and cockpit crew on working together.
The Aviation Psychologists assess the attitudes of the Pilots through psychometric tests. They also guide
the young cabin crew to overcome the problems faced by them at their job.
Aviation Doctors:
The Aviation Doctors conduct a rigorous medical check-up of the Pilots and other employees as per the
norms of Aviation Medicine and the Central Medicine Establishment, both run by the Air Force. The
airlines have to look their slots months in advance due to high rush of employees from different
airlines.
The white-collar jobs on the ground, airport and custom services-people who do check-in, ticketing, etc.,
are also on the rise. After acquiring Air Sahara, Jet Airways has 11,000 people as its employees whereas
Sahara (renamed JetLite) has 4,000 people.



Career in Event Management

Event management is a glamorous and exciting profession which demands a lot of hard work and
dynamism. As the name suggests, it means conceptualizing, planning, organizing and finally executing an
event. The event could be of any type - musical show, concert, exhibition, product launching etc. This
industry is just five years old in India, but holds a lot of promise for expansion. It offers enormous scope
for ambitious young people.
Nature of Work
This is a profession which demands perfection, challenge of meeting deadlines within a stipulated time
and budget and the patience to pay attention to every small detail of things that go into the organizing.
It keeps a person on his toes, and ultimately provides a great deal of satisfaction and emotional
contentment of having organized a successful show which is appreciated by the audience. Of course,
one also needs to be prepared to handle any mishaps that may just happen at the last minute despite
perfect co-ordination and arrangements.
Event Manager Overview
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Be it a birthday party or a marriage reception Event Managers are the master organizer- the brain
behind these events. Right from arranging yummy chole baturas to flying in flowers straight from
Amsterdam, Event Managers will be counted upon to handle the works.
If you want to test your organising skills with bigger events like the next Miss India contest, you have to
consider a career in Event Management. Who knows as an event manager you might just land the deal
to hold a Britney Spears concert in India. Think big!!! So get ready. Its Showtime folks!
Event Management is an offshoot of the Advertising/PR Industry. Ever since the advent of satellite
television everyone is exposed to mega events being held all over the world simultaneously. Award
ceremonies too have become more polished. Car launches are rivaling the derby in terms of glamour. So
the demand for individuals specializing in Event Management is on the rise.
Event management is very closely related to advertising and marketing. Events can be thought of as
another means of advertising and brand building. Event management, as an activity constitutes of
visualization, creativity, and meticulous planning and venue management.
Visualization involves imagining the event to be a brand and then customizing and promoting it as per
the needs and values of the brand. This requires a lot of creativity, originality and novel ideas to lend a
winning and distinguishing edge to the event so that it stands apart from the others. The creative
potential of a person is tapped to a very high degree.
To make an event successful, one needs to have an in-depth understanding of the product or brand for
which the event is being organized, and then plan accordingly. The execution of the event is a process of
projecting a small idea in a whole new way. The presentation is what matters, to make the look and feel
of the event a wonderful experience for the audience.
The design value is a major planning consideration as well, and this includes a logo creation for the
event, customizing the decor, furniture and the entire surroundings in such a way that it blends with the
basic theme of the event.
After planning comes the actual execution part, which needs to be orchestrated in a perfect manner.
The venue needs to be managed efficiently in all domains which include managing the banquet area,
placing security personnel at the right places, hospitality and all the other small things which provide all
the participants a perfectly comfortable feeling.
Personality
A person who is creative, has organizational skills, enjoys meeting people to form good inter-personal
relationships and is willing to work hard to experience the thrill of achievement is rightly suited to enter
into this industry.
As an Event Manager you'll conceptualize an event for your client in terms of theme, content and
visualization. As an Event Manager you'll also look at the minute details like dcor, furnishing, design,
caption, visuals, feedback, scripting, invitation cards and also the medium of presentation.
Event Managers organise everything be it marriage reception, trade show, exhibitions, conventions,
road shows, product launches, public entertainment shows, concerts, high profile parties, awards
functions and even sporting events.
As an Event Manager your job starts at least 2-3 months ahead of the actual date of the event. The
amount of work will depend on the magnitude of the event. For instance if you are getting in Britney
Spears for a concert in India, you will have to get in touch with Britney, coordinate her dates, book
tickets, take care of her accommodation in India, get the requisite legal permissions, select and book the
venue, get the sponsors to pay up in time, etc.
The real work happens on the D day when, as an event manager you will have to check the sound,
lights, set design, security and the works. Mainly event manager's job would be to work out the actual
logistics and co-ordinate between the various parties, generate hype and spread the word around.
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Don't take the word hype lightly here. It's the single-most important factor in this business. Event
industry thrives on hype - the more the better. As a event manager, you basically get anyone and
everyone (even those who are not remotely connected to the event) to talk about the event.
Troubleshooting is another important function of an Event Manager, As an event manager you never
know when things might go wrong. Here, security is the buzzword. A really good event can be marred by
poor security. If you are arranging an event for New Years Eve, troublemakers will have to be taken care
of. Gatecrashers will spoil a perfectly arranged marriage party. As an event manager you have to take
these things into account when you arrange a big event.
Last but not the least, as an event manager you have to make sure that all the requisite permissions
have been sought. You'll often have to deal with spoilsports like cops. Basically, an event manager's job
is to see that all things are taken care of.
What's it about?
Event management is about organising a professional and focused event for a target audience. It
involves visualizing concepts and planning, budgeting, organising and executing events such as fashion
shows, musical concerts, corporate seminars, exhibitions, wedding celebrations, theme parties, product
launches, among others. This career does not require much investment and offers a huge canvas for
creative expression
The payoff
Remuneration in this field varies according to the type of event managed. A trainee can get around Rs.
15,000 a month. From here, salaries depend on the company one is working for. A freelancers income
depends on the event s/he handles. The head of an event management company can earn in lakhs,
depending on the scale of the events handled and whether s/he has a stake in the company
Skills
. Leadership qualities
. Public relations skills
. Marketing and business acumen
. Budgeting skills
. Risk management ability
. Mastery over conceptualising and planning events and implementing the plans
How do i get there?
No certification course or specific qualification is required for becoming an event manager. Graduates
with good public relations and networking skills can join this field. Some institutes offer specialised
diplomas and advanced diplomas in event management. However, some of the biggest event
management firms may prefer candidates who have an MBA degree, along with good PR skills. Another
possible combination of qualifications is a public relations course along with a Masters degree in
marketing. This gives you an edge over others with the same years of experience in the field
Institutes
. Event Management Development Institute, IES Management College, Mumbai,
www.emdiworld.com
. Indian Institute of Event Management, Mumbai, www.niemindia.com
. Amity Institute of Event Management, Noida, www.amity.edu/aiem
. International Center for Event Marketing, New Delhi, www.eventmanagementindia.com
Pros & Cons
. Great sense of satisfaction on successful completion of an event
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. Very creative work
. Offers one a chance to move around with celebrities and top shots of the corporate
world
. Immense work pressure and long hours, quite often outside regular business
timings
Be confident of what you are selling
An expert in event management talks about the work
What is the best way to enter this profession?
Event management is an exciting and growing industry, a unique career for people who have a passion
for planning and organising events. A good social network and the zeal to do something unusual are key
to this industry. Event management companies nowadays hire lots of young people.
In terms of educational qualifications, graduation should be ideal. But a host of other skills are essential
for people in this field.
These include:
. Analytical/ critical thinking and problem solving nature.
. Client/customer service orientation: This is the ability to be client-focused and
committed to meeting the needs of your customers and Negotiation skills:
Ability to work under pressure: One should remain calm and cool and work as
though everything is under control, so that others are not adversely affected.
. Teamwork: One of the most important things here is the ability to work as a team.
You should not only know how to lead a team but also work with everyone and get
the job done on time.
. Planning, co-ordination and organisation: This involves the ability to effectively
co-ordinate and organise oneself, others, information. Good networking skills: An event manager
needs to build his network.
Why should someone choose event management as a career?
An event manager is responsible for managing an event from conception to staging. The responsibilities
in brief are venue selection, logistics, budgeting, design, negotiation, marketing, ticket sales, customer
service and managing people.
Managing events successfully requires careful planning, attention to detail and patience. It requires
creativity, the ability to think out of the box and a strong personality for leading a team.
Time management, resourcefulness, communication and passion are the basic requisites for this line.
If you have an appetite for challenges and would love to work in a dynamic, fast-paced environment
where no two projects are the same, a career in event management will suit you.
What do you need to reach the top rung in this field?
One needs confidence with clear goals and knowledge of what one is selling. Only then can one inspire
ones staff and win the confidence of clients. To be successful, avoid comfort zones.


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Career in Information Technology and Computer Applications




This section consists of:

Career in Information Technology
Career in Computer Engineering
Career as a Software Developer
Career as an Ethical Hacker/ IT security professionals/Cyber Security
Career in Computer Aided Design (CAD) - options and opportunities
Career as Data Managers / Information Systems Managers
Courses offered by National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology (NIELIT)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (NIELIT),



Career in Information Technology
Introduction
The World has entered the new millennium, which is going to be an Information Technology Age. Today
Computers have not only assumed strategic importance in the corporate world, they are being
effectively used in other fields ranging from space exploration to food processing and banking to
communication etc. In this era of Information Technology, which has revolutionized the whole world,
INDIA has stood to the world standards and is being regarded the World over for its skilled IT
Professionals. Even the government has recognised the promising future of this industry and has formed
a new IT Ministry which will give a boost to this industry.
Presence of Multinationals like IBM, HP has made possible transfer of hardware technology into the
country, Internet has further bridged the time gap ensuring arrival of the latest technology
simultaneously in INDIA and the West without delay. The domestic hardware industry has witnessed
quantum growth in the turnover and profits, which is largely attributable to our liberalized economy. On
the software front various software giants like IBM, Motorola, Oracle, Samsung, HP, Digital, Unisys,
AT&T, ICL, Fugitsu etc. have opened software development centres in the country. The number of
professionals in this industry is believed to have crossed the 2 lakh mark and still there is a huge gap
between the demand and supply of professionals which is an encouraging sign. The US alone requires
around 3 lakh professionals, leave aside other countries. It is believed around 65% of the world's
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software is produced in INDIA. INDIA is also exporting software to around 100 countries including many
countries which are exclusive buyers from INDIA. Many Indian IT companies like Infosys, Wipro, NIIT,
Zenith computers, Satyam Computers, STG, Pentafore Software, and Mastek etc. are expanding
themselves in a big way making their presence felt globally.
Information Technology (IT) covers all aspects of managing and processing the information in any field
one can imagine. IT provides jobs in various fields like office automation, telecommunication, computing
and networking. Mangers, consultants, doctors, publishers, manufacturers, filmmakers, scientists and
even housewives are highly depending on information systems. The developments in software,
hardware and networking field has generated huge career opportunities. India has become worlds
software hub. Various software giants like IBM, Motorola, Oracle, Samsung, HP, Digital, Unisys, AT&T,
ICL, Fugitsu etc. have opened software development centres in India. Many Indian IT companies viz.
Infosys, Wipro, NIIT, Zenith computers, STG, Pentafore Software, Mastek have become global brands.
One of distinctive feature of IT is that the career aspirants of different backgrounds, aptitudes and
interests find satisfying careers in the information technology.
Scope
National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) estimated that India would
require 10, 00,000 trained software professionals in few years. The number of professionals in this
industry is believed to have crossed the 2 lakh mark and still there is a huge gap between the demand
and supply of professionals. US alone require around 3 lakh professionals. The present availability of
very skilled professionals is only 5% of the required number. Our country export software to around 100
countries and about 65% of the world's software is produced in India. IT is expanding at exponential rate
and offers exciting career avenues for the career aspirants.
Remuneration
IT professionals get a good amount of salary and incentives. The pay scales vary from job to job and
depend on the level of qualification, experience, performance and company. The data entry staffs earn
in the range of Rs 8000 to Rs 20,000 and so do the computer operator and supervisors. The pay scale in
the programming jobs range from Rs 15000 to Rs 50,000 per month. At the Maintenance level one can
earn around Rs 15,000 to Rs 80, 000 per month Software consultants can earn more than Rs 60,000 per
month. At the Management level pay scales varies 60,0000 to Rs.1,50,000 per month. So are the salaries
of those who are in research and development departments.
Eligibity
B.E/ M.E./B.Tech./BSc/M.Tech/M.E./M.Sc. are eligibility criteria for IT industry. For B.Tech in Software
Engineering 12th Science pass and rank in Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) conducted by IITs. For B.E. good
performance in All India Engineering Entrance Exam (AIEEE)/state/national level exams is essential.
BCA/MCA/BSc. computer science/M.Sc. computer science also provides good job opportunities.
Commerce students get numerous career opportunities in e-commerce. The hardware and networking
degrees, diplomas and certificate courses are also important of getting good job opportunities.
Degrees/Diplomas/certificate courses from internationally recognized IT Institutes are always desirable.
Employabilty Skills
Ability to focus and concentrate.
Good communication skills.
Ability to make smart decisions.
Ability to work hard and readiness to work for long hours.
Creativity.
Logical thinking.
Organizational and administrative skills.
Good problem-solving ability.
Mathematical precision.
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Design skills.
Computer skills.
Good planning ability and a knack for working under pressure.
Ability to unite scientific discoveries with commercial applications to solve the problems.
Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing
career in the field of Information technology.
Do I have high intellectual capability?
Do I am good in logical thinking?
Do I have programming and data management skills?
Do I have design skills?
Do I have good manual, technical as well as mechanical aptitude?
Do I have ability to get well with people.
Do I have good communication skills?
Am I ready to travel frequently and even in foreign countries?
Do I like systematic way of working?
Do I have ability to work independently?
Do I have analysing and interpreting skills?
Do I read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?
Am I creative?
Can I work for 10-14 hours per day as normal routine?
Am I ready to learn and adopt new techniques?
Do I like to work as a part of team?
Do I have ability of problem solving?
Do I have good planning ability and a knack for working under pressure?
Career opportunities
There are virtually unlimited career opportunities are created.
Research field.
Industries.
Banking
Education
Film production.
Natural resource management
Health care
Manufacturing
Engineering
Management
Public services
Telematics
Virtual reality
E-commerce
Job options
There are numerous career opportunities in IT field.
Animator/Graphic Designer
Data entry persons
Database administrator
Software engineer/Programmer
Hardware engineer
Network administrator/mangers
Sales manager (IT)
Technician
Web Master/Web Designer /Web
developers
Embedded Systems Developer
System analysts
Consultants
System analyst
Computer trainers
Self employment:
Software development firms
IT Software services and export firms
Software solutions firm
Computer assembly centres
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Computer training institute
Computer maintainace and servicing
centres
Marketing of computer software and
hardware
Consultancy
Net cafe
Employers
Schools, Colleges and Universities.
Research Centres. C-DAC
Business firms, industries and companies.
Government establishments
National Information centres (NIC).
New papers/magazines- Computer Science Columnist
Educational content development firms.
BPOs/KPOs
IT Software services and export companies: TCS, Wipro, HCL Technologies, MBT, HCL Perot,
MASCOT Systems, Mastek, Birlasoft, Pentasoft, Tatainfotech, Infosys, PCS, iFLEX, NIIT, Digital
Global soft, Polaris, Mphasis BFL, Hexaware, Infinite Computer Solutions, etc.
Courses (an overview)
Courses after 12th standard
Diploma in Animation Engineering Centres: Arena multimedia, Pune.
Diploma in multimedia and web designing Centres: Edit institute, Arena multimedia
Diploma in Geoinformatics Centre: Symbiosis Society Pune-1.
Bachelor in Computer Applications (BCA) Course duration: 3 years. Centre: All reputed Colleges
in India
Bachelor in Science (B.Sc) with Computers Course duration: 3 years Centre: All reputed Colleges
in India
B.Tech/B.E Computers/IT Course duration: 4 years Centres: IITs and some reputed institutes.
B-Tech. (Information and Communication Technology) Eligibility: 10+2 (Physics, Maths) Based
on Ranking of AIEEE Centre: Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Technology,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat. WWW.da.iict.org
Degree courses in Computer hardware and Networking Centre: Jet king, Institute, Pune or
MAAC- Maya Academy of Advanced Cinematics.
Other courses:
Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Computer Science
Bachelor of Mathematics in Computer Science
Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) in Computer Science
Bachelor of Computing in Computer Science
Bachelor of Computer Security in Computer Science
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (B.Sc IT)
Bachelors Degree in Web Development
Bachelors Degree in Web Design & Multimedia
Bachelor of Science in Web Application Development
Bachelor of Science in Graphics and Multimedia Courses after Graduation
B.Sc. Applied in Geographic Information system and Remote Sensing Course duration: 12
months. Centre: Department of Geography University of Pune,
www.unipune.ernet.in/dept/geography
M.Sc (Computers) Eligibility: Bachelors degree. Duration: 3 years Mode of admissions: Institutes
criterion Centre: Reputed Universities and colleges.
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Masters of Computer Applications (MCA) Eligibility: Bachelors degree. Duration: 3 yrs Centres:
Reputed Universities and colleges and many private institutes
Masters of Computer Management (MCM) Eligibility: Graduate possessing 45% marks from any
faculty. Duration: 2 years Centres: Reputed Universities and colleges and many private
institutes.
MBA programme in Advanced Information technology Centre: International Institute of
Information Technology (I2IT). Pune Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune-57.
Other courses:
Master of Business Administration in Computer Information Systems.
Master of Science in Computer Information Systems (MSIS).
Master of Software Engineering
Master of Science in Software Engineering
Master of Science in Computer Engineering
Master of Science in Network Security Master of Philosophy (M.Phil): Eligibility: M.Sc. Course
Duration: 1-2 year Centre: Pune University Computer sciences Dept. Many reputed Universities
offer M.Phil programmes.
Courses offered by C-DAC
Diploma in Advanced Computing (DAC)
Diploma in Embedded Systems Design Course (DESD)
Diploma in Geo-informatics Course (DIG)
Diploma in Information Technology (DIT)
Advanced Diploma in Information Technology (ADIT)
Diploma in VLSI Design (DVLSI)
Co-curricular Diploma in Advanced Computing
Diploma in Advanced Computer Arts (DACA)
Multimedia & Computer Arts Certificate
Important Institutes
Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Pune.
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune. www.cdac.in
National Multimedia Resource Centre, Pune
Center for Development of Advanced Computing (E-governance Group) Pune
Examinations
The Department of Electronics Accredited Computer Courses (DOEACC) Society O, A, B, C level courses.
www.doeacc.edu.in
Emerging trends
1. BPOs BPO is a major employer in the services sector. The starting salary of an employer in the BPO is
higher that is why majority of youth are attracted towards this job. Skills: Good convincing skills, fluency
in English, good incite about customer relations, etc. Voice accent test is compulsory. Remuneration:
Rs.9000/- 35,000 Companies: Goldman, Saches, Accenture, Macromedia, Adobe and many more.
2. Animation industry: Animation is used in movies, TV programmes (42.5%), Sport development (14%),
Education (7%), Advertisement (6%), Constructions (4%) and Engineering (3%). Many companies are
using this for prospectus, charts, video-shooting, to teach technical studies, project presentations, slide
shows, charts, OHP, site visits, object drawing, solid geometry, robotics, etc. Indian animation industry
has more than 60% of share in Asian market.
3. Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO): It is a form of outsourcing, in which knowledge-related and
information-related work is carried out to save cost. KPOs mainly offer research and backend work. In
KPOs typically high-value work carried out by highly skilled staff. KPO will provide the high-end services
like research and development, business and technical analysis, learning solutions, animation and
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design, business and market research, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, medical services, writing and
content development, legal services, intellectual property (IP) research, data analytics, network
management, training and consultancy. KPO offers higher salaries (three to four times higher than BPO
companies), international facilities, provide exposure to global industry.
4. Careers in Computer Aided Design (CAD): Computer-aided design (CAD) is use of a wide range of
computer based tools that assist engineers, architects and other design professions in their design
activities. It is extensively used in the design of tools and machinery as well as in the drafting and design
of all types of buildings, houses, hospitals, factories, etc. It lowers product development costs and a
greatly shortened design cycle. Qualified professionals find employment in manufacturing units,
research and developmental firms and other related companies. Eligibility: A course on CAD (3-6
months duration). Graduates in science and engineering are preferred. Degree or Diploma in
Engineering or ITI pass certificate in mechanical/automobile or electrical branch of engineering can
pursue course in CAD/CAM. The salary in this field is high Rs.30, 000 Rs.80, 000 per month depending
upon his/her expertise in the field. These courses are offered by many private and public training
centres.
5. Cyber laws: Cyber Law is requires knowledge of technology and law. A lawyer or a non-lawyer, an
MBA or a B.E., a CA or an ICS can take cyber law courses. Remuneration: Rs 10,000-Rs
90,000. Consultancy pays better than litigation. Courses: Diploma courses are offered by
www.cyberlawcollege.com ( online), NALSAR University, Hydrabad; Asian School of Cyber Laws, Pune
(www.asianlaws.org) offers diploma courses in cyber laws at Pune and Mumbai; A masters programme
in Cyber Law & Information Security (MPCLIS) is offered at Indian Institute of Information Technology,
Allahabad (www.iiita.ac.in) and P.G. Diploma in Cyber Laws &Intellectual Property Rights (PGDCL & IPR)
by Centre for Distance Education, University of Hyderabad (www.uohyd.ernet.in).

Information Technology
There are two main sectors in this field:
Hardware: This includes the physical elements of the computer system and deals with the designing,
manufacturing and maintenance of computers. This area also includes the assembling of the
manufactured components of the computers.
Software: This includes the set of instructions by which a computer is programmed for working and
performing the specified tasks. This realm includes the work of designing the programs for various
purposes. Programs may be for controlling the functioning of the computers or they may also be some
user-friendly programs for specific needs. The programs may also come in the form of packages, which
are designed for meeting the different kinds requirements for large number of people.
Functional areas in Hardware:
Manufacturing: This involves the work of production and assembly of components of computer
systems.
Maintenance: People in maintenance look after the smooth functioning of the machine and
help in rectifying and detecting the breakdown in them. They also help in taking preventive
measures so that least amount of damage could be caused to the computer systems and
peripherals.
Research and Development: It involves designing of chips and circuits, computer architecture
and integration of peripherals. It also includes improvement and upgrading of the existing
systems.
Management: Managers ensure that the development and production work goes on smoothly.
They look after the allocation of resources and planning.
Functional areas in Software:
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Manufacture: This involves preparing the set of instructions or programs to let the computer
work. This further needs combining of application of computer science and
telecommunications principles and creativity.
Software development: This involves updating and development of existing operations as well
as their refining and improvement. All this is carried is carried out in various stages like
analysis, designing, construction, implementation etc.
Data entry: The data for the programs, which are made, have to be fed in computers. So this
work is done at data entry level.
Programmers/Coders: They write and test programs and convert the strategies of the system
analyst into working programs.
Application programmers: They prepare programs either for general purpose or user-friendly
programs or some specific programs for individual use along with testing and integrating
them.
Support services: They vary in nature and can range from helping a customers in the purchase
of the software, suggesting its right kind of application and providing them with the required
training at the initial stage of its use.
There are other technical areas where one can look for employment in this field:
Computer operations: It requires handling of computer peripherals along with other accessories
like CD-ROMs, disk drives, printers etc.
Database administration: It involves management and maintenance of data.
Sales and Marketing: The work here involves selling of the computer system and its marketing
to different companies or individuals.
Data center management: It involves management of the dedicated facilities, which houses the
critical servers and other networking and backup equipments. Data-centers typically houses
those equipment which have to be kept operational 24x7x365.
Personality
One should have the following personal attributes if one wishes to enter this filed:
Flexibility and willingness to learn new things, technologies and adopt new methods of work
Logical thinking
Ability to focus and concentrate
Creativity
Accuracy
Organizational and administrative abilities
Confidence
Ready to work for long hours and ability to work hard
Ability to take decisions
High intellectual capacity
Ability to gel well with people and good communicational skills
Professional Courses
This is a specialized field and so academic and technical skills are very essential. There are various
courses available at different institutions. Many diploma and degrees courses are there for those who
have an aptitude and flair for the subject. These are:
Bachelor in Computer Applications (BCA)
Bachelor in Science with Computers (B.Sc)
Masters in Computer Applications (MCA)
M.Sc in computers
Masters in System Management
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B.Tech and B.E
M.Tech
Certification Courses
Diploma in Computer Applications
Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications
DOEACC's O, A, B, C level courses. For Details, check the DOEACC's website:
Eligibility
It depends on the kind of course and the level of study
For a course at undergraduate level one needs to have passes 10+2 in science.
For a "B" level or graduate level DOE scheme one need to have an "A" level certificate of
diploma in computers or an equivalent.
For Post Graduate courses graduation in Computer Science or any other degree related to
science, mathematics, statistics or operational research is required.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
There are more than 200 Engineering Colleges and more than 1000 Institutes which are engaged in
imparting computer education in India both in Hardware and Software. Some of the well-known
institutes in the private sector imparting computer education are:
1. Aptech
2. NIIT
3. Pentasoft
4. IIS Webcity
5. Informatics and First Computers
The following Universities are providing education and career opportunities through BE (Computer
Science), B.Tech (Computer Science), Bachelor in Computer Science (BCA), Bachelor in Science with
Information Technology (B.Sc-IT), Master in Computer Science (MCA), Master of Technology (M. Tech),
Master in Science with Information Techno-logy ( M.Sc-IT), Master in Computers Management (MCM),
Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications (PGDCA), Diploma courses or certificate courses:
1. Department of Computer Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003.
2. Department of Computer Science, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530003.
3. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Annamalai University, Anna- malainagar -
608 002.
4. Department of Computer Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappali;
5. http://www.bdu-ernet.in
6. Department of Computer Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - 333
031; website: http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in
7. Post-graduate Department of Computer Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal
8. Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi -110007.
9. Institute of Computer Science, Guru Ghasidas University, Balaspur - 495 009.
10. of Computer Science, Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar-125 001, Haryana.
11. Department of Computer Science, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University,
Hyderabad-500 046.
12. Institute of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-
110025.
13. Department of Computer Science, University of Jammu, Dr. B.R. Ambedker Marg, Jammu-
180004.
14. Department of Computer Science, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006.
15. Department of Computer Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 036.
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16. Department of Computer Science, Madurai Kamaraj Univeristy, Palkalainagar, Madurai, Tamil
Nadu - 625021; website: http://mku.ac.in
17. Centre for Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.
18. School of Computer Enginee-ring, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Mahaveer Marg,
Hyderabad- 500 008.
19. School of Computer Science, Kakatiya University, Warangal- 506 009.
20. Department of Computer Science, Kurukshetra Univer-sity, Kurukshetra - 136 119; website:
http://www.kuk/ernet.in
21. Institute of Computer Science, University of Madras, Chepauk Chennai-600005.
22. Department of Computer Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishakapathi,
Thirunelveli 627012
23. School of Computer Science, Mother Teresa Women's University, Saidapet, Chennai- 600 015.
24. Institute of Computer Science, University of Mumbai, Mumbai- 400098.
25. Centre for Computer Science and Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007;
Website: http://www.ou. org
26. Department of Computer Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar - 751004
27. Department of Computer Science, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, Prof. G. Ram Reddy
Marg, Road No. 46, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad- 500033; Tel: 040-3544728; 3544986.
28. School of Computer Science, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi, New-
Delhi - 110068; Tel: 011-6853421; 6865923; Website: http://www.ignou.ac.in
29. Department of Computer Science, Karnataka State Open University, Manesa-gangotri, Mysore
- 570 006; Tel: 0821-500 846, 51247.
30. Department of Computer Science, Kota Open University, Rawatbhate
Specialization
One can specialize as:
Software Engineers: They design programs and specialized packages for the required purposes.
There work even involves research and development.
Web developers: They are electronics and computer engineers who are engaged in developing
websites for the Internet.
System analysts: They look after the work of final testing of the software and advising the
clients on the purchase and installation of the computer systems. They also are responsible for
researching the organizational procedures and planning their computerization.
Consultants: They provide expert guidance to the companies during the purchase of the
computer system. System analyst or designers with considerable amount of experience can
work as consultants.
Technical writers: they are involved in writing manuals for computers.
E-commerce: They are adept in the net-com business, e-commerce fundamentals and its
security issues and assist in developing websites for commercial purposes.
Knowledge engineers: They are expert in designing of the computer systems, which are
associated with a human expert, like medical diagnosis or safety systems for industry.
Webmasters: They handle the task of configuration and setting up of the websites and its
development. They have to take care of the security of the websites and create firewalls
against the hackers and stalkers.
Networking: This work involves designing of networks, implementation of support, servicing and
management.
Computer education: This job involves giving training to the end users, students or computer
professionals in advanced technologies.
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Career Prospects
India is no longer considered as country of Castes, Curry and Cows with an ossified society. According to
India's National Knowledge Commission, India well positioned to take advantage of the knowledge
revolution which can be seen the dramatic revolution in the field of Information and Technology. This
has witnessed a wide range of macroeconomics implications which can be seen in the development of
multi-million dollar IT sector and creating of a huge amount of job potential for a large assembly of
English speaking scientific professionals.
Information Technology encompasses a wide range of activities like Office Automation,
Telecommunication and Computing, therefore provides a larger area of job avenues for those who have
acquired the right qualifications for it. At the beginning of this millennium NASSCOM, National
Association of Software and Services Companies made an estimate that India would require 10,00,000
trained software professionals in few years. The present availability such skilled people is only 5% of the
required amount. So we can conclude that this sector is going to provide employment to a large number
of such professionals.
Remunerations
These professionals earn a good amount of salary and incentives. The pay scales vary from job to job
and depend on the level of qualification and performance.
The data entry staff earns in the range of Rs 5000 to Rs 15,000 and so do the computer operator and
supervisors. The pay scale in the programming jobs range from Rs 5000 to Rs 20,000 per month.
Software consultants can earn around Rs 50,000 per month. At the Management level the pay scales
varies to Rs.1,00,000 per month. At the Maintenance level one can earn around Rs 15,000 to Rs 1,00,000
per month so are the salaries of those who are at Research and Development level.
.

Career in Computer Engineering
Introduction
"I do not fear computers. I fear lack of them... " Isaac Asimov, science fiction writer
Today, it is impossible for us to imagine the time when there were no computers. We are living in the
times when laptops, net books, tablets, etc. are common knowledge even for a primary school child.
Computer Science is being taught as a subject as early as in class 1 therefore looking at Computer
Engineering comes quite naturally to a lot of students.
Computer Engineering encompasses studying subjects from both electrical engineering as well as
computer science. The knowledge from these two branches is applied in making and development of
computers and allied systems. There are two types of computer engineers hardware engineers and
software engineers. Hardware engineers build computers like workstations, laptops, PCs or tablets. They
also develop systems, which are computer based like those in electronic equipment, communication
networks and even complex navigational systems found in aircrafts and space satellites.
Then there are those who are trained as software engineers. They design the software program, the
VLSI chips, analog sensors, circuit boards and other things required to operate the hardware system.
Even the highly revered field of robotics, which includes research and design of motors and sensors falls
under the purview of a computer engineer. Some of them write programs known as operating system
that makes the computer work such as windows and Linux. Others write programs which are meant for
specific purpose like creating a document, editing a photograph or designing a house. There are still
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others who design the communication and network interface between various computers. For all this,
there are languages in which codes, that the machines can understand, are written.
With all the development that is happening in the world of computers, for a career in this field, one has
to keep oneself knowledge abreast. There are a number of computer languages in which the programs
can be written and still newer ones are being developed every day. It is just a matter of time that what is
the latest today becomes obsolete. All in all it is not just a technical field, but also a one, that demands
constant updating of knowledge.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor of Engineering (BE)/ Bachelor of Technology (BTech): The eligibility class 12th with physics,
chemistry and maths as the main subjects and qualification in the Entrance Exam. The AMIE (Associate
Memberships of the Institution of Engineers) offers courses, which are also equivalent to BE and B.Tech.
Masters in Engineering (ME) or Masters in Technology M.Tech: Eligibility is BE, B Tech and qualification
in the entrance exam also known as Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) exam. The marks
scored in this exam are valid in most colleges.
For those who wish to study further, a Ph.D. in engineering can be pursued.
Course Fees
The 4 years course in Computer Engineering from an IIT will cost about Rs. 2 lakhs. There are a number
of scholarships, fee waivers and loans available for those who are unable to fund the education. Apart
from this, in most colleges the students can earn a small amount while working on a research project
with the professors in their college and this can also help funding the course. The fee in other private
colleges is more ranging from about 40,000 per year to about 70,000 per year.
Where to Study
In India, one is spoilt for choice when it comes to deciding on an engineering college with 36 universities
and 1195 colleges offering both undergraduate and postgraduate course in computer engineering. Some
of the top colleges offering the course are:
Indian Institute of Technology - There are 15 IITs in India. New Delhi, Kanpur, Mumbai, Kharagpur
and Chennai feature in the top 5 for computer engineering.
International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
Institute of Technology, Benaras Hindu University, Benaras.
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati.
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani.
Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, West Bengal.
College of Engineering, Pune.
Delhi Technological University, Delhi.
Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur
Apart from this other well-known institutes are the 30 NITs located in Warangal Andhra Pradesh,
Surat Gujarat, Silchar Assam, Jamshedpur Bihar, Kurukshetra Haryana, Bhopal, Calicut Kerala, Jaipur
Rajasthan, Roukela Orissa, Suratkal Karnataka, Allahabad Uttar Pradesh, Hamirpur Himachal
Pradesh, Jalandhar Punjab and others.
There are the Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs), in Allahabad, Hyderabad,
Bangalore and Gwalior which are also amongst the top engineering colleges in India.
Pay and Remuneration
For all the hard work that computer engineers put in for four years of their study, they are rewarded
with highly paid jobs. The average salary for fresh graduates from good institutes is about Rs 4.5 lakhs-
Rs 6 lakhs a year. To start with, the fresh graduates are employed as trainees or development engineers.
They are then promoted to the level of design engineer, senior design engineer and then project leader.
The salary ranges from Rs 20 lakhs-Rs 30 lakhs a year.
Career Prospects
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The Prospects for Computer Engineering would remain quite robust in the coming years.All the new age
information technology solutions would require computer engineering as the core discipline for its
development, Computer Engineering is going to be one of the most sought after courses.
Famous Personalities
There are two names in the world of computers that are not unknown to anyone. Bill Gates has made an
everlasting mark in this field with Windows and then Steve Jobs who gave birth to Apple. That Bill Gates
is not an engineer does not undermine his contribution to this field. Tim Berners-Lee and his
contribution to the World Wide Web, Alan Dix and his research in Human Computer Interface, Brendan
Eich and Mozilla and Bill Joy of the Sun Microsystems are some other famous names from the world of
computers.
..

Career as a Software Developer
Introduction
"There are two ways of constructing a software design: One way is to make it so simple that there are
obviously no deficiencies, and the other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious
deficiencies. The first method is far more difficult."
C.A.R. Hoare, British Computer Scientist & Winner of 1980 Turing Award
In other words, a good software designer or a developer should have lot of skill, devotion, and insight,
inspiration to develop and to make a software work.
A software developer is a person who overlooks all the software development processes which includes
researching, designing, developing and testing the software. They often work in teams with
programmers, engineers, analysts to develop and install a software solution. They even write codes for
those programs which they design, test and document. This happens at a much later stage when a
developer can write professional quality codes hence mentoring under some good team is usually the
way to begin.
Software developers often write and develop software applications for desktops, servers as well as
develop and code applications for devices like Tablet Computers, Phablets and Smartphones. Some of
the skills which a software engineer should possess are Ability to analyze and to understand the
customer needs and then design, construct and maintain the application accordingly, Communication
skills to be get and to provide information to the client, conceptual knowledge of networking and
Operating systems. Writing secure codes is a very important part of any software development. Secure
coding helps protect software from theft or corruption hence a good knowledge of security and
encryption is required. He should have an expert knowledge of computer languages like C/C++, C#, Java,
HTML, Visual Basic, computer program design methods and techniques and should have the ability to
learn new programming languages quickly. He should keep himself updated and adapted with the new
technologies which keep emerging and know its impact on the current systems.
Courses and Eligibility
To become a software developer many courses are available beginning at the Diploma level and going
up to Masters level. Some of these include:
Bachelor in Computer Applications (BCA),
Bachelor in Science with Computers (B.Sc),
Masters in Computer Applications (MCA),
M.Sc in computers,
Masters in System Management,
B.Tech and B.E in computers
M.Tech.
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Certification Courses, Diploma in Computer Applications,
Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications, DOEACC's O, A, B, C level courses.
The eligibility criteria varies form course to course but Maths at 10+2 level is compulsory. For B.Tech/
B.E and B.Sc in computers, one should have Physics, Chemistry and Maths at 10 +2 as subjects. Very
basic Knowledge of computer languages like C, C++, Java or .NET, Visual Basic would generally help
anyone who wanted to make Software Devepment as ones' career.
There are many short term computer courses with various computer training institutes which one can
do to keep updated with the latest programmes in the market. Programming courses which can be done
are:
C and C++, Java Development, C#, VB.NET, ASP.NET, Diploma in JAVA programming, DOT NET
Technology, Diploma in Software Engineering
Course Fees
The course price varies according to the institute and course chosen and can be starting from 5000/-
going up to 15,000/- per month or can go up to 65,000/- for a diploma course. Most of the well
renowned institutes have placements too and one can expect to be picked up by reputed companies
with stipends available too to the fresh candidates. The ability of the candidate and his interpersonal
skills then can take him to new heights.
Where to Study
There are more than 200 Engineering Colleges and more than 1000 Institutes which are engaged in
imparting computer education in India both in Hardware and Software.
BTech/BE in IT
IITs (Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Madras, Roorkee and others)
IIIT, Allahabad, BTech in IT
BIT Mesra, BE in IT, MCA at BIT Mesra and other Campuses at Allahabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lalpur, and
Noida.
Delhi College of Engineering, BE in IT
Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi, BE in IT
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, BTech in IT
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Bachelor's in IT
BTech computer science and engineering
IT, Banaras Hindu University BTech computer science and engineering
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad: BTech in computer science and engineering,
Computer science dual degree (five years)
BITS Pilani, BE (Hons) computer science
Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar, BTech in
ICT
Many other Universities are providing education and career opportunities through BE (Computer
Science), B.Tech (Computer Science), Bachelor in Computer Science (BCA), Bachelor in Science with
Information Technology (B.Sc-IT), Master in Computer Science (MCA), Master of Technology (M. Tech),
Master in Science with Information Techno-logy (M.Sc-IT), Master in Computers Management (MCM),
Post Graduate Diploma
Aptech Computer Education, Mumbai
BigMind Solutions, Bangalore
C DAC, Mumbai
A.T.S. Infotech, Pune
3 Edge Solutions, Hyderabad
Ameex Educational Software Services Pvt Ltd, Chennai
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kerala
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National Institutes of Technology
Career Prospects
Due to the constant increase in demand for computer software, the future of a software developer is
really bright. As the internet technologies and computer networks continue to evolve with each passing
day, the number of new jobs created also increases day by day. Mobile technology, health care
industries have a tremendous increase in computer systems and new applications where professionals
are constantly needed to develop, maintain and run the different applications. A variety of products
now use latest software for speed, cost effectiveness, security reasons and hence the demand for good
developers.
For professionals who embark on a software developer career, the salary varies anything between INR
149,142/- to 646,681/-. Theres a proverb which says The more you learn, the more you earn is
absolutely true for a software developer as the more specialized and updated he is at all times and the
better he would earn.
Famous Personalities
Tim Berners Lee, an English computer scientist was also the inventor of World Wide Web which changed
the future of internet.
Peter Norton, an American programmer, software publisher, author has written lots of computer
program books and is a developer of Norton Utilities.
Richard Garriott, a British video game developer and entrepreneur is also the creator of the famous
series Ultima.
Philippe Kahn is a technology innovator, entrepreneur and is also responsible for creating the first
camera phone which shared pictures instantly on public networks.
A Day in Life
A software developer during a typical work day would be expected to do the following:
Reviewing current systems and suggesting changes for improvements making it more cost effective
and less time consuming.
Working in teams with other designers, programmers, marketing professionals to plan and execute
projects according to the clients requirement.
Maintaining the systems once they have been created.
Meetings with the clients and making presentations to customer or client audience or professional
peers.
Researching and developing new programmes constantly.
Responding responsibly and promptly to bug reports.
To keep the clients and companies systems updated with changing technologies.
To write codes and then further develop them for various software.
To find error codes and other errors in the software.
So if you are a computer geek, you have a bright future awaiting you. Go on and grab your dream.
..

Career as an Ethical Hacker/ IT security professionals/Cyber Security
The virtual world of Internet is known as cyberspace and the laws governing this area are known as
Cyber Laws and all the netizens of this space come under the ambit of such laws as these laws carry a
kind of universal jurisdiction.
In today's techno-savvy environment, the world is becoming more and more digitally sophisticated and
so are the crimes. Internet was initially developed as a research and information sharing tool, and meant
to be a pool of knowledge but it was in an unregulated manner. As the time is passing by it is becoming
more transactional with e-business, e-commerce, e-governance and e-procurement etc. All the legal
issues related to the internet crimes are being dealt through the Cyber-Laws. As the number of internet
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users is on increase with the changing times, the need for cyber laws and their application is gathering a
great momentum.
India has passed an IT Act 2000, which has laid down stringent laws against those committing cyber
crimes like hacking, credit card frauds, cyber stalking, blackmailing, pornography and the crimes related
to Intellectual Properties, Copyrights, and Trademarks etc. So now there is a new field, opening up as a
branch of law i.e. the Cyber Law. More and more youngsters would like to opt for this branch of law as
the technology firms are growing up along with the dotcoms, which would provide these Cyber Lawyers
a lucrative job opportunity. Now all the electronic records would be kept under a legal framework of
Cyber Laws.
"It's kind of interesting, because hacking is a skill that could be used for criminal purposes or legitimate
purposes, and so even though in the past I was hacking for the curiosity, and the thrill, to get a bite of
the forbidden fruit of knowledge, I'm now working in the security field as a public speaker. " Kevin
Mitnick, Computer Security Consultant, Author, Convicted Criminal, Hacker
IT security professionals/ ethical hackers are employed by organisations to protect their computer
network. They are entrusted with the work of making a computer system that is secure from malicious
hacking.
IT security professionals, who are essentially system and networking experts, are needed to protect the
IT system so that no one can penetrate the network and prevent any harmful attack on it. Ethical hacker
does just the opposite, he/she attacks a network of computers, penetrates but with the intention of
helping the network administrator to make the system secure. Ethical hackers test the security system,
report problems and help in making the system more secure.
They work in networking or the security domain. Should be comfortable with many types of operating
systems and should be able to work in all kinds of IT environments.
Nature of Work
A cyber lawyers has to crack down cyber crimes like hacking, credit card fruads, protecting digital
signatures to safeguard business transactions or encryption codes or electronic records etc. He has to
deal with the cases of Intellectual Property laws or Copyrights, Software patents, Net Banking etc
Personality
One who wants to be a cyber lawyers should have the capability of analysing the problem along with an
eye for details. Intellectual ability as well as ability to assimilate and observe, is also one of the pre-
requisite. The person should be adept in handling computers and should be well informed with changing
times. He should be quick witted and needs to be oriented to look web as an information provider.
Courses and Eligibility
There are few courses in IT security and ethical hacking that can be taken by engineers, graduates and
post graduates in Computer Science or Information Technology.
Certificate course in ethical hacking
PG Diploma in Information security and system administration: Graduation in IT, Computer science,
engineering, MCA, , PGDCA
M.Sc in cyber forensics and information security: degree in computer science, computer application,
IT, mathematics/ physics, statistics, electronics or BE/BTech. Selection is through entrance exam.
M.Tech in CS and Information Security: BTech in Cs/ECE/IT or MCA with BSC mathematics or Msc
mathematics/CS, selection through entrance exam/GATE.
M.Tech in Information Security and computer Forensics: B.E/ B.Tech (CSE/ IT/ ECE/ EEE), M.Sc
(Computer / Computer Forensics Science/ IT/ Electronics) or MCA. selection through entrance
exam/GATE.
M.Tech in cyber Security: BE/BTech in CSE/IT/ECE or equivalent, Selection through entrance
exam/GATE.
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International certifications are there like Certified Ethical Hacker (EC-Council), Certified Hacking
Forensic Investigator (EC-Council), GIAC Certified Penetration Tester (GPEN) offered by SAN and
GIAC Certified Intrusion Analyst (GCIA). These certifications can improve ones prospects. The
training for the certifications is available in regular and online modes.
MS in Cyber Law and Information Security (BE/B.Tech/Postgraduates/Bachelor in Law) Admission
through entrance exam.
Where to Study
1. National Institute of electronics and Information Technology, formerly DOEACC Calicut.
2. Reliance web world outlets offer Ankit Fadia Certified ethical hacker course
3. University of Madras - M.Sc in cyber forensics and information security
4. IIIT, M.Tech in CS and Information Security
5. Indian Institute of Informaton Technology, Allahabad (IIIT) MS in Cyber Law and Information
Security (BE/BTech/Postgrduates/Bachelor in Law) Admission through enrance exam.
6. SRM University - M.Tech in Information Security and computer Forensics
7. IMT Ghaziabad - One year program in cyber security in collaboration with Ankit Fadia.
8. Institute of Information Security Mumbai and Chandigarh - Provides training for Certified
professional hacker, certified professional forensic analyst, certified information security consultant,
Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP).
9. Tech Defence Ahemdabad, Delhi.
10. Amrita school of engineering, Amrita Vishva Vidyapeetham University - M Tech in cyber security
11. Indira Gandhi National Open Universitys (Ignou) School of Vocational Education and Training
(SOVET) one-year PG diploma and a six month advanced certificate in information security through
the distance mode.
Professional Courses
The courses carry a multi-disciplinary task as it a multi dimensional subject. While studying such a
subject one needs to acquire knowledge of technology as well as laws governing Personal Laws,
Telecom Laws, Company Laws and Intellectual Property Laws. These courses are oriented to support e-
business. There are many short term and long term courses available online or offline, in this exotic
subject of Cyber Laws.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
1. Symbiosis society's Law College, Pune, and NALSAR University ( www.nalsarpro.org)
2. Asian School of Cyber Laws, Pune (www.asianlaws.org).
3. Indian Institute of Information and Technology, Allahabad ( www.iiita.ac.in)
4. Center for Distance Education, University of Hyderabad (www.uohy.ernet.in)
5. Amity Law School, Delhi. ( www.amity.org)
6. Department of Law, University of Delhi (www.du.ac.in)
7. National Law School of India, University Bangalore-72. ( www.nls.ac.in)
8. National Academy of Legal Studies and Research University of Law, Hyderabad-27. (
www.reachouthyderabad.com )
9. Cyber Law College NAAVI in Chennai, Mysore, Hubli, Mangalore and Bangalore (
www.cyberlawcollege.com)
Pay and Remuneration
Fresh professionals with certifications can earn around 3 lakhs per annum in the beginning but growth
potential is very high depending on skills. With 4-5 years of experience one can earn around 10 lakhs per
annum.
Career Prospects
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As someone has said that the future wars would not be fought on the battlefields but on the cyber-fields
of the world. Clearly as more and more of business, financial and social activities shift to the online
world, the prospects of Internet security and cyber-wars between corporations and countries is looking
as a reality. All this means that Ethical Hackers would be in good demand from law enforcement
agencies and even large corporations.
Cyber Consultant in an IT firm, police department or in banks.
Research assistants in a law firm.
Research assistants in a technology firm.
Advisors to the web developers.
Advisors in the Ministry of Information and Technology or in Corporate Houses.
Security Auditors and Network Administrators in Technology firms.
Trainers in law schools and Multinational Corporations.
Famous Personalities
Ankit Fadia: Ankit Fadia is an independent computer security consultant In the mid-2000s, he started a
program on computer security for corporates in alliance with Reliance Info. He was MTV India's Youth
Icon of the Year for the year 2008. Sunny Waghela:
Indias second mostly known computer security consultant
A Day in Life
Information Technology security professionals work on firewalls and networks. A typical day might
include penetrating a specified network and making report on the loopholes. Attending a small training
session on new technology or trends in hacking. Training the staff in IT department on securing the
system.
..


Career in Computer Aided Design (CAD) - options and opportunities
Introduction
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is an electronic tool to make a quick and accurate drawing with the use of
computer. CAD uses science and business with creativity to design figures, curves, surfaces or solids in
two and three dimensional objects. In CAD, computer models are created by defining geometric
parameters that appears on a computer monitor as a 3D representation which can be altered by
changing relevant parameters. Candidates who are working in Computer aided jobs are called CAD
operators or Drafters and their main job is to evaluate, prepare and produce drawings and design layout
and sketches using computer.
Performance and growth of industry in India
With the advancement of technology CAD has made its access in all areas where designing and creativity
is required. Now a days it is not only restricted to engineers, architectures but is also used by other
design professionals. In recent times, various industries are using CAD for product design in Automotive,
Aerospace, and Prosthetics etc. This technology is even used to produce animation in movies,
advertisements etc. which has opened new career avenues for the candidates in the field of CAD.
Options and Opportunities
Candidates with CAD diploma have varied opportunities in industries, manufacturing units, construction
companies.
Courses Available
- M.Tech Computer Aided Design
- M.E Computer Aided Design
- Diploma in Auto CAD
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- Certificate Course in Coral Draw
- AutoCAD
- CATIA
- CNC
- Pro/E
Qualification required
- Every Institute has their own eligibility criteria for CAD courses.
- For Diploma courses a candidate need to have a Diploma/Degree in
Electrical/Mechanical/Production/Automobile Engineering.
- For studying Engineering Drawing with CAD candidates need to have a plus two.
- For Post Graduate Programme candidates should possess graduate degree in engineering with 50%
marks from any recognized university.
Some good institutes
- IITs National Institutions
- Anna University-AU-FRG
- Bhubananda Orissa School of Engg.
- Dauto CAD School, Bhopal
- SITS, Jaipur, Rajasthan
- Sarab Institute of Information Technology.
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Govt. Polytechnic
Entrance exams
Every Institute has their own entrance exams for conducting CAD programme in their institute.


Career as Data Managers / Information Systems Managers
Introduction
"Information technology and business are becoming inextricably inter-woven. I don't think anybody can
talk meaningfully about one without talking about the other." Bill Gates
A career in IT involves researching, developing, implementing, supporting and managing computer-
based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. Use of
computers to store, protect, process, transmit, and retrieve information is also an IT function. Today IT
relates to many aspects of computing and technology. IT professionals perform numerous duties such
as installation of applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. They
are also responsible for data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and
software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems.
What do Data Managers / Information Systems Managers do?
Information Systems Managers plan, coordinate, and direct computer-related activities in an
organization. Depending on the requirements of an organization they manage and implement the
computer system. Data managers make policies and procedures and execute the plans to manage the
data assets of a company and to improve its value. Database managers oversee the storage of
information in a system. They update the database design and application, install new software and
protect data from hackers and unauthorized users. They also design and implement new data
management systems. They work also involves configuring the hardware, maintaining the records on
repair and installation and trouble shooting.
Courses & Eligibility
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This is a specialized field and therefore, academic and technical skills are very essential. There are
various IT courses available at different institutions. Many diploma and degrees courses are there for
those who have an aptitude and flair for the subject. These are:
Bachelor in Computer Applications (BCA)
Bachelor in Science with Computers (B.Sc)
Masters in Computer Applications (MCA)
M.Sc in computers
Masters in System Management
B.Tech and B.E in computers
M.Tech. Certification Courses
Diploma in Computer Applications
Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications
DOEACC's O, A, B, C level courses.
Eligibility: The eligibility depends on the kind of course and the level of study.
For an undergraduate course in computer education one needs to have cleared 10+2 in
Science/Mathematics.
For a "B" level or graduate level DOE scheme one needs to have an "A" level certificate of diploma
in computers or an equivalent.
For a postgraduate course in computer education eligibility is graduation in Computer Science or
any other degree related to science, mathematics, statistics or operational research is required.
Where to Study
There are more than 200 Engineering colleges and more than 1000 Institutes which are engaged in
imparting computer education in India both in Hardware and Software. Some of the top private
colleges for computer education are Aptech, NIIT, Pentasoft, IIS Webcity, Informatics and First
Computers.
Some of the top colleges in computer science are -
For BTech/BE in IT:-
IITs (Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Madras, Roorkee and others)
IIIT, Allahabad, BTech in IT
BIT Mesra, BE in IT
Delhi College of Engineering, BE in IT
Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi , BE in IT
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, BTech in IT
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Bachelor's in IT
Banaras Hindu University, BTech computer science and engineering
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
BITS Pilani
Many other universities are providing education and career opportunities through:
BE (Computer Science)
B.Tech (Computer Science)
Bachelor in Computer Science (BCA)
Bachelor in Science with Information Technology (B.Sc-IT)
Master in Computer Science (MCA)
Master of Technology (M. Tech)
Master in Science with Information Technology ( M.Sc-IT)
Master in Computers Management (MCM)
Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications (PGDCA)
Diploma courses or certificate courses
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Other related careers
Below is short listing of different computer related jobs in the industry. This list was created for users
who enjoy computers but are uncertain about what field to enter. In the below list we have described
each of the jobs, the requirements, and recommendations what to do if you are interested in the job.
If you are looking for the highest paying jobs in the computer industry, this document does not contain
that information because of the wide variety of salaries depending on the company and its location.
However, it's safe to assume that with the increased difficulty and experience required for a job, the
higher you'd get paid. If you are looking for a pay range, refer to your local listings (newspaper), or job
listings for pay grades.
If you are looking for your first job in the computer industry or just want to get your foot in the door, we
suggest looking at Data Entry, Freelancer, Sales, Quality Assurance (QA), or Technical Support jobs. The
qualifications and requirements for these jobs vary, so it's best to refer to your local listings
(newspaper), or job listing for available positions and the requirements.
Other related Jobs
Customer service
Data Entry
Database
Electronics technician or engineer
Engineer
Freelancer
Hardware
Networking or System Administrator
Quality Assurance (QA), System analyst or
Tester
Repair and fix
Sales
Technical Support (Technician or Help Desk)
Technical Writing
Security expert
Webmaster or Web Designer

.

Courses offered by National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology (NIELIT)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (NIELIT), is an Autonomous
Scientific Society of Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Ministry of Communications
& Information Technology DeitY), Government of India. It was set up to carry out Human Resource
Development and related activities in the area of Information, Electronics and Communication
Technology (IECT). NIELIT (formerly DOEACC) is engaged both in formal and non-formal education in the
area of IECT.
NIELIT OFFICES-PAN INDIA PRESENCE
The Society with headquarters at New Delhi has Centres at
Ajmer, Agartala, Aizawl, Aurangabad, Calicut, Chandigarh, Chennai, Chuchuyimlang, Gangtok Gorakhpur,
Guwahati, Itanagar, Imphal, Jammu, Kohima Kolkata, Lucknow, New Delhi, Patna, Shillong, Shimla,
Srinagar, Tezpur.

Courses Offered by NIELIT, New Delhi Long Term Courses
1 NIELIT 'O' Level IT Course
2 NIELIT 'A' Level IT Course
3 NIELIT 'B' Level IT Course
4 NIELIT Bio- Informatics 'A' Level Course
5 NIELIT 'O' Level on Computer Hardware
Maintenance
6 NIELIT 'A' Level on Computer Hardware
Maintenance
7 Diploma in Computer Applications
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8 Advanced Diploma in Computer Applications
9 Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications
10 Post Graduate Diploma in Information Security
and System Administration
11 Post Graduate Diploma in Software Technologies
12 Advanced Diploma in Embedded System Design
13 Diploma in Computer Hardware and Networking
14 Advanced Course in Multimedia and Animation
15 Diploma in .Net technologies
16 Diploma in J2EE

Short Term Courses
1 SQL Server
2 C / C++
3 C#
4 Multimedia Courses : 2D Animation, Flash,
Graphic Designing, 3D animation using 3DS Max
5 AutoCAD
6 Office Automation
7 Desk Top Publishing
8 Data Entry and Office Automation
9 Tally

Web Technologies
1 Web Designing : HTML, DHTML,
JAVA Script, Flash, Photoshop
2 ASP.Net with VB.Net
3 ASP.Net with C#
4 J2EE
5 PHP With MY SQL

Electronics Courses
1 Embedded Systems (8051
Controller)
2 Embedded Systems (ARM)
3 VHDL
4 MATLAB

Other Courses
1 RedHat ( RHCE and RHCSA)
2 Cisco Certification (CCNA and
CCENT)
3 Android (for mobile Application
Development)
4 Oracle
5 Project Management
6 System Administration Under
Linux, Unix and Windows 2000
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series
Course Details
NIELIT, Delhi is offering following courses:
NIELIT O Level Computer Course
O level course of NIELIT Scheme is equivalent to a Foundation Level Course in Computer Applications.
Students can acquire this qualification by undergoing this course and passing the examination
conducted by NIELIT. After completion of O Level course, students can further enrol for NIELIT A level
course.
Eligibility for admission
10+2 or ITI Certificate course (one year).
Career opportunities
The career options available to a NIELIT O Level qualifiers are:
- Computer Operator
- Lab Attendant
- Computer Instructor
- Clerks etc.
NIELIT A Level Computer Course
A level course of NIELIT Scheme is equivalent to Advanced Diploma in Computer Applications.
Students can acquire this qualification by undergoing this course and passing the examination
conducted by the NIELIT. After completion of A level course students can further enrol in B level course
of NIELIT Scheme.
Eligibility for admission
O Level or Government recognized polytechnic engineering diploma after class 10, or a Government
recognized polytechnic engineering diploma after 10+2 / Graduate
Those who are pursuing graduation can also take admission, but the A level certificate shall be awarded
only after the completion of graduation.
NIELIT B-Level Computer Course
B Level Course of NIELIT Scheme has been recognized by Ministry of Human Resource Development,
Govt. of India, as professionally equivalent to MCA Degree Course. Students can acquire this
qualification by undergoing this course and passing the examination conducted by the NIELIT. Working
professionals can also appear in this examination Directly, provided they possess the requisite education
qualification as indicated below.
Eligibility for admission
Level A / Government recognized PPDCA/ Government recognized PGDCA / Government recognized
polytechnic engineering Diploma / Graduate (First two semesters are exempted for those who have
passed A level in full. Candidates having Government recognized PPDCA / Government recognized
PGDCA will also be eligible for exemption of some subjects depending on the courses they had
undergone, on a case by case basis).
And various other courses, check the application procedure and other details on the official website of
NIELIT
Career opportunities and courses offered:
Basic Computer Course (BCC)
Course on Computer Concepts (CCC)
O level (foundation)
B level (MCA equivalent)
A level (advanced diploma)
C level (M.Tech. level)
Further details can be had from:
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National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology (NIELIT)
Electronics Niketan, 6 CGO Complex, Lodhi Road New
Delhi- 110 003
Ph: 011-2436 3330/1/2, 011-2436 6577/79/80
Email: doeacc@nielit.in Website: www.nielit.com
Job Opportunities
A brilliant career awaits the students who have qualified various courses provided by this Centre. We
have been running various training courses at different proficiency levels for all types of participants.
The Centre imparts various long term courses like NIELIT O, A, B Level that makes a candidate eligible
for jobs in various Govt/Pvt. Organisations at the level of Asst. Programmers, Programmers, Software
Engineers respectively. Further the candidates who have completed their basic qualification like
graduation can hone their IT skills by undertaking various specialised courses like .NET Technologies,
J2EE, LAMP, Information Security, Embedded System etc. offered by this Centre.
Placement
Many of our students have brought laurels to the Centre, for they have been placed in every known
sphere of the IT field. Our students have shown their capabilities in the following areas:
Project Leaders in various Software Development Projects.
Technical Writing.
Database administration.
Network administration.
Software Testing.
Desktop Publishing and Designing.
Web Designing.
Systems Analyst, Programmer, EDP Manager and Web Optimization etc.
As a result of their sincere and hard working efforts they have been placed in known MNCs with
handsome salary packages.
.











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CAREER IN AGRICULTURE





INTRODUCTION: CAREER IN AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RELATED CAREERS
ICARs entrance test
Agriculture Engineering
Career as an Agricultural Scientist
Career as Agricultural Economists
Career as Agronomist
Career in Agriculture Marketing
Career as Animal Geneticists
Career as a Horticulturist
Career in Plant Breeding/Plant Genetics
Career in Food and Dairy Technology
Career in Dairy Science and Poultry Farming
Career as a Veterinarian
Agricultural Research Services acronym as ARS Exam
Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board National Eligibility Test acronym as ASRB NET
National Dairy Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Diploma in Animal
Husbandry and Dairying Entrance Exam acronym as NDRI DADH Entrance exam
List of all Agriculture Science and Technology Courses in India


INTRODUCTION: CAREER IN AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is concerned with cultivation, processing and marketing of crops. It also deals with agro-
industry, food industry, horticulture industry, biotechnology, animal husbandry, etc. Most of the
specialisations in agriculture have a strong focus on the innovative use of technologies for higher
productivity and optimal use of natural resources. India is one of the leading agricultural countries in the
world; agricultural sector contributes 29.4% of GDP and employs about 64% of the work force.
Agriculture has always been the back bone of our economy as it contributed nearly 29.4% to the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). More than 64% population works in the agriculture and allied sector and
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provides food to over hundred million Indian and raw materials for our industries. India also has
enormous potential as an exporter of agricultural commodities that makes it one of the leading
agricultural countries in the world.
Scope
Agriculture sector provides numerous career opportunities in the field of agricultural finance, insurance,
transportation, storage, grading and marketing. Many business firms viz. insurance companies, banks,
public utilities and food chains employ the persons who have specialized knowledge of the agriculture.
The career aspirants who have good knowledge of agricultural science, economics and business
administration get lucrative jobs. There are growing opportunities in agriculture sector especially natural
resource management, food and wine, aquaculture, biotechnology, pest management, forestry, etc.
Recent surveys have revealed that Agrobase industries and Agro-biotechnology would provide
enormous job opportunities in near future.
Career Prospects in Agriculture
Agriculture Engineering
Agriculture Economics
Dairy industry
Fishery farming
Forestry
Horticulture
Plant Pathology
Poultry farming
Rural Management
Veterinary Science and animal
husbandry.
Food Technology
Remuneration
It depends on the academic qualification and experience. Remuneration in private sector is higher than
government organizations. The salary may range from Rs.10, 000 to 1, 50,000. The jobs in Agrobase and
Biotech industries are highly remunerative.
Employability Skills
Ability to work hard.
Ability to work in different weather conditions.
First-hand experience field experience.
Ability of making good decision making.
Good managerial skills
Strong social skills.
Ability to learn new things.
Ability to apply gained knowledge into the field.
Good physical fitness.
Career test
If you record Yes for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career
in the field of agriculture field.
Do I have any field experience of agriculture?
Do I any technical knowledge of plant sciences?
Do I like to work in farm?
Do I have ability to work hard?
Do I have ability to take appropriate decision?
Do I have innovative ideas to implement in the agriculture field?
Do I like the systematic way of working?
Do I like to work for several hours (8-12hrs or more) per day in farm?
Do I have ability to work with a team?
Do I have better statistical, computing and interpreting skills (especially for advanced farming)?
Am I ready to learn and adopt new techniques?
Career opportunities
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Agro-industry Sector: Provides jobs to scientists, engineers, technologists, sales and marketing
people.
Services Sector: This sector provide jobs to graders, agricultural technicians, agricultural
consultants, agricultural statisticians, veterinarians, etc. Banks finance and insurance companies
also provide jobs to agriculturist.
Corporations: Various corporations viz. National Seed Corporation, State Farm Corporation,
Warehousing Corporation and Food Corporation, etc provides job opportunities to agriculturists.
Agricultural Engineering: This field better job prospectus as compared to other fields.
Agriculture Management: This is a new field. Requires knowledge of management and
agriculture.
Estates and tea gardens: Many job opportunities are available in estates and tea gardens.
Self-employment: agriculture firms, agro-base industry, agriculture product shops, etc.
Job options
Agricultural Research Scientists (ARS)
Agriculture Development Officers (ADO)/Farm Technicians (after class X)/Lab Technicians/
Workshop Staff).
Field Officers/Rural Development Officers/Agricultural and Probationary Officers (post-graduates
in agriculture are appointed by banks)
Natural Resource manager.
Agriculture engineer
Agriculture representative.
Agri-statistician.
Agronomist.
Aqua culturist
Agri-business analyst
Executive (Agriculture)
Food technologist
Dairy technologist
Machinery operators
Manager (Organic farming)
Plant controller.
Plant supervisor
Plantation manager
Sales Consultant
AgriSales manager
Seed technologist
And many more
Employers
Agriculture Departments
Agriculture colleges and Universities
Banks
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).
Corporations viz. National Seed Corporation, State farm Corporation, Warehousing Corporation
and Food Corporation, etc
Owners of big tea estates and gardens.
Agro biotech institutes and companies.
Important Institutes
Allahabad Agricultural Institute (Uttar Pradesh) www.aaidu.org
Indian council for Agriculture Research (ICAR), New Delhi www.icar.org.in
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Lzatnagar (Uttar Pradesh) www.ivri.nic.in
Central Agricultural University, Imphal (Manipur) www.cic.nic.in
Forest Research Institute, PO. New Forest, Dehra Dun. www.fri.icfre.gov.in
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai (Maharashtra) www.icar.org.in
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) www.ndri.res.in
Agricultural Research Scientists (ARS) and Agriculture Development Officers (ADO) is recruited
on the basis of ARS NET entrance. Further details: www.ugc.ac.in
Graduate Test for Engineering) Biological sciences. www.iitk.ac.in/gate
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AGRICULTURAL RELATED CAREERS
The varying climatic and demographic conditions offer a conducive environment for the cultivation of a
large variety of agricultural products throughout the year. In recent years, the state of agriculture has
improved a lot because of the use of state of art technology along with genetically modified seeds and
cross breed verities for high yield. Unlike pre independence era or to be precise pre green revolution era
of 1964 agriculture has no longer been practiced in an unprofessional or classical manner , instead it has
become highly scientific, sophisticated and mechanized and consequently, very profitable too. The
impact of agriculture is not only on the production of food grains, vegetables and fruits, but on so many
agriculture dependent and allied industries which get its raw material from agriculture sector. A good
monsoon would drive the sensex raging as bull, while floods, droughts or other such calamities would
bring it to a grinding halt or even worse downfall
Horticulture, dairying and poultry farming are allied agricultural activities that have become
economically viable opportunities today. Aspirants can opt for a career option from any of the following
areas in the field of agriculture and allied practices
Agricultural Research, Agri-Business, Agro Industry, Agricultural Education, Agricultural Journalism,
Agriculture Engineering, Agricultural Management etc.
Besides these areas in the agricultural field young Indian generation can also make career in the allied
activities like Horticulture floriculture etc, owning to the fact that India is among the largest producers
of vegetables and fruits in the world and has an equally strong floriculture base. Today India's
agriculture has become globalised and the idea of integrating Indian agriculture with the world economy
is getting government support. India has enormous potential as an exporter of agricultural commodities
ranging from mushrooms to flowers, spices, cereals, oilseeds and vegetables to name a few of them.
With the commercialization of agriculture and horticulture there are varied opportunities for salaried
jobs as well as entrepreneurship. While salaried jobs with various government and private concerns
provide a regular income, entrepreneurship can generate handsome profits. Landscapers and
horticulturists are hired by hotels, health farms, and holiday resorts to beautify their surroundings.
Florists and nurseries are doing lucrative business especially in the metropolitan cities. Suburban
farmhouses have become important suppliers for the domestic market. Horticulture with its offshoot
floriculture has become a focus of export activity. India's exports of roses, carnations, gladioli,
chrysanthemums, jasmine and other tropical plants and flowers are scaling new heights. Careers in
horticulture are interesting and inspirational as there is continuous development in growing techniques
of plants. With new varieties of plants being nurtured the progress of horticultural science in
unprecedented.
In addition to studies of plant types, students in horticulture also need to study weather and soil
conditions, plant diseases and their treatments, and economic viability of each of these plants
Opportunities in the research are also increasing as research institutions are gearing up to accept the
challenge of the ever increasing export market with the combined support of the state and Central
governments and the corporate sector Agricultural Research Service/National Eligibility Test
Examination is conducted by the Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board or ASRB for filling up
vacancies of Scientists of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR) Institutes Considering all these opportunities candidates with ability to work on one's
own as well as part of a team, good health, a strong back for frequent bending, indifference to
unpleasant weather conditions, sometimes to dirty work, practical ability, good powers of
observation to detect early signs of disease in plants, animals and poultry, ability to deal with the
unexpected calamity and interest in scientific developments can make fortunes in this career.
Whereas Researchers should have the ability to work for long periods with intense concentration, a
keen analytical mind, and a strong scientific bent Candidates with all or some of the above given traits
and Basic training in agriculture offered as a Bachelor's degree course of three to four years duration at
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all the agricultural universities in the country can do well in agriculture and allied fields. The minimum
eligibility required for admission to B.Sc. (Ag.) course is a pass in the plus two or equivalent examination
with science or agriculture. Many universities fix a minimum aggregate of 50% marks to be obtained in
the qualifying examination. To the different universities may be based on merit or performance in an
entrance examination. Notifications of the courses at various places appear from January onwards,
while the sessions usually start off between July and September.
More than 40 colleges offer the B.Sc.(Ag.) course, as also the M.Sc.(Ag.) course. Some of the
designations and their work area in the field of agriculture are Agriculturists are scientists who have
specialised in a specific field in agriculture. Their main objective is to produce food and fibre. Some of
the specialisation fields are Entomology, Agricultural Economics, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Animal
Science, Food Science and Wildlife Management minimum requirement to become an agriculturist is a
B.Sc. degree or a B.Sc. (Agri Agricultural engineer Agricultural engineers usually specialise in a specific
field such as agricultural mechanisation, soil conservation and the processing of food. Agricultural
engineers often work in the field and are away from home for several days. The minimum requirement
for agricultural engineers is a B.Sc. degree in Engineering or Agricultural technicians Agricultural
technicians lays emphasis on the practical aspects of agriculture.
Different universities conduct Entrance exams for the selections of aspirants to the course of
Agriculture. Other than this, Indian council of agricultural research also conducts entrance exams for the
selection of suitable aspirants. Those with 50% marks in the XII exam are eligible to apply to this
examination.
Different institutions offering BSC agriculture course
Some of the top institutions offering B Sc degree in agriculture course are mentioned below
Chandrasekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture University College of Agriculture, Jabalpur
M.P. BSC agriculture, Punjab agriculture University
College of agriculture, Ludhiana, Punjab
ICARs entrance test
The Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, annually conducts an all-India level
entrance examination for admission to undergraduate and Masters programmes in agriculture and
allied subjects. Those clearing the test will be eligible for admission to 15 per cent seats in B.Sc.
agriculture and horticulture; B.Tech. Agricultural engineering and dairy science and technology; and so
on in the State agricultural universities. Those who have passed Plus Two or equivalent examination
with at least 50 per cent marks in physics, chemistry and biology or mathematics are eligible to appear
for this entrance examination.
ICARs postgraduate level entrance examination is conducted for admission to the Masters degree
programmes in the field of agriculture and allied sciences and for awarding ICARs Junior Research
Fellowships. All the seats for the Masters degree programmes in agriculture at the Indian Agricultural
Research Institute (IARI) and 25 per cent seats in the State agricultural universities (including the Kerala
Agricultural University) and Central agricultural universities are filled through this examination.
..
Agriculture Engineering
Agricultural Engineers apply engineering principles to all activities related to agriculture and
horticulture. Improvement in agricultural farm machinery, farm structures, rural electrification, bio-gas,
new technologies in the design and manufacture of agricultural products and also conservation of soil
and water are some of the jobs handled by an agricultural engineer. This basically implies looking after
the mechanisation of agricultural activities for the smooth functioning and efficient increase in food
productivity.
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Agricultural engineers apply their knowledge of biological and agricultural systems and engineering to
equipment design and assure environmental compatibility of practices used by production agriculture.
This includes all activities related to agriculture and horticulture for smooth functioning and efficient
increase of food productivity, improvement in agriculture farm machinery, farm structure, rural
electrification, biogas, new technology in the design and manufacture of agriculture products,
conservation of soil and water are the major jobs handled by agriculture engineers.
Entry
To become a qualified engineer one must have a graduate degree (B.E / B.Tech) or atleast a diploma in
any one of the several branches of Engineering.
Eligibility:
The basic eligibility criteria for a candidate aspiring to do a BE in Agricultural Engineering is 10+2, with
Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and preferably Biology.
Selection:
Selection to all Engineering courses is on the basis of: (a.) merit / marks secured in the final exams of
10+2 (with science subjects); (b.) through the means of entrance exams (joint entrance exam / JEE for
the IIT's and separate state level and national level exams for other institutions). Engineering courses are
available at two levels. There are the degree and postgraduate degree courses offered by the
engineering colleges and Institutes of Technology (IITs), and, the diploma courses available at
polytechnics.
The six Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) at Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Kharagpur, Kanpur and
Guwahati, and the Institute of Technology (BHU) at Varanasi, conduct the Joint Entrance Examination
for admission jointly.
Competitive examinations on an all-India basis for admission to a B Tech / B E course are also conducted
by The Birla Institute of Technology, at Pilani, Rajasthan, and at Ranchi; the University of Roorkee, UP;
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal; the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai
University, among others.
There are also 17 Regional Engineering colleges all over the country which offer admission in various
branches of engineering, on the basis of marks obtained in the Class 12 examination.
There is also the (AMIE) Associate Membership Examination of the Institute of Engineers which enables
working people in the private and public sector, or diploma holders to acquire a Bachelor's degree
through distance education, for career advancement.
Course Duration:
BE / B.Tech courses are of 4 years' duration The diploma courses are of 2-3 years' duration.
Specialization:
The bachelor's degree courses covers basic physical, engineering, and agriculture sciences, Soil
conservation, drainage method, irrigation practices, firm machinery, dairy engineering etc.
Educational Attainment:
BE in agriculture Engineering. At the postgraduate level crop process engineering, firm machinery and
power, soil and water conservation etc are taken up.
A Ph.D. degree of three years is also offered at IIT kharagpur, and IARI , New Delhi.
Institutions
Some of the premier engineering colleges in India are listed as follows: Indian Institute of Technology
(New Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, and Chennai)
Regional Engineering Colleges ( Warangal, Andhra Pradesh ; Silchar, Assam ; Jamshedpur, Bihar ; Surat,
Gujarat ; Kurkshetra, Haryana; Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir; Surathkal, Karnataka ; Calicut, Kerala ;
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Visvesvaraya REC, Nagpur, Maharashtra ; Rourkela, Orissa ; Jaipur, Rajasthan ; Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu
; Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh ; Durgapur, West Bengal ; Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh ; Jalandhar, Punjab.)
Birla Institute of Technology (BITS) - (Pilani and Ranchi.)
Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi.
University of Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh.
Jadavpur University, Calcutta.
Personal Attributes Required
Organising ability, practicality, ability to get on well with people of all types- at all levels in the
hierarchy,-from operatives to heads of research and managing director, ability to keep calm under
pressure and in inevitable crises, and a liking for being at the centre of action. It is also necessary to like
working with tools, drawing sketches of complex things and operations, and conceptualising forms and
structures. While a high level of practicality, skill, accuracy, understanding power, capacity to toil, and
perseverance are needed in ample quality, one must also have a knack for numbers and the ability to
express one's ideas precisely to others.
Employment Opportunities Agriculture Engineering Excellent career opportunities exist in product
engineering, equipment research and design, facilities design, environmental consulting, and
engineering management.
To be specific Central and state Government of agriculture and agriculture engineering, agro industry,
minor irrigation corporation, Food corporation of India, National Seed Corporation of India, National
Diary Development Board, Agriculture Research Organization, Agriculture university, Diary and food
industries, Nationalized Bank, Agriculture machinery manufacturing organization, tea gardens etc.
Job Prospects
There is no dearth of jobs for engineers. They can find employment in the following areas :
Government Sector, including the railways, municipal corporations, telecommunications
departments, etc.
Public Sector organisations,
Private companies,
As commissioned officers in the defence services,
Research organisations and laboratories,
As technical experts on engineering projects in banks and financial corporations,
An engineer can set up his / her own small unit / company or consultancy.
The Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers was established in 1960. Agricultural Engineering,
involves application of engineering to production, processing, preservation and handling of
food, feed and fibre. It also includes the transfer of engineering technology for the development
and welfare of rural areas and masses. The major fields of Agricultural Engineering are:
- Farm Power and Machinery.
- Soil and water Conservation and Management Engineering (including watershed
management, command area development, conservation, irrigation and field drainage).
- Irrigation (including surface and ground water development).
- Agricultural Process Engineering.
- Farm Storage Engineering.
- Farm Buildings and Structures.
- Farm use of Electricity.
- Rural water supply, rural roads, rural housing, rural sewerage and other aspects of rural
engineering.
List of agricultural universities in India
India is a Hub of Farmers. Agricultural education in India has evolved into a large and distinct domain,
separately from other areas of higher education.
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Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai
Central Agricultural University, Iroisemba
Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur
College of Agricultural Technology, Theni (Kullapuram)
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan
G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly
Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur
Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh
Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur
Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi
Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar
Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar
Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri
Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur
Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji University of Agriculture and Technology
Nagaland University
Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Rajendra Agricultural University, Samastipur
Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram, Chennai, India
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Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Banaskantha
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur
University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot
Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go
Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura
Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry
Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar
Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata
Central universities
Central universities including Banaras Hindu University, Aligarh Muslim University, Visva-Bharati
University, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Nagaland University and Sikkim University
have distinct faculties in agriculture. Few Central universities also have affiliated agricultural colleges.
State universities
Bundelkhand University, Lucknow University, Kanpur University, Gorakhpur University, Meerut
University, Calcutta University and many other state universities have distinct agriculture faculties. Most
of these universities have a number of affiliated agriculture colleges.
Institute of national importance
IIT Kharagpur has a very strong programme in Agricultural Engineering, while IIM A and IIM Lucknow
have leading programmes in Agribusiness. Central Food Technological Research Institute under AcSIR is
the premier institute in Food Technology
Job Opportunities in Agriculture
Placements and Prospects
India is among the largest producers of vegetables and fruits in the world and has an equally strong
floriculture base. Today Indias agriculture has become globalised and the idea of integrating Indian
agriculture with the world economy is getting support. India has enormous potential as an exporter of
agricultural commodities ranging from mushrooms to flowers, spices, cereals, oilseeds and vegetables.
The spurt in government support for export of agri-products has evoked considerable interest among
the large business houses which have worked out agreements for technology transfer, marketing tie-
ups, and management and trading contacts with leading foreign counterparts. Horticulture with its
offshoot floriculture has become a focus of export activity. Indias exports of roses, carnations, gladioli,
chrysanthemums, jasmine and other tropical plants and flowers are touching new heights.
In the field of fruits and vegetables too, India has tremendous export potential. With the
commercialisation of agriculture and horticulture there are varied opportunities for salaried jobs as well
as entrepreneurship. While salaried jobs with various government and private concerns provide a
regular income, entrepreneurship can generate handsome profits.
Landscapers and horticulturists are hired by hotels, health farms, and holiday resorts to beautify their
surroundings. Florists and nurseries are doing lucrative business especially in the metropolitan cities.
Suburban farmhouses have become important suppliers for the domestic market.
Agricultural University
Different agricultural universities recruit agricultural postgraduates for different post from concerned
field of specialisation. Following are some of the positions which are generally advertised by agricultural
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universities- Plant Pathologist, Plant Pathologist , Breeder , Agro-meteorologist, Economic Botanist.,
Research Engineer, Agronomist, Scientist, Associate Professor.
Other posts are Assistant Scientists, Assistant Professors , District Extension Specialists, Assistant Plant
Pathologist , Assistant Bacteriologist, Assistant Botanist, Assistant Soil Chemist, Junior Pedologist,
Assistant Economic Botanist, Assistant Fruit Breeder, Assistant Seed Research Officer, Assistant Seed
Research Officer, Junior Entomologist, Assistant Breeder, Junior Breeder , Junior Agronomist, Assistant
Vegetable Botanist , Seed Production Assistant, Assistant Research Scientist, Assistant Plant Physiologist.
Qualification for all above posts is Doctor Degree/ master degree in concerned disciple. However for
some posts experience in concerned field is required and for Assistant professor and other teaching
post, candidate should be NET qualified (conducted by UGC/ CSIR/ICAR/Other). For senior level post
Ph.D in concerned field is compulsory requirement
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
One can choose career under ICAR in the areas of research; one can become an Agricultural Research
Scientists (ARS). The recruitment to these posts is made through ARS/ NET examination is conducted for
Scientist post and lectureship. Presently first time ASRB has change the ARS/NET exam criteria. Now
ASRB will conduct ARS/NET (Preliminary and Main) examination. Only those candidates who qualify the
preliminary examination will be called for Main examination. Candidate for ARS interview will be
selected on the basis of performance in main examination..
Also ICAR has better option for agricultural graduates, postgraduates and for doctorate degree holders.
Bachelor degree holder can apply for some technical post in concerned discipline. Also some technical
post of level of T-5 (Technical Officer) is better option for postgraduate and above the Technical(T-5)
post like T-6 etc and subject matter specialist in Krishi Vigyan Kendras are better opportunities for Ph.D
degree holders.
State Agricultural DepartmentS
One can become an Agriculture Development Officers (ADO). The post is equivalent to that of the Block
Development Officers (BDO). Recruitment to these posts is made on the basis of an examination
conducted by public service commission/concerned department.
You can also apply for the post of a Research Scientist in organisations in the private sector. There, your
services may also be utilised in the laboratories in private labs. The desired qualification required for this
purpose is of doctoral level i.e. a Ph.D.
Banking Sector
After doing your B.Sc. you are eligible to apply for jobs offered by banks, finance sector seed companies,
breeding farms, poultry farms and insurance companies etc. Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India
and the nationalised banks offer openings for postgraduates in agriculture and allied areas as Field
Officers, Rural Development Officers and Agricultural and Probationary Officers.
Seed Companies
Another job opportunity is to join seed companies as Seed Officer, Scientist (Breeding, plant protection
etc.), and technical and other field jobs. Besides these, job opportunities also exist in the areas of farm
management, land appraisal, grading, packaging and labelling. Both in the public and private sectors
jobs are also offered in the field of marketing and sales, transportation, farm utilities, storage and
warehousing etc.
ICRISAT
Another opportunity is to join embassies as Agricultural Specialist and other post. Also ICRISAT is an
organisation for research related job of agriculture field.
Career Opportunities in Agro - Industry Sector:
Agro - industry provides jobs to scientists, engineers, technologists, sales and marketing people, besides
the production people. These areas of work relate to production, food processing, grain and seed
processing, meat and poultry packing, dairy processing, fats and oils, textiles, fibres, machinery and
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equipment, fertiliser and lime, pesticides, herbicide, feed manufacturing, constructions, etc. for which
people with adequate knowledge, in the respective fields are required.
Agricultural Engineering:
Agricultural branch of engineering provides better job prospects as compared to other branches. The job
is related to activities aimed at improving agriculture, reconstructing rural areas in general and
agricultural machinery, power, farm structures, soil and water conservation, rural electrification, etc.
Agricultural Management:
Job opportunities also exist in these relatively new areas. Agriculture related Job opportunities7 are also
available in estates and tea gardens.
Services Sector:
In order to regulate the functions of adequate and timely supply of seeds, chemicals, fertilizers, etc. at
genuine price, as also to regulate quality of the food products supplied for consumption by people,
there is requirement for people to inspect, grade, quality control chemicals, plants and animal
quarantine, agricultural technicians, agricultural consultants, agricultural statisticians, veterinarians,
foreign agricultural service, inspection and regulation, food and feed, seed and fertiliser.
There are several Government agencies at centre, state and district levels, which appoint of agricultural
employees. In addition, at the international level the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the
United Nation and some other agencies related to the development of agriculture also appoints
consultants.
Corporations:
Various corporations providing job opportunities to agriculturists include National Seed Corporation,
State Farm Corporation, Warehousing Corporation and Food Corporation.
..
Career as an Agricultural Scientist
Introduction
"Agriculture not only gives riches to a nation, but the only riches she can call her own" Samuel
Johnson
What does an agricultural scientist do?
Agricultural scientists do research and development on production techniques, in Improving agricultural
productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals,
development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro
cell culture techniques), in transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g.,
production, preservation, and packaging of agricultural products), prevention and correction of adverse
environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bio-remediation), theoretical
production ecology, relating to crop production modelling. Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes
termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are
of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than
that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems.
Courses & Eligibility
Various courses at bachelors and masters level are offered in agriculture and its allied subjects. One can
also apply for various research programs in agricultural institutes and universities.
B. Tech programme in Agricultural sciences (4 years)
B.Sc programme in any subject. One can choose from a variety of subjects depending upon his/her
interest.
Minimum eligibility requirement for admission: To be eligible, a candidate must have passed 10+2
science examination with PCB/PCBM/PCM/10+2 having scored not less than 50% marks in aggregate
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with the condition that candidates coming from different streams must take remedial courses as
prescribed.
Admission: is through entrance test and academic performance
M.Sc Agri Science (2 years)
Masters in Agricultural Business Management
M.Sc Agricultural Biotechnology
M.Sc Food Science and Technology or M.Sc Environmental Science and Technology
Eligibility: Relevant Bachelor's Degree examination from an institution accredited by ICAR
Admission: is through Entrance and academic performance.
Doctoral degree programmes and fellowship are also offered by many agricultural universities of India.
Course Fee
Central University charges around Rs.18000-20000 per year.
Where to Study
India has as many agricultural universities that offer regular full time programs in agriculture.
Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural Univ., Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, A.P.
Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, P.O Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur
Chandra Shekar Azad Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, U.P
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, Haryana
Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidhalaya, Palampur, Kangra, Himachal
Pradesh
Dr Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krishi Nagar, Akola, Maharashtra
Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar Univ. of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan, Nauni, Himachal Pradesh
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Udhamsingh Nagar,
Uttarakhand
Guru Angad Dev University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ludhiana, Punjab
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Krishak Nagar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Krishi Nagar, Jabalpur, M.P.
Junagadh Agriculture University, Moti Baug, Agril. Campus, Junagadh, Gujarat
Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Science University, P.B. No. 6, Nandinagar, Bidar,
Karnataka
Kerala Agricultural University, P.O Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala
Maharana Pratap Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Maharashtra Animal Science & Fishery University, Nagpur, Maharashtra
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra
Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, Maharashtra
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh
Navsari Agricultural University, Vijalpore, Navsari, Gujarat
Orissa Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Siripur, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab
Rajasthan AgriculturalUniversity, Bikaner, Rajasthan
Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
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Sardarkrushinagar-Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Dantiwada, Banaskantha,
Gujarat
Sher-E-Kashmir Univ. of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Railway Road, Jammu (J&K)
Sher-E-Kashmir Univ. of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Shalimar, Srinagar, (J&K)
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Chittoor, A.P.
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil
Nadu
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka
University of Agricultural Sciences, Banglore, Karnataka
UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidhyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan
Sansthan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwaviddyalaya, P.O. Pundibari, Distt. Cooch Behar, West Bengal
West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 68 KB Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal
University of Horticultural Sciences, Venkataramnagudem, West Godavari, A.P.
Rajmata VRS Agricultural University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
University of Horticultural Sciences, Navanagar, Bagalkot, Karnataka
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka
Deemed-to-be Universities
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Central Universities with Agriculture Faculty
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P.
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P.
Vishwa Bharti, Shantiniketan, West Bengal
Nagaland University, Medizipherma, Nagaland
Career Prospects
There are excellent career opportunities in Agricultural sector for engineering graduates and
scientists. They find employment in private consultancies, large corporations, government and non-
government organisations, universities and colleges, research laboratories, fertiliser industry and
some manage large farms or estates.
Famous Personalities
Prof M S Swaminathan is an internationally famous agricultural scientist and he developed varieties in
rice and wheat and is considered leader of the Green Revolution Movement. He has been awarded the
Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership, the Albert Einstein World Science Award, the first
World Food Prize in 1987, Volvo Environment Prize in 1999, and the Franklin D Roosevelt Four Freedoms
Award in 2000.
Professor Baldev Singh Dhillon, is an internationally famous agricultural scientist and former Assistant
Director General at ICAR; he developed variety in maize.

Career as Agricultural Economists
Introduction
Agricultural Economists are concerned with all economical activities that influence agriculture and the
distribution of agricultural products. The primary objective of agricultural economists is to increase
profitability in agriculture and improve human prosperity. They pursue this aim through studying and
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analyzing the aspects which influence the agricultural economy, and giving advice. This includes the
manufacture and distribution of agricultural means of production; farming itself; the determination of
government policy concerning agricultural and consumption affairs; the purchasing, processing and
distribution of agricultural products; the financing of all aspects of agricultural production and the sale
of agricultural products; economic evaluation of agricultural projects; agricultural development as well
as research and advice on all these facets. Each agricultural economist usually specializes in a certain
field.
The fields of study of the agricultural economist are as follows:
Production Economics, which involves the relationship between the inputs, production and profit as
well as labor utilization.
Financial Management, which includes aspects such as the management process itself, agricultural
planning and the principles of financing.
Agricultural Marketing, which involves all aspects of marketing such as the price system and market
types.
Agricultural Policy, which involves the interaction between agriculture and other sectors, the trade
policy, production policy, price and income policy and the government functions.
Operational Research, which is the application of economic simulation and optimization techniques on
agricultural problems.
Natural Resource and Environmental Economics, which is about the economic evaluation of the
interaction between agricultural production processes and the natural environment.
Courses & Eligibility
Various courses at bachelor's and master's level are offered in agriculture and its allied subjects. One can
also apply for various research programs in agricultural institutes and universities.
B. Tech programme in Agricultural Sciences (4 years)
B.Sc programme
One can choose from a variety of subjects depending upon his/her interest.
Minimum eligibility requirement for admission: To be eligible, a candidate must have passed 10+2
science examination with PCB/PCBM/PCM/10+2 having scored not less than 50% marks in aggregate.
Candidates coming from different streams must take remedial courses as prescribed.
Admission is through an entrance test and academic performance
M.Sc Agri Science (2 years)
Masters in Agricultural Business Management
M.Sc Agricultural Biotechnology
M.Sc Food Science and Technology or M.Sc Environmental Science and technology.
Eligibility: Relevant Bachelor's Degree examination from an institution accredited by ICAR
Admission is through entrance and academic performance.
Doctoral degree programmes and fellowship are also offered by many agricultural universities of India.
Course Fee
Central University charges around Rs.18000-20000 per year.
Where to Study
(The colleges and universities to study are same as last article)
Career Prospects
Government departments are the major employers for agricultural economists: The Departments of
Agriculture, Foreign Affairs, Trade and Industry, Labour, Environment Affairs & Tourism, Water Affairs
and Forestry as well as state authorities give employment. Commercial and development banks and
insurance companies and organisations involved with agricultural outputs and inputs provide good
employment opportunity.

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Career as Agronomist
Introduction
An agronomist is a person who engages in the scientific study of agronomy, which is the science of using
plants and plant materials as fuel, feed, food, and fibre. Agronomists integrate science and practical
applications of crop production, soil management, and climatology in the production and utilization of
food, feed, and fibre within an environmentally sound system. Agronomists today are involved with
many issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing environmental impact of
agriculture, and creating energy from plants. Agronomists often specialize in areas such as crop rotation,
irrigation and drainage, plant breeding, plant physiology, soil classification, soil fertility, weed control,
insect and pest control.
Courses & Eligibility
Various courses at bachelor's and master's level are offered in agriculture and its allied subjects. One can
also apply for various research programs in agricultural institutes and universities.
B.Sc programme in the subject - one can choose from a variety of subjects depending upon his/her
interest. Minimum eligibility requirement for admission: To be eligible, a candidate must have passed
10+2 science examination with PCB/PCBM/PCM/10+2 having scored not less than 50% marks in
aggregate with the condition that candidates coming from different streams must take remedial courses
as prescribed. Admission is through entrance and academic performance.
M.Sc Agri Science (2 years), Masters in Agricultural Business Management, M.Sc Agricultural
Biotechnology, M.Sc Food Science and Technology or M.Sc Environmental Science and Technology.
Eligibility: Relevant Bachelor's Degree examination from an institution accredited by ICAR, admission is
through entrance and academic performance.
Doctoral degree programmes and fellowship are also offered by many agricultural universities of India.
Course Fee
Central University charges around Rs.18000-20000 per year.
Where to Study
(The colleges and universities to study are same as last article)
Career Prospects
There are excellent career opportunities in agricultural sector for engineering graduates and scientists.
They find employment in private consultancies, large corporations, government and non-government
organisations, universities and colleges, research laboratories, fertiliser industry and some manage large
farms or estates.
Famous Personalities
Dr. Panjabrao S. Deshmukh, Agricuturist, who was also Agriculture Minister when Pt Nehru was Prime
Minister of India.

Career in Agriculture Marketing
Introduction
Agricultural marketing covers the services involved in moving an agricultural product from the farm to
the consumer. Various activities are involved in agricultural marketing such as planning production,
growing and harvesting, grading, packing, transport, storage, agro- and food processing, distribution,
advertising and sales.
What does an agricultural marketer do?
Agricultural marketers are engaged in providing real estate support, equipment used in cultivation and
harvesting, storage facilities for harvested crops, and delivery services that transport the harvest to
consumers. In addition, financial services that make it possible to secure products necessary for
agriculture to function are also normally included as part of agricultural marketing.
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Courses & Eligibility
Postgraduate Diploma in Agricultural Business Management for students with graduation and PG in
agricultural and allied sciences.
Postgraduate Program in Agri Business MBA.
Course Fee
Indian Institute of Management charges a fee of Rs 90,000 per term on the other hand BHU charges Rs
75000 per year.
Where to Study
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow
C.C.S. National Institute of Agricultural Marketing, Jaipur, Rajasthan
BHU, Varanasi
Mysore University, Mysore
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
# Other than these there are many institutes of repute in India that offer Masters in Business
Management and Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management.


Career as Animal Geneticists
Introduction
Animal Geneticists are animal scientists who conduct research in genetics, nutrition, reproduction,
growth and development of domestic farm animals. They find techniques to enhance animal production
efforts. They study the animals nutritional requirements and advice the producers about animal feed.
They conduct research on animal selection and breeding to increase the quality of breed and animal
produce. After studies they advise animal keepers on improved practices in feeding, keeping and
improving the quality and quantity of animal products. They crossbreed animals to obtain a breed that
has the desired traits using the principals of genetics.
Courses & Eligibility
One can pursue course in animal science, animal reproduction, or biology. Coursework for such degrees
generally includes the study of subjects such as anatomy, physiology, reproduction, genetics, nutrition,
and behavior. Additional courses in marketing, communication, and technology are usually beneficial.
B.Sc. in animal science, M.Sc. in animal Science. M.Sc (Animal Genetics and Breeding MVSc Animal
Genetics and Beeding.
Admissions are on the basis of common entrance exams and some universities hold their own entrance.
Course Fee
Per year fee for animal genetics program in a good university costs around Rs.60,000.
Where to Study
There are more than 45 veterinary colleges in the country which are imparting the BV.Sc & AH degree
and many Agricultural Universities that offer courses in animal science.
Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, UP
College of Veterinary & Animal Science, Udgir
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna
Central Institute of Research on Buffaloes (CIRB), Hisar
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh
College of Veterinary Research, Pantnagar, Nainital
Chandra Shekar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
Central Institute of Research on Goats (CIRG), Makhdoom, Mathura
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardar Krushinagar, Banaskantha
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College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mathura
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand, Gujarat
Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute (CSWRI), Avikanagar, Rajasthan
National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana
National Research Center on Camel (NRC Camel), Bikaner, Rajasthan
National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal, Haryana
National Research Center on Equines (NRC Equines), Hissar, Haryana
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Parbhani
National Research Center on Pig (NRC Pig), Guwahati, Assam
Project Directorate on Cattle,Meerut Cantt, Uttar Pradesh
Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Central Institute of Fisheries Educations (Cife), Mumbai
National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Uttar Pradesh
Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Agricultural Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
Pay & Remuneration
The remuneration that one gets as animal breeder depends on the type and quality of animal. Scientists
employed with the national research institutes or private big organisations earn well. There is huge
scope in teaching and educational institutes.

Career as a Horticulturist
"Gardening requires lots of watermost of it in the form of perspiration."- Lou Erickson
But there is much more to horticulture than just planting plants. Horticulturists cultivate plants for
human use. They cultivate fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, culinary herbs and non-food crops like
flowers, trees and shrubs, turf-grass, hops, medicinal herbs.
Who is a Horticulturist?
Horticulturists are involved in plant propagation and cultivation with the aim of improving plant growth,
yields, quality, nutritional value, and resistance to insects, diseases, and environmental stresses. They
work as growers, therapists, designers, and technical advisers in the food and non-food sectors of
horticulture. A horticultural scientist conduct research in horticulture and encompasses all of the pure
sciences mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, and biology and related sciences and
technologies that underpin horticulture, such as plant pathology, soil science, entomology, weed
science, and many other scientific disciplines. Horticulture Professionals apply their skills in many
industries and settings, including private research laboratories, universities, greenhouses, agriculture
businesses, and government agencies. Horticulturists usually specialize in particular field. Some do
research in particular plant species of family and others do more fundamental research in plant
propagation and other areas of interest. It is increasingly getting connected to the Food technology field
also as production, harvesting and storing of vegetables all are getting mechanized.
Courses & Eligibility
Diploma in horticulture (2 years)
B.Sc. Horticulture/ Agriculture (4 years)
M. Sc Horticulture (2 years)
Bachelors degree in Horticulture can be pursued as separate discipline or as a subject of BSc
Agriculture Science, 10+2 students in Science stream (class 12th) with physics, chemistry and
maths/biology/agriculture as the subject are eligible for the course.
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After doing B. Sc one can continue his/her further study in the field by doing M. Sc or PhD. The
minimum qualification for admission to various Master's programmes in agriculture is 60 per cent
marks or equivalent in graduation in same or related streams. For instance, in order to get
admission to MA in Pomology; Floriculture and Landscaping; or Vegetable Crops a B. Sc degree in
Agriculture or Horticulture is required.
Course Fee
Agriculture universities charge on an average Rs.20, 000 per year in the B.Sc course.
Where to Study
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University
Course: Diploma in Horticulture, B.Sc. (Hort), M.Sc. (Horticulture)
Kerala Agricultural University
Course: MSc (Horticulture)
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
Course: MSc (Horticulture)
Choudhary Charan Singh University Haryana, Hisar.
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwar
Course: B.Sc. (Hort), M.Sc. (Horticulture)
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi
Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat
Dr Y S P University of Horticuture and Forestry, Himachal Pradesh
Assam Agriculture University, Jorhat.
BHU, Varanasi, UP.
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar
Annamalai University
Course: BSc (Horticulture)
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chattisgarh
Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad
Course: M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture (Vegetable Science), M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture (Floriculture & Land
Scaping), M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture (Fruit Production & Post Harvest Technology)
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
Course: B.Sc. (Horticulture), B.Tech. (Horticulture)
Calcutta University, Kolkata
Course: MSc (Horticulture)
Pay & Remuneration
Beginners get around Rs.1.5 to Rs.2 lakhs a year, experienced horticulturists in research get very
handsome packages. They have a good option to start their own business and then there is no limit to
how much one can earn.
Career Prospects
Scope in the field of horticulture looks bright in the future. As demand for food plants is definitely going
to grow, the demand for non food plants like flowers, ornamental plants is also picking up very fast. The
option to enter in exports sectors is one bright option after doing horticulture. The advancements and
growth in food technology industry is also improving the prospects in horticulture. Both public and
private sectors offer good job options to horticulturists and there are opportunities to work abroad also.
Famous Personalities
Dr. M. H. Marigowda is considered as the father of Indian Horticulture.
Dr. M. S. Randhawa has also made significant contributions in the field of horticulture.
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Career in Plant Breeding/Plant Genetics
What is Plant Breeding / Plant Genetics?
Plant breeding is the science involved with the study of genetics in botany. It involves working with plant
genes in order to isolate them and then develop certain plant traits. Once a certain trait, such as plant
height, fruit sweetness, or tolerance to cold is found, a plant geneticist works to improve breeding
methods to ensure that future plant generations possess the desired traits.

What does a Plant Breeder / Plant Geneticist do? Plant
geneticists develop methods of making produce more nutritious, or altering plant pigments to make the
food more attractive. Plant breeders utilise many techniques to change the genetics of plants in order to
produce desired characteristics. The techniques range from simple selection of plants with desirable
characteristics to complex molecular techniques. Classical plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding
(crossing) of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable
properties. Plants are crossbred to introduce traits/genes from one variety or line into a new genetic
background. For example, a mildew-resistant pea may be crossed with a high-yielding but susceptible
pea, the goal of the cross being to introduce mildew resistance without losing the high-yield
characteristics. Progeny from the cross would then be crossed with the high-yielding parent to ensure
that the progeny were most like the high-yielding parent, (backcrossing). The progeny from that cross
would then be tested for yield and mildew resistance and high-yielding resistant plants would be further
developed. Plants may also be crossed with themselves to produce inbred varieties for breeding.
Classical breeding relies largely on homologous recombination between chromosomes to generate
genetic diversity. The classical plant breeder may also makes use of a number of in vitro techniques such
as protoplast fusion, embryo rescue or mutagenesis to generate diversity and produce hybrid plants that
would not exist in nature.
Courses & Eligibility
Various courses at undergraduate and post graduate level are offered at many universities
B.Sc. Genetics, B.Sc. (Genetics and Plant breeding)
Eligibility: Different universities have different eligibility criteria but mostly universities offer
M.Sc Genetics, M.Sc. (Genetics and Plant breeding)
Eligibility: different universities have different eligibility criteria but mostly B.Sc. Botany/ Zoology/
Bio- Chemistry/ B.Sc. (Ag.)/ B.V.Sc. / MBBS students are eligible for Post graduate course.
Where to Study
Course in Genetics is offered at Undergraduate level at
Osmania University, Hyderabad, B.Sc.
University of Poona, Pune, B.Sc.
Kakatiya University, Warangal, B.Sc.
Lucknow University, UP, B.Sc.
SRM university, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu offers B.Tech in Genetics
Universities with courses in Genetics and Plant Breeding
BHU, Varanasi, UP M.Sc.
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, UP, M.Sc.
Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, M.Sc.
Calcutta University, West Bengal, M.Sc.
CCS University, Meerut, M.Sc, M.Phil.
Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, M.Sc.
University of Kerala, Thiruvananthpuram, Kerala , M.Sc.
Other universities offering course in genetics are
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University of Delhi, Delhi Offers M.Sc.. - Eligibility: B.Sc. with the requisite percentage of marks and
with such additional qualifications as may be prescribed from time to time.
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana Offers M.Sc., - Eligibility: An overall grade point
average of 2.25 (4.00 basis) of 53% marks in aggregate at graduate level.
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab Offers M.Sc
Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Offers M.Sc.
Famous Personalities
Famous plant geneticists:
1. Benjamin Peary Pal, Plant breeder and geneticist, architect of Indian Green revolution, worked in
wheat hybrid.
2. Dr. Harbhajan Singh, Plant Geneticist, contributed to the Green Revolution in India, introduced new
species such as soybean, sunflower, low chilling and temperate fruits.

Career in Food and Dairy Technology
Introduction
"All you need is love. But a little chocolate now and then doesn't hurt." Charles M. Schulz
Food was, is and will be needed by all of us but the way we consume food has undergone considerable
change. Newer products with same ingredients or sometimes new ingredients are available, Milk
powder; different types of cheese, decaffeinated coffee, packaged juice, and ready to eat packaged food
are all work of food technologists. These professionals work in development of manufacturing processes
and recipes of foods and drinks. They work on existing and new ingredients and technology to invent
new recipes and concepts and create specialized products.
What do food technologists do? Food
technologists are trained professional who are involved in the treatment, processing, preservation, and
distribution of foods. Many food technologists are food scientists rather than engineers. These
individuals also develop new food products, and also deal with sensory evaluation of food products. On
the other hand food engineers design the process and machinery for making products with a consistent
flavor, color and texture in large quantities.
Dairy Technologists are professional who use their skills and knowledge in improving the methods in
production, preservation, and utilization of milk, cheese, ice cream, and other dairy products. They
conduct experiments in such problems as preventing bacterial increase in milk during handling and
processing, improving pasteurization methods, and designing better packaging materials, dairy
equipment, or supplies. Dairy technologists specialize according to products like ice cream or cheese, or
according to functional activity, as sanitation research or storage problems.
B.Sc. (Food science / food technology): PCM or PCB at 10+2 level can opt for under-graduate
courses in food technology, food science and home science. M.Sc( Food science/food technology),
eligibility criteria is B.Sc.( Food science/food technology).
B.Sc. Dairy Technology: 10+2 with Science with a minimum required percent of aggregate marks.
B.Tech. Dairy Technology: 10+2 with Science with a minimum required percent of aggregate marks
and entrance test conducted at the National or state level.
M.Sc.: Graduation in dairy technology.
M.Tech in Dairy Technology: Eligibility criteria is B.Sc or B.Tech degree.
B.V.Sc. and Biotechnology courses are exempted from graduation courses in dairy technology. Such
candidates can directly opt for masters degree programmes.
Where to Study
Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences (Delhi University)
Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women (Delhi University)
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Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
University of Bombay, Mumbai
National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management
Manipur University Imphal (B.Sc with food technology)
Dr. Babasabeb Ambedhar Marathawada University Aurangabad (B.Sc. with Food & Nutrition)
Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam (B.Sc with food technology)
Kakatiya University,Warangal (B.Sc. with Food and Nutrition)
University of Calcutta, Calcutta, B.Sc. with Food and Nutrition
University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore (Diploma Course Food Analysis and Quality
Assurance/Food Science Technology)
University of Madras, Madras (B.Sc. with Food Preservation)
Chitrakoot Gramodaya Visbwavidyalaya, Distt. Satna - B.Tech. (Food Engineering)
Kanpur University, Kanpur (UP)(M.Tech. is also available)
Nagpur University, Nagpur B. Sc. Tech (after B.Sc)
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (A.P.) M.Sc. (Food Science)
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (UP) M.Sc. Food
Technology, (M.Sc. in Food and Nutrition is available)
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (Punjab) M.Sc. in Food & Fermentation Technology and Food
Sc
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore M.Sc. (Food and Nutrition)
University of Agricultural Sciences, Krishinagar, Dharwad
University of Mysore, Mysore M.Sc. (Food and Nutrition)
SNDT Women's University, 1, Nathibai Thackersay Road, Mumbai, Food Science
Preservation/Management and Food Sc. Technology
Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar. (DOU 27112007), M.Sc. Food Technology
Institutes/Universities (Dairy Technology)
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand
Dairy Science College, Bangalore
IIT Kharagpur
Allahabad Agricultural Institute (Diploma in Dairy Husbandry and Dairy Technology course of two
years duration)
National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore
Archarya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University
College of Dairy Technology , Nagpur (Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University)
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya College of Agricultural Engineering, Adhartal, Jabalpur
Kerala Agricultural University
Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
University of Agricultural Sciences, Krishinagar, Dharwad,Karnataka
Pay and Remuneration
A fresh food technology graduate from Delhi University gets on an average a starting salary of Rs.3 lakhs
while post-graduates get higher salary.
Career Prospects
Good opportunities exist in food processing industry in research and development and manufacturing.
Food industries, rice mills, dairy industries, hospitals, food packaging industry, soft drinks manufacturers
all employ food technologists

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Career in Dairy Science and Poultry Farming
Today, the dairy industry is a large organized sector with both private and government participation. In
its network across the country there are rural based milk producers who have joined private or
government owned cooperatives to reach the burgeoning markets in cities and towns, and there are
large scale government/privately owned dairy farms. There are almost 200 dairies across the country
managing milk produce of almost 1.5 lakh tons a day. Based in urban and semi-urban locations are milk
processing units involved in the manufacture of milk products like cheese, butter, cream, ghee, milk
food, ice cream etc. The marketing outlets, with efficient transportation network of dairy products, are
in large metropolitan towns and in some smaller cities.
Poultry farming has indicated rapid growth of 20% in the past few decades as well. From a backyard
hobby it has culminated into an industry involving almost 7 lakh people. Egg production today is
approximately 2.2 billion a month while broiler chicken marketing indicates 30 million sales per month.
This venture has largely been entrepreneurial and poultry farmers prefer to target their efforts to
breeding& broiler farming for sale of ready broilers or layer farming for eggs.
Nature of Work
Dairy Farming
Dairy farming includes breeding and care of milch cows and high yielding cattle, procuring milk and
processing of milk into a variety of dairy products. The production process requires engineers for the
maintenance of processing plants and dairy technologists for overseeing the processing of milk
products. Breeding and care of cattle is generally the work of Veterinary Scientists. Dairy technologists
work in procuring milk from rural based small dairy farmers or as supervisors in large dairies, monitoring
the procurement and collection process. Marketing of the dairy products is handled by marketing and
sales professionals.
Dairy Technology
The dairy technologist is concerned with the development of new and improved methods in production,
preservation and the utilization of milk, cheese and other dairy products. They apply their knowledge of
bacteriology, economics, engineering and physical sciences.
Dairy Science
Dairy science is the study of the reproductive and lactation process. It incorporates improving breeding
of dairy animals. Dairy scientists experiment with feed and environmental conditions for better quantity
and improvement of nutritional value of milk.
Poultry Farming
Poultry farming encompasses the breeding and rearing of chicks, feed formulation, care of chicks for
prevention and control of disease and overall management of the farm including finance and marketing
functions. It is a highly specialized field of work where experience and knowledge have a lot to
contribute to success. Procurement of good breed of chick (from breeders) with the correct assessed
laying or weight gain capacity to formulating nutritional feed for the chicks, keeping the farm clean and
free of disease and infection, prophylactic administration of vaccinations and monitoring the breeding
temperature in the farm all require good training and intense involvement. Experienced poultry farmers
experiment on light and warmth management in layer farms, artificial insemination, feed substitutes
and additives as well as on feed formulations. Like dairy products marketing of poultry products too
needs efficient management. Poultry farmers have to manage the storage of their products till these
reach the market.
Work Environment
Since the dairy industry must maintain strict codes of health and hygiene dairy plants are generally clean
and equipped with modern machines. Animal rearing, nevertheless, is a job which requires stamina and
endurance to work under conditions which are not too clean and comfortable. In a poultry farm working
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and inspecting sheds where birds have been kept can be tough as the place is dirty and noisy. In dairy
farms there are similar working conditions. In marketing the job is very much like that of other
marketing professionals.
Personal Characteristics
the job of dairy and poultry farmers requires both scientific acumen and attention for detail. Health and
care of the farm animals and birds is of prime concern which requires regular attention and a well
structured personal regimen. Dedication, care and love for animals, attention to many details is required
while providing shelter, medical care, nourishment to the animals and birds at the farm. A scientific
temper allows handling the work methodically eliminating breeding problems and casualties.
Marketing requires skills of communicating, planning and marketing skills.
Dairy Technologists as managers must have leadership qualities, team spirit, ability to think on their
feet, originality, knowledge of man and machine, preparedness to go anywhere and above all,
motivation, commitment, and a killer instinct to give and receive the best from the industry.
Employment Avenues
Dairy technologists work in public and privately managed dairy farms, cooperatives, rural banks, milk
product processing and manufacturing industries. They work in quality control departments and in
biotechnological research. With Operation Flood, Indian cooperatives have had to play a significant role
in the growth of this sector. The organized sector has been steadily growing in milk production and in
milk processed foods. Dairy Technologists, Dairy Scientists and rural managers are employed by public
sector organisations e.g. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Dairy Cooperative Societies, Plants
manufacturing milk products, marketing of milk and milk products including storage and transportation.
Research organisations too look for Dairy Scientists.
In the private sector, Hindustan Lever, Nestle, Glaxo, Smith Kline Beecham, etc. are some of the leading
companies employing dairy technologists. The chain of command differs in public and private dairy
plants. In the latter case, fresh graduates usually join as management trainees/executives and go on the
become junior officers. The next stage is that of a Shift-in-Charge, followed by Superintendent,
Manager, General Manager and then the Managing Director. In the state dairy department, the Milk
Commissioner is the supreme head, under him come the Additional Milk Commissioner and Deputy Milk
Commissioner. At the plant level, the hierarchy starts with the Dairy Manager or Plant Manager. Below
him are the Deputy Plant Manager, Assistant Plant Manager, Technologists and Technicians. While a B.
Tech in dairy technology usually joins as a Technologist or Assistant Manager, those with an M.Tech
start off on a higher rung. Graduates in poultry farming find employment in large poultry farms,
breeding farms, feed production industries, laboratories working on feed formulation and analysis,
pharmaceutical firms, in veterinary hospitals, in government poultry extension cells, and in large scale
marketing divisions of poultry products. Many graduates set up their own venture.
Institutes of poultry production and management
Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Pin: 243 122 (UP) India E-mail us:
cari_director@rediffmail.com
National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Makrampur Campus, G.T. Road Baldi Bye Pass,
P.O. Box-129, Karnal-132001 (Haryana), India
1. Name of the universities offering post graduation in poultry science
1) Acharya N.G. Ranga, Agricultural University, Hyderabad College of Veterinary Science,
Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad. College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati.
2) Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. Faculty of Veterinary Science, Khanapara Campus,
Guwahati.
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3) Gujarat Agricultural University, Banaskantha. College of Veterinary Science & Animal
Husbandry, Anand. College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Sardar Krushi
Nagar.
4) Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar. (KVAFSU) College of
Veterinary Science, Bangalore.
5) Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences,
Mannuthy, Thrissur.
6) Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur College of Veterinary Science &
Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur. College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry,
Mohow.
7) Maharashtra Animal & fishery Sciences University, (MAFSU) Nagpur. College of
Vetreianry & Anmal Sciences, Parbhani. Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur. Bombay
Veterinary College, Mumbai. Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary & Animal Science,
Akola.
8) Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneshwar College of Veterinary
Science & Animal Husbandry, Bhubaneshwar.
9) Pondicherry University, Pondicherry Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary & Animal
Sciences, Pondicherry.
10) Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Science University, Chennai. Madras Veterinary
College, Chennai Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal.
11) Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya
Evam Go Anusandhan Sanstha, Mathura College of Veterinary Science & Animal
Husbandry, Mathura. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, (Deemed University),
Izatnagar, UP. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, (Deemed University), Izatnagar. UP.
Private institutions of poultry science:
1. Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Itzatnagar 243122, UP.
2. Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), Izatnagar 243122, UP.
3. Project Directorate on Poultry, Hyderabad 500030. (A.P)
4. High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Bhopal. (M.P.)
5. Central Poultry Development Organization (CPDO), Mumbai, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar,
Chandigarh.
6. Central Training Institute for Poultry Production and Management (CTIPPM) Bangalore,
Karnataka.
7. Poultry Diagnostic Research Centre, (PDRC) Pune (M.S.) 412202.
8. Dr. B.V. Rao Institute of Poultry Management & Technology (IPMT) Pune (M.S.) 412202.
Fellowships programme:
After completing graduation (B.V.Sc & AH), Candidate can avail the fellowship for doing his post
graduation (M.V.Sc) in Poultry science by qualifying All India Competitive Examination conducted by
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) which award Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) for rankers
though which, students can secure post graduation seat in universities.
Diploma Courses:
Some ICAR and Private Institutes train students by providing basic information and practical training
courses in different aspects of Poultry Science. IVRI conducts National Diploma which helps them to
provide knowledge and join opportunity in poultry sector.
Many students are interest in research program after post graduation. There are job opportunities in
teaching or research as an Assistant professor/Teaching associates in the department of Poultry Science
for candidates who have doctorate degree. Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board (ASRB), New Delhi
also conducts National Eligibility Test (NET) for selection of Poultry graduates as Scientist at various
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National Institutes to enhance research quality. There are few candidates who want to provide
consultancy and are self employed. Poultry graduate can earn good amount of money through
consultancy and visiting at different private poultry farms. People can start their farm by completing
post graduation in poultry science. For doing own business, they can get financial support from NABARD
(National Agricultural Bank for Rural Development)., Rural Cooperative Banks and Nationalized Banks.
Poultry Industry & Public Sector: at present, demand of poultry specialist is very high due critical issue
of bird flu which is a major problem for poultry sector. All poultry companies require experts to face the
challenges of disease and other issues for overall development of poultry sector. Post Graduate in
poultry science can work in any field like hatchery, breeding, nutrition & feed manufacturing, health &
biosecurity, economics, products & processing, Management, technical and sale. They also get array of
job opportunities in NGOs/ Public sectors which are working in the field of poultry rearing. In every state
of India, there are poultry farms for development of livestock policies. These organizations are always
looking for suitable candidates who are post graduate of Poultry science. Poultry specialists are also
employed in Veterinary Officer/veterinary Assistant Surgeon/ Livestock Development Officer in state
governments poultry farms. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) which works under Agricultural Extension
Division, New Delhi also choose poultry post graduates as Training Associates/Subject matter Specialist
for training of farmers and enhance their knowledge in leading edge areas of poultry farming. Therefore,
post graduate candidate can choose this career and get success in life.


Career as a Veterinarian
A veterinarian, or a vet, is a physician/surgeon for animals and a practitioner of veterinary medicine.
Most vets look after domesticated animals, while some treat wild animals, too.
A veterinarian, or a vet, is a physician/surgeon for animals and a practitioner of veterinary medicine.
Most vets look after domesticated animals, while some treat wild animals, too.
As per research, veterinarians tend to the healthcare needs of animals, pets, livestock, and zoo animals.
Many vets work in private clinics treating companion animals, for example dogs and cats. Many large-
animal veterinarians are employed by farms, ranches, and even zoos. Indian army is also one of the big
employers. A small number are unique veterinarians who treat horses, and food animal vets who work
with farm animals. There are some vets who specialize in food safety and inspection. They check
livestock for illnesses that can be transmitted to humans. There are research veterinarians also who do
research on human and animal health conditions.
Animals cant tell their problems and many pet owners do not spend a lot of money on diagnosis and
tests, vets have to rely on their experience. Before touching the animal they should know about the
temperament of animal also they should examine with a lot of care so that injury to self should be
prevented.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor's in Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (B.V.Sc & AH) (5 years) eligibility is class 12th
with science subjects such as Physics, Chemistry and Biology and admission is through entrance exam.
Veterinary colleges are recognized by Veterinary Council of India.
Masters in MVSc: After BVSc one can go for MVSc and specialize in medicine, surgery, biochemistry,
genetics and breeding, poultry science, biotechnology, pharmacology, physiology, immunology, etc.
Veterinary Council of India conducts an 'All India Common Entrance Examination' All India Pre-
Veterinary Test (AIPVT) for admission to first year Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc) & Animal
Husbandry (AH) degree course for filling up 15% of the total number of seats of each veterinary college
of all states; about 36 colleges where Indian Veterinary Council Act, 1984 extends. For other seats the
respective states conduct entrance exams.
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This Entrance exam is usually held in the month of May each year. For admission to master's degree
program, All India Entrance Examination is conducted by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research
(ICAR).
Where to Study
There are 38 veterinary colleges in India. Apart from this IVRI (Indian Veterinary Research Institute,
Bareilly, UP) offers the Master and Ph.D. programs in almost every subject. NDRI and College of Animal
Science CCSHAU, Hissar offers Master's and Ph.D. in animal sciences only.
Bombay Veterinary Science College.
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
College of Veterinary Sciences, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Udgir, Maharashtra
Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University Veterinary College, Bidar
Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University College of Veterinary and Animal Science,
Mannuthy
Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University College of Veterinary Science, Pookode
Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University
Rajendra Agricultural University
Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Faculty of veterinary Sciences and
Animal Husbandry
Sri Venkateswara University College of Veterinary Science
Career Prospects
There are plenty of job opportunities for vets. In urban areas there is scope for small animal vets and
dairy vets. Dairy farms, farm houses and zoological parks all offer good opportunity for vets. One can
also become a Army officer. With higher education one can also think about career as a professor in
veterinary college. Various research organizations like veterinary research institute, also offer good
opportunity. Some vets also join corporate sector and work with companies producing food stuff for
animals. There are a number of opportunities in NGOs/Societies working for the welfare of the animals
and livestock owners like BAIF (Bharti Agro Industrial Federation), Help-in-Suffering, LPP, PETA (People
for Ethical Treatment of Animal) etc.

Veterinary science is a medical profession that deals with the control of disease in animals. A
veterinarian or a doctor of animals' primary responsibility is to look after the health and welfare
of the animals. It also includes the breeding and scientific handling of livestock. Veterinarians
can choose to work in urban areas, where the work would mostly include the care and handling
of domestic pets, or with the government's animal husbandry departments.
The demand for veterinary doctors has increased tremendously. More and more people are keeping
pets, both for companionship and protection, than ever before. Many more women, too, are entering
this profession today.
Nature of Work
The job profile of veterinarians is probably much more than that of a general physician or a surgeon.
They diagnose the disease; work to prevent and control animal diseases; treat sick and injured animals;
prevent the transmission of the animal diseases to people and advise owners on proper care of the pets
and the livestock.
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Approach in treatment can also vary according to different animals. Those handling domestic pets have
to keep in mind the owner's attachment to the pet and provide individual attention and care.
In farm animal practice, vets are concerned not only with treating animals which are owner's
investment, but also with advising on the well-being and productivity of the entire stock.
Personality
A veterinarian should have a genuine love for animals. Aptitude and interest in the biological sciences
are important. Scientific learning and undertaking of animals is required.
Working with large animals requires physical stamina and quick body reflexes to tackle the animal's
moody behaviour. Other qualities are:- ability to inspire confidence in animals; power of observation
and self-reliance; adaptability; indifference to the occasionally disagreeable conditions of work; the
ability for team work.
Professional Courses
1. College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
2. College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati, Assam.
3. College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Ranchi, Jharkhand.
4. Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar.
5. College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand, Gujarat.
6. Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai, Maharashtra.
7. College of Veterinary Science, Ludhiana, Punjab.
8. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan.
9. Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
10. College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh.
11. College of Veterinary Science, Pantnagar, Uttar Pradesh.
12. Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai.
13. West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Calcutta.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Specialization
Most veterinary surgeons develop a particular area of expertise.
a. Private Practice:- Veterinary doctors in urban areas can set up private practice to deal mainly
with small or domestic animals. This can be quite profitable, especially in big cities, but tends
to get restricted to canine and feline pets.
b. Hospitals:- Veterinary surgeons attached to veterinary hospitals in cities may also find
themselves handling mainly domestic pets. But the government postings could also be in rural
areas where responsibilities extend to cattle, sheep, goats, horses, poultry, etc.
c. Extension Officers:- Veterinary doctors are required for extension programmes, i.e. they
educate and encourage livestock farmers to build up the quality of their animal stock. They
also advise on animal farm management and animal health problems.
d. Dairy Sector:- The veterinarian doctors employed by the dairy sector work at ensuring
increasing yields in milk production, and also the health and breeding of dairy cattle.
e. Pharmaceutical Companies:- Veterinarians are employed in the pharmaceutical companies
where they handle the production of vaccines, or the development of animal feeds and
fertilizers.
f. Wildlife and Environment:- Vets play an important role in captive breeding of wild animals,
particularly those feared to be getting extinct. This helps in maintaining the ecological balance
and in catering to the health of wild animals.
Career Prospects
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Within the veterinary field itself, there are several career options. After a student graduates as a vet,
he/she can opt for a Post Graduation or Ph.D. in specialized areas like surgery, andrology or medicine, or
take up the job of a livestock development officer. Other than these, a vet can also join dairy and poultry
farms as a doctor or become a marketing officer for a pharmaceutical company.
Wildlife and zoo veterinarians promote natural ecology and cater to the health problems in wildlife in
zoos, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
Army veterinarians can work as officers of the Remount Veterinary corps.
Remunerations
In India, an average vet makes anything between Rs.10, 000 to Rs.80, 000 per month. This depends upon
the kind of practice and the animals that are treated.

ARS Exam
Agricultural Research Services acronym as ARS Exam is conducted by the ASRB of Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) for appointment as Scientists in Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of
Indian Council of Agricultural Research in the pay scale of Rs.15,600 - Rs.39,100 plus research Grade Pay
of Rs.6,000 in the ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Institutes.
ARS Exam Eligibility
Eligibility Criteria
1. Educational Qualification
For Agricultural Research Service Test a candidate must have a Master's degree or equivalent in the
concerned subject
2. Age
A candidate must have attained the age of 21 years but not have attained the age of 32 years as on the
respective year of the exam.
On job candidates of ICAR less than 45 years in age and of the State Agricultural Universities less than 35
years in age as on the respective year will also be eligible to appear subject to possession of prescribed
qualifications.
ARS Exam Syllabus
ARS consists of questions from the relevant subjects.
ARS Exam Pattern
ARS Exam consists of two stages ie. Preliminary Exam followed by Main Exam and Vica Voca as given
below.
Preliminary Exam
Subject Type of Questions M.Marks Timming
Respective Professional Subject Objective Type 150 2 Hrs.

Note: 1/3 marks will be deducted for each wrong answer in Prelim ARS Examination. This is a Qualifying
exam and marks scored will not be counted for final selection.
Main Exam
Main Exam consists of three parts as given below:
Subject Type of Questions No of Questions M.Marks Timming
Part A Very short answer type of question<10 words 40 80
3 Hrs.
Part B Short Answer type of question 1 or 2 paragraph 20 100
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Part C Essay type or discriptive type 6 60

Total

240

Note: Answers are required to be written in the space provided below the question. In no case extra
sheets will be provided.
Viva Voce: 60 Marks
The candidates clearing Mains Examination will be called for Viva-voce in the ratio 1:5 subject to
minimum 55% are obtained by General / OBC candidates and 50% marks are obtained by SC / ST / PC
candidates in ARS Mains Examination (Subjective type).
ARS Exam Dates
ARS Preliminary Exam is generally held in the month of February every year.
How to apply for ARS Exam?
A candidate seeking admission to the Examination must apply to The Secretary, Agricultural Scientists
Recruitment Board, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi-110012 on the application form
available on ICAR Website www.icar.org.in or ASRB Website www.asrb.org.in. The application form must
be filled up by the candidate in his / her own handwriting only. The candidates are not required to
attach the copies of the documents/certificates in support of their candidature.
How many attempt can a candidate avail to take ARS Exam?
The number of attempts for appearing in the Agricultural Research Services Examination will be limited
to FOUR for all candidates(whether M.Sc/PhD) including the in-service candidates of ICAR. However this
restriction will not apply to SC and ST candidates, who are eligible otherwise.
ARS Exam Fee
Prospective candidates have to pay Rs.480 (Rs. Four hundred eighty only) plus registration charge of Rs.
20/- (Rs. Twenty only).
All candidates will pay registration fee of Rs. 20
Note: Women candidates and the candidates belonging to schedule caste/schedule tribe/physically
challenged categories are exempted from payment of examination fee only. No fee exemption is,
however, available to OBC candidates and they are required to pay the registration fee in full. Details of
fee charges to be paid:
S.No Category of Candidates
Examination
Fee
Registration
Fee
Total
Fee
1 General / OBC 480 20 500
2
Woman/
Schedule Caste/
Schedule Tribe/
Physically Challenged
Woman/Schedule Caste/Schedule
Tribe/Physically Challenged
Nil 20 20

The Agricultural Research Services Exam is held every year in the main cities of the India.
ARS Exam Contact Details
The Secretary
Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board
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Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan
Pusa, New Delhi-110012.


ASRB NET
Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board National Eligibility Test acronym as ASRB NET is conducted
twice in a year for selecting candidates for determining eligibility for Lecturer/ Assistant Professor in the
State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and other Agricultural Universities (AUs).
ASRB NET Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
For admission to Agricultural Research Service/National Eligibility Test a candidate must have a Master's
degree or equivalent in the concerned subject
2. Age
A candidate must have attained the age of 21 years as on the respective year of the exam.
3. Nationality: A candidate must be either:
1. A citizen of India, or
2. A subject of Nepal, or
3. A subject of Bhutan, or
4. A Tibetan refugee who came over to Indian before the 1st January, 1962 with the intention of
permanently settling in India, or
5. A person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka or East African
countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia
or from Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.
Reservations as per governmental norms are applicable regarding age limits and job vacancies
ASRB NET Exam Syllabus
ARS NET Consists of questions from the relevant subjects.
ASRB NET Pattern
ASRB NET will be one paper of 150 marks consisting of 150 objective type multiple choice questions to
be solved in 2 (Two) Hrs. Each question carries One mark. These 150 questions shall be derived from the
respective discipline in which the candidate has opted to appear.
Minimum marks required for qualifying NET Exam
Category of Candidate Minimum Qualifying Marks
General / OBC 60%
SC / ST/ Physically Challenged Person 50%
Note: 1/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer in the NET examination.
ASRB NET Allowed Number of Attempts
The number of attempts for appearing in the National Eligibility Test Examination will be limited to FIVE
for all candidates (whether M.Sc./Ph.D.) including the in-service candidates of I.C.A.R. However, this
restriction will not apply to SC and ST candidates, who are otherwise eligible.
Note: The number of attempts made by the candidates prior to National Eligibility Test Examination -
2012 will not be taken into account for counting the number of attempts made
ASRB NET Exam Dates
ASRB NET exam is held twice in a year in the months of January and June.
ASRB NET Exam Fee
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The fee a given below must be paid through a Crossed Bank Draft only drawn in favour of The Secretary,
A.S.R.B. and payable at New Delhi with the application form.
Candidates should write their name and address on the reverse of the Bank Draft. No other form of
payment will be accepted by the Board.
Fee Structure
S.No Category Fee
1 General Rs.1000
2 Other Backward Classes- Non Creamy Layer Rs.500
3 Scheduled Cast Scheduled Tribe and Physically Challenged Rs.250
ASRB NET Exam Centres
List of ASRB NET Exam centres is as follows:

NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam
National Dairy Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Diploma in Animal Husbandry
and Dairying Entrance Exam acronym as NDRI DADH Entrance exam is conducted by ICAR for providing
admission to Diploma in Animal Husbandry and Dairying in Eastern Regional Station of NDRI, Kalyani.
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification:
Aspiring candidates must have passed 10 Standard Examination of the Central Board of Secondary
Education or any other examination within scope and standard found to be equivalent to the Secondary
School Examination of recognized board after a period of 10 years of study.
Candidate must have passed the qualifying examination as enumerated above securing not less than
50% of the total marks (or equivalent grades/ OGPA etc.) for General, OBC and UPS categories and 40%
of the total marks (or equivalent grades/OGPA etc.) for SC/ST, Physically handicapped and NEH states
nominated candidates.
Note: Those candidates who are appearing for Class 10th examination in the year 2014 can also apply
subject to their producing 10 passing certificate on or before 31.07.2014.
Age Limits:
Aspiring candidates who must have attained the age of 15 years but not more than 21 years
are eligible.
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Pattern
There will be only one paper based on Science, Mathematics and English language of 10 Standard
syllabuses and General Knowledge expected from 10 Standard.
The entrance examination will be 2 hrs duration and of 150 marks. Paper will be of objective type with
multiple choice questions.
Note: The qualifying marks in the entrance examination will be 50% for general, OBC & UPS and 45% for
SC / ST and PH categories.
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Dates
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam is normally held in the month of June.
How to apply for NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam?
To apply for NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam the downloaded Application Form shall be filled and submitted
along with a Demand Draft of Rs.600/ OR
The Information Bulletin and Application Form can also be obtained from the:
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In Charge, Academic Cell
National Dairy Research Institute
Eastern Regional Station
A-12 Block, Kalyani
District Nadia- 741235 by hand
After obtaining Application: The completed Application Form along with the necessary documents
should reach to the following address by Speed post to:
In Charge, Academic Cell
National Dairy Research Institute
Eastern Regional Station
A-12 Block, Kalyani
District Nadia- 741235
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Fee
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Fee is Rs.600 only.
NDRI DAHD Test Centers
The entrance examination will be conducted at the following given centres.
1. NDRI, Karnal-132001, (Haryana)
2. Southern Regional Station, NDRI, Adugodi, Bangalore-560030 (Karnataka)
3. Eastern Regional Station, NDRI, A 12 Block, Kalyani-741235, District Nadia, West Bengal
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Contact Details
The Head
National Dairy Research Institute
Eastern Regional Station
A 12 Block, Kalyani
District Nadia
West Bengal -741235.
Other agricultural courses
While many non-agricultural universities offer postgraduate courses related to agriculture, a number of
agricultural universities have introduced agricultural courses related to other disciplines. Some of the
important ones are: Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Statistics and Agro
Meteorology.
What can you do after passing out?
On obtaining a graduate or a postgraduate degree in a discipline of agriculture and allied sciences, there
are a wide range of options and opportunities in teaching, research and transfer of technology areas in
State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), State Departments of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and
NGOs. Even banks which advance credit and loans for agro-based projects employ agricultural
specialists. The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts an annual competitive examination
for recruitment in the Indian Forest Services. The employment opportunities are really multifaceted for
competent persons. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) (Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa,
and New Delhi-110012), an autonomous body under the Department of Agricultural Research and
Education (DARE), is one of the largest employers of scientific manpower in the country.
The research set-up includes 45 Central Institutes, four National Bureaus, 10 Project Directorates, 30
National Research Centres and 80 All-India Coordinated Research Projects. For effective communication
of research findings among farmers, the ICAR maintains a network of 261 Krishi Vigyan Kendras, along
with 8 Zonal Coordinating Units. More than 6,500 research scientists work directly in ICARs research
establishments and about 5,000 work in SAUs, and projects funded directly by the ICAR.
Recruitments to these positions constituting the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) are made by the
Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board (ASRB). Recruitments are made in 61 disciplines through a
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nation-wide competitive examination followed by a personal interview. These 61 disciplines apart,
agricultural, animal and allied sciences include basic and fundamental sciences, home science and
engineering, This is, however, a combined competitive examination not only for recruitment in ARS but
also used as National Eligibility Test (NET) for appointment of Assistant Professors and Lecturers in SAUs
and for awarding Senior Research Fellowships. Generally, the competitive examination is held in
October every year for which notification is made latest by April. The National Academy of Agricultural
Research Management (NAARM) at Hyderabad imparts foundation training to new entrants in
Agricultural Research Service (ARS).
Scientific placements in ICAR are classified into Scientists, Senior Scientists and Principal Scientists.
Promotion from Scientists to the level of Senior Scientists is through performance appraisal and the
length of service in the previous grade. Lateral entry into these positions is open to scientists from other
organisations and the SAUs. There is also ample opportunity for training and skill up gradation and
active participation in research both within the country and abroad. Opportunities are also available for
obtaining higher degrees for in-service candidates with study-leave benefits.

Agriculture Science and Technology Courses in India
- list of all Agriculture Science and Technology Courses in India

Agriculture science and technology is an applied science industry. Its objective is to impart technical and
professional knowledge of biological and chemical principles so that they can be utilized in the areas of
soils and fertilizers, pests and control procedures, and crop and livestock production and management.
Agriculture Science and Technology is further divided into following sub categories
Agriculture and Allied Practices
Dairy Technology and Management
Forestry and Wild Life
Horticulture
Plant Pathology
Poultry and Dairy Farming
List of Agriculture Science and Technology courses in India
Degree Courses in Agriculture
B.Sc. (Agriculture) B.Sc. (Soil Science)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Agriculture) B.Sc. (Tea Husbandry & Technology)
B.Sc. (Horticulture Science) B.Sc. (Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources)
M.Sc. (Agriculture) B.Sc. (Vegetable Science)
M.Sc. (Horticulture) B.Tech. (Agricultural and Food Engineering)
Ph.D. (Agriculture) B.Tech. (Agriculture Information Technology)
Ph.D. (Horticulture) B.Tech. (Dairy Technology)
B.B.A. (Agriculture) B.V.Sc (Poultry Science)
B.E. (Dairy Technology) Bachelor in Rural Studies (BR)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Biotechnology) M.B.A. (International Agribusiness)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Economics & Farm
management)
M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics & Business
Management)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Economics) M.F.Sc. (Applied Aquaculture)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Marketing and Business
Management)
M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Meteorology) M.F.Sc. (Freshwater Aquaculture)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Statistics) M.F.Sc. (Inland Aquaculture)
B.Sc. (Agriculture and Food Business M.F.Sc. (Mariculture)
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B.Sc. (Agriculture Business Management) M.Phil. (Genetics & Plant Breeding)
B.Sc. (Agro-Chemical and Pest Control) M.Phil. (Horticulture)
B.Sc. (Agroforestry) M.Sc. (Agricultural Entomology)
B.Sc. (Agronomy) M.Sc. (Agricultural Extension Education)
B.Sc. (Animal Husbandry & Dairying) M.Sc. (Agricultural Extension)
B.Sc. (Biochemistry and Agricultural
Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Agricultural Microbiology)
B.Sc. (Crop Physiology) M.Sc. (Agricultural Physics)
B.Sc. (Dairy Technology) M.Sc. (Agricultural Sciences)
B.Sc. (Entomology & Apiculture) M.Sc. (Agricultural Statistics)
B.Sc. (Entomology) M.Sc. (Agriculture Biotechnology)
B.Sc. (Extension Education & Rural Sociology) M.Sc. (Agriculture Botany)
B.Sc. (Extension Education) M.Sc. (Agriculture Chemicals)
B.Sc. (Fisheries) M.Sc. (Agriculture Chemistry & Soil Science)
B.Sc. (Floriculture and Landscaping) M.Sc. (Agriculture Chemistry)
B.Sc. (Forestry) M.Sc. (Agriculture Horticulture)
B.Sc. (Hons) (Horticulture) M.Sc. (Agril. Biochemistry)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Forestry) M.Sc. (Agril. Marketing & Cooperation)
B.Sc. (Nematology) M.Sc. (Agril. Meteorology & Physics)
B.Sc. (Plant Breeding and Genetics) M.Sc. (Agro-meteorology)
B.Sc. (Plant Pathology) M.Sc. (Agroforestry)
B.Sc. (Plant Science & Plant Biotechnology) M.Sc. (Agronomy)
B.Sc. (Plant Science) M.Sc. (Animal Husbandry and Drying)
B.Sc. (Post Harvest Technology) M.Sc. (Aquaculture management & Technology)
B.Sc. (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) M.Sc. (Bioscience)
B.Sc. (Sericulture) M.Sc. (Climate Science and Policy)
B.Sc. (Soil Science & Water Management) M.Sc. (Co-operative Management)
M.Sc. (Crop Physiology) M.Sc. (Water Resources Management)
M.Sc. (Cropsiology) M.Sc. (Wildlife Sciences)
M.Sc. (Dairy Chemistry) M.Sc. (Wood Science & Technology)
M.Sc. (Dairy Engineering) M.Tech. (Agricultural Water Management)
M.Sc. (Dairy Microbiology) M.Tech. (BioEnergy)
M.Sc. (Dairy Science) M.Tech. (Dairy Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Dairy Technology) M.Tech. (Dairy Microbiology)
M.Sc. (Developmental Communications) M.Tech. (Dairy Technology)
M.Sc. (Entomology) M.Tech. (Farm Power& Machinery)
M.Sc. (Extension Education & Rural Sociology) M.Tech. (Plant Design)
M.Sc. (Floriculture and Landscaping) M.Tech. (Process and Food Engineering)
M.Sc. (Forest Products) M.Tech. (Soil and Water Engineering)
M.Sc. (Forestry) M.V.Sc. (Plant Phonology and Soil Science)
M.Sc. (Fruits & Orchard Management) M.V.Sc. (Poultry Science)
M.Sc. (Genetics and Plant Breeding) Masters in Rural Studies (MRS)
M.Sc. (Homological Algebra) Masters in Wildlife Science
M.Sc. (Hons) (Agriculture) Ph.D. (Agri Business Management)
M.Sc. (Horticulture- Fruit Production and Post
Harvest Technology)
M.Tech. (Post Harvest Engineering and
Technology)
M.Sc. (Horticulture-Floriculture and Land
Scaping)
M.Tech. (Post Harvest Processing and Food
Engineering)
550
M.Sc. (Horticulture-Vegetable Science) Ph.D. (Agricultural Entomology)
M.Sc. (Industrial Fisheries) Ph.D. (Agriculture Biotechnology)
M.Sc. (Mycology & Plant Pathology) Ph.D. (Agriculture Economics)
M.Sc. (Nematology) Ph.D. (Agriculture Botany)
M.Sc. (Olericulture) Ph.D. (Agriculture Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Plant Biochemistry) Ph.D. (Agriculture Zoology)
M.Sc. (Plant Biotechnology) Ph.D. (Agril. Biochemistry)
M.Sc. (Plant Genetic Resources) Ph.D. (Agril. Meteorology & Physics)
M.Sc. (Plant Pathology) Ph.D. (Agril. Statistics)
M.Sc. (Plant Physiology) Ph.D. (Agril.Chemicals)
M.Sc. (Plant Protection) Ph.D. (Agril.Chemistry & Soil Science)
M.Sc. (Poultry Production) Ph.D. (Agril.Economics)
M.Sc. (Rural Banking & Finance Management) Ph.D. (Agroforestry)
M.Sc. (Seed Science & Technology) Ph.D. (Agronomy)
M.Sc. (Silviculture) Ph.D. (Animal Biochemistry)
M.Sc. (Soil and Water Conservation) Ph.D. (Animal Biotechnology)
M.Sc. (Soil and Water Conservation) Ph.D. (Animal Husbandry/ Animal Husbandry and
Drying)
M.Sc. (Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry) Ph.D. (Animal Reproduction Gynaecology &
Obstretrics)
M.Sc. (Soil Science and Water Management) Ph.D. (Crop Physiology)
M.Sc. (Soil Science) Ph.D. (Dairy Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Spices & Plantation Crops) Ph.D. (Dairy Engineering)
M.Sc. (Tea Husbandry & Technology) Ph.D. (Dairy Microbiology)
M.Sc. (Tree Improvements) Ph.D. (Developmental Communications)
M.Sc. (Vegetable Science) Ph.D. (Extension Education)
M.Sc. (Veterinary Physiology) Ph.D. (Farm Machinery & Power)
M.Sc. (Veternity Anatomy & Histology) Ph.D. (Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Water Management) Ph.D. (Soil Science and Water Management)
Ph.D. (Fisheries Economics) Ph.D. (Spices & Plantation Crops)
Ph.D. (Forest Products) Ph.D. (Tea Husbandry & Technology)
Ph.D. (Forestry) Ph.D. (Tree Improvements)
Ph.D. (Fruits & Orchard Management) Ph.D. (Vegetable Science)
Ph.D. (Genetics & Plant Breeding) Ph.D. (Veterinary Bacteriology)
Ph.D. (Horticulture - Vegetable Science) Ph.D. (Veterinary Immunology)
Ph.D. (Industrial Fisheries) Ph.D. (Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry)
Ph.D. (Mariculture) Ph.D. (Veterinary Science)
Ph.D. (Plant Biotechnology) Ph.D. (Veterinary Virology)
Ph.D. (Plant Breeding) Ph.D. (Soil Conservation & Water Management)
Ph.D. (Plant Pathology) Ph.D. (Silviculture)
Ph.D. (Plant Physiology) Ph.D. (Sericulture)
Ph.D. (Poultry Science) Ph.D. (Seed Science & Technology)

Diploma Courses in Agriculture Science and
Technology

Diploma in Agriculture Diploma in Poultry Husbandry
Advanced Diploma in Dairy Science and
Technology
Diploma in Poultry Management (DPM)
551
Advanced Diploma in Floriculture Diploma in Vegetable Production
Diploma Course in Floriculture Diploma in Watershed Management
Diploma in Agro Journalism Diploma in Zoo and Wild Animal Health Cure and
Management
Diploma in Animal Husbandry Post Graduate Diploma in Agri Input Management
(PGDAIM)
Diploma in Animal Reproduction Post Graduate Diploma in Applied Agriculture and
Information Technology
Diploma in Animal welfare Div. of Medicine Post Graduate Diploma in Companion Animal
Practice
Diploma in Commercial Horticulture Post Graduate Diploma in Fishery Science
Diploma in Dairy Technology Post Graduate Diploma in Food Safety and Quality
Management (PGDFSQM)
Diploma in Equine Husbandry, Medicine and
Surgery
Diploma In Production Of Value Added Products
From Cereals, Pulses And Oilseeds (DPVCPO)
Diploma in Farm Management Post Graduate Diploma in Forestry Management
(PGDFM)
Diploma in Fish Products Technology (DFPT) Post Graduate Diploma in GIS and Remote Sensing
Diploma in Fishery Management cum Fish
Breeding
Diploma in Value Added Products from Fruits and
Vegetables (DVAPFV)
Diploma in Floriculture and Landscape
Gardening
Post Graduate Diploma in Agricultural Marketing
Management
Diploma in Fodder and Feed Technology Post Graduate Diploma in Nuclear Applications in
Animal Sciences
Diploma in Food and Dairy Technology (FDT) Post Graduate Diploma In Plantation Management
(PGDPM)
Diploma in Food Processing Post Graduate Diploma in Post Harvest
Technology
Diploma in Fruit Production Post Graduate Diploma in Regulations in
Agricultural Biotechnology
Diploma in Management Non Wood Forest
Products
Post Graduate Diploma in Agricultural Water
Management
Diploma in Meat and Meat Products
Technology
Post Graduate Diploma in Remote Sensing and
Geographical Information System (GIS)
Diploma in Meat Technology (DMT) Post Graduate Diploma in Veterinary Laboratory
Diagnosis
Post Graduate Diploma in Veterinary Nuclear
Medicine (DVNM)
Post Graduate Diploma in Watershed
Management
Post Graduate Diploma in Wild Animal Disease
Management
Post Graduate Diploma Pulp & Paper Technology
Post Master's Diploma Natural Resource
Management
Post Master's Diploma Non wood Forest Products

Certificate Courses in Agriculture Science and
Technology


Certificate Programme on Tea Tasting and
Marketing (PCP-TTM)
Certificate Course in Commercial Flower
Production
552
Certificate Course in Aquaculture Certificate Course in Fish Farming
Certificate Course in Bio-fertilizer Production Certificate Course in Food & Beverage Service
Certificate Course in Floriculture Certificate Course In Home Gardening (CCHG)
Certificate Course in Food and Beverage
Operations
Certificate Course in Home Scale Preservation of
Fruits and Vegetables
Certificate Course in Food Production Certificate Course in Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants (CMAP)
Certificate Course in Fruit Production Certificate Course in Mushroom Production
Certificate Course In Mushroom Spawn
Production and Cultivation
Certificate in Water Harvesting and Management
(CWHM)
Certificate Course in Organic Farming (COF) Certificate Course in Protected Cultivation (CCPC)
Certificate Course in Raising of House Plant Certificate in Food Safety (CFS)
Certificate course in Seed Technology Certificate Course in Wildlife Management - WII
Certificate Course in Sericulture (CIS) Certificate in Agricultural Insurance
Certificate Course in Vegetable Production Certificate in Agriculture Science
Certificate in Farm Management Certificate in Bee Keeping (CIB)
Certificate in Poultry Farming (CPF) Post Graduate Certificate in Agriculture Policy
(PGCAP)
Certification Course in Fruit and Vegetable
Processing Technology











553
Career in Sports and Training


This section consists of:

Career as a Sports Trainer/Physical Education Teacher
Career In Sports Management









Career as a Sports Trainer/Physical Education Teacher
Introduction
"The real glory is being knocked to your knees and then coming back. That's real glory."- Vince Lombardi
(Football coach)
Sports can teach us a lot to be successful in life. It teaches us determination, working together and to
take responsibility and to cope with failure. One can be a Physical Education Teacher or sports
Instructor in schools or colleges or one can be a coach of a respective sport. One can also think of
careers as umpires or referees. Sports journalism and photography is also up coming and so is career as
a fitness trainer. These days, apart from regular school education and college education, both teachers,
student and parents are giving due importance to sports and physical education. The mushrooming of
sports academies and fitness centres all across the country; there are no dearth of opportunities for a
Sports Instructor. To be a physical education instructor one must have qualification in the field. Many
universities in India and abroad offer such courses.
Courses and Eligibility
B Sc In physical education
Masters and PhD in Physical Education
Where to Study
Below mentioned are a few places from where one can pursue courses in Physical Education.
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Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University
Doctorate in Sports
Post Graduate Diploma in Sports Psychology and Sociology
Post Graduate Diploma in Fitness Management
Diploma in Physical Education
Department of Physical education, Delhi University ( BSc in physical education and sports science)
Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana (Offers course in Physical Education at Graduation,
Post Graduation and PhD level)
Tamil Nadu Physical Education and sports university.
Osmania University
B. Phy Ed, Eligibility 10+2
Punjab University
B. Phy Ed, Eligibility 10+2, B. Ed. (Yoga) Eligibility Graduation, MA (Phy. Ed).
Indira Gandhi Institute of physical education and sports sciences
PG Diploma in Phy Ed, Masters (Phy. Ed).
Graduate course by Sports authority of India- BSc (Health and Phy. Ed. And sports)
Post Graduate course by Sports authority of India- BSc (Health and Phy. Ed. And sports)
Gujarat Vidyapeeth
Graduate course in sports (B. Phy.Ed).
Kurukshetra University
Bangalore University
Meenakshi University, Chennai
Diploma in Fitness, Health and Nutrition
To start a career in coaching, one must be equipped with the right educational and training background.
Nowadays, there are several institutions in India that offers such courses/degree. Some of the
institutions that specifically offer a Diploma in Coaching are:
Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports, Montibagh, Patiala Punjab
National Sports East Centre, Salt Lake City, Sector-III, Calcutta, West Bengal
National Sports West Centre, Sports Complex. Sector-15, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
The Sports Authority of India (SAI) offers courses in sports coaching at its various branches:
SAI, Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports, Patiala.
SAI, NS South Centre, University Campus, Bangalore.
SAI, NS Eastern Centre, Salt Lake City, Sector-III, Kolkata.
SAI Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior (deemed university)
Career Prospects
The state and central government sports bodies and Sports authority of India offers huge opportunities
for professionals in this field. Sports clubs, schools and colleges also offer opportunity for trained
coaches and instructors. Many big companies also maintain sports facilities and require professional
staff. Indian defence services and government are still the biggest employers.
With general awareness about sports arising, there is a growing demand for good professional coaches
to coach kids of 5-18 years old. There are numerous after-school sports coaching academies run at
various schools, stadium, and playground to impart professional training in sports of one's choice.
Famous Personalities
Satyajit Chaurasia - Satyajit Chaurasia is the founder of Barbarian Gym, which is located at Mumbai, New
Delhi, and Nagpur. Satyajit Chourasia is the physical trainer of several celebrities including Aamir Khan
and Hrithik Roshan. Apart from the film stars Satyajit Chaurasia has also trained a four and half year old
child Ronak Vitha. Under Satyajit guidance, Ronak could do 1450 push-ups in 40 minutes and set a
record and now he is popular all over India for making such record at so young age.
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Careers in Sports Management
The recent hype in the sports industry has induced every Indian to give his/her hidden talent a serious
thought. Whether it is the Indian Premier League (IPL) or the Commonwealth Games, this talented and
gifted field called sports has raised the need for trained professionals manifold over the last few years,
or recent months to be precise. Today, sports is not just confined to cricket, tennis, or hockey in India,
but encloses various other international and domestic sports, such as football, golf, athletics,
badminton, shooting, archery, and other games. With name, fame and glamour reaching every nook n
corner of sport, requirement for professional sports management companies, too, has increased. Plus,
individuals whove always been fascinated by the idea of working at high-profile jobs, sports
management could just be the start. The excitement, thrill, and enjoyment that sports management
includes are comparable to none of the umpteen career options available. But what exactly is sports
management? The study of planning, supervising, and organizing different sporting activities is called
sports management. Sports managers are required at college sports, recreational sports, sports
marketing, front office system in professional sports, facility management, sports finance, event
management, sports economics, and sports information. If you have that passion and obsession in
sports and love to mingle business with pleasure, pursuing a career in sports management would be
perfect.
Course Details:
Although no specific course is required to enter sports management, but the increasing popularity of
sports has triggered the launch of different courses at various study levels in colleges and universities. A
management course can be pursued in sports industry after completing graduation, such as PGDM.
Though a candidate from any stream can take up studies in sports management, but graduates in
physical education are preferred. Sports management is a diverse term that encompasses sports and
finance, social and ethical relevance of sports management, sponsorship and broadcasting,
communication with the media and press, knowledge about sports law on contracts and drug use, and
sports ethics and sports organization. With this creative and lucrative course covering varied subjects on
different aspects of sports and related fields, sports management has sure raised eyebrows, in terms of
generating job opportunities and prospective career options.
Career Prospects:
Not all careers in sports management may seem to be as glamorous as a professional athlete. But
nevertheless, different positions in this high-profile industry can let one enjoy and earn equal
recognition. To start off with, one can work as a coach in gymnasium, sports and fitness centre, sports
club, schools, and colleges. With adequate experience, one can explore various other opportunities in
sports management, such as athletic director, trainer, recruiter and scout. Being a diverse field, some
other productive and suitable jobs to look for in sports management include compliance director, sports
information director, agent, and sports marketer. Organizations like Board of Control for Cricket in India
(BCCI) are always in search of professionals with sponsorship leveraging, evaluation, media planning,
merchandising, finance, corporate event sponsorship management, and infrastructure management.
Top Colleges Offering UG/PG/Other Courses:
The increasing craze of sports in India has led to the establishment of degree, diploma and certificate
courses in sports management. Some leading and esteemed colleges and universities are: Indira Gandhi
Institute of Physical Education and Sports Science, New Delhi; Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu; Indian
Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management (IISWBM), Kolkata; Amity School of Physical
Studies and Sports Sciences, Noida; Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports (NSNIS), Patiala;
International Institute of Sports Management, Mumbai; and Lakshmibai National University of Physical
Education, Gwalior.

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Govt. exams in India

1) UPSC Exams in India
UPSC Civil Services (Preliminary) CSAT Examination
UPSC Civil Services (Main) Examination
UPSC Indian Forest Service IFS Examination
Indian Engineering Services Examination
UPSC Geologist Examination
Special Class Railway Apprentices SCRA Examination
National Defence Academy & Naval Academy NDA & NA Examination
UPSC Combined Defence Services CDS Examination
UPSC Combined Medical Services CMS Examination
UPSC Indian Economic Service/Indian Statistical Service IES / ISS Examination Section
Officers/Stenographers (Grade-B/Grade-I) Limited Departmental Competitive Examination
UPSC Central Police Forces (Assistant Commandants) CPF Examination


UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
(CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION)
There are two facets to the administration of a country. One is security for which the country has its
defence services and the other is the non-military part, which is taken care of by the Civil Services. Union
Public Service Commission, Dholpur House, New Delhi-110011 conducts this competitive examination
for appointment to the Indian Civil Service. Some of the services to which appointment is to be made
are as follows.
1. All India Services:
Indian Administrative Service
Indian Police Service
Indian Foreign Service
2. Central Service Group A/B:
Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service Group A
Indian Audit & Accounts Service Group A
Indian Customs & Central Excise Service Group A
Indian Defense Accounts Service Group A
Indian Revenue Service Group A
Indian Civil Accounts Service Group A
Indian Postal Service Group A
Indian Civil Accounts Service Group A
Indian Railway Traffic Service Group A
Indian Railway Accounts Service Group A
Indian Railway Personal Service Group A
Indian Railway Protection Force Assistant Security Officer Group A
Indian Defense Estate Service Group A
Indian Information Service (Junior Grade) Group A
Indian Information Service (Junior Grade) Group A
Indian trade Service Group A
Central Industrial Security Force-Assistant Commandant Group A
557
Central Bureau of Investigation-Deputy Superintendent of Police Group A
Central Secretariat Service Group B (Selection Officer Grade)
Railway Board Secretariat Service Group B (Section Officer Grade)
Armed Forced Headquarters Civil Service Group B (Assistant Civilian Staff Officer Grade)
Customs Appraisers Service Group B
Delhi and Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshdweep Daman & Diu and Dadar & Nagar Haveli Civil Service
Group B
Delhi and Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshdweep Daman & Diu and Dadar & Nagar Haveli Police
Service Group B
Pondicherry Civil Services Group B.
Selection Process
The Civil Services Examination is conducted in two phases - the Preliminary examination, consisting of
two objective-type papers (General Studies and Aptitude Test), and the Main examination, consisting of
nine papers of conventional (essay) type followed by the Personality Test (Interview). The whole process
of selection takes a full calendar year starting with the preliminary examination and going on to the
main written examination concluding with a personal interview.
On an average, 5 to 6 lakh candidates apply every year and the number of candidates appearing is
roughly 3 lakh for the examination. Aspirants must complete a three-stage process, with a final success
rate of about 0.3% of the total applicants.

Stage I: Preliminary examination - This is qualifying test held in May/June every year.
Notification for this is published in December/January. Results are published in the first half of
August.
Stage II: Main examination - This is the main test, held in October/November every year. Results
are usually published in the second week of March.
Stage III: Personality Test (Interview) - It is the final test and is held in April/May every year.
Final results are usually announced a few days before the next preliminary examination.
The training program for the selected candidates usually commences in August every year.

ELIGIBILITY:
Nationality
For the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service, a candidate must be a citizen
of India.
For other services, a candidate must be one of the following:
o A citizen of India
o A citizen of Nepal or a subject of Bhutan
Age
Prescribed age limits are minimum 21 years and maximum of 30 years as on 1 August of the year of
Examination. A candidate who turns 21 on 1 August is eligible whereas a candidate who turns 30 is not.
Upper age limit relaxation is provided to candidates as follows:
A maximum of three years for OBC candidates [Non Creamy Layer only]
A maximum of three years in case of Defence Services personnel disabled in operations during hostilities
with any foreign country or in a disturbed area and released as a consequence thereof
A maximum of five years for candidates belonging to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe
A maximum of five years if a candidate had ordinarily been domiciled in the State of Jammu & Kashmir
during the period from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1989
A maximum of five years in case of ex-servicemen including Commissioned Officers and ECOs/SSCOs who
have rendered at least five years Military Service as on 1 August and have been released on either of the
following basis:(Note: This information has not been updated, so please visit website of FPSC)
558
o on completion of assignment (including those whose assignment is due to be completed within
one year from 1 August) otherwise than by way of dismissal or discharge on account of
misconduct or inefficiency
o on account of physical disability attributable to Military Service
o on invalidment
A maximum of five years in case of ECOs/SSCOs who have completed an initial period of assignment of
five years Military Service as on 1 August and whose assignment has been extended beyond five years and
in whose case the Ministry of Defence issues a certificate that they can apply for civil employment and
that they will be released on three months notice on selection from the date of receipt of offer of
appointment.
A maximum of ten years in case of blind, deaf-mute and orthopedically handicapped persons
The age relaxation will not be admissible to Ex-Servicemen and Commissioned Officers including ECOs/SSCOs who
are released on own request.
QUALIFICATION:
A degree of any of the Universities incorporated by an Act of the Central or State Legislature.
Education
All candidates must have a minimum of any of the following educational qualifications:
A degree from a Central, State or Deemed university
]

A degree received through Correspondence Education or Distance Education
A degree from an Open University
A qualification recognized by the Government of India as being equivalent to either of the abov
e

The following candidates are also eligible, but have to submit proof of their eligibility from a competent
authority at their institute/university at the time of the main examination, failing which they will not be
allowed to attend the exam.
Candidates who have appeared in an examination, the passing of which would render them
educationally qualified enough to satisfy any of the above points
]

Candidates who have passed the final exam of the MBBS degreen but have not yet completed
their internship
Numbers of attempt
The number of attempts a candidate can give the exam is limited as follows:
]

four 'attempts for General category candidates and OBC category candidates under the Creamy
layer
Seven attempts for OBC category candidates
To SCs/STs, there is no limit on the number of attempts.
However these candidates are requested to bear in mind:
1. An attempt at a Preliminary Examination shall be considered to be an attempt at the
Examination.
2. If a candidate actually appears in any one paper in the Preliminary Examinationhe/she shall be
deemed to have made an attempt at the Examination.
3. Notwithstanding the disqualification/cancellation of candidature, the fact of appearance of the
candidate at the examination will count as an attempt.
4. Candidates just applied but not appeared at the exam are not an attempt.
FEES:
Rupees 50/-(Fifty) for the preliminary examination and Rs.60/- for the main examination. No fees
charged from the SC & ST candidates.
Vacancies and Selection
Generally the number of vacancies varies every year. In the preliminary examination, the number of
candidate selected for the mains is 11 or 12 times the number of vacancies and in case of the main
examination, the number of candidates selected for the interview is twice the number of vacancies. As
559
per existing policies, reservation for SC/ST/OBC is applied to each level of the selection process. For
example, if the number of vacancies in a given year is 1000, and 100,000 candidates appear for the
preliminary examination; the top 11,000 or 12,000 scorers will be selected for the mains and similarly,
out of those 12,000 only the top 2,000 scorers will be called for the interview subject to their respective
reservation quota.
PLAN OF EXAMINATION:
The competitive examination comprises two successive stages:
1. Civil Service preliminary examination (Objective Type) for the selection of candidates for main
examination and
2. Civil Service main examination (written) and Interview test.
Preliminary
From 2011 onwards, the Preliminary examination, now popularly known as the Civil Services Aptitude
Test (CSAT) (officially it is still called General Studies Paper-1 and Paper-2), intends to focus on analytical
abilities and understanding rather than the ability to memorize. The new pattern includes two papers of
two hours duration and 200 marks each. Both papers have multiple choice objective type questions
only. They are as under:
Paper I tests the candidate's knowledge on current events, history of India and Indian national
movement, Indian and World Geography, Indian Polity and governance, Economic and social
development, environmental ecology, biodiversity, climate change and general science.
Paper II tests the candidates' skills in comprehension, interpersonal skills, communication,
logical reasoning, analytical ability, decision making, problem solving, basic numeracy, data
interpretation, English language comprehension skills and mental ability.
Note: These papers are qualifying in nature and are not used for ranking. Hence their marks are not
added to the total. Candidates who fail these papers as per the Commission's standards are not eligible
for the mains.
Mains
The Civil Services Mains Examination consists of a written examination and an interview.
[1]

Examination
The written examination consists of nine papers, two qualifying and seven ranking in nature. The range
of questions may vary from just one mark to sixty marks, twenty words to 600 words answers.
Candidates who pass qualifying papers are ranked according to marks and a selected number of
candidates are called for interview or a personality test at the Commission's discretion
According to the new marks allocations in Civil Service Examination 2013 there are some changes made
in the examination according to the suggestion of the Prof. Arun. S. Nigavekar Committee. However,
after some controversy, the qualifying papers for Indian languages and English were restored to the
examination.
Civil Services New Mains Format
Paper Subject Marks
Paper I English essay and precis writing and comprehension 300
Paper II, III,
IV, V
General Studies with new topics (250 marks for each paper) 1000
Papers VI,VII
Any one subject (having 2 papers) to be selected from the prescribed optional subjects (250
marks for each paper)
500
Interview 275
Total Marks 2075
Optional subjects: Each subject will have two papers.
LIST OF OPTIONAL SUBJECTS:
560
Agriculture,
Animal Husbandry &
Veterinary Science,
Anthropology,
Botany,
Chemistry,
Civil Engineering,
Commerce & Accountancy,
Economics,
Electrical Engineering,
Geography,
Geology,
History,
Law,
Management,
Mathematics,
Mechanical Engineering,
Medical Science,
Philosophy,
Physics,
Political Science &
International Relations,
Psychology,
Public Administration,
Sociology,
Statistics,
Zoology.

Preliminary Examination
There are two compulsory papers of 200 marks each in the Civil Services Prelims Exam.
Important Points:
o Both the question papers are of the objective type (multiple choice questions) of two
hours each.
(ii) The question papers will be set both in Hindi and English. However, questions relating to
English Language Comprehension skills would be provided only in English.
(iii) Blind candidates would be allowed an extra 20 minutes of time at each paper.
Main Examination
The written examination will consist of the following papers:
Paper-I
Section 1 Essay 200 Marks
Section 2 English Comprehension & English Prcis 100 Marks (The level of paper would be
Matriculation/ Xth standard level)
Paper-II
General StudiesI 250Marks (Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the
World and Society)
Paper-III General Studies II 250 Marks (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and
International relations)
Paper-IV General Studies III 250 Marks (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity,
Environment, Security and Disaster Management)
Paper-V General Studies IV 250 Marks (Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude)
Paper-VI Optional Subject Paper 1 250 Marks
Paper-VII Optional Subject Paper 2 250 Marks
Total marks from written test 1800 Marks
Personality Test (Interview) 275 Marks.
Grand Total 2075 Marks

INTERVIEW (PERSONALITY) TEST:
The candidates will be interviewed by a Board who will have before them a record of his career. He will
be asked questions on matters of general interest. The object of the interview is to assess the personal
suitability of the candidate for a career in public service by a Board of competent and unbiased
observers. The test is intended to judge the mental calibre of a candidate. In board terms this is really an
assessment of not only his intellectual qualities but also social traits and his interest in current affairs.
Some of the qualities to be judged are mental alertness, critical power of assimilation, clear and logical
exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and
leadership, intellectual and moral integrity.
561
The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination but of a natural, though directed
and purposive conversation which is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate. The
interview is not intended to be a test either of the specialised or general knowledge of the candidates
which has been already tested through their written papers. Candidates are expected to have taken an
intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study but also in the events which are
happening around them both within and outside their own State or country as well as modern currents
of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of the well-educated youth.
Officially called the "Personality Test", the object of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of
the candidate for a career in public service by a board of competent and unbiased observers. The test is
intended to evaluate the mental calibre of a candidate. In broad terms, this is really an assessment of
not only a candidate's intellectual qualities, but also social traits and interest in current affairs. Some of
the qualities to be judged are mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, clear and logical
exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and
leadership, and intellectual and moral integrity.
The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination, but of a natural, though directed
and purposive conversation that is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate. The
interview is not intended to be a test either of the specialised or general knowledge of the candidate,
which has been already tested through written papers. Candidates are expected to have taken an
intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study, but also in the events which are
happening around them both within and outside their own state or country as well as in modern
currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of all well-educated youth.
This exam is very thorough and rigorous. The success rate in this stage is very small, i.e. 0.01% of
aspirants
TRAINING:
Initially after appointment, candidates are sent for a certain period of training to the Academic College
linked to their allotted Service. Thereafter they are placed in the various Departments in the actual work
environment.
Famous Personalities
Aruna Roy 1986 batch. She had quit after 6years of service. She is better known for her leadership of
the Mazdoor Shakti Sanghatan, NCPRI, Right to Information Bill and National Advisory Council. JK
Tripathi 1985 batch. Well known for his contribution for making peace in Trichy, a city torn by
communal tensions. In more recent times Arvind Kejriwal who was IRS officer is making a lot of
headlines with his work against corruption after leaving IRS.
Coaching Centers for Civil Services Exams
1. Vajiram & Ravi Institute for Civil Services Examination, New Delhi
2. Cosmos IAS Academy, New Delhi
3. Study Circle Virat Bhawan, New Delhi
4. Raus IAS Study Circle, New Delhi
5. Brilliant Tutorials Pvt. Ltd
Candidates must consult UPSCs Notification for Examination as published in Employment New/Rozgar
Samachar. Correspondences to be made to Secretary, Union Public Service Commission, Dholpur House,
New Delhi-110011. Or log on to www.upsc.nic.gov.in for more detail.





562
Indian Forest Service Exam (IFS EXAM)

UPSC conducts the Indian Forest Service Exam every year for recruiting officers for the Indian Forest
Service. It is also an All India service like IAS and IPS. The Indian Forest Service was created in 1966 for
protection, conservation and regeneration of forest resources. Being an All India Service, the members
are recruited by the Centre but their services are put under the various State cadres, with the privilege
of serving both under the State and under the Centre.
Indian Forest Service (IFS) offers a highly challenging and rewarding career. The maintenance of the
natural resources of the country is very essential for a balanced all round development of the country.
Maintenance of forests is so important for maintaining the ecological balance that the Indian Forest
Service has been set up for this very purpose. The Indian Forest Service Officers (IFS) who are recruited
through UPSC by the Central Government play a very crucial role in the management and supervision of
the countrys forest reserves and wild life.
UPSC conducts the Indian Forest Service Exam generally in the month of July. The pattern of exam is
similar to that of civil services, and selection is done in three phases. Selected candidates are sent for
foundation training at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, which is followed by
specialised orientation for the Forest Service at the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, Dehradun.
After training candidates are posted as the assistant conservator, district conservator, chief conservator,
principal conservator, and the inspector general of forests. The senior most post is that of the
Environment Secretary in the Union Government.
Organization
The initial constitution of the Indian Forest Service consisted of the four following categories of the
officers
Initial Recruits (IR);
Emergency Commissioned/Short Service Commissioned (EC/SSC)
Direct Recruits also known as Regular Recruits (DR/RRs); and
Promotees (appointed from State Forest Service.
Direct Recruits constitute 66.33 per cent of the cadre strength of the service is filled by Direct
recruitment done through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) by conducting an all India level
competitive examination open to graduates with science background. After qualifying the written
examination, the candidates have to appear for a personality test, a walking test and a standard medical
fitness test.
For detailed instructions about Application Procedure and Examination click on links in the menu on
the left.
Composition of the Service
The total authorized cadre strength of the Indian Forest Service as on date is 2751 which includes 1917
Direct Recruit and 834 Promotion posts. The total Senior Duty Posts (SDP) in the Indian Forest Service
are 1674 and the remaining under various reserves. The table below shows the administrative hierarchy
in descending order.
Pay Structure
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests Rs. 24050-26000
Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests Rs. 22400-24500
Chief Conservator of Forests Rs. 18400-22400
Conservator of Forests Rs. 16400-20000
Deputy Conservator of Forests (Selection Grade) Rs. 14300-18300
(Junior Administrative Grade) Rs. 12000-16500
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(Senior Time Scale) Rs. 10000-15200
(Junior Time Scale) Rs. 8000-12000
(A) Tentative Schedule
(i) Notification of Examination February/March
(ii) Conduct of Examination July
(B) Age-limits
21-30 Years on 1
st
July of the year of examination
Certain categories of persons as specified in the Notice are eligible for age relaxation.
(C) Educational Qualification
A Bachelors degree with at least one of the subjects namely, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science,
Botany, Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics and Zoology or a Bachelors degree in
Agriculture or Forestry or Engineering of a recognised university or equivalent.
Candidates appearing at their degree examination (with prescribed subjects) are also eligible to
compete. Candidates qualifying on the result of the written part of the examination will be required to
submit the proof of passing the requisite examination alongwith their detailed application form to be
filled up at that stage.
(D) Scheme of Examination
I. Written Examination - Conventional (essay) type
Paper I - General English 300 Marks
Paper II - General Knowledge 300 Marks
Paper III, IV, V & VI - Any two subjects to be selected from the list of
optional subjects set out below. Each subject will have two papers.
200 Marks for each
paper
Total marks for written examination 1400 Marks
List of optional subjects
Agriculture
Agricultural Engineering
Animal Husbandry & Veterinary
Science
Botany
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Civil Engineering







Provided that the candidates will not be allowed to offer the following combination of subjects :
(a) Agriculture and Agricultural Engineering
(b) Agriculture and Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science
(c) Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
(d) Mathematics and Statistics
(e)
Of the Engineering subjects viz. Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering - not more than one subject
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NOTE For further details, please refer to the Commissions Notice for the Examination when it is
published in the Employment News and some of the daily newspaper.
_____________________________________________________________________________________


Indian Engineering Services Exam (IES)
Indian Engineering Services, abbreviated as IES are the civil services that meet the technical and
managerial functions of the Government of India. Like most countries, the Government of India recruits
its civil servants and officials on the basis of merit, the middle management positions in the bureaucracy
are filled through competitive exams. Large numbers of candidates take these exams, competing for
limited posts. IES officers are selected by the union government on the recommendations made by the
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). A combined four-stage competitive examination (comprising
six tests), called the Engineering Services Examination (ESE) is conducted by the UPSC for recruitment
to the Indian Engineering Services.
IES remain the most sought-after careers for the engineering graduates in India. In the year 2010, a total
of 157,649 candidates applied for 434 vacancies (includes all branches and cadres). In 2011, a total
number of 693 candidates were recommended for appointments in these four lists include 317 General,
209 Other Backward Classes, 113 Scheduled Castes and 54 Scheduled Tribes (including 44 candidates
belonging to Physically Handicapped category). ESE 2012 was conducted for the recruitment of
candidates to as many as 560 posts, which also includes 47 vacancies available only for the PH
(physically handicapped) category. ESE 2013 was conducted for the recruitment of candidates to as
many as 763 posts, which also includes 19 vacancies available only for the PH (physically handicapped)
category.
Civil engineering
Group A Service:
(i) Indian Railway Service of Engineers
(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service
(iii) Central Engineering Service
(iv) Indian Defense Service of Engineers
(v) Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)
(vi) Central Water Engineering
(vii) Central Engineering Service (Roads)
(viii) Border Roads Engineering Service
(ix) Survey of India Gr A service
(x) Indian inspection Service (Asst.Dir. Grade-1)
Mechanical engineering
Group A Service:
(i) Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers
(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service
(iii) Central Water Engineering
II. Interview for Personality Test 300 Marks
565
(iv) Central Power Engineering Service (Central Electricity Authority)
(v) Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)
(vi) Indian Naval Armament Service
(vii) Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (EME), a branch in the Indian Army
(viii) Indian Navy
(ix) Central Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Service (Central Public Works Department)
(x) Border Roads Engineering Service
(xi) Indian Supply Service (Directorate General of Supply and Disposals)
(xii)Indian Defence Service of Engineers
(xiii) Central Engineering Service (Roads)
(xiii) Indian Inspection Service (Asst. Dir.Grade)
Electrical engineering
Group A Service:
(i) Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers
(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service
(iii) Central Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Service (Central Public Works Department)
(iv) Indian Naval Armament Service
(v) Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)
(vi) Central Power Engineering Service (Central Electricity Authority)
(vii) Indian Defence Service of Engineers
(viii) Indian Navy
(ix) Indian Supply Service (Directorate General of Supply and Disposals)
(x) Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (EME), a branch in the Indian Army
(xi) Indian Inspection Service (Asst. Dir.Grade-I)
Electronics & Telecommunication engineering
Group A Service:
(i) Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers
(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service
(iii) Indian Inspection Service
(iv) Indian Naval Armament Service
(v) Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)
(vi) Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (EME), a branch in the Indian Army
(Vii) Wireless Planning and Co-ordination Wing
(viii) Indian Navy
(ix) Indian Supply Service (Directorate General of Supply and Disposals)
(x) Indian Telecommunication Service
(xi) Indian Inspection Service (Asst. Dir.Grade-I)
Career progression
At the time of selection Assistant Executive Engineer / Assistant Works Manager / Assistant
Director.
After 34 years of service (including probation period) Executive Engineer / Works Manager /
Deputy Director (equivalent to Under Secretary to Government of India).
after 8 years of service Superintending Engineer / Deputy General Manager / Joint Director
(equivalent to Deputy Secretary to Government of India).
after 13 years of service Chief Engineer level-2 / Joint General Manager (equivalent to Director
to Government of India).
After 20 years of service Chief Engineer / Additional General Manager (equivalent to Joint
Secretary to Government of India).
566
After 30 years of service Engineer-in-Chief / Senior General Manager (equivalent to Additional
Secretary to Government of India).
After 34 years of service - Chairman / Director General / Managing Director (equivalent to
Secretary to Government of India).
Promotions are subjected to availability of vacancies and may take more time than mentioned above.
The age of superannuation is 60 years for all civil servants in India.
Functions of the officers
The nature of work performed by these bureaucrats largely depends on their engineering branch and
the service or cadre they are recruited in. However, they can move to any cadre, organisation, agency,
department, ministry or PSU of the Government of India. They are appointed in the posts analogous to
their present one, either on deputation basis which is of a fixed tenure (at least 5 years and extensible)
after which the officer returns to their parent cadre or on absorption basis where the official leaves the
parent cadre and is "absorbed" permanently into the new cadre.
Eligibility
Educational qualifications
At least a bachelor's degree in Engineering (B.E. / B. Tech) from a recognised university or equivalent.
M.Sc degree or its equivalent with Wireless Communications, Electronics, Radio Physics or Radio
Engineering as special subjects also acceptable for certain services / posts only.
Age limits
21-30 years on 1st August Age limit of the year of Engineering Services Examination.
Upper age limit relaxation is provided to candidates as follows:
(See civil services exams, section of age limit.)
Examination
Application
Candidates are required to apply online only by using the website www.upsconline.nic.in
Application fee
The application fee of the online form for General category male candidates is 200 , while no fee is
required by female and the reserved category applicants.
Plan of examination
There are objective as well as conventional (descriptive) papers. One paper for GA (General Ability) is
part of the assessment system apart from the engineering subject of the candidate. The entire technical
subject is divided into four papers (Papers II, III, IV & V). There is a penalty (negative marking) for wrong
answers marked by the candidate in the objective type papers. There is a three-day schedule of the
written examination, comprising all five written examinations.

Scheme of
Examination
Paper I (Objective
type)
General Ability Test (Part A: General English) (Part B: General
Studies)
200 Marks
Papers II & III
(Objective type)
Civil Engineering / Mechanical Engineering / Electrical
Engineering / Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
200 Marks for
each paper
Papers IV & V
(Conventional type)
Civil Engineering / Mechanical Engineering / Electrical
Engineering / Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
200 Marks for
each paper

Total marks for written examination 1000 Marks
Interview Personality Test 200 Marks
First stage
567
The first day is allocated for the General Ability (GA) paper. This exam is of 2 hours duration. On the first
day there is just one exam. This exam consists of General English and General Studies. Paper is
maximum of 200 marks.
Second stage
The second day is allocated for the Objective Technical Papers (II & III). There is one objective exam for
each paper separately and each being of 2 hours in duration. Each paper is maximum of 200 marks.
Third stage
The third day is allocated for the Conventional Technical Papers (IV & V). There is one subjective exam
for each paper separately and each being of 3 hours in duration. Each Paper is maximum of 200 marks.
The conventional answer sheets of a candidate are evaluated only when he / she qualifies the objective
examination.
Interview
This is the fourth and final stage; candidates who qualify the written exam are called for the interview.
Interview carries 200 marks. Officially called "Personality Test", the object of the interview is to assess
the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in public service by a Board of competent and
unbiased observers. The test is intended to judge the mental caliber of a candidate. In broad terms this
is really an assessment of not only his intellectual qualities but also social traits and his interest in
current affairs. Some of the qualities to be judged are mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation,
clear and logical exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, ability for social
cohesion and leadership, intellectual and moral integrity.
The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination but of a natural, though directed
and purposive conversation which is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate.
The interview test is not intended to be a test either of the specialized or general knowledge of the
candidates which has been already tested through their written papers. Candidates are expected to
have taken an intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study but also in the
events which are happening around them both within and outside their own state or country as well as
in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of well educated
youth.
These four stages ensure that the candidates selected, are best suited to handle the responsibilities
which will be entrusted to them. The selected candidates then undergo training at the academies /
institutes of their respective cadres that makes them acquainted with the area of work, the cadre /
service is engaged in.
_____________________________________________________________________________________


UPSC Geologist Exam

(A) Tentative Schedule
(i) Notification of Examination June
(ii) Conduct of Examination November
(The examination is held for two categories viz. Category I (Posts in Geological Survey of India) and
Category II (Posts in Central Ground Water Board)
(B) Age - limits: 21-32 years on 1st January of the year of examination.
(Certain categories of persons including departmental candidates are eligible for
568
age relaxation)
(C) Educational Qualification
(i)
Master's degree in Geology/Applied Geology or Marine Geology from a recognized university;
or
(ii) Diploma of Associateship in Applied Geology of Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad; or
(iii) Master's degree in Mineral exploration from a recognized university (for posts in GSI); or
(iv) Master's degree in Hydrogeology from a recognized university (for posts in CGWB)
Candidates appearing in the requisite qualification can also apply for the examination but are required
to submit proof of passing along with detailed application form.
(D) Scheme of Examination
Part I Written Examination
Candidates competing for both categories have to appear in the following papers
(i) General English 100 Marks
(ii) Geology Paper-I 200 Marks
(iii) Geology Paper-II 200 Marks
(iv) Geology Paper-III 200 Marks
(v) Hydrogeology 200 Marks
For Category I candidates have to appear in Papers (i) to (iv) above only and for Category II in Papers
(i) to (iii) and (v) above only.
Part II : Interview for Personality Test 200 Marks
Age Limits:
A candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have attained the age of 32 years. The
upper age limit prescribed above will be relaxable in the following cases:
Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe: up to a maximum of five years.
Other Backward Classes: up to a maximum of three years.
State of Jammu & Kashmir (Domiciled during the period from the 1
st
January, 1980 to 31
st
December,
1989: up to a maximum of five years.
Defense Services personnel (disabled in operations during hostilities with any foreign country or in a
disturbed area and released as a consequence thereof): up to a maximum of five years.
_____________________________________________________________________________________








569
Special Class Railway Apprentices Exam (SCRA)

Special Class Railway Apprentices' (SCRA) refers to a handful of candidates that are selected by the
Union Public Service Commission India, after a rigorous selection process, to the undergraduate
program in Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering, Jamalpur. This programme was started in 1927 and is one of the oldest in India.
UNDERGRADUATE COURSES
With as many as 2 to 3 lakh candidates taking the entrance examination, now conducted by UPSC, for
about 42 seats. That translates into an astonishing ratio of 1 selection per 10,000 applicants. The
examination comprises written test in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, English Language, General
Knowledge, and Psychological Test (Mental Ability). The selected candidates are called for an
interview, which is followed by a medical examination. The standard of syllabus is that of Class XII
(CBSE equivalent).
The notice for the SCRA entrance examination, along with form and syllabus, is brought out by the UPSC
around the months of JuneJuly. According to the new rules issued by the Ministry of Railways, the
exam is now conducted once in every two years.
The selected candidates undergo a four-year rigorous training programme in Mechanical Engineering,
for which the Institute has a Memorandum of Understanding with BIT, Mesra, Ranchi. The semester
system of BIT, Mesra is followed, with workshop training sessions during the holidays at BIT, Mesra.
The apprentices get a stipend of Rs. 9100 and Dearness Allowance, apart from other benefits such as
medical care, privilege passes, PTOs, etc. In short they are adopted by the Indian Railways with all high
class facilities, their stipend also increases year by year .Moreover they have a guaranteed top notch
Group A service which they get after successful completion of four years of training, the candidates join
as Indian Railway Services of Mechanical Engineers (IRSME) Officers in Indian Railways to face a
challenging and satisfying career.
Career
After the completion of their training, they are absorbed into the highest level leadership program in the
Railway organization (also called Group A Officers). These cadres of officers are attached to the IRSME.
On completion of the probation in SCRA, one is posted as an officer in the junior scale. Promotion to the
senior scale takes place after about two years of service in working post. After six to seven years of
service, the officer is promoted to the Junior Administrative Grade, which has two levels. One can be
serving in various assignments at the Junior Administrative Grade for 810 years. This is followed by the
Selection Grade.
The next in seniority is the Senior Administrative Grade, equivalent to the Joint Secretary, Government
of India which is obtained after 1618 years of service. Officers of this grade may be posted as heads of
various workshops in the field, as heads of a department functioning at the Headquarters office, as
Addition Divisional Railway Manager or as the Executive Director in the Railway Board. After six to eight
years, while remaining in the same pay scale officers are selected to be appointed as Divisional Railway
Managers (DRM).
Academics
The BE (Mech.) degree is now provided in collaboration with Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra. 56
SCRAs have also won Gold Medals in the examinations conducted by the Institution of Engineers (India)
and 3 have been awarded University Gold Medals at Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra.




570
National Defence Academy & Naval Academy Exam (NDA)

The National Defence Academy (NDA) is the Joint Services academy of the Indian Armed Forces, where
cadets of the three services, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force train together before they go on to
pre-commissioning training in their respective service academies. The NDA is located in Khadakwasla
near Pune, Maharashtra. It is the first tri-service academy in the world.NDA alumni have led and fought
in every major conflict in which the Indian Armed Forces has been called to action since the academy
was established. The alumni include 3 Param Vir Chakra recipients and 9 Ashoka Chakra recipients.
Campus
The NDA campus is located about 17 km south-west of Pune city, north-west of Khadakwasla Lake. It
spans 7,015 acres (28.39 km
2
) of the 8,022 acres (32.46 km
2
) donated by the Government of the former
Bombay State.
Admission
Applicants to the NDA are selected via a written exam conducted by the UPSC, followed by extensive
interviews covering general aptitude, psychological testing, and team skills as well as physical and social
skills, along with medical tests. Incoming classes are accepted twice a year for semesters starting in July
and January. About 320,000 applicants sit for each written exam. Typically, about 9,000 of these are
invited to interview. Applicants to join the Air Force also go through a Pilot Aptitude Battery Test. About
300-350 cadets are accepted to the academy each semester. About 66 cadets are accepted for the Air
Force, 39 for the Navy and 195 for the Army.
Cadets who are accepted and successfully complete the program are sent to their respective training
academies for one year of training before granting of commission: army cadets go to IMA at Dehradun,
Air Force cadets to AFA at Dundigal, Hyderabad, and naval cadets to INA, Ezhimala, Kerala. A cadet can
only decline a commission in case of a serious permanent medical condition caused during the program.
OR those of you who dream of an officer's career in the armed forces, an NDA/ NA is the best entry
point. Conducted twice a year in April and August, the examination is the first hurdle to cross.
An SSB interview, followed by a medical board would lead you to the august portals of National Defence
Academy/Naval Academy. Remember, though the eligibility for the course is Class 12 pass, all those of
you appearing for the exam could also apply for the entrance. Applying when you are in the 12th can
you save a year.
An early start is good for cracking any exam. The NDA is no exception. Determined students start
studying soon after the X standard exam.
Start with your basics
attending school, doing homework and a few minutes of recreation leaves very little time for the NDA
candidate to study. However, do revise the social science you studied in the X standard every now and
then. Set aside time, at least once a week and revisit your X standard textbooks and focus on geography
and history.
Brush up General Knowledge
Ideally, you should be reading the news paper every day. But that doesn't always happen. In that case,
you should pick up a copy of any authentic yearbook which covers general areas such as sports,
international politics, popular books and authors. You could also buy a current affairs monthly digest.
This will keep you updated. Crashing through a pile of issues a month before the exam is not the best
way to absorb information. If you have the time, keep a diary to classify information into three
categories - economics, civics and history.
Improve your English
The section on English is of 200 marks and should not be taken lightly. With a bit of daily reading you
could score quite well. There are a few areas which you should work upon specifically for this exam:
571
English usage, subject-verb relationship, tenses and prepositions. You should also be trained in
identifying grammatical errors. Questions on error finding and un-jumbling are asked regularly in the
exam, points out Nanu Singh, CEO Olive Greens, a coaching academy in Chandigarh. The usage of
articles has always been a weak point for Indian students, so work hard on that.

Eligibility Criteria
Age between 16 to 19 yrs as of first day of the month in which course is due to commence
Qualification
12th Class of 10+2 System of Education/Equivalent for Army and with Physics and
Maths for AF/Navy
Marital Status Un Married
Application to be
Received by
As per UPSC notification
Likely SSB Date Sep to Oct and Jan to Apr
Date
Commencement of
Training
Jan and Jul
Training Academy NDA , Khadakwasla, Pune
Duration of Training
3 Yrs at NDA and 1 Yrs at IMA(For Army cadets)/
3 Yrs at NDA and 1 Yrs at Naval Academy( for Naval cadets)/
3 Yrs at NDA and 1 & 1/2 Yrs at AFA Hyderabad (For AF cadets)

Written Examination Scheme
Written exam consists of 2 papers 1st mathematics(300) and 2nd is of general ability
test(600=200+400).mathematics paper consists of topics from 11th and 12th standard mathematics
while 2nd paper have English(200) and G.K.(400) as its part A and part B.
Paper I MATHEMATICS (10
th
, 11th& 12
th
.)
o Topics are: Algebra, Matrices and Determinants, Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry of
two and three dimensions, Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus and Differential
equations, Vector Algebra, Statistics and Probability (students studying in 12 class also
clears the written exam).
Paper II GENERAL ABILITY TEST
o Part A - ENGLISH:-The question paper in English will be designed to test the candidates
understanding of English and workman like use of words. The syllabus covers various
aspects like Grammar and usage, vocabulary, comprehension and cohesion in extended
text to test the candidates proficiency in English.
o Part B - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE:-The question paper on General Knowledge will broadly
cover the subjects Physics, Chemistry, General Science, Social Studies, Geography and
Current Events.
For preparation various publication books are available in market.
Service Selection Board
Candidates declared successful in written by UPSC, appear before AFSB or SSB according to his choice of
Service here a 2 stage testing is conducted. Stage 1 is conducted on 1st day and candidates who clear
stage 1 are further tested in stage 2. For details of the SSB procedure follow the www.ssbcrack.com
articles on SSB procedure.
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Medical Exam
A candidate recommended by the Services Selection Board undergoes a medical examination by a Board
of Service Medical Officers. Only those candidates are admitted to the academy who are declared fit by
the Medical Board. However the candidates declared unfit are intimated by the President of the Medical
Board and the procedure for request for an Appeal Medical Board also intimated to the candidate.
Candidates declared unfit during Appeal Medical Board are intimated about the provision of Review
Medical Board.
At last merit list is issued according to the vacancies available. and candidates who make it join the
prestigious academy.
Curriculum
Academics
The NDA offers only a full-time, residential undergraduate program. Cadets are awarded a
Baccalaureate degree (a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science or a "Bachelor of Technology) after 3
years of study JNU, New Delhi. Cadets have a choice of two streams of study. The Science stream offers
studies in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Computer Science. The Humanities (Liberal Arts) stream
offers studies in History, Economics, Political Science, Geography and Languages.
In both streams, academic studies are split into three categories.
In the Compulsory Course, cadets study English, Foreign Languages (Arabic, Chinese, French or
Russian), Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Computer Science, History, Political Science,
Economics and Geography. Note that all cadets must take basic classes in all these subjects
except Foreign Languages. Cadets then take advanced classes depending on their chosen
stream.
The Foundation Course is mandatory and comprises Military Studies and General Studies.
Subjects such as Military History, Military Geography, Weapons systems and Armaments, etc.
are covered in Military Studies. Subjects such as Geopolitics, Human Rights, Laws of Armed
Conflict and Environmental Sciences are covered in General Studies.
The Optional Course focuses on subjects specific to the cadet's chosen Service.
Cadets spend the first four semesters on the Compulsory Course and the Foundation Course. They take
the Optional Course during the fifth and sixth semesters. They may transfer to other Service academies
for the optional courses.
Training
Training Pattern
All the cadets joining the NDA after their 10+2 Examination are trained in the Academy for three years
culminating in graduation with BA/BSc or BCs (Computer Science) degree of Jawaharlal Nehru
University. Apart from academic training they are also trained in outdoor skills, like Drill, PT and games.
The emphasis in NDA is on character building, esprit-de-corps, mental and physical robustness,
leadership and a sense of keen observation.
NDA has an excellent infrastructure for all-round training of cadets and a vast array of facilities like
spacious and well-maintained classrooms, well-equipped labs, two Olympic size swimming pools, a
gymnasium, 32 football fields, 2 polo grounds, a cricket stadium and a number of squash and tennis
courts. The academic year is divided into two terms, viz. Spring (Jan. to May) and Autumn (July to Dec.).
A cadet must undergo training for a total of six terms before graduating from the NDA.
If you have cleared the written NDA exam then you have to appear for SSB or Service Selection Board
interview. As we all know SSB is the toughest interview for any service in this country. Only few
candidates are able to crack this interview in first attempt. So it is very difficult to clear SSB interview.
You have to go through 5 tough days. Here are they
Day 1: Screening Test
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a) IQ Test Verbal & Non Verbal
b) Picture Perception & Picture Description Test
For Air Force Only Pilot Aptitude Battery Test (PABT)
a) Part 1: Instrument Reading Test Written Test
b) Part 2: Machine Test on Computers
Day 2: Physiological Test
a) Thematic Appreciation Test TAT
b) Self Description Test SDT
c) Word Association Test WAT
d) Situation Reaction Test SRT
Day 3 & Day 4: Group Testing Officers tests and Interview
a) Group Discussion
b) Military Planning Exercises
c) Progressive Group Task
d) Group Obstacle Race
e) Individual Lecturette
Day4:
a) Command Task
b) Final Group Task
Day5: Conference and Results Declaration
a) Closing Address
b) Conference
c) Result Declaration after you have gone through these stages only then you will be successful. But how
do you successfully clear all these stages. Well here are some tips that can help you to do so.
Day1: Screening Test
Technique No 1: For verbal and non verbal IQ test you need great presence of mind. I will advise you to
practice a lot of course material available in the market which is really good. You can take those
competitive books and practice.
Then for Picture perception and description again you need practice. It needs a lot of time. So start with
the competitive exam books available in your local market.
Technique No 2: As far as PABT is concerned it is only for pilots. It is tougher than previous IQ test. So it
needs some god gift skill plus little bit of luck.
Day2: Physiological Test
Technique No 3: For TAT you need great comprehension skill. You also have to develop great analyzing
power. For this you need to give some time to reading passages and answering questions related to it. A
lot of candidate find it very difficult because they lack concentration power. So get this right and
practice a lot.
Technique No 4: SDT is all about explaining yourself. You must able to express yourself. For this you
need better understanding of yourself. So you can try to talk yourself in front of a mirror and practice.
Technique No 5: WAT is all about vocabulary and able to put words together in right time and right
order. You need a great sense of assimilation. So learn to play with words and using in right context. It
will test your assimilation power.
Technique No 6: SRT again needs mental alertness or great presence. You have to make right decision at
right point of time. You need to answer questions which are asked in particular scenario. To clear this
test I advise you to meet people and talk with them. Attend seminar and answer questions of the
audience. This is the best way to clear this exam.
Day3: Group Testing Officers tests and Interview
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Technique No 7: To clear group discussion round. You must have great communicating skills. You must
be able to communicate with your team and present your ideas or thought in a clear manner. It is better
that you discuss a lot with your friends on different topics like politics, arts, culture etc. You can learn in
your school or college.
Technique No 8: For military planning exercises you need to have a military mind. If you are going SSB
interview then expect some military exercises. Here you have to find solution of war game like situation.
You need to know this before hand and only then you can clear this test. Otherwise it will be difficult to
clear.
Technique No 9: In progressive group task you have to work in a team. There your team working skills
would be tested. So you should come prepare and work in a team to show you have a great leadership
quality as well as team work quality. Then comes the group obstacle race here you have to clear
obstacles or hurdles. Again this is also to test your team work capability.
Technique No 10: For Individual Lecturette your individuality would be tested. Leading from front is the
first quality that you must possess. You have to have a leadership quality that can not only lead the team
but also communicate with them in any situation. Here focus will be only on you as an individual.
Day4: Group Testing Officers tests and Interview
Technique No 11: In day 4 you have to clear all command and group task. This will again test your
leadership and team work capabilities. But it will be tougher than previous day or round. Here you have
to be prepared for grilling and show your real mental preparedness. You need to work on to bring out
your inner fear and express yourself.
This round or day will be the last milestone that you have to cross. So start preparing from now on if you
have clear this round.
Day5: Conference and Results Declaration
On the final day you do not have to do anything. Just you have to wait for the result. There will be a
closing address by the officials there.
If you are selected then congratulations otherwise do not break your heart prepare for the next time.
A career in Armed Forces offers a rare blend of adventure, good career prospects, honour and high
social standing. Several special concessions are offered by the Armed Forces to its officers which are not
available in any other services. This includes provisions of free rations, facility from Departmental
canteen stores where goods of day-to-day use are available at concessional rates, free first class railway
warrant once in every year up to the home town to avail the leave, concessional railway warrants for
subsequent journeys, two months annual leave, concessional furnished family accommodation,
furnished bachelor accommodation in the officers mess at every station and free medical services
through its various Military Hospitals and Regimental Medical Inspection Rooms. These special benefits
are in addition to normal admissible benefits like the casual leave. Army Group Insurance Scheme.
Provident Fund etc. Defence personnel after retirement from service are never out of opportunities for
placements in industry administration, security services, etc.
ELIGIBILITY & SELECTION:
The candidates must either be citizen of India or a subject of Nepal or Bhutan or of Tibetan Origin but of
Indian Domicile, whose parents entered India as refugee prior to 1
st
January, 1962 with the intention of
permanently settling in India. Any person of Indian origin who migrated from the countries like Pakistan,
Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Malwai, Zaire, Ethiopia and Vietnam,
with the intention of permanently settling in India is also eligible. However, all the candidates who are
not the citizens of India but are otherwise eligible under any of the above mentioned categories must
obtain and attach certificate of eligibility along with her application which is issued by the Government
of India.
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While the age limit for ASC, AEC and JAG is 21 to 27 years, this age limit is 19 to 25 years for all other
branches including AOC, Engrs. Int. Corps. EME and Sigs. Minimum qualification, however varies from
service to service.
The advertisement for recruitment of lady Officers under the WSES (O) appears from time to time as per
requirement, normally twice every year in most of the national and important regional newspapers. The
candidates are required to apply to the Additional Directorate General of Recruitment (Women Entry
Section), West Block-III, R.K.Puram, New Delhi-110066.
SSB INTERVIEW:
SSB interview is a comprehensive test of ones personality which is the basis of selection to the Armed
Forces. Even for selecting the Lady Officers under the WSES(O) the candidates have to qualify the SSB
interview. While the basic design of the interview remains the same, the standards of physical fitness
however are relaxed for the women candidates. As usual, the SSB interview lasts for 5 days in which the
candidates are examined thoroughly by the psychologist. Group Testing Officer (GTO) and the
Interviewing Officer.
SSB interview is a scientifically designed system of personality test in which physical fitness, mental
robustness, leadership qualities, psychology and intelligence of a candidate are tested by conducting
several tests. Tests are divided into two parts viz. Stage-I and Stage-II. Stage-I consists of Verbal
Intelligence, Social Psychology, Picture-Story Writing and Group Discussion. Therefore tests are
evaluated on the spot by three Examiners. The result of Stage-I is announced after two hours.
Candidates who qualify Stage-I, are given Stage-II , either the same day or the next day. Stage-II has a
screening test which contains 100 questions of verbal and non-verbal.
Psychology test contains four parts namely Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Word Association Test
(WAT), Situation Reaction Test(SRT) and Self-Description(SD). VIVA is one of the major tests, wherein
each candidate has to face an interview lasting 40 minutes to an hour.
The GTO Test commonly called group test has nine parts such as Group Discussion, Group
Planning, Progressive Group Task, Group Obstacle Race, Half group Task, Lecturette, Individual
Obstacle Test, Command Test and Full Group Task. After conclusion of 19 Tests both in Stage-I and
Stage-II, in four days, each candidates is seen by the entire board. On fifth day, the Conferences
treated as a mini interview and each candidate has to appear before 10-member board which marks
the end of SSB tests. After Conference, the result is announced and finally selected candidates go for
medical examination which takes about 3-4 days.
Selected candidates, after successfully qualifying the medical examination, are then required to wait for
a call to join the Officers Training Academy (OTA) Chennai for 9 months training. On successful
completion of the training the candidates are granted commission in the rank of Lieutenant.
Top NDA Coaching Institutes:
IN MUMBAI
The sterling Institute
Opp Andheri Bus Depot Above Bank Of Baroda,
S V Road, Andheri West,
Mumbai - 400058
Call: +(91)-22-67309512
Sankalp Institute
G 1,601, Malhar Lokpuram,
Opp Hiranandani Medows, Thane West,
Thane - 400601
Call: +(91)-22-61637240
Agrawals Study Centre
Shanta Prasad, Hindu Colony,1ST Lane,
Opp Vidyalankar Classes, Dadar East,
Mumbai - 400014
Call: +(91)-22-49173483
IN DELHI
Lakshya Academy
B-277,Ground Floor, Ramphal Chowk,
Dwarka Sector-7,
Delhi - 110077
Call: +(91)-11-66532821
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Kakini defence academy
Plot No.18-19,Pkt-2, 85, Rohini Sector-25,
NR Rithala Metro Station,
Rohini, Delhi - 110085
Call: +(91)-11-66435537
National Academy Of Teachers Training
E-42, B Ground Floor, Hira Sweets,
laxmibai nagar market,
Delhi - 110027
Call: +(91)-11-66357379
Success Mantra Academy
1091/1-15,2ND Floor, Above Manju
Homeopathic Shop. Ambawatta Complex,
Mehrauli, Delhi - 110030
Call: +(91)-11-66362998
IN DEHRADUN
Ground Zero Institute
9, E. C. ROAD,
OPP. S. K. MEMORIAL HOSPITAL,
NEAR SURVEY CHOWK,
DEHRADUN,
UTARAKHAND.
PHONE: 0 9412348398, 0135 2745159
Disha Academy
Garhi Cantt, Dehra Dun.
Call: 0135-2553284.

_____________________________________________________________________________________



Combined Defence Services" Examination (CDS)

The "Combined Defence Services" Examination (CDS) is conducted twice a year by the Union Public
Service Commission for recruitment into the Indian Military Academy, Officers Training Academy, Indian
Naval Academy and Indian Air Force Academy. The Notification for the examination is usually released in
the months of October and June, and the examinations are conducted in February and November
respectively. Only unmarried graduates are eligible to sit for the exam. Successful candidates are
admitted into the respective Academies after an interview conducted by the Services Selection Board
(SSB).
The Combined Defense Services (CDS) provides excellent career opportunities for young and courageous
individuals who nurture a strong feeling of patriotism. UPSC conducts CDS examination, twice every year
for the selection in Indian Armed Forces, Army, Navy and Air Force.
The selection process consists of a written exam and personality test by the Service Selection Board.
After the final selection, the candidates are sent to, depending upon their choice indicated in the
application forms and merit list ranking, one of the following institutes for orientation training:
Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun
Naval Academy, Goa
Air Force Academy, Begumpet, Hyderabad
Officers Training Academy (OTA), Chennai
Those joining the first three institutes get permanent commission, however cadets passing out of OTA
get short service commission.
Only unmarried men and women can apply for the combined defense services.
Eligibility Criteria
UPSC CDS Exam Eligibility, CDS Exam Eligibility
For Indian Military Academy/Officers' Training Academy: Degree from a recognized university or
equivalent
For Naval Academy: Bachelor of Engineering
For Air Force Academy: Degree of a recognized University with Physics and Mathematics at 10+2
level or Bachelor of Engineering
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Bachelor of Technology
Age Limit
Indian Military Academy 19-24 years
Air Force Academy
Naval Academy 19-22 years
Officers Training Academy 19-25 years
Scheme of Examination
Indian Military Academy / Air Force Academy / Naval Academy
All the papers are of objective type.
Subject Marks
English 100
General Knowledge 100
Elementary Mathematics 100
Total 300
Officers' Training Academy
All the papers are of objective type. UPSC CDS Entrance Exam Syllabus
Subject Marks
English 100
General Knowledge 100
Total 200
Candidates successful in the written exam are then called for an interview by a Services Selection Board
which evaluates a candidate's suitability for a career in the Indian Armed Forces. The SSB interview lasts
for approximately a week, during which a candidate undergoes various physical and psychological tests
to ascertain whether or not he is officer material. Apart from SSB interview, Air Force academy
candidates are tested for Pilot Aptitude Battery test [PABT]. After these tests, candidates undergone
medical examination before finally admitted into the above mentioned academies, and after successful
completion of training, they are inducted into the armed forces.
Armed forces offer very exciting career to young men and women in several fields. Career in the forces,
in addition as a career, is also an adventure in itself. To ensure that appropriate candidates are chosen, a
comprehensive selection process is adopted by the armed forces through Service Selection Board (SSB)
interview. This system of selection is based on the trait theory of leadership which assumes that every
leader must have some specific and pre-determined leadership traits. It also presumes that such traits
can be acquired by a candidate with the passage of time meaning thereby that a person once rejected in
an SSB interview is likely to succeed if he acquires some of the traits with the passage of time. The
present system of selection, although is long and takes four to five days, is thus based on an objective
assessment of each candidate in which the qualities like initiative, alertness, judgement, courage,
physical fitness endurance, cooperation, group planning, decisiveness, knowledge, etc. are judged. In
addition, psychological and mental robustness of the candidate requirements of the Armed Forces is
judged and finally an overall assessment of the personality of a candidate is made by way of an
exhaustive personal interview.
Officers qualities
Effective Intelligence. Reasoning Ability. Power of Expression. Self Confidence. Determination.
Organizing Ability. Initiative. Courage. Cooperation. Sense of Responsibility. Stamina. Group
Influencing Ability. Liveliness. Social Adaptability. Speed of Decision.

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Combined Medical Services Examination
The "Combined Medical Services" Examination or the CMS Exam is conducted by the Union Public
Service Commission for recruitment as Medical Officer in various organizations such as the Indian
Ordnance Factories, Indian Railways functioning under the Government of India. The Notification for the
examination is usually released in the month of September and examination is conducted in January.
Successful Candidates are admitted after an interview conducted by the UPSC for those having qualified
the written examination.
Eligibility Criteria
Nationality:-Citizen of India, Subject of Nepal/Bhutan and some Tibetan refugees,a person of
Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka or East African Countries of
Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia or from
Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India..
Age:-Must not have attained the age of 32 years with relaxations for various categories like SC,
ST, OBC, Ex-servicemen etc.
Educational Qualifications:-Passed the written and practical parts of the final M.B.B.S.
Examination.
Scheme of Examination
There is an objective-type written examination with two papers of two hours duration, each carrying a
maximum of 200 marks. This is followed by a Personality Test carrying 200 marks of candidates who
qualify on the results of the written examination.
Paper I
Maximum Marks: 200
Subject Questions
General Medicine including Cardiology, Neurology, Dermatology and Psychiatry 60 %
Surgery including ENT, Ophthalmology, Traumatology and Orthopaedics 40 %
Paper II
Maximum Marks: 200
Subject Questions
Paediatrics 20%
Gynaecology & Obstetrics 40%
Preventive & Social Medicine 40%
Candidates who qualify in the written examination are called for an Interview/Personality Test to be
conducted by the Union Public Service Commission which carries 200 marks


Indian Economic Service/Indian statistical Services
Back to Examinations (Overview)
Back to Home
(A) Tentative Schedule
(i) Notification of Examination June
(ii) Conduct of Examination November
(C) Age - limits: 21-30 years on 1st January of the year of Examination
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Certain categories of persons as specified in the notice are
eligible for age relaxation.
(D) Educational Qualification
For Indian Economic
Service
Post Graduate Degree from a recognised university in
Economics/Applied Economics/Business Economics/Econometrics.
For Indian Statistical
Service
Post Grade Degree from an Indian university in Statistics/Applied
Statistics/Mathematical Statistics.
Candidates appearing in qualifying degree exams are also eligible provisionally subject to
producing proof of passing along with Detailed Application Form.
(E) Scheme of Examination
Part-I : Candidates are required to appear in the following papers of conventional type
papers.
(i) For Indian Economic Service
(a) General English 100 Marks
(b) General Studies 100 Marks
(c) General Economics-I 200 Marks
(d) General Economics-II 200 Marks
(e) General Economics-III 200 Marks
(f) General Economics 200 Marks
(ii) For Indian Statistical Service
(a) General English 100 Marks
(b) General Studies 100 Marks
(c) Statistics-I 200 Marks
(d) Statistics-II 200 Marks
(e) Statistics-III 200 Marks
(f) Statistics-IV 200 Marks
Part II : Interview for Personality Test 200 Marks
NOTE: FOR FURTHER DETAILS, PLEASE REFER TO THE COMMISSIONS NOTICE FOR THE EXAMINATION
WHEN IT IS PUBLISHED IN THE EMPLOYMENT NEWS AND SOME OF THE DAILY NEWSPAPERS.
Indian Economic Service
Formed 1961

Training Ground Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi

General nature Policy Formulation
Policy Implementation
Economic Analysis
Advisors to Ministers

Cadre Size 511 (2011)

Service Chief
580
Chief Economic Adviser to the
Government of India
Current: Vacant

Head of the Civil Services
Cabinet Secretary
Current: Ajit Seth

The Indian Economic Service (IES) is the administrative civil service under Grade A of the Central Civil
Services of the executive branch of the Government of India.
The IES was constituted in 1961 with the objective of institutionalizing a core professional capacity
within the Government to undertake economic analysis and render advice for designing and formulating
development policies, strengthening delivery systems, and monitoring and evaluating the public
programmes. With the initiation of large-scale economic reforms in 1991 and the proliferation of the
regulatory role of the government, such analysis and advice within the domain of the service has
increased manifold. The Cadre strength of IES is periodically reviewed by the IES Board chaired by the
Cabinet Secretary and the final Cadre strength is approved by the Cabinet. A review of the IES Cadre was
undertaken in 1991. Subsequently, Cadre reviews were undertaken in 2000 and 2005. The present
Cadre strength of IES at various grades was approved by the Cabinet in its meeting held on 4.8.2005. The
sanctioned strength of the IES Cadre at present is 501, consisting of 461 duty posts and 40 leave
reserves. The duty posts are spread over 35 Ministries/Departments of the Government of India.
The civil list details the authorized numbers of posts, and their utilization.
Work Profile
The service is, therefore, an inter-Ministerial and inter-Departmental service. The posts are primarily
located in Ministries/ Departments dealing with economic and social sectors. Even within organizations
that account for a large proportion of its Cadre posts, like the Planning Commission, IES officers posted
therein serve in a diverse range of subject areas, such as finance, social sector, rural development,
education, health, agriculture, industry, trade, transport, and information technology. IES officers are,
thus, exposed to development issues in diverse sectors and contribute to policy-making in the Central
Government over the entire span of their service career. With the economic reforms having
transformed the nature and domain of economic policy-making in the country, the IES, as a service,
provides a pool of in-house economic expertise that is well placed to meet the growing demand for
analytical economic inputs for policy-making in the government.
Role of IES Officers
Role of the service can be broadly categorized in terms of economic advice, economic administration,
implementation of development policy and programmes, besides dealing with other areas such as
economic reforms, regulation, price fixation, and monitoring and evaluation. In the rapidly globalizing
environment, decision-making is increasingly guided by economic rationality. In view of the on-going
reforms pursued by the Government, the role of IES officers has assumed much significance. Apart from
the purely economic sectors, IES officers are making crucial contribution towards policy making in social
sectors.
Career Progression
Candidates recommended for IES start their career as Assistant Director. The existing hierarchy in the
service is as follows:
(1)Higher Administrative Grade + (*Principal/Chief Adviser, Equivalent to the level of Secretary
Government of India>
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(2)Higher Administrative Grade (*Senior Economic Adviser / Senior Adviser, Equivalent to the level of
Addl. Secretary to the Govt. of India)
(3)Senior Administrative Grade (*Economic Adviser / Adviser, Equivalent to the level of Joint Secretary
to the Govt. of India)
(4)Non-Functional Selection Grade (*Director/ Additional Economic Adviser, Equivalent to the posts of
Director in the Government of India)
(5)Junior Administrative Grade (*Joint Director/ Deputy Economic Adviser/Deputy Adviser, Equivalent to
the posts of Deputy Secretary to the Government India)
(6)Senior Time Scale (*Deputy Director/ Assistant Adviser/ Assistant Commissioner/Senior Research
Officer, Equivalent to Under Secretary to the Govt. Of India)
(7)Junior Time Scale(*Assistant Director)
.

UPSC Central Armed Police Forces (AC)
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) gives employment notification for the recruitment of 136
Assistant Commandant (AC) posts by conducting Central Armed Police Forces (AC) Examination every
year. Eligible candidates may apply online. Other details like age limit, educational qualification,
selection process, how to apply are given below
UPSC CPF (AC) Notification Vacancy Details: Total No of Posts: 136
Name of the Posts: 1. Border Security Force (BSF): 68 Posts
2. Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF): 28 Posts
3. Central Industrial Security Force (CISF): 40 Posts
Educational Qualification: Candidates must possess Bachelors degree of a University incorporated by
an Act of the Central or State Legislature in India or other educational institutions established by an Act
of Parliament.
Selection Process: Candidates will be selected based on performance in Written Examination, Physical &
Medical Standards Tests, Physical Efficiency Test and Interview/ Personality Test.
Application Fee: Candidates need to Pay Rs.200/- either by depositing the money in any branch of SBI by
Cash or by using net banking facility of SBI, State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur/ State Bank of Hyderabad/
State Bank of Mysore/ State Bank of Patiala/ State Bank of Travancore or by using Visa/ Master Credit/
Debit Card, pay the fee by taking print out of system generated Pay-in-Slip during Part-II registration on
or before. No Fee for Female/ SC/ ST candidates.
How to Apply: Eligible candidates may apply online through the UPSC website www.upsconline.nic.in
Instructions for Applying Online:
1. Candidates must scan their photograph and signature for uploading and have valid e-mail id.
2. Log on to the website www.upsconline.nic.in and Click on Online Application for Various Examinations
of UPSC link.
3. Choose the desired post and Click on Click here below the Part I Registration.
4. Fill all the mandatory details in Part I of Application and then make fee payment.
5. After making payment online or offline candidates must revisit the website.
6. This time candidates need to click on Click here below the Part II Registration.
7. Fill all the details in the Part II of Application and Upload photograph and signature in the required
places.
8. Take print out of Application form and retain it for future use.
CAPF 2014 Exam
The Union Public Service Commission conducts written examination for recruitment of Assistant
Commandants (Group A) in the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) viz. Border Security Force (BSF),
582
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police
(ITBP) and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).
CPF Exam Eligibility
Age eligibility: Minimum 20 years & Maximum 25 years as on 1st August of the exam year. The upper
age relaxation is 05 years for SC/ ST & Civilian Central Government Servants and 03 years for OBC
candidates.
Academic eligibility: A degree from a recognised University or equivalent
Physical Standards eligibility: You need to have minimum Physical Standards as given in the notification
Female candidates can not apply for BSF and ITBP
CPF Exam Pattern
Paper Subject Type Questions Marks Duration
Paper I General Ability and Intelligence Objective 125 250 2 Hours
Paper II General Studies, Essay & Comprehension Conventional

200 3 Hours
There will be negative marking in Objective Type Question Paper. Physical and medical standards test
will be conducted only for those candidates who qualify the written examination. Interview for personal
test will be of 200 marks.
CPF Exam Syllabus
General Ability and Intelligence
Essay, Precis and Comprehension
General Ability and Intelligence
General Mental Ability:
General Science:
Current Events of National and International Importance:
Indian Polity and Economy:
History of India:
Indian and World Geography:
Essay, Precis Writing and Comprehension


SSC Entrance Exams
SSC Entrance Exams are those exams which are conducted on All India basis for recruitment to lower
categories of posts for the various Indian Government Establishments / Offices. SSC or Staff selection
Commission is the authority of Indian Government for conducting these Examinations. The Commission
is responsible for formulation of policies regarding schemes of examination and other procedures for
smooth conduct of examinations/selection tests, including various Departmental Examinations.
The Staff Selection Commission makes recruitment to non-technical group 'C' and group 'B' non-
gazetted posts in Ministries/ Departments, the attached and subordinate offices of the Government of
India and the CAG and the offices of the Accountant General.
List of SSC Exams
CPO (S.I) Exam - Central Police Organisations (S.I) Exam

SSC-CGLE - Combined Graduate Level Exam

CHSLE - Combined Higher Secondary Level (10+2) Exam

583
Investigator (NSSO) Exam

S.S.C. JE - Junior Engineer (CPWD) Exam

JT Exam - Junior Translator (CSOL) Exam

T.A.E. - Tax Assistant Exam

Discontinued Exams
CMLE - Combined Matric Level Exam Discontinued

SO Audit Exam - Section Officer (Audit) Exam Discontinued

SO Commercial Exam - Section Officer (Commercial) Exam Discontinued

SSC Entrance Exams Eligibility
Age - The age limits for appearing in SSC Examination are different for different posts and is to be
confirmed from the Notice of exam published in the Employment News/ Rozgar Samachar.
Generally, the age limits are 18 to 27 years on the crucial date. There is age concession in the
upper age limit for SC/STs, OBCs, physically handicapped, widows etc.
Education - Educational Qualifications for various posts vary from Matric to Graduates.
SSC Entrance Exams Application Procedure
Notifications of the SSC Combined Graduate Preliminary Examination are published every year in the
month of October in the Employment News and other leading newspapers of India. Candidates are
required to apply in typewritten format as per the proforma printed in the newspapers. Duly completed
application forms of Staff Selection Commission Exam are to be submitted by the candidate by
Registered Post/ Speed Post/ UPC only.
SSC Entrance Exams Pattern and Admission Process
The Staff Selection Commission conducts:
Graduate Level Examination - its eligibility is graduation or equivalent in any discipline.
Combined Higher Secondary Level (10+2) Examination-It's eligibility is Higher secondary i.e 10+2
in and discipline or equivalent.
Combined Matric Level Examination - its eligibility is matriculation qualification or High School.
Those candidates who qualify in the prelims of Staff Selection Exam are required to appear for the
Mains. Candidates qualifying in the mains have to appear for an Interview or Physical Efficiency Test
(PET). Those qualifying in the Matric Level Main Exam are required to pass a skill test (typing or
stenography). Some exams such as the Section Officers, Investigators etc, are held separately and no
prelims are held for them.

Central Police organisation (Sub-Inspectors)-CPO (S.I):
Central Police organisation (Sub-Inspectors) Exam acronym as CPO(S.I) is conducted by SSC on National
level to fill required number of candidates to the post of Sub Inspectors in various Central Government
Police Organisations like CRPF, ITBP, CBI, SSB, CISF, BSF and SI in Delhi Police etc. Due to its National
level approach this test is taken by a large number of aspirants who wants to join these organisations on
the priority basis.
SSC CPO (S.I) Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
Graduation in any discipline from a recognized university and equivalent. Candidate who has appeared
in the final year of degree exam and is awaiting the result is also eligible to take the exam.
2. Age: aspiring candidates should be between 20 years to 25 years of age.
3. Nationality: Indian
4. Physical Standards
For Male Candidates
584
Category Height Chest

Un-
Expended
Expended
General 170 80 85
For candidates belonging to Hill areas of Garhwal, Kumaon,
Himachal Pradesh, Gorkhas, Dogras, Marathas, Kashmir Valley,
Leh & Ladakh regions of J&K, North-Eastern States and Sikkim
165 80 85
For all candidates belonging to Scheduled Tribes 162.5 77 82
For Female Candidates
Category Height
General Candidates 157
For candidates belonging to Hill areas of Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal Pradesh,
Gorkhas, Dogras, Marathas, Kashmir Valley, Leh & Ladakh regions of J&K,
North-Eastern States and Sikkim
155
For all candidates belonging to Scheduled Tribes 154
SSC CPO (S.I) Exam Syllabus and Pattern
For a complete syllabus, check out the official website of SSC or other.
The SSC CPO SI written exam consists of two papers:
Paper 1

Subject
No of
Questions
Maximum
Marks
Time Allowed
Part
A
General Intelligence and
Reasoning
50 50
2 Hrs
10:00am to
12:00pm
Part
B
General Knowledge and General
Awareness
50 50
Part
C
Quantative Aptitude 50 50
Part
D
English Comprehension 50 50
Paper 2
Subject Maximum Marks/Questions Duration and Timing
English Language and Comprehension 200marks/200questions 2 Hrs. 2:00pm to 4:00pm
Note:- Paper-II is evaluated for only those candidates who qualify in Paper- I (Objective type paper).
Physical Endurance Test
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After clearing Written Test Candidates need to clear Physical Efficiency (Endurance) Test (PET) consisting
of following components:
For Male candidates.
100 meters race in 16 seconds.
1.6 Kms race in 6.5 minutes.
Long Jump: 3.65 m in 3 chances.
High Jump: 1.2 m in 3 chances.
Shot put (16 Lbs) : 4.5 m in 3 chances.
For Female Candidates
100 m race in 18 seconds.
800 m race in 4 minutes.
Long Jump: 2.7 m (9 feet ) in 3 chances.
High Jump: 0.9 m ( 3 feet ) in 3 chances.
Personality Test/Interview
PET is followed by the last step ie Personality Test/Interview.
SSC CPO (SI) Exam Dates
SSC (S.I) Exam is normally held in the month of May.
SSC CPO (SI) Exam Fee
General/OBC candidates have to pay Rs.100 as exam fee whereas female and SC/ST candidates are
exempted from the fee.
The fee can be deposited in the form of CRF stamp in case of off-line submission or through SBI Challan
or it can be online payment through State Bank of India.
SSC CPO (SI) Exam Test Centres
Most of the major cities of the country are made the test centers for SSC CPO SI Exam.

Combined Graduate Level Exam
Taken by Staff selection Commission on National Level Combined Graduate level exam is held every year
for the recruitment of various Gazzeted and Non-Gazzeted posts in the Central Government
departments. SCC Graduate level exam has assumed more importance after 2010 as it is the only test
left after scraping all the other SSC exams (Tax assistant exam, Section Officer's exam, SSC CPO exam,
and Statistical Investigator exam etc.) to recruit people in Government departments.
Various posts for which SSC CGLE is conducted after 2010 are:
Name of Post Pay Scale
Assistants (CSS) Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4600)
Assistants in other Central Govt. Ministries/Departments/CVC Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4200)
Inspector of Posts Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4200)
Inspector(Central Excise/Preventive Officer/Examiner) Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4600)
Sub Inspectors Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4200)
Inspector of Income Tax Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4600)
Assistant Enforcement Officer Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4600)
Divisional Accountants Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4200)
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Statistical Investigators, Gr.II Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4200)
Compilers Rs.5200-20200 (GP=2400)
Auditors Rs.5200-20200 (GP=2800)
Junior Accountants/Accountants Rs.5200-20200 (GP=2800)
UDCs: Rs.5200-20200 (GP=2400)
Tax Assistants: Rs.5200-20200 (GP=2400)
Sub Inspectors(Ex) in CPOs (ITBP,CISF,CRPF,SSB,BSF) Rs.9300-34800 (GP=4200)
SSC Graduate Level Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
Aspiring candidates should possess following Essential Qualification as on Closing Date:
For Statistical Investigator Grade II
Bachelors Degree with Statistics as one of the main subjects. OR
Bachelors Degree with Mathematics (with Statistics as a papers studied in one year/two years/all three
year as the case may be) as one of the main subjects. OR
Bachelors Degree with Economics (with Statistics as a paper studied in one year/two years/all the three
years as the case may be) as one of the main subjects. OR
Bachelors Degree with Commerce (with Statistics as a paper studied in one year/two years/all the three
years as the case may be) as one of the main subjects.
For Compiler
Bachelors degree with Economics or Statistics or Mathematics as compulsory or elective subject from
any recognized University.
All other Posts
Bachelors Degree (Graduation Degree) or equivalent from a recognized University. .
Note-I
As per Ministry of Human Resource Development Notification No. 44 dated 01.03.1995 published in
Gazette of India edition dated 08.04.1995, the Degree obtained through open Universities/Distance
Education Mode needs to be recognized by Distance Education Council, IGNOU. Accordingly, unless such
Degrees had been recognized for the period when the candidates acquired the relevant qualification,
they will not be accepted for the purpose of Educational Qualification.
Note-II
Candidates who have not acquired/will not acquire the educational qualification as on the closing date
of receipt of application will not be eligible and need not apply.
Note-III
All candidates who are declared qualified by the Commission for appearing at the Interview/Skill Test
will be required to produce the relevant Certificate in Original such as Mark sheets for all the three years
of Graduation/ Provisional Certificate/ Certificate of Graduation as proof of having acquired the
minimum educational qualification on the closing date failing which the candidature of such candidate
will be cancelled by the Commission.
Note-IV
Wherever Desirable Qualification has been prescribed in Recruitment Rules, appropriate weightage will
be given at the time of Interview, ,if prescribed.
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Note-V
For posts of Assistants(CSS), computer proficiency has also be prescribed as an essential Qualification.
2. Age
Age limit vary for different kinds of post. These limits are as follows:
1. Sub Inspectors(Ex) in CPOs: 20-25 years
2. Assistant/Sub Inspector in CBI: 20-27 years.
3. Statistical Investigators Gr.II: Max: 26 years.
4. For all other posts: 18-27 years
Age relaxations for various categories like Ex. Service man exists as per Goverment of India rule.
Combined Graduate Level Exam Pattern
Combined Graduate Level Examination is a three tier exam (since 2010) as indicated below
TierI of the Combined Graduate level Examination would be common for all categories of posts and will
be held in one session.
Scheme of Tier-I Examination for all candidates including Visually Handicapped candidates with visual
disability of forty percent and above and opting for availing the assistance of scribe.
Subject Max Marks/
Questions
Timing for General
candidates
Timing for visually
Handicapped candidates
General Intelligence &
Reasoning
50 2 Hours
10.00 A.M. to 12.00 Noon
OR
2.00 P.M. to 4.00 P.M.
2 Hours 40 mins
10.00 A.M. to 12.40 PM
OR
2.00 P.M. to 4.40 P.M.
General Awareness 50
Numerical Aptitude 50
English Comprehension 50
Note: If and wherever necessary, the examination may be held in 2(two) shifts for different batch of
candidates
Questions will be of Objective Multiple Type Choice. The questions will be set both in Hindi and English
in respect of Parts A, B and C.
Tier-II of the Combined Graduate Level Examination will be of Objective Type Multiple Choice and will
be conducted over a period of two days during a weekend. It will consist of three different
papers/subjects and depending upon the category of posts applied for, the candidates will be required
to appear either in one, or in two or in all the three papers, as the case may be.
For the Post of Assistants, Inspector of Income-Tax/Inspector (Central Excise, Inspector (PO),
Inspector(Examiner) Sub Inspector In CBI, Inspector of Posts, Assistant Enforcement Officer, Divisional
Accountants, Accountants, Auditors, Sub Inspector In CPOS, Statistical Investigators Gr.II , Tax Assistants,
Compilers, UDC's, The scheme of Tier-II Written Examination Will Be as under:
Subject / Paper Max.
Marks
Number of
Questions
Duration & Timings
for General
candidates
Duration &
Timings for VH
candidates
Arithmetical Ability 200 100 2Hours
10.00 AM to 12.00
Noon
2 Hours and 40
Min.
10.00 AM to
12.40 PM
English Language & 200 200 2 Hours 2 Hours. and 40
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Comprehension 2.00 PM to 4.00 PM Min.
2.00 PM to 4.40
PM
Commerce/Mathematics
Statistics/ Economics
200 200 2 Hours
10.00 AM to 12.00
Noon
2 Hours. and 40
Min.
10.00AM to
12.40 PM
NOTE I:
Paper-I is compulsory for all the categories of posts except for the post of Sub Inspector in the
participating Central Police Organisations(CPOs)
Paper-II is compulsory for all the categories of posts including for the post of Sub Inspector in the
participating Central Police Organisations(CPOs),
Paper-III is compulsory only for those candidates who apply to be considered for the posts of Statistical
Investigators Gr.II and Compiler respectively.
NOTE: II
OMR Type of Answer Sheets will be supplied by the Commission to candidates for recording their
answers of Multiple Choice Objective Type Questions. Candidates are advised to read very carefully, the
following instructions, in their own interest.
1. Part A of OMR Answer Sheet to be filled in Ball Point Pen only.
2. Part B of OMR Answer Sheet should be filled in HB pencil only, as per instructions given in OMR
Answer Sheet.
3. Candidate should write his/her name, Roll Number, Ticket Number, Name of the Examination as
mentioned in Admission Certificate, Date of birth, Test Form Number correctly in the relevant
places in OMR Answer Sheet. Answer Sheet not bearing candidates Name, Roll Number, Ticket
Number and signature will not be evaluated and Zero marks will be awarded to them.
Tier-III of the SCC comprises Personallity Test and Interview for the Post of Assistant, Inspector of
Income Tax/Inspector (Central Excise/Preventive Officer/Examiner) Sub Inspector in CBI, Inspector of
Posts, Assistant Enforcement Officer, Statistical Investigators GR-II , Compiler and Sub-Inspector in
Central Police Organisation:
The personality test/ interview will carry a maximum of 100 marks for all the above categories of posts/
service.
Important: There is no interview component for the posts of Divisional Accountants, Auditors,
Accountants /Junior Accountants, UDCs and Tax Assistants
Skill Test: There will be a skill test for the post of Tax Assistants (Central Excise & Income Tax):
Data Entry Speed of 8,000 (eight thousand) Key Depression per hour on Computer is required to clear
this test. However the Data Entry Speed Skill Test will be of qualifying nature.

Computer will be provided by the Commission at the Centre/venue notified for the purpose.
Important: Only those candidates who secure at least the minimum qualifying marks in the written
examination as may be fixed by the Commission at their discretion, will be eligible to appear in the SKILL
TEST. The SKILL TEST will be held at the Commissions Regional/Sub Regional Offices or at other Centres
as may be decided by the Commission.
Exemption from Skill Test for PH candidates is subject to Government policy in force. The PH candidates
opting for post in CBDT are exempted for appearing in Skill Test. However, PH candidates opting for post
in CBEC are not exempted from Skill Test.
589
The Commission will hold a Skill Test at its discretion for the post of Assistants(CSS). The Skill Test will
test Computer Proficiency of the candidates and will be of Qualifying nature .
Combined Graduate Level Exam Syllabus
Syllabus of SSC Combined Graudates Level Exam (Tier I) is
General Intelligence & Reasoning
General Awareness:
Numerical Aptitute: (10+2 level).
English Comprehension
Combined Graduate Level Exam Dates
SSC Graduate level exam (Tier I) is normally held in the month of May every year.
Combined Graduate Level Exam Fee
General/OBC candidates have to pay Rs.100 as exam fee and SC/ST candidates are exempted from the
fee.


Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam
Combined Higher Secondary Level (10+2) Exam is taken by Staff Selection Commission on All India
basis. Combined Higher Secondary (10+2) level examination is taken every year for the recruitment
of:
Data Entry Operators in Pay Band 1, Grade pay Rs.2400 in the Ministry of Agriculture and
Comptroller and Auditor General of India and Grade Pay Rs.1900 for O/o the Controller General
patents, Designs and Trade Marks, Mumbai and
Lower Division Clerks in Pay Band 1, Grade pay Rs.1900 in various ministries.
Combined Higher Secondary level Exam Eligibility
Eligibility Conditions:
1. Educational Qualification
Aspiring candidates should be 12th Standard pass or any other equivalent qualification from a
recognized Board or equivalent.
2. Age
The candidates should be between the age group of 18 years to 27 years for various posts mentioned
above. However age may vary a couple of years for different posts.
Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam Pattern
Combined Higher Secondary level Exam consists of written examination and skill test on Computer for
the post of Data Entry Operator and Typing Test for the post of LDC.
Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam Syllabus
The syllabus of Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam as follows:
1. General Intelligence
2. English Language
3. Numerical Aptitude
4. General Awareness
For Detailed Syllabus of Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam Click here
(B) Skill Test for Data Entry Operator:
Data Entry Speed of 8,000 (eight thousand) Key Depressions per hour on Computer. The Speed of 8000
key depressions per hour on Computer will be adjudged on the basis of the correct entry of all the key
depressions in computer as per the given text passage and the duration of the said Test will be 15
(Fifteen) minutes and printed passage of running text matter in English containing about 2000-2200
strokes/key-depressions would be given to each candidate who would enter the same in the Computer.
590
The Data Entry Speed Skill Test would be of qualifying nature. Candidates allowed to take this test, will
have to qualify the test at the prescribed speed on Computer, to be provided by the Commission or the
agency authorized by the Commission to conduct such skill test at the Centre/venue so notified.
Only those candidates, who qualify in the written part of examination and secure minimum qualifying
marks as may be fixed by the Commission in their discretion, will be eligible to take the Skill Test, i.e.
Part-II of the examination.
Only such candidates as qualify in the Skill Test at a speed of not less than 8000 key depressions per
hour will be eligible for being recommended for appointment as per their position in the merit list.
None of the candidates including PH candidates who qualify in the written part of the examination will
be exempted from the Skill Test as passing of the skill test is precondition and one of the essential
qualifications for appointment to the post of Data Entry Operator.
Note: Only those candidates, who secure at least the minimum qualifying marks in the written
examination, as may be fixed by the Commission at their discretion, will be called for skill test.
How to apply for Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam?
Candidates may send/submit application in the prescribed format to the concerned regional office of
SSC as mentioned in the list of Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam Test Centres OR apply on line.
Facility of on-line application will be available from 20.07.2013 to 14.08.2013 (5:00 pm) for part-i
registration and for Part-ii registration upto 16.08.2013 (5:00 pm). Candidates applying on-line should
retain the registration number assigned to them on line for further correspondence with the
commission. They are not required to submit print outs of their application to the commission.
Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam Fee
Combined Higher Secondary level exam fee is Rs.100 only that too is exempted for female candidates
and other candidates belonging to reserved categories as per government norms.
Mode of payment of Fee
For the candidates submitting Paper Application:
The candidates submitting Paper application should pay the fee by means of "Central Recruitment Fee
Stamps (CRFS)"only.
CRFS are available at the counter of all Departmental Post Offices of the country. Recruitment Fee
Stamps should be pasted on the application form in the space earmarked for the purpose and got
cancelled from the Counter of Post Office of issue with the date stamp of the Issuing Post Office in such
a manner that the impression or the cancellation stamp partially overflows on the Application Form
itself, taking care at the same time that the impression is clear and distinct to facilitate the 8
identification of date and Post Office of issue at any subsequent stage. After getting the Recruitment Fee
Stamps cancelled from the Post Office, the candidate must submit their application to the concerned
Regional Office/Sub Regional Offices of the Commission in the usual manner after completing other
formalities.
For the candidates submitting their applications On-line:
The candidates submitting their applications on-line should pay the requisite fee only through State
Bank of India in the form of challan or through SBI Net Banking.
Note: Women candidates and candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe Physically
Handicapped and Ex Service man eligible for reservation are exempted from paying fee.
Important:
Fee once paid will not be refunded under any circumstances.
Fee paid by modes other than CRFS for off-line applications and through SBI as indicated above in
case of online application will not be accepted and the applications of such candidates will be
rejected forthright and the payment made shall stand forfeited. Candidates submitting their
application online shall make their payment through the State Bank of India as per instructions
591
Candidates may please note that non-cancellation of stamps from the concerned Post Office in
the manner indicated above, will lead to rejection of his/her application form. Therefore, it is in
the interest of candidates that they get the CRFS cancelled from the concerned Post Office.
Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam Dates
Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam normally held in the month of Nov-Dec.
SSC Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam Test Centres
SSC Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam is held in most of the important cities of India.
SSC Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam Contact Details
Candidates can contact at following given phone number for any kind of enquiry regarding CHSL Exam
Application Form.
Candidates may contact following Regional Help Lines for clarifications, if any, in respect of
Filling/ submitting applications:
(i) SSC (NR), New Delhi - 01164715222, 01165021888, 01124363343, 01124360840
(ii) SSC (CR), Allahabad - 05322460511, 05326541021
(iii) SSC (SR), Chennai - 09445195946, 04428251139
(iv) SSC (WR), Mumbai - 09869730700, 07738422705
(v) SSC (ER), Kolkata - 09477461228, 09477461229
(vi) SSC (MPR) Raipur - 09407921504, 09407921505
(vii) SSC (KKR), Bangalore - 08025502520, 09483862020
(viii) SSC (NWR), Chandigarh - 09915509204, 09915509331
(ix) SSC (NER), Guwahati, - 09207053500, 09707679564 Candidates may contact following Regional Help
Lines for clarifications, if any, in respect of filling/submitting applications:


SSC Junior Engineer (CPWD) Exam
Staff Selection Commission holds an open competitive examination all over the country for recruitment
of Junior Engineers (Civil and Electrical) in CPWD. A candidate who clears this exam is eligible to become
a SSC Junior Engineer.
SSC JE Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
Candidates should have a Diploma in Civil or Electrical or Mechanical Engineering from an institute
recognized by the Central Government or equivalent qualification.
2. Age
Aspiring candidate should not be more than 27 years on the specified date of the exam.
SSC JE Exam Pattern
Junior Engineer (CPWD) Examination will be conducted in two parts:
A. Written Test 500 marks
B. Interview 100 mark

Part A i.e written test consisting of two papers as given below and Part B is a personality test.
Paper 1 which will be of Objective type multiple choice.
Paper Subject No. of Questions Marks
I (a) General Awareness 25 50
592
I (b)
General Engineering (Civil & Structural) or
General Engineering (Electrical & Mechanical)
75 150

Total 100 200
Paper 2 will be of conventional type.
Subject Marks
General Engineering (Civil & Structural) or
General Engineering (Electrical & Mechanical)
300
Important: Paper I and II will be bi-lingual (i.e. in Hindi and English). Candidates will have option to
answer Paper II either in Hindi or in English language.
Paper II will be evaluated in respect of only those candidates who qualify in Paper I at the minimum
standard which may be decided by the Commission at its discretion.
Only those candidates who attain minimum qualifying standard in Part-I of the Examination, as may be
fixed by the Commission in their discretion, will be eligible to be called for Personality Test/Interview.
Part B
Personality Test (Interview): 100 marks
The interview/personality test is structured in such a manner that the candidates interest, knowledge,
various traits, aptitude, suitability etc. are probed among other things, through academic qualifications,
experience, extra-curricular activities, general awareness/knowledge, depth of knowledge of the
subjects studied (10+2 onwards), communicative skill and over-all personality etc.
Candidates called for interview/personality test, have the option to converse either in Hindi or English
language during the interview process.
SSC Junior Engineer (CPWD) Exam syllabus
The standard of the questions in Engineering subjects will be approximately on the level of Diploma in
Engineering (Civil/ Electrical/ Mechanical) from a recognized Institute, Board or University and
recognized by All India Board of Technical Education.
1. General Awareness
Questions will be aimed at testing the candidates general awareness of the environment around him
and its application to society. Questions will also be designed to test knowledge of current events and of
such matters of everyday observations and experience in their scientific aspect as may be expected of
any educated person. The test will also include questions relating to India and its neighboring countries
especially pertaining to Sport, History, Culture, Geography, Economic Scene, General Polity, Indian
Constitution and Scientific Research, etc. These questions will be such that they do not require a special
study of any discipline.
2. General Engineering (Civil and Structural)
SSC JE(CPWD) Exam Dates
SSC JE (CPWD) exam is normally held in the month of May.
How to apply for SSC JE (CPWD) Exam?
Aspiring candidates can apply for SSC JE (CPWD) Exam in the application form given in Annexure-I in A-4
size paper.
The candidates may utilize in original the form published in the Employment News for filling up the
columns with ball-point pen.
They may also use the application form neatly typed on white paper in double space and typed on only
one side of the paper. There is no objection to candidates using printing application form, if available
593
from private agencies, as long as the format and size of application form is exactly the same as published
in Annexure-I of this advertisement.
The application must be filled up by the candidate in their own handwriting. They must put their
signature at the appropriate places/declaration, failing which the application will be summarily rejected
by the commission without any correspondence with the candidate.
The envelope containing the application must be superscribed in bold letters as Application for Junior
Engineers (Civil & Electrical) Exam and the name of the Centre from where the candidate intends to
appear should be written in capital letters at the left side corner.
SC/ST/OBC candidates should also super scribe their category on the envelope.
Candidates have the option to submit either self attested/self certified photocopies of various
documents or to submit photocopies of various documents duly attested by a gazetted officer as per
extant procedure alongwith the application form. However, the original documents/certificates will be
verified at the time of interview and their candidature will be subject to result of such scrutiny. While
exercising the facility of self-attestation of various documents, the candidates are warned that any
wrong attestations so as the mislead the Commission or to gain access to our examinations, would lead
to criminal/debar action against the candidates, besides cancellation of their candidatures.
Application may also be submitted at the Commissions Regional/Sub-Regional Office concerned,
personally/by hand within the stipulated date and time of submission.
Besides candidates can also apply for the said exam ONLINE.


Junior Translator (CSOL) Exam
Staff Selection Commission holds Junior Translator (CSOL Exam) exam for recruitment to the post of
Junior Translators (CSOL) a Group B posts (Non-Gazetted Ministerial) in various Offices/ Departments
under Department of Official Language all over country. It is a type of Staff Selection Exam which leads
to a candidates employment as a Junior Translator.
Junior Translator (CSOL) Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
For appearing in this Translator Exam, a candidate needs to have a Master Degree or equivalent in Hindi
or English with English and Hindi as compulsory or elective subject or medium of examination at degree
level OR
Master Degree or equivalent in any subject other than Hindi or English with Hindi or English Medium
and English or Hindi as compulsory or electives subjects at degree level OR
Master Degree or equivalent in any subject other than Hindi or English with Hindi and English as a
compulsory or elective subject or either of the two as medium of examination and the other as a
compulsory or elective subject at degree level and recognized diploma or certificate course in
Translation from Hindi to English and vice-versa OR
2 years experience of translation work from Hindi to English and vice-versa in Central or State
Government Offices including Govt. of India Undertakings.
2. Age: Aspiring candidates should be less than 30 years age.
Junior Translator (CSOL) Exam Pattern
SSC Junior Translator exam consist of two parts:
Part-I (Written Examination carrying 400 marks)
It will consists of two papers of 2 hours duration each carrying 200 marks each
Paper 1
Subject Marks Time
594
General Hindi 100

General English 100

Total 200 2 Hr.
Paper 2
Subject No of Questgions Marks Time
Translation
2 passages (1 each from Hindi to English & vice
versa)
Essays Two (1 each in Hindi & English)

Total

200 2 Hr.
Part-II (Personality Test/Interview carrying 100 marks).
The interview/personality test is structured in such a manner that the candidates interests, knowledge,
various traits, aptitude, suitability etc. are probed among other things, through academic qualifications,
experience, extra-curricular activities, general awareness/knowledge, depth of knowledge of the
subjects studied (10+2 onwards), communicative skills and over-all personality etc.

Important: Candidates called for interview/personality test by Staff Selection of India, have the option
to converse either in Hindi or English language during the interview process.
NOTE:
1. All the candidates have to appear in both the papers mentioned above.
2. Answer Scripts for Paper II will be evaluated of only those candidates who attain a minimum
qualifying standard in Paper-I as may be fixed by the Commission at its discretion.
3. Only those candidates who attain minimum qualifying standard in Part-I of the Examination, as
may be fixed by the Commission at their discretion, will be eligible to be called for Personality
Test/Interview.
Junior Translator (CSOL) Exam Syllabus
Paper-I
a) General Hindi b) General English
Paper-II
Translation and Essay (Conventional type).
Junior Translator (CSOL) Exam Dates
Junior Translator exam is normally held in the month of Nov-Dec.
How to apply for Junior Translator Exam?
Aspiring candidates can apply by submitting the applications only in the prescribed format (Annexure-I).
The Commission uses standard application form for all its examinations. Therefore it is prudent for the
candidates to go through the instructions given in the Notice of Examination.
Junior Translator (CSOL) Exam Fee and mode of payment
Fee: Rs.100/- in the form of Central Recruitment Fee Stamps available at Post Office. No fee for
SC/ST/PH and Ex-servicemen candidates.

Tax Assistant (Income Tax and Central Excise Tax Dept.) Exam
- A Tax Assistant is a junior employee who works under the guidance of a department head to ensure
that employees abide by fiscal laws, rules and guidelines when performing their tasks. Tax Assistant
595
(Income Tax and Excise Tax Dept.) exam is held by SSC exam for recruitment of Tax Assistants in Income
Tax and Central Excise Tax Departments.
Tax Assistant Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
for appearing in SSC Tax Assistant Exam, a candidate needs to be Graduate in any stream.
2. Age: The aspiring candidate should be between 21-27 years at the time of taking of the exam.
Tax Assistant Exam Pattern
Tax Assistant (Income Tax and Excise Tax Department) Exam Consists of two parts:
Part I
Written Examination: 300 marks
The Examination will consist of two Papers I and II.
Paper 1 will be Objective Type Multiple Choice as follows
Subject Marks Duration Timing
General English 100

General Awareness 100

Total 200 2 Hr. 9.30 AM to 11.30 AM
Paper 2 will be of Conventional Type as follows:
Subject Marks Duration Timing
Arithmetic 100 2 Hours 2.00 PM to 04.00 PM
Important:
1. Tax Assistant Question Paper (Test Booklets) for part B of Paper I (General Awareness) and Paper
II (Arithmetic) will be set both in English and Hindi.
2. Tax Assistant Exam Paper II (Conventional Paper) will be evaluated in respect of only those
candidates who qualify in Paper I at the minimum standard which may be decided by the
Commission at its discretion.
Part II: Skill Test
Data Entry Speed of 8000 Key Depressions per hour (appropriate to the text) on computer. This Data
Entry Speed/Skill Test would be of qualifying nature. Candidates allowed to take this test will have to
qualify the test at the prescribed speed on Computer, to be provided by the Commission or agency
authorized by the Commission to conduct such skill test at the Centre/venue so notified.
Important
1. The Skill Test will be conducted by an agency duly authorized by the Commission, under the
supervision and control of Commission.
2. Only those candidates, who secure minimum qualifying marks in the written exam as may be
fixed by the Commission at its discretion, will only be eligible to appear in the SKILL TEST. The
SKILL TEST will be held at the Commissions Regional Offices or other Centres as may be decided
by the Commission.
Tax Assistant Exam Syllabus
Paper I (Objective Type)
Part A: English Language: The standard of the questions will be only of 10+2 level.
Part B: General Awareness:
Paper II (Conventional):
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Arithmetic:


Bank Exams
Bank Exams are conducted all over India for the recruitment of candidates into various banking services.
Banking Sector in India comprises of Nationalized (government owned), Private banks and Specialized
banking. Public Sector Banks conduct an All India Examination. Various Banks advertise about their
vacancies through classified ads.
List of Bank Exams
Bank CET - Common All India Entrance Test (CET) for Bank Jobs (PO & Clerical)

G.I.C Exam - G.I.C. Officer's Examination

IBPS Clerk CWE - IBPS Clerk Exam

IBPS PO CWE - IBPS PO Exam

IBPS Specialist Officer C - IBPS Specialist Officer Combined Written Exam

RBI Assistant Exam - Reserve Bank of India Assistant Exam

RBI Exam - Reserve Bank of India Exam

SBI Clerk Exam - State Bank of India Clerk Exam

SBI Specialist Officer Ex - State Bank of India Specialist Officer Exam

SBI - PO Exam - State Bank Probationary Officers Exam

Bank Exams Eligibility and Application Procedure
Banking Sector in India comprises of Commercial Banks and Co operative Banks which conduct
the exams for the recruitment of candidates for various positions through advertising in national
news papers. Different Banks have different Eligibility requirements for various posts.
Generally Graduates from any discipline are eligible for the entry point officer cadre positions in
various commercial (public/private sector) banks.
Current trends indicate that private banks invite applications from first class graduates for Officer
Trainee posts while public sector banks invite first class (some times graduates with above 65%
marks) to apply for openings as Probationary Officers (Junior Management Grade).
Although clerical cadre recruitment rarely takes place in private banks, public sector banks may
recruits candidates who have completed plus two/graduation for such positions.
Reserve Bank of India - The Recruitment to Reserve Bank Officers 'Grade 'A'/'B' exam is
conducted by Reserve Bank of India Service Board, Mumbai. Age Eligibility - 21-26 &
Graduate/Postgraduates/ CA/MBA
Foreign/Private Banks- Officers or other Candidates are taken from parent organization on basis
of merit
State Bank and other nationalised banks- Bank Entrance Exams Age eligibility for these is - 18-26
& the candidate should be a Degree-holder
Nationalised Commercial Banks - Probationary Officers (PO) Age Eligibility - Max. 28 yrs. &
Graduate Degree holder
Banking Exams Pattern and Admission Process
1. Reserve Bank of India - An All India Exam is conducted for class I posts. RBI examination consists
of General Mental Ability Paper and English Proficiency Paper
2. Foreign/Private Banks - Reputed management institutes like IIMs, Xavier Labour Relations
Institute, University of Bombay, University of Delhi make the selections. Candidates go through a
3-wk orientation programme before the 6mth-1yr training, they are made Ass. Manager
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3. State Bank and other Nationalised banks - Written Test and Interview for Probationer Officer
Selection is made by the Central Recruitment Board (SBI)
4. Nationalised Commercial Banks - Advertising is done through the Banking Service Recruitment
Boards (BSRB)
Banking Entrance Exam usually involves a selection process that could include a written test, group
discussion / personal interview.

Bank CET
Indian Banks Association has launched a Common All India Entrance Test (CET) to be started from 2011.
The exams will be mainly for clerical staff and entry-point officers like Probationary officers, Specialist
Officers - Law Officers, EDP Officers, Tech. and Management Executives.
Twenty public sector banks have joined this in an attempt to stream line Bank Recruitment in Public
Sector Banks in India and curtail the time period and mental tension while going through the lengthy
already existing recruitment process. However the SBI group has its own recruitment process and it will
continue with it.
Bank CET Eligibility
Eligibility conditions for taking Bank CET exam are as follows:
Educational Qualification
Bachelor's degree of a recognized University in any discipline or its equivalent recognized as such by the
Central Government with certain minimum percentage of marks as prescribed by different banks in their
information broucher. Generally it varies from 60% to 70%.
Working knowledge of computer is also required to take up this exam.
Age
Not below 21 years and not above 30 years. Relaxation in upper age limit is as per rules for specified
categories including SC/ST/OBC etc.
Bank CET Syllabus: Bank CET Pattern
S.No Name of Tests
No. of
Questions
Maximum
Marks
Duration
1 Reasoning 50 50
150 Minutes for
all the five parts
2 English Language 50 25
3 Quantitative Aptitude 50 50
4 General Awareness 50 50
5 Computer Knowledge 50 50

Descriptive Paper on English Composition
(Essay, Prcis, Letter Writing etc)
25 60 Minutes

Total 250 250

Bank CET tests, except the Test of English Language and Descriptive Paper on English composition, will
be printed bilingually, i.e. English and Hindi. The Descriptive Papers of only those candidates who secure
minimum qualifying marks in each of the objective tests will be evaluated.
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There will be penalty of 1/4 marks for wrong answers marked in the Objective Test. If the total of the
penalty for a test is in fraction, the marks obtained will be rounded off to the nearest integer, i.e. if
fraction exceeds by 0.50 or more, it will be rounded off to next higher integer.
If for any question a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as wrong even if one of the
given answers happens to be right
However If a question is left blank, i.e. no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for
that question.
Bank CET Cut Off Score
Each participating candidate will have to secure a minimum standardized score in each of the tests to
qualify in the written examination and to be considered for vacancies in the participating banks.
The cut-off points/score will be decided based on the average (Average Standard Deviation for
General category candidates and Average Standard Deviation for Reserved Category candidates).
Recruitment procedure after Bank CET Written Exam
Once a candidate passes the common entrance exam, all that he or she has to do is to respond to an
individual bank's advertisement and appear for an interview for the final selection in the back.
How to apply for Bank CET Exam?
Aspiring candidates can apply Online at IBS website only. Application Fee:Rs.450 (Rs.50 for SC/ST/PWD
candidates) can be paid online at the time of filling the application form online through Online Payment
Gateways of the Banks/ Credit Card OR through NEFT to all respective banks. Keep the details/receipts
of the fee submission safely as it is to be shown at the time of written test.
Bank CET Exam validity
The validity of the exam will be for one and half year. The recruitment process will be administered by
the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) on behalf of PSBs, once the candidate clears the
common test.
IBPS will declare the results of the exam and give a scorecard to the candidates which will be valid for up
to one to one-and-a-half-years. Once the validity period of the scorecard expires, the candidate will have
to reappear for the exam.
Bank CET Exam Dates
Bank CET normaly occurs twice a year.
List of Participating Banks is
Allahabad Banks, Andhra Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, Canara Bank,
Central Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Oriental
Bank of Commerce, Punjab National Bank, Punjab & Sind Bank, Syndicate Bank, Union Bank of
India, United Bank of India, UCO Bank, Vijaya Bank

GIC Officers Exam
A combined competitive examination for recruitment to the posts, of Assistant Administrative Officer
(Generalist) in the various companies of General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC), i.e.,
1. National Insurance Company Ltd., Calcutta;
2. The New India Assurance Company Ltd., Mumbai;
3. The Oriental Fire and General Insurance Company Ltd., New Delhi; and
4. United India Insurance Company Ltd., Chennai.
GIC Officers Exam Eligibility
Eligibility conditions for taking GIC Officers exam are as follows:
Educational Qualification
Bachelor's degree of a recognized University in any discipline or its equivalent recognized as such by the
Central Government with minimum 50% marks.
Age: Aspiring candidates should be between 21 years and 30 years on 1st Oct of the previous year to the
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examination year. Relaxation in upper age limit is as per rules for specified categories including
SC/ST/OBC etc.
GIC Officer's Exam Pattern
This exam of Bank Recruitment in India consists of following three steps selection process.
Step 1: Written Exam:
Subject No of Questions Time Allowed
Test of Reasoning 50
2 Hr.
Test of English Language 50
Test of Professional Knowledge 50
Test of General Awareness 50
Total 200
Note: There is negative marking of marks for each wrong question
Step 2: Group Discussion & Interview:
Qualifying candidates will be called for Group Discussion and Interview and the shortlisted candidates
from Step 2 will be considered for final selection to the post of GICs officer.
GIC Officers Exam Syllabus
The syllabus of this type of Bank Exams Papers includes:
G.I.C Officers Exam Date
This test is usually held in the month of February

IBPS Clerk Exam
IBPS Common Written Exam acronym as IBPS CWE for Clerk is conducted by Institute of Banking
Personnel Selection for enabling interested candidates to get Clerical jobs in below given 20 Public
Sector Banks.
Allahabad Bank, Andhra Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank,
Corporation Bank, Central Bank of India, Dena Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Indian Bank, IDBI
Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce, Punjab National Bank, Punjab & Sind Bank, Syndicate Bank,
UCO Bank, Union Bank of India, United Bank of India, Vijaya Bank
IBPS Clerk Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification
Degree in any discipline from a recognized University or any equivalent qualification recognized by the
Central Government.
Computer Knowledge
Operating and working knowledge in computer systems is mandatory i.e. candidates should have
Certificate/Diploma/Degree in computer operations/Language/ should have studied Computer/
Information Technology as one of the subjects in the High School/College/Institute.
Other Requirements
The candidate should have proficiency in the Official Language of the State/UT (candidates should know
how to read/ write and speak the Official Language of the State/UT) for which vacancies a candidate
wishes to apply is preferable.
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Note: The percentage of marks shall be arrived at by dividing the aggregate/total marks Obtained by the
candidate in all the subjects irrespective of optional/additional subjects studied with the aggregate
maximum marks of the examination passed for all the years of the examination.
Age Limits
The aspiring candidates should not be below 20 years and above 28 years in the respective year.
Relaxation in upper age limit is as per rules for specified categories including SC/ST/OBC etc.
IBPS Clerk Exam Pattern
IBPS Clerk Exam consists of 200 multiple choice questions carrying 1 mark each. With a marks negative
marking for each incorrect answer. Those successful in the CWE are called for interviews for the final
selection.
Note:
The above tests except the Test of English Language will be available bilingually, i.e. English and Hindi.
Note: A candidate should qualify both in the CWE and interview for being considered for appointment in
vacancies announced and anticipated by Participating Banks.
IBPS Clerk Exam Application Fee
Rs.400 and Rs.50 for SC/ST/PWD/EXSM candidates. Bank Transaction charges for Offline/ Online
Payment of fees/ intimation charges will have to be borne by the candidate.
Mode of Payment
Candidates have the option of making the payment of requisite fees/ intimation charges either through
the ONLINE mode or the OFFLINE mode.
How to Apply for IBPS Clerk Exam?
Candidates are first required to go to the IBPSs website www.ibps.in and click on the Home Page to
open the link Common Written Examination and then click on the option CLICK HERE TO APPLY
ONLINE FOR CWE- Clerks (IBPS-CWE-Clerk-II) December 2014 to open the On-Line Application Form.
Candidates will have to enter their basic details and upload the photograph and signature in the online
application form. Candidates are required to upload their photograph and signature as per the
specifications given in the Guidelines for Scanning and Upload of Photograph and Signature.

IBPS PO Exam
A Common Written Examination acronym as IBPS PO CWE is conducted twice in a year by the Institute
of Banking Personnel Selection as a pre-requisite for selection of candidates for the post of Probationary
Officer/ Management Trainee in the 20 below mentioned Public Sector Banks. This test has been
approved by each of the 20 participating Public Sector Banks along with Managing Committee of the
Indian Banks Association (IBA) with the consent of the Government of India.
IBPS PO Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification
The candidate must possess a degree in any discipline from a recognized University or any equivalent
qualification recognized as such by the Central Government.
Age Limits
The aspiring candidates should not be below 20 years and above 30 years in the respective year.
Relaxation in upper age limit is as per rules for specified categories including SC/ST/OBC etc.
For IBPS PO Exam Pattern and syllabus and method of application of forms, check the official website.

IBPS Specialist Officer Combined Written Exam -
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Institute of Banking Personnel Selection Specialist Officer Combined Written Exam acronym as IBPS
Specialist Officer CWE is conducted usually twice in a year by the Institute of Banking Personnel
Selection as a pre-requisite for selection of candidates for the post of Specialist Officer i.e.
S.No Post
1 I.T. Officer (Scale-I)
2 Agricultural Field Officer (Scale I)
3 Rajbhasha Adhikari (Scale I)
4 Law Officer (Scale I)
5 Technical Officer (Scale I)
6 HR/Personnel Officer (Scale I)
7 Marketing Officer (Scale I)
8 I.T. Officer (Scale-II)
9 Law Officer (Scale II)
10 Chartered Accountant (Scale II)
11 Finance Executive (Scale II)
In the 20 Public Sector Banks.
This test has been approved by each of the 20 participating Public Sector Banks along with Managing
Committee of the Indian Banks Association (IBA) with the consent of the Government of India.
Allahabad Bank, Andhra Bank
Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra
Canara Bank, Corporation Bank, Central Bank of India
Dena Bank
Indian Overseas Bank, Indian Bank, IDBI Bank
Oriental Bank of Commerce
Punjab National Bank, Punjab & Sind Bank
Syndicate Bank
UCO Bank, Union Bank of India, United Bank of India
Vijaya Bank
IBPS Specialist Officer Exam Eligibility (as on 01.01.2014)
Aspiring candidates fulfil the following given minimum eligibility criteria specified by IBPS:
Educational Qualification and Age Limits with Requisit Qualification
Code Name Age
Limits
Qulification Experience Req.
01 I.T. Officer
(Scale-I)
I.T. Officer
Min-
20
Years
Degree in Computer Science/
Computer Applications/ Information
Technology/ Electronics/ Electronics
-
602
(Scale-I) Max-
35
Years
& Telecommunications/ Electronics &
Communication/ Electronics &
Instrumentation OR Post Graduate
Degree in Electronics/ Electronics &
Tele Communication/ Electronics &
Communication/ Electronics &
Instrumentation/ Computer Science/
Information Technology/ Computer
Applications from a recognised
University/ Institution OR Graduate
from a recognized university having
passed DOEACC B level
02 Agricultural
Field Officer
(Scale I)
Min-
20
Years
Max-
35
Years
Degree in Agriculture or allied
specialisations such as
Horticulture/Animal Husbandry/
Veterinary Science/ Dairy Science/
Agri. Engineering/ Fishery Science/
Pisciculture/ Agri Marketing &
Cooperation/ Forestry etc. from
recognized university.
-
03 Rajbhasha
Adhikari
(Scale I)
Min-
20
Years
Max-
35
Years
A post Graduate Degree in Hindi with
English as a subject at the degree
level OR a post graduate degree in
Sanskrit with English and Hindi as
subjects at the degree level.
-
04 Law Officer
(Scale I)
Min-
20
Years
Max-
35
Years
A Bachelor Degree in Law (LLB) -
05 Technical
Officer (Scale
I)
Min-
20
years
Max-
35
years
Degree in Engineering in Civil/
Electrical/ Mechanical/ Production/
Metallurgy/ Electronics/ Electronics &
Telecommunication/ Computer
Science/ Information Technology/
Textile/ Chemical etc./ B.Pharm.
-
06 HR/Personnel
Officer (Scale
I)
Min-
20
years
Max-
35
Graduate from a recognized
university and Post Graduate degree
or diploma recognized by AICTE in
Personnel Management / Industrial
Relations/ HRD/Social Work / Labour
-
603
years Law OR Degree/Diploma in Business
Administration/ Management with
specialization in HRD from a
recognized University.
07 Marketing
Officer (Scale
I)
Min-
20
years
Max-
35
years
MBA (Marketing) / 2 years PGDBA /
PGDBM or any other equivalent
degree or diploma with specialization
in Marketing from a recognized
University/ Institution.
-
08 I.T. Officer
(Scale-II)
Min-
20
years
Max-
35
years
Degree in Computer Science/
Computer Applications/ Information
Technology/ Electronics/ Electronics
& Telecommunications/ Electronics &
Communication/ Electronics &
Instrumentation OR Post Graduate
Degree in Electronics/ Electronics &
Tele Communication/ Electronics &
Communication/Electronics &
Instrumentation/Computer
Science/Information Technology/
Computer Applications from a
recognised University/ Institution OR
Graduate from a recognized
university having passed DOEACC B
level.
1 Year
09 Law Officer
(Scale II)
Min-
21
Years
Max-
40
Years
A Bachelor Degree in Law (LLB) 3 years experience of
practice at Bar or
Judicial service and/or
Law Officer in the Legal
Dept. of a reputed Bank
or the Central/State
Government or of a
Public Sector
Undertaking with
practice at Bar.
10 Chartered
Accountant
(Scale II)
Min-
21
Years
Max-
35
Years
Passed final examination for
Chartered Accountants
-
11 Finance Min- MBA/PGDBM (Finance) from a Minimum experience of
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Executive
(Scale II)
25
Years
Max-
35
Years
recognized university / AICTE
approved Institution.
3 years in the area of
Credit Appraisal of
industrial projects in
Financial
Institutions/Banks
IBPS Specialist Officer Exam Syllabus
IBPS Specialist Officer Exam consists of quesiton from the following subjects:
Pattern of Examination for Law Officer- Scale I & II & Rajbhasha Adhikari Scale I
S.No Name of Test Number of Questions M.Marks T.Time
1 Reasoning 50 50
120 Min
2 English Language 50 25
3
General Awareness with special
reference to Banking Industry
50 75
4 Professional Knowledge 50 50

Total 200 200

Pattern of Examination for IT Officer Scales I & II, Agriculture Field Officer Scale I, HR/ Personnel Officer
Scale I, Marketing Officer Scale I, Technical Officer Scale I, Chartered Accountants Scale-II & Finance
Executive Scale-II
S.No Name of Test
Number of
Questions
M.Marks T.Time
1 Reasoning 50 50
120 Min
2 English Language 50 25
3 Quantitative Aptitude 50 75
4
Professional
Knowledge
50 50

Total 200 200

How to Apply for IBPS Specialist Officer Combined Written Exam
Candidates are advised to apply for only one post. The applications of candidates applying for more than
one post and multiple applications for a single post will be summarily rejected.
Aspiring candidates can apply On line only within the specified dates and no other mode of application
will be accepted.
Procedure for applying online
1) Candidates are first required to go to the IBPSs website www.ibps.in and click on the Home Page to open
the link Common Written Examination and then click on the option CLICK HERE TO APPLY ONLINE
FOR CWE- Specialist Officers (CWE-SPL-II) March 2014 to open the On-Line Application Form.
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2) Candidates will have to enter their basic details and upload in the online application form. Candidates are
required to upload their photograph and signature as per the specifications given in the Guidelines for
Scanning and Upload of Photograph and Signature .
IBPS Specialist Officer Combined Written Exam Fee
1. Rs. 50/- for SC/ST/PWD candidates.
2. Rs. 400/- for all others
Note: Bank Transaction charges for Offline/ Online Payment of application fees/ intimation charges will
have to be borne by the candidate.
Mode of Payment
Candidates have the option of making the payment of requisite fees/ intimation charges either through
the ONLINE mode or the OFFLINE mode:
IBPS Specialist Officer Combined Written Exam Contact Details
Institute of Banking Personnel Selection
IBPS House, 90 feet, D.P.Road
Near Thakur Polytechnic
Off. Western Express Highway, P. B. No. 8587
Kandivali (E), Mumbai 400 101
INDIA
Toll free Helpline Number for Candidate Queries: 1800 222 366
(Available from 09:30 AM to 06:00 PM)
Fax: 91-22-2854 2076

RBI Assistant Exam
The Reserve Bank of India holds an Entrance Exam for the recruitment of Assistant as per requirement
from time to time. Recruitment in Reserve Bank of India is conducted by Reserve Bank of India Service
Board, Mumbai through RBI Assistant Recruitment Exam.
RBI Assistant Exam Eligibility
The aspiring candidate should be between the age limits of 18 and 28 years.
However there is certain relaxation in the upper age limits as mentioned on the official website.
Educational Qualifications
The aspiring candidate should have at least a Bachelors Degree in any discipline with a minimum of
50% marks (pass class for SC/ST/PWD candidates) in the aggregate and the knowledge of word
processing on PC.
A candidate belonging to Ex-servicemen category should either be a graduate from a recognized
University or should have passed the matriculation or its equivalent examination of the Armed Forces
and rendered at least 15 years of defense service. The Bachelors degree should be from the University
within the Recruitment Zone as per Note below:
NOTE: The candidate should have passed the qualifying examination from the University/Board within
the Recruitment Zone of the concerned Office to which he/she is applying.
RBI Assistant Exam Pattern
RBI Assistant Exam Selection will be through Written Examinations followed by Interview.
The Written Exam will be objective type multiple choice questions carrying 200 marks.
S.No Subject No of Questions Marks
1 English 40
200
2 Reasoning 40
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3 Numerical Ability 40
4 General Awareness and GK 40
5 Computer Skill 40

RBI Assistant Exam Dates: RBI Assistant Exam is normally held in the month of July.

RBI Exam
Indian banking can be broadly categorized into Nationalized (government owned), Private Banks and
Specialized banking institutions. The Reserve Bank of India (www.rbi.org.in) acts a centralized
monitoring body in the Indian financial sector. The Reserve Bank of India which was established on April
1, 1935, as the Central Bank of the country and better known as RBI is governed by the Central Board.
Recruitment in Reserve Bank of India is conducted by Reserve Bank of India Service Board, Mumbai
through RBI GR A/B Officers Exam. RBI Exam is one of the common Banking Exams in India.
RBI Exam Eligibility
Eligibility conditions for taking Reserve Bank of India Recruitment exam are as follows:
Educational Qualification
A First Class Bachelors Degree with a minimum of 60% marks or an equivalent grade OR
A Second Class Masters Degree with a minimum of 55% marks or an equivalent grade OR
A Doctorate Degree with 50% marks in Master's Degree or equivalent grade OR
Chartered/Cost Accountant/Company Secretary (ACS) with a Bachelor's Degree OR
A Post Graduate Diploma in Management from IIM only.
However SC/ST/PH candidates having second class with a minimum of 50% marks or equivalent grade in
Bachelor's Degree examination OR having a Post-graduate Degree or equivalent recognized
qualification, are eligible to apply.
Age
The aspiring candidate should be between the age group of 21 years and and 30 years.
However for candidates possessing M.Phil. /Ph.D. qualification, upper age limit will be 31years and 33
years respectively.
For candidates having experience as an officer in Commercial Bank/Financial Institution in Public Sector,
upper age limit is relaxed to the extent of number of years of such experience subject to a maximum of
three years. For such candidates, upper age limit should not exceed 33 years including experience. For
experience, probationary period will not be reckoned.
Other age limit relaxations are as per Government Rules and Regulations
RBI Exam Pattern
RBI Grade A/B Officers Exam consists of following two steps selection process.
Step 1
Phase I Written Test (Objective Type)
Candidate will be called for an objective and descriptive type written Examination. Question paper will
be in bilingual form. i.e. in Hindi and English except the test of English language.
The Objective type examination will consist of:
Test of Reasoning
Test of Quantitative Aptitude
Test of Comp Lit/English
Test of General Awareness.
Maximum time allowed for Objective type examination will be 3 Hr.
Step 2
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Phase II (Descriptive Type)
The Phase II Examination will be conducted only for those candidates who are successful in Phase I
(Objective Type Test). The date and time-table will be intimated to the candidates concerned. The
Examination will consist of three Descriptive Type papers -
S.No Subject Time Allowed Maximum Marks
Paper I English 3 Hr. 100
Paper II Economic and Social Issues 3 Hr. 100
Paper III Finance and Management 3 Hr. 100
Note: Papers II and III of Phase II will be set bilingually in Hindi and English and can be answered either
in Hindi or English at the candidate's option.
Important: A candidate has to qualify in each of the Descriptive Papers separately. Candidates will be
short-listed for interview based on the aggregate marks obtained only in Phase II - Papers I, II and III. The
minimum cut off marks for being short-listed will be decided by the Board in relation to the number of
vacancies.
Step 3
Qualifying candidates will be called for Group Discussion and Interview and the shortlisted candidates
from Step 2 will be considered for final selection to the post of probationary officer.
Note: Candidates may answer the Interview either in Hindi or English at their option. Final selection will
be based on the performance of the candidate in Phase II of the Written exam and Interview.
Important: Candidates belonging to General Category, who had already appeared four times for Written
Exam for post in the past, are not eligible to apply. No such restriction to candidates belonging to
SC/ST/OBC/PH.
How to apply for RBI Exam?
Candidates can adopt any of the following give two procedures to apply for RBI Grade A/B exam.
Candidates can apply for RBI Exam either on the prescribed Application form OFF-LINE or submit the
application ON-LINE followed up by sending a printout of the ONLINE application to the RBI Boards
office.
For OFF-LINE application
Candidates can download the Format for Application from the link http://onlinedr.rbi.org.in. and send it
with applicable amount of DD to The General Manager, Reserve Bank of India Services Board, Post Bag
No. 14501, Mumbai Central Post Office, Mumbai-400008.
The cover of the application should be super scribed as APPLICATION FOR THE POST
For ON-LINE application
For ONLINE application candidate have to visit the online Links
http://onlinedr.rbi.org.in
Here the candidates can apply ON-LINE with DD or IPO for Rs. 100/- (except SC/ST/PWD candidates who
are exempted from payment of fees).
RBI Exam Dates
RBI Officers Grade Exam is normally held in the month of October-Novermber

SBI Clerk Exam
State Bank of India Clerk Exam acronym as SBI Clerk Exam will be conducted by Central Recruitment
Board for the recruitment of 5092 Assistants in Clerk grade in SBI.
SBI Clerk Exam Eligibility
608
Educational Qualification
The candidate should possess a graduation degree from a recognized university. Those candidates who
are in their final year of graduation/semester can also apply on provisional basis
Age Limits
Not below 21 years and not above 30 years. Relaxation in upper age limit is as per rules for specified
categories including SC/ST/OBC etc.
SBI Clerk Exam Pattern
SBI Clerk Exam consists of online test and the interview together. The online test will consist of
objective-type questions divided into five sections as given below. Candidates will be required to clear
each individual section in addition to aggregate scores. The qualifying marks will be declared after the
examination. Negative marking is applicable
Subject
No of Question (Objective
Questions)
Time Allowed
General Awareness 40
2 Hrs. 15 Min.
for
all the sections
General English 40
Quantitative Aptitude 40
Reasoning Ability 40
Marketing Aptitude/Computer
Knowledge
40

Personal Interview
Qualifying candidates will be called for Personal Interview and the shortlisted candidates from Step 2
will be considered for final selection to the Clerk.
SBI Clerk Exam Syllabus
SBI Clerk Exam Consists of questions from: General Awareness, General English, Quantitative Aptitude,
Reasoning Ability, Marketing Aptitude/Computer Knowledge
How to apply for SBI Clerk Exam?
Interested and eligible candidates are required to register themselves on the bank's official website:
www.statebankofindia.com or www.sbi.co.in.
SBI Clerk Exam Fee
The applicants belonging to the general and OBC category have to pay an application fee of Rs 450 (Rs
100 for SC/ST/PWD/XS candidates). The payment of fee has to be done online. No other means/mode of
payment will be accepted.
SBI Clerk Exam Date
SBI Clerk Exam is normally held in the month of June.
SBI Clerk Exam Contact Details
State Bank of India
State Bank Bhavan, Central Office
8th Floor, Madame Cama Marg
Mumbai (Maharashtra) - 400021
Website: http://www.sbi.co.in/user.htm

SBI PO Exam
State Bank of India Probationary Officer Exam acronym as SBI PO Exam.
SBI Probationary Officers Exam - SBI PO Exam Eligibility
609
Eligibility conditions for taking SBI Bank PO Exam Papers are as follows:
Educational Qualification
General candidates and others should have First division in Graduation in any discipline with 65% or
more marks
SC/ST/Physically Handicapped Candidates should have First Division in Graduation In any discipline with
60 % or more marks or
Degrees which are considered equivalent to graduation E.g. CA, ICWA, CS, as also qualifications in
management like MBA / PGDBM, subject to fulfillment of criteria as regards division and marks as
stipulated above.
In addition to above, Proficiency in Computers and certificate of having completed training from a
reputed institute is also essential.
Age
Not below 21 years and not above 30 years. Relaxation in upper age limit is as per rules for specified
categories including SC/ST/OBC etc.
SBI PO Exam Pattern
The SBI Bank Recruitment Exam consists of following two steps selection process.
Step 1
Written Test
Candidate will be called for an objective and descriptive type written Examination. Question paper will
be in bilingual form. i.e. in Hindi and English except the test of English language. The Objective type
examination will consist of:
Subject
No of Question (Objective
Questions)
Time
Allowed
Test of Reasoning 50
2 Hrs.for
all the
sections
Test of English Language 50
Data Analysis and Interpretation 50
Test of General Awareness, Marketing
and Computers
50
Note: There is negative marking of marks for each wrong question
The descriptive type of test will consist of test of English language of 50 marks. Time allotted is 1 Hr.
How to apply for SBI PO Exam?
Candidates, who fulfill the eligibility criteria and are willing to apply, can fill online application form
available on the official link of SBI: http://www.sbi.co.in/user.htm
The online application form will be filled in two parts i.e., Part I & Part II.
After successful submission of Part I Form, the system will generate a unique Registration No. with
Password, which candidates should keep with them as it will be used for the further process.
In Part II of Online Application Form, candidates have to make fee payment through Challan or through
Master Card / Debit Card / Credit card / Internet Banking.
After successful submission of the online application form, the system will generate an eReceipt (if
online payment made) and complete application form, which candidates are required to print out and
keep with them for future reference.
SBI PO Exam Date
SBI PO Exam date is normaly held in the month of June.
SBI PO Contact Details
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State Bank of India
State Bank Bhavan, Central Office
8th Floor, Madame Cama Marg
Mumbai (Maharashtra) - 400021
Website: http://www.sbi.co.in/user.htm


SBI Specialist Officer Exam
State Bank of India Specialist Officer Exam acronym as SBI Specialist officer exam is conducted by SBI for
appoint of various posts of Specialist Officer in the banks of SBI group. Various post are:
Statistician
1 Manager MMGS-III (Statistician)
2 Dy. Manager MMGS-II (Statistician)
3 Asstt.Manager JMGS-I (Statistician)
Analysts
4 Chief Manager SMGS-IV
Librarian
5 Asstt. Manager JMGS-I (Library)
Chartered Accountant
6 Manager MMGS-III (Chartered Accountant)
7 Dy. Manager MMGS-2 (Chartered Accountant)
8 Dy. Manager MMGS-II (Chartered Accountant)
9 Asstt. Manager JMGS-I (Chartered Accountant)
Economist
10 Asstt. Manager JMGS- I (Economist)
11 Asstt. General SMGS-V (Risk Management)
12 Chief Manager SMGS-IV (Market Risk)
13 Manager MMGS-III (Market Risk)
14 Manager MMGS-III (Risk Management)
15 Dy. Manager MMGS-II (Risk Management)
Computer /System
16 Assistant Manager JMGS I (Systems)
Engineering
17 Dy Manager MMGS II (Civil Engineering)
18 Asst. Manager JMGS I (Civil Engg.)
19 Dy Manager MMGS II (Electrical Engg.)
20 Asst. Manager JMGS I (Electrical Engg.)
Official Language
21 Dy. Manager MMGS II
22 Assistant Manager JMGS I (Official Language)
Law
23 Asstt. General SMGS-V (Law)
24 Chief Manager SMGS-IV (Law)
25 Dy. Manager MMGS - II (Law)
26 Assistant Manager JMGS I (Law)
Security
27 Dy. Manager MMGS (Security)
SBI Specialist Officer Exam Eligibility
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Aspiring candidates fulfil the following given minimum eligibility criteria specified by IBPS:
Educational Qualification and Age Limits with Requisit Qualification
See eligibility of the IBPS specialist officer exams.
SBI Specialist Officer Exam Syllabus
See Exam Syllabus and Exam Pattern of the IBPS specialist officer exams in the earlier mentioned
article.
SBI Specialist Officer Exam Selection Process
1. The selection of the candidates will be on the basis of either (i) Examination (test) and interviews
or (ii) shortlisting and interview.
2. Test will be held on-line. Wherever there will be no test, short-listing and interviews will be held.
3. Where number of applications is less, Bank reserves the right to consider selection of the
candidate(s) through shortlisting and interview, instead of test & interview.
4. The test will be of test of English Language, Reasoning and/or Quantitative Aptitude in addition
to Professional Knowledge.
5. Except Professional Knowledge (PK) paper, other papers will be of qualifying in nature.
Candidates have to score minimum qualifying marks in these papers. The minimum qualifying
marks will be decided by the Bank. The questions will be bilingual i.e. in Hindi & English. The
candidates will have option to answer the questions in Hindi or English (except for test of English
Language).
6. To be eligible for being short-listed for interview, candidate have to score equal to or above the
Cut-off marks to be decided by the Bank for the PK test, besides scoring equal to or above the
Minimum qualifying marks in other tests.
7. Candidates must secure equal to or more than the minimum qualifying marks (to be decided by
the Bank) in interview to be considered for selection. In the interview, the candidate can opt for
Hindi also.
8. Merit List for selection will be prepared in descending order on the basis of scores obtained in PK
test and interview or interview only, as the case may be.
9. In case more than one candidate score the cut off marks [common mark at cut off point], such
candidates will be ranked according to their age in descending order, both in the select list as
well as in the wait list.
How to Apply for SBI Specialist Officers Exam?
Candidates are advised to apply for only one post. The applications of candidates applying for more than
one post and multiple applications for a single post will be summarily rejected.
Aspiring candidates can apply Online only within the specified dates and no other mode of application
will be accepted.
SBI Specialist Officers Exam Fee
Fee for SBI Specialist Officers Exam will be as follows:
1. SC/ST/PWD 100/- (Intimation charges only)
2. All others 500/- (App. Fee and intimation charges)
SBI Specialist Officer Exam Contact Details
General Manager
State Bank of India
Central Recruitment & Promotion Department
Atlanta Building, 3rd Floor, BBR, Nariman Point
Mumbai 400 021(Maharashtra)

Institute of Banking Personnel Selection IBPS
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Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS)

is an autonomous agency in India, which started its
operation in 1975 as Personnel Selection Services (PSS). In 1984, IBPS became an independent entity at
the behest of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Public Sector Banks. IBPS is envisioned as self-governed
academic and research oriented Institute, with a mission of enhancing human-resource development
through personnel assessment. In 2011, IBPS announced a Common Written Examination (CWE) for the
selection Officers and Clerks in Indian banks. IBPS CWE is now mandatory for anyone who seeks an
employment in 20 public sector and Regional Rural banks. IBPS periodically accepts the exam
applications from the candidates at their website www.ibps.in, and the exams are organized at various
locations in the country either in online mode.
Governing Board
The Governing Board consists of nominees from Reserve Bank of India, Ministry of Finance Government
of India, and National Institute of Bank Management, representatives of Public Sector Banks, Insurance
sector and academics. The matters related to policy and affairs of the Institute are vested in the
Governing Board.
Allahabad Bank, Andhra Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtr, Bharati Mahila Bank,
Canara Bank, Central Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Dena Bank,
Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce ,Punjab National Bank, Punjab & Sind
Bank, Syndicate Bank, Union Bank of India, United Bank of India ,UCO Bank, Vijaya Bank
IDBI Bank, Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Bank
Recruitments though IBPS
An IBPS Recruitment is done in three stages. The first phase is Common written examination, followed
by Interview and the final placement.
CWE PO/MT: Recruitment of Probationary Officers or Management Trainees.
CWE Clerk: Recruitment of Clerical Assistants.
CWE Specialist Officer: Recruitment of IT, LAW, engineering, marketing and other professionals.
CWE RRB Officers and Assistants: Recruitment of Officers& Office assistants to Regional Rural
Banks (RRBs) governed by NABARD.
Eligibility
As of 2014, the basic eligibility for appearing the IBPS recruitment is a university degree. There is an "age
condition" which varies with the recruitment type and relaxation available to the candidates.
Additionally, applicants to the Specialist cadre are required to have a professional qualification in Law,
Accounting, Agriculture, IT or management sector. A certificate in computer operations or knowledge in
computers has also been mandatory for posts other than specialist officers.
Common Written Examination (CWE)
The CWE syllabus and general instructions on filling IBPS online application will be provided in the exam
notification. Each candidate will be intimated with the date and venue of the exam via a call letter, that
will be available for download a few days after they register at the IBPS website. IBPS CWE is an
objective type exam with negative marking for false answers. Initially, the exams were organized in the
offline mode but in 2012 IBPS moved to an internet-based examination

process. As per the official
report approximately 141 lakhs candidates were registered with IBPS in 2011-12 out of which 97 lakh
were tested during the same period.
Results
IBPS CWE results are published online at their official website. All candidates who appear for the CWE
will be able to check their status once the results are out.. Qualified candidates can directly see their
scores online and wait for common interviews to take place.
Common Interview
In 2012, IBPS announced that the participating banks would no longer conduct separate interviews for
successful candidates after the CWE. Instead, IBPS itself will arrange a common interview (CI) for them
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at different locations and will prepare a final merit list which will be used to recruit them directly to the
banking positions reported during the validity of their score card.
Final Selection
IBPS forms a rank list once the exam and interview phases end. The same will be used to fill existing and
upcoming vacancies in the participating banks for a period of one year from the date of announcement
of the final results.
www.ibps.in



Career in Indian Railways
Being one of the largest employers Indian Railways offer various employment opportunities. Direct
Recruitment to the class-I Railway Services is made through annual competitive examination conducted
by the Union Public Service Commission. Recruitment to class-II Services is manned by personnel
promoted from subordinate ranks from class-III by a process of selection on the basis of merit.
Recruitment to various cadres and groups of posts in the Railways is done through various sources
mentioned below:
1. Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi
(A) UPSC recruits all Gazetted posts such as Indian Railways Accounts Service, Indian Railways Traffic
Services, Indian Railways Protection Force, Indian Railway Personnel Service, through all India Civil
Services Examination. The details of the said examination are given in the brochure on All India Civil
Services Examination.
(B) For recruitment of engineers such as Civil Engineers, Electrical Engineers, Signal Engineers,
Mechanical Engineers, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers etc, the UPSC conducts the All
India Engineering Services Examination every year. The details of the said examination are given in
the brochure on All India Engineering Services Examination.
UPSC conducts examination for the above services regularly and the advertisements are generally
published in National Dailies and Employment News.
2. Various Recruitment Boards: Railways have constituted various Railway Recruitment Boards for
recruiting group C staff through competitive tests/interviews. Recruitment of the non-technical
categories in Class III services, i.e. Clerks, Assistant Station Masters, Ticket Collectors, Train Clerks,
etc, is done through direct recruitment through competitive examination.
GROUP AGE QUALIFICATION
(Non-Technical) Office
Clerk, Commercial Clerk,
Ticket Collector, Trains
Clerk.
18-30 Matric etc.
(Graduate Non-Technical
Categories)
i) Asst. Station Master, (ii)
Sr. Clerk, Accounts Clerk
Enquiry cum Reservation
Clerk, Jr. Stenographer
(Hindi/English) (iii) Traffic
and Commercial
Apprentice
18-30 Graduate in any discipline.
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(Technical Skilled
Categories)
(i) Diesel/Electrical Asst.
Engine Driver.
(ii) Skilled Artisan
Mechanical/Electrical
(iii) Radiographer

19-30
18-30
18-30
Matric & ITI in any trade.
Matric & ITI in relevant
trade.
Matric & Diploma in
Radiography.
(Skilled Technical
Supervisors) Mechanical
Chargeman, Signal
Inspector, Telecom
Inspector, Inspector of
works, Permanent
Inspector, Bridge
Inspector, Train Examiner,
Depot Stores Keeper,
Electrical Chargeman etc.
20-32 Diploma in Engineering
Civil/Way Mech/ Electrical/
Electrical/Electronic.
(Senior Technical
Supervisors) Permanent
Way Inspector, Mech.
Foreman, Dy. Shop
Superintendent, Signal
Telecommunication
Inspector, Bridge
Inspector, Electrical
Foreman, etc.
18-35 Degree in Civil, Mech,
Electrical, Electronic
Engineering.
(Specialised
Techanicans/Trades)
(i) Health Inspector Grade
IV
(ii) Junior Chemist & Met.
Assistant.
(iii) Pharmacist
(iv) Lab Superintendent
(v) Catering Inspector
(vi) Staff Nurse
(vii) Lab Superintendent

18-35
20-35
20-35
20-35
20-35
20-45
20-35
B.Sc.(Chem). Diploma in
Sanitary Insp.
B.Sc. (Chem/Physics).
Matric, B. Pharma.
M.Sc.
10+2 Diploma in Catering.
H.S.C. & Nursing Certificate.
MSc.
(Teaching)
(i) Primary School Teacher,
Crafts Teacher, School
Teacher
(ii) Trained/Post -
Graduate Teacher

20-45
20-45
10+2 Diploma (CT) in
teaching.
Master Degree with B.Ed
How to apply:
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Candidates are to apply in accordance with the application format published in the Employment News
and prominent National Dailies from time to time. One can also directly contact the nearest Railway
Recruitment Board Office for further details. In Orissa the Railway Recruitment Board Office is located at
Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar.
INSTITUTE OF RAIL TRAINSPORT, RAIL BHAVAN,
RAISINA ROAD, NEW DELHI-110001 :
The Institute of Rail Transport (IRT) conducts a one year Diploma course in Rail Transport and
Management commencing from June every year. The Ministry of Railways have recognized this Diploma
as an additional desirable qualification for recruitment to the Category of Assistant Station Masters,
Traffic/Commercial Apprentices and supervisory grades in the Electrical, Mechanical Civil and signal
Engineering Departments.
ELIGIBILITY:
Minimum two-year Diploma in any Engineering Discipline after passing Higher Secondary Examination or
Degree in any subject.
COURSE CONTENTS:
The Course consists of 56 lessons in 11 subjects consisting of Transport, Economics, Management
Concept, Material, Financial, Commercial, Operating Management, Civil, Signal and Tele-
communication. Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. Printed lessons are supplied by post.
Prospectus and application forms can be had from February 1 till end of March from the Registrar of the
institute.
The Institute also conducts one year Correspondence Diploma course in Multi Modal Transport
(Containerisation) and Logistics Management. The Ministry of Railways have recognized this course as a
desirable additional qualification for recruitment to posts in the Commercial (including Marketing),
Operating, Electrical, Mechanical and Civil Engineering Departments.
This course gives an unique opportunity to Managers and Staff and candidates seeking employment in
all transport organisation, rail, road, sea, airports and also allied institutions like Banking, Insurance,
Warehousing, Freight Forwarders, Customs, Customs House Agents, Shipping lines, Shipping Agents to
make themselves familiar with the latest developments in intermodal transport and containerisation.
ELIGIBILITY:
Candidates having a Degree in any subject or a minimum two years Diploma in any Engineering
discipline from recognized University/Institute are eligible.
Prospectus with application forms can be obtained from the Institute in the month of April/May.
Some of the prestigious exams are given in detail below.

Railway Recruitment Board Entrance Examination
Railway Recruitment Board Entrance Examinations are those which are conducted on an All India basis
by Railway Recruitment Boards. RRB is an organisation whose main objective is to recruit and make
available the right kind of manpower at the right time to the different units of the Railways as per their
requirements.
In all, there are 19 (nineteen) RRBs, which cater to the respective zonal staffing requirements. RRBs
recruit Group C personnel for different Zonal Railways/Production Units.
Based on the Indents received, Employment Notifications are released in Employment News (A
publication of the Government of India) and Indicative advertisements in other News Papers. RRB
functions under over all supervision of the Railway Recruitment Control Board, Railway Board (Ministry
of Railways), New Delhi. The RRCB formulates policy guidelines and also evaluates / monitors the
working of RRBs.
List of RRB (Railway Recruitment Board) Exams 2014
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RNTC Exam - Railway Non-Technical Cadre Exam

RTCG Exam - Railway Technical Cadre Exam

RPF Exam - RPF Sub-Inspectors/Constables Exam

Railway Recruitment Board Entrance Examination Eligibility and Application
There are generally two Notifications of Railway Recruitment Exams in a year by each RRB. These
are published in the Employment Notice. It contains rules and regulations to be followed before
filing application. There are different requirements of qualification, age, caste, vision etc., for
various types of posts.
The applications for All India Railway Recruitment Board, received are scrutinized for different
eligibility criteria and a list of eligible candidates is drawn. Thereafter, examination date and
centre is fixed and call letters are dispatched to eligible candidates one month in advance of the
date of examination. Simultaneously the rejected applications data is published in the website
for information of in-eligible candidates.
Entrance Examination Pattern and Admission Process
1. The examinations may be single stage, two stages, single stage written exam.
2. Question paper is of multiple choice objective type. One must read the instructions carefully so
that one has a good idea of the nature of the written examination before you actually attempt it.
3. Candidates qualified in all stages of the Railway Recruitment Board Exam are finally called for
document verification, wherein, all the records are verified and checked with original documents.
Certain skill test/aptitude test/interview are also conducted depending on the nature of the
posts advertised.
4. The selection process is based on merit and is subject to the rules and regulations issued by the
Ministry of Railways (Railway Board), Government of India which includes reservation of jobs for
certain castes/communities such as Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other
Backward Communities (OBC), etc. Ex-servicemen are also entitled for reservation as per the
rules. The entire computerized recruitment system functions impersonally.
There are different RRBs offers Entrance Examinations in India. Some of these are:-
Ahmedabad - www.rrbadi.org
Ajmer - www.rrbajmer.org
Allahabad - www.rrbald.nic.in
Bangalore - www.rrbbnc.gov.in
Bhopal - www.rrbbpl.nic.in
Bhubaneswar - www.rrbbbs.org
Chandigarh - www.rrbcdg.org

Railway Non-Technical Cadre Exam
Railway Non-Technical Cadre Exam acronym as RNTC Exam is conducted every year by different Railway
Recruitment Boards (RRBs) situated across the country for recruitment of non-technical cadre in Class III
(or Group C) services in the Indian Railways. Due to its National level approach this test is taken by most
of the eligible aspirants.
Imp: RNTC Exam is conducted for the positions such as Clerks, Assistant Station Masters, Ticket-
Collectors, and Train Clerks etc.
Railway Non-Technical Cadre Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
1. For the lowest grades to these categories the prescribed qualification is generally matriculation.
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2. For some posts like Commercial Apprentice, Traffic Apprentice, Assistant Station Master,
Clerk Grade I, Guards, etc., prescribed qualification is a Bachelor's degree from a recognized
University.
2. Age
the aspiring candidates should be between 18 years to 27 years of age.
Railway Non-Technical Cadre Exam Syllabus
Non-Technical Cadre Exam conducted by Railway Recruitment Boards basically comprises of the
following subjects:
1. General English (and/or Hindi)
2. Mathematics
3. General Knowledge
4. General Intelligence
Railway Non-Technical Cadre Exam Pattern
The question paper will be bilingual, consisting of the objective questions in above given parts.
Railway Non-Technical Cadre Exam Test Centres
Most of the major cities of India are made test centres of this exam. Some of the main cities are
Allahabad, Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Chandigarh, Jammu, Gorakhpur, Patna, Guwahati, Calcutta,
Bhubaneswar, Chennai (Madras), Trivandrum, Bangalore, Secunderabad, Mumbai (Bombay), Bhopal,
Malda, Ranchi, etc.
How to apply for Railway Non-Technical Cadre Exam?
Candidates can apply for the Non Technical Cadre Exam of Railway Recruitment Boards in India through
the application forms published in the daily Newspapers or Employment News by the respective RRBs.
Railway Technical Cadre Exam
Railway Technical Cadre Exam acronym as RTCG is conducted every year by the different Railway
Recruitment Boards (RRB) situated across the country for the recruitment of the technical cadre in the
Indian railways on national basis to admit young candidates in Indian Railways. RRB's are responsible for
Railway Recruitment in India. Due to its National level approach this Railway Exam is taken by most of
the eligible aspirants on the priority basis.
Railway Technical Cadre Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
Educational qualification for the various post in Technical departments include civil, technical and
mechanical engineering, signaling and telecom, and several others dealing with similar disciplines vary
with the post.
2. Age
the aspiring candidates should be between the age group of 18 years to 27 years.
Railway Technical Cadre Exam Syllabus
The syllabus for the written examination is generally in conformity with the educational standards and
technical qualifications prescribed for the requisite posts. The main contents of the exam are:-
1. General English
2. General Arithmetic
3. Analytical and Quantitative Skills and
4. General Knowledge and
5. Knowledge in the subjects covered as part of minimum educational/technical qualification for
the posts
Railway Technical Cadre Exam Pattern
The written examination consists of one sitting of about 90 minutes duration. The questions for the
Aptitude Test are mainly to test perception, analytical and reasoning power of the candidates relevant
618
to the safety categories.
If the number of applicants is large, qualifying tests are held in two stages:
1. Preliminary Exam
2. Main Exam
For a very few specific categories, the written exam is followed by Either a verbal (oral) test, or A
skills test
For categories related to operational safety, the basic written test is followed by A psychological
test
After these selection procedures medical examinations of the candidates is conducted and, a
panel of names is then recommended for the requirement, depending on the number of
vacancies.
Railway Technical Cadre Exam Test Centres
Most of the major cities of the Countries are made the test centers of this exam. For further and
detailed information one can see the advertisement in the Employment News.
How to Apply for Railway Technical Cadre Exam
Candidates can apply for these Railway Recruitment Exams in India, through the application forms
published in the daily Newspapers or Employment News by the respective RRBs.
RPF Sub-Inspectors / Constables Exam
RPF Sub-Inspectors / Constables Exam acronym as RPF (Railway Protection Force) exam is conducted
every year by the different Railway Recruitment Boards (RRB) situated across the country for the
recruitment of unmarried Indian male eligible candidates for the posts of Sub-Inspectors and Constables
Sub- Inspector in the Executive Branch and Fire Service Branch. Due to its National level approach this
test is taken by most of the eligible aspirants on the priority basis.
RPF Sub-Inspectors / Constables Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification
Educational qualification varies for the various posts in the RPF as given below:
For Executive Branch
Bachelor's Degree or equivalent from a recognized University is the requisite qualification.
For Fire Service Branch
The candidate must have passed Intermediate/Higher Secondary (10 + 2) with Science and Sub. Officers
Course or its equivalent Diploma in Science or Fire Fighting
for Constables
High School or equivalent
2. Age
The aspirant should be between 20 and 25 years for Sub-Inspectors.
For the post of constable the candidate should be 18 to 25 years for Constables.
Relaxation of upper age limit is as per rules.
3. Physical Requirements for RPF Sub Inspectors / Constables
1. Height Minimum: 165 cms (160 cms for SC/150cms for ST/165 for Ex-S)
2. Height Minimum for Females: 157 cms for General/SC/ST/OBC
3. Chest Minimum: 80 cms (76.2 cms for SC/ST) with expansion of 5 Cms
4. Weight Minimum: 50 kg for SC and 48 kg for ST.
Note: Height of Gorkhas, Garhwalis, Kumaonese, etc., shall not be less than 160 cms (155 cms for
females).
Railway Protection Force Recruitment Exam Pattern
1. Sub-Inspectors in Executive Branch and Fire Service Branch
For Sub-Inspectors in Executive Branch and Fire Service Branch, the exam pattern comprises of three
stages of selection process:
619
Stage I - Physical Fitness
Stage II - Preliminary Efficiency Test
Stage III - Written Test
Candidates who fulfill the prescribed standards of height and chest are eligible to appear in the
Preliminary test. Those who qualify the Preliminary Efficiency test will have to appear in the
written test.
The Preliminary Efficiency Test (PET) and Written Tests will be held at the Examination Centres of
the Zonal Railways.
2. for Constables
Stage I - Physical Efficiency Test
Stage II - Written Test
Stage III - Viva voce/Interview
Those candidates who qualify the Physical Efficiency Test have to undertake the written test comprising
of General Knowledge and Current Affairs, IQ and Essay. Candidates who qualify will be called for Viva
voce or interview.
After going through the selection process the successful candidates are subject to medical examination.
They must possess normal vision without glasses. Candidates having flat feet knock knee, squint eye or
any other bodily defect shall not be eligible for appointment.
RPF Exam Test Centres
Most of the major cities of the Countries are made the test centers of this exam. For further and
detailed information one can see the advertisement in the Employment News.
Where and how to Apply for RPF Recruitment Exam?
Candidates can apply for the Technical Cadre Examination of Railway recruitment Boards in India,
through the application forms published in the daily Newspapers or Employment News by the respective
RRBs.
Candidate can check the other necessary details on the official websites.



Life Insurance Corporation Exams
LIC Exams are conducted on all India bases for the recruitment of candidates to various post like LIC
agents, LIC officers, LIC AAO etc. in the insurance services. LIC better known as Life Insurance
Corporation is India's leading government own Insurance Company dealing in Insurance sector along
with many private life insurance and General Insurance Companies.
List of LIC Exams 2014
IRDA Exam - Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Exam

L.I.C D.O - L.I.C. Development Officer's Examinations

LIC AAO Exam - LIC Assistant Administrative Officer Exam

LIC Exams Eligibility and Application Procedure
Insurance sector and especially LIC recruit candidates at various positions through exams widely
advertised in national news papers. Exams for different Positions have different eligibility requirements
depending upon the positions.
Generally Graduates from any discipline are eligible for the entry point officer cadre positions in Life
Insurance Corporation and +2 for clerical level posts.
LIC Exams Pattern and Admission Process
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This LIC Recruitment exam consists of following two steps selection process.
Step 1 consists of written Examination normally of 2 Hrs. Candidates will be called for an objective type
examination. The objective type examination will consist of Test of Reasoning, Test of English Language,
Test of Numerical Aptitude and Test of General Awareness. Qualifiers of the Step 1 are put to step 2 i. e.
Group Discussion & Interview: Qualifying candidates will be called for Group Discussion and Interview
and the shortlisted candidates from Step 2 will be considered for final selection to the designated post
with in LIC.
Note: Candidates have to pass both in Step 1nd Step 2 for final selection.
LIC Exam usually involves a selection process that could include a written test, group discussion /
personal interview.

IRDA Exam
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority exam also known as LIC agent Exam is conducted by
Insurance Institute of India every year an all India bases for recruitment of Insurance agents in insurance
companies.
IRDA Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification
Candidate interested to take IRDA exam should be +2 from a recognized school/board.
Age
Candidates aspiring to take IRDA Exam should not be below 18 years of age however there is no upper
age limit for taking IRDA Exam for becoming an LIC agent.
IRDA Exam Syllabus
The Syllabus of IRDA Exam comprises subjects questions related to Insurance, loans, regulations and
their general application. However there can be some questions of numerical problems like percentage,
discount and loan calculation etc.
IRDA Exam Pattern
IRDA Exam consists of short answer type question of the form of:
Fill Ups
Yes No
Right Wrong
Match the Column
Multiple choice Answers
How to apply for IRDA Exam?
Interest candidates can apply for IRDA Exam in any of the two modes i.e ONLINE mode or MANUAL or
OFFLINE mode.
For ONLINE IRDA Exam, the candidates have to visit the official website and get themselves registered
for the online IRDA Exam.
However a candidate preferring MANUAL mode of examination is required to submit the examination
entry-Annexure-III- form duly completed by the candidate and countersigned by the authorized official
of the sponsoring insurer.
Note:- If the candidate wishes to appear for both life and General branches,he/she shall have to submit
two separate entry forms, one each from the two sponsoring companies.
IRDA Exam Dates
IRDA Exam is not held on a particular date or a particular venue. In fact IRDA exams are conducted on
the dates and venues mutually agreed upon between the sponsoring insurer and the Institute with a
condition that at least 20 candidates are ready to appear for the examination.
IRDA Exam Centres
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IRDA Exam venue is usually the place where the training is conducted. However Presiding Officer of the
exam can change the venue and his decision will be final and binding.
IRDA Exam Fee
IRDA Exam fee for each entry form is Rs.200 (Rs.400 for Life & General Insurance)
Requisite fee along with two photographs are to be submitted to the Insurance Institute of India,
Universal Insurance Building, 6th Floor, Sir P.M.Road, Fort, Mumbai-400001l, through the sponsoring
Insurance company.
IRDA Exam Result
The result of the candidates is declared within the 5 days from the date of examination. Candidates who
pass the examination receive certificates of having passed the examination in due course of time
through their sponsoring insurer. whereas candidates who have been declared as failed in the
examination should contact their sponsoring insurer to enroll for the next pre-recruitment test.

LIC AAO Exam
Life Insurance Corporation Assistant Administrative Officer Exam is conducted for the recruitment of
Assistant Administrative Officer (Generalists / Chartered Accountants / Company Secretary / Legal) in
the LIC.
LIC AAO Exam Eligibility
Eligibility conditions for taking LIC AAO Exam are as follows:
Educational Qualification
For LIC AAO - Generalist -
Candidate should possess a Bachelor / Masters Degree from a UGC recognized Indian University with a
minimum of 55% marks in the aggregate in either of the Degrees. However % is relaxed to 45% in case
of SC/ST candidates.
Note: If any University awards grades instead of marks, applicants should clearly mention the numerical
equivalent of the grades in terms of aggregate marks and then write percentage scored out of aggregate
marks.
For LIC AAO - Chartered Accountant -
Candidate should be an Associate Member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)
For LIC AAO - Company Secretary-
Aspiring candidate should be a Member of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI)
For LIC AAO -Legal-
Candidate should be LL.B. with a minimum of 50% marks in the aggregate and minimum three years
experience at the Bar.
Age
Candidates aspiring to take LIC AAO exam should not be below 21 years of age and have not attained
the age of 30 years at the time of applying for the exam. Relaxation in upper age limit is as per rules for
specified categories including SC/ST/OBC etc.
LIC AAO Exam Syllabus
LIC AAO Exam syllabus for objective test.
1. Test of Reasoning:
2. Test of English Language:
3. Test of Numerical Ability:
4. Test of General Knowledge and General Awareness
LIC AAO Exam syllabus for Descriptive Test
Test of essay, Prcis and Comprehension in English.
LIC AAO Exam Pattern
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LIC AAO Exam is an Online Test consists of objective type multiple choice questions to be completed in 2
Hrs. time as given below:
Section Questions
No of
Questions
Marks Time
1 Reasoning Ability 30 90
2
Hrs.
2 Numerical Ability 30 90
3 General Knowledge, Current Affairs 30 60
4 Computer Knowledge 30 60
5
English Language, with special emphasis on Grammar,
Vocabulary and Comprehension
40 100

Total 160 400
Interview: Candidates in the ration of 1:3 depending upon the no of vacancies will be called for the
Interview.
How to apply for LIC AAO Exam?
Interest candidates can apply for LIC AAO Exam only through ONLINE mode by visiting the official
website http://jobs.licindia.co.in within the stipulated time period as and when mentioned in the LIC
AAO Exam notification. Candidates have to take care of the following point before applying for LIC AAO
Exam.
Candidate should have a valid E mail id otherwise create a new E mail id that should be in working for
the duration of the project.
Before applying online the candidate has to pay the fee at nearest LIC collection Centre. After payment
of fee the candidate should obtain the receipt and log on to http://jobs.licindia.co.in for online
registration
after successful submitting of the application the candidates will get a Unique Application Registration
Number. The candidates note/remember this number for future references.
After confirmation of submitting the application the candidates have to take a two printout copies of
applications for future use.
Important: Candidates can modify the submitted applications on the specified dates.
LIC AAO Contact Details
LIC Customer Zone Mumbai, M/s Mayfair Housing Pvt.Ltd.9
Mayfair Meridian, Near St.Blaise Church, Caesar Road
Andheri (W), Mumbai-400058
Info Center number: 1251 or 022-26766221
Website: http://www.licindia.in/
List of LIC AAO Exam Centre
1. Agra, Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Coimbatore, Cuttack, Dharwad,
Gangtok, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Jalpaiguri, Jammu, Kanpur, Kozhikode,
Lucknow ,Chennai, Madurai, Nagpur, New Delhi, Panaji, Patna, Pune, Ranchi, Shillings, Silchar,
Trivandrum, Varanasi ,Vishakhapatnam

LIC Development Officer Exam
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LIC is the acronym of Public owned Life Insurance Company and Life Insurance Corporation of India
Recruitment exam is known as L.I.C D.O. A competitive examination for the recruitment of Assistant
Development Officers' in the LIC is held once a year, normally in the month of September. The
application form for taking the exam is published in the Employment News, generally in the month of
July and the last date for submission of applications is generally the first week of August.
LIC Development Officer Exam Eligibility
Eligibility conditions for taking LIC Development Officer Exam are as follows:
Educational Qualification
Bachelor's degree of a recognized University in any discipline or its equivalent recognized as such by the
Central.
Age
The aspiring candidate should not be below 21 years and above 30 years of age. Relaxation in upper age
limit is as per rules for specified categories including SC/ST/OBC etc.
LIC Development Officer Exam Pattern
This LIC Recruitment exam consists of following two steps selection process.
Step 1 : Written Examination: Time 2 Hrs. (combined)
Test of Reasoning: 50
Test of English Language: 50
Test of Numerical Aptitude: 50
Test of General Awareness: 50
Total 200 No. of Questions Time Allowed 2 Hr.
Note: There is negative marking of marks for each wrong question
Step 2: Group Discussion & Interview:
Note: Candidates have to pass both in Step 1nd Step 2 for final selection.
LIC Development Officer Exam normally held in the month of August.
How to apply for LIC Development Officer Exam?
Aspiring candidates can apply for LIC development officer exam ONLINE only through LIC offical website.
LIC Development Officer Exam fee Rs. 30 (Rs. Thirty only). No fee for SC/ST.












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Offbeat Career Options

This section consists of:
Career in Robotics - options and opportunities
Career as a Detective
Criminology Career Option
CAREERS IN PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY
GROWTH PROSPECTS GALIRE IN OIL AND GAS SECTOR
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN OIL & NATURAL GAS COMMISSION
Career in VLSI/ Chip Designing - options and opportunities
Career in Call Centers - options and opportunities
Career in Telecommunications
Career in Mining Engineering
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Education in India, Career in India: Industrial Engineering
Career in Biochemical Engineering
Career in Real Estates
Education in India, Career in India: Publishing
Career as a Copywriter
Career as a Fitness Trainer









Career in Robotics - options and opportunities
Robotics is one the interesting fields which makes it possible for the design and development of robots
possible. Lots of research is being carried out to develop robots that can perform various activities just
like humans do. It is considered to be one of the fields of engineering which deals with the design,
development and application of robots. It also makes use of computer for their manipulation and
processing. Study of robotics allows the creation of Robots which in turn helps us to achieve the goals
which we thought once not possible. Robots are used in many industries to speed up the process of
manufacturing.
Performance and growth of industry in India
Growth of Robotics is picking up, but it is not being a developed field till now. The field is very
interesting and grabbing lots of attention in India and worldwide as well. Robots are being made by the
use of principles of robotics are used everywhere today from commerce field to home, from security to
rescue fields, from weather information to exploration to unknown location etc.
Options and Opportunities
Lots of opportunities in this field are being generated over the years. Robotics is a field of engineering
that deal with design and application of robots and the use of computer for their manipulation and
processing. Robots are used in industries for speeding up the manufacturing process. They are also used
in the field of nuclear science, sea-exploration, servicing of transmission electric signals, designing of
bio-medical equipments etc. Robotics requires the application of computer integrated manufacturing,
mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, biological mechanics, software engineering and other
engineering disciplines.
Courses Available
- B.E. Robotics and Automation Engineering
- M.E. Automation and Robotics
- M.E. CAD/CAM and Robotics
- M.E./ M.Tech Robotics
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- M.Tech. Industrial Automation and Robotics
- M.Tech. Intelligent Systems and Robotics
- Certificate in Embedded Systems and Robotics
- Diploma in Industrial Automation and Robotics
Qualification required
Students who have completed their graduation in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering,
instrumentation engineering or computer engineering can apply for the course in Robotics
Some good institutes
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
- National Institute of Technology, the University of Hyderabad
- Jadavpur University, Kolkata
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthinilayam, Tamil Nadu
- PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
- Innobuzz Knowledge Solutions, Pitampura, New Delhi
Entrance exams
- All India Engineering Entrance Exams
- BITSAT
- Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Exam
- KL University Engineering Entrance Exam (KLUEEE)
- SRM Engineering Entrance Examination (SRM EEE)
- Birla Institute of Technology M.Sc Entrance Test
- Cochin University of Science and Technology Entrance Exam
- Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)
- IISC Entrance Test
- IIT JAM
- National Institute of Technology M.Tech Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Entrance Exam
- Post-Graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test (PGECET)
- SRM Engineering Entrance Examination (SRM EEE)
- Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test (TANCET)
- Thapar University M.Tech in Robotics entrance exam
- University of Hyderabad M.Tech in artificial intelligence and robotics entrance exam
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) M.Tech entrance exam
- VTU Post Graduate Common Entrance Test (PGCET)
- WB Joint Entrance Examination (WB-JEE)
Which are the top colleges in India to study Robotics?
The Center for Robotics and Mechatronics at IIT (Indian Institute of Technology), Kanpur
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
National Institute of Technology
Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
National Institute of Technology, the University of Hyderabad- M.Tech in Artificial Intelligence and
Robotics
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Andhra Pradesh - M.Tech in Robotics
PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore - Mechanical engineering (Robotics as an elective subject)
IITs in Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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National Institute of Technology
University of Hyderabad
Jadavpur University
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
What are the personal attributes required in Robotics?
Should have a high aptitude in PCM subjects. Skilled in using computers.
At the onset you can expect a salary in the range of Rs 5 6 lakhs per annum.
A fresh research scholar at IIT might get anything from Rs 6000 Rs9000 only.
The salary in this field is the same as other engineering fields. Again the earnings depend on the
experience and the qualifications. Various other benefits and perks are offered to employees in this field
In abroad you can earn a higher income than in India. Once a candidate gains experience and expertise,
the salary might go up to more than 10 lakhs per annum. The scope for this field is more in developed
countries than in India.

Career as a Detective
More often than not, the word detective immediately conjures up an image of Sherlock Holmes, with
his pipe, the magnifying glass, the cane and the deerstalkers cap coupled with his legendary line
Elementary my dear Watson. But detectives or private investigators are very much a part of our reality
shadowing an errant spouse to unearthing murky secrets of organisations and even verifying the
credentials of prospective marriage partners! They not only lighten the burden of the law and order
enforcement agencies but also strive to address the issue of civilian security adequately.
Detective is a person on a police force, whose work is investigating and trying to solve crimes against
people and property. Police detectives observe criminals actions, develop sources of information, and
assist in the arrest of criminals. Detectives use modern techniques and tools, including computers and
elaborate communications systems, to prevent and solve crimes ranging from shoplifting to mass
murder. Detectives work long and irregular hours during some investigations. Their hours include nights,
weekends and public holidays. At times, they may need to be on call.
Some detectives work for private detective agencies or individual clients. They are often former police
officers, although some are trained by the private agencies themselves. Because they are not part of the
police force, they have no power to make arrests. Private investigators gather information from police
sources, interview witnesses, and observe suspects. Lawyers and other companies hire investigators to
gather information for court trials and to investigate fraud, the passing of bad checks, and other
matters. Many insurance companies hire private detectives to investigate insurance claims. Parents may
hire them to locate missing children.
WORK PROFILE
The work of a detective primarily relates to fact-finding, which involves probing, investigation and
knowledge of techniques such as finger-printing, photography and tracking someone. Generally, a client
discusses the case with the detective and all the details are confidentially recorded to aid the
investigation. Devices such as a recording machine and special miniature cameras are used. Mumbai-
based private detective Madan Kumar says, Today, much of the private investigators work can be done
in front of a computer, uncovering information. Outside work can be anything from serving papers to
surveillance and observation. Knowledge of forensics sometimes may be of great help but such cases or
incidents are handed over to the specialists in the field. A detective can be hired to provide information
pertaining to:
- Domestic problems: Problems of divorce, child custody, unnatural deaths, getting information on the
other family before arranging a marriage, etc.
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- Property disputes: Matters relating to ownership of property and wills.
- Industrial espionage: Credentials of potential employees, cases of theft and fraud involving executives
passing on industrial patents and know - how to rival organisations.
- Corporate intelligence: Information about organisation, infringement of trademarks and copyrights,
submission of tenders, pirating goods, verification of a loan applicant or a prospective employee, etc.
- Investigative journalism: Like Tehelka, is another avenue which has recently opened up.
ELIGIBILITY
As of today, a detective does not require a license to operate within India; the Private Investigator Bill
was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in 2007 and is since pending for approval. Once it is approved,
professionals and agencies will be licensed in India. Till then, no particular academic qualifications are
necessary to enter the profession. It is advisable to acquire a graduation, selecting specialisations
relating to the kind of investigation one wishes to take up.
Explains Kumar, There are usually no educational requirements to be a private investigator. To be a
corporate investigator most companies require you have at least a bachelors degree in a business
related field. For work in computer forensics a degree in computer science and or accounting would be
helpful. If you want to be a private investigator in the computer field, there are colleges now that offer
certificate programmes for computer forensics.
Graduation in any discipline makes a person eligible to take up diploma courses offered by certain
institutes, such as:
- The Indore Christian College, Indore
- The National Institute of Private Investigation, New Delhi
- ACE Detectives India International Securities, New Delhi
- Lancers Network Limited, New Delhi
- All-India Private Detectives Association, New Delhi
The Canadian Academy of Private Investigation offers an online correspondence course on under-cover
detection and investigation. Degree and/ or diploma courses on criminology and forensic sciences are
also of great help.
SKILL SETS
Since the industry caters to the security of people and organisations and these security threats could
vary with every situation, the typical qualities required of an aspiring detective include excellent
communication skills, dynamism, agility and an alert, analytical and innovative mind.
SCOPE AND SALARY
As it is a growing industry the requirement for properly trained individuals is rapidly increasing. A private
detective can be hired by agencies or individuals; and after gaining enough experience can opt to open
an agency of his own. Almost all the major detective agencies in India are branches of registered
agencies abroad thus the scope of finding a job abroad is also quite bright. For trained forensic
personnel, job opportunities are present in the national intelligence services; whereas to work as an
undercover police detective, one first needs to apply for a position as a police officer.
Salary wise, a fresher in a detective agency makes around Rs 4, 000- 9, 000, which gradually increases. In
cases of family disputes the remuneration is quite high and varies from Rs 8, 000- 15, 000. Individual
cases, involving shadowing, can fetch from Rs 1, 500- 3, 000 per day, which can go up to Rs15, 000 per
day depending upon the level of experience.
FUTURE AHEAD
Private investigation and detective services can now be considered a burgeoning industry. This is
because the security situation has worsened in the last decade or so, moreover the regular police force
has its hands full of cases. Hence, detective and security agencies around the country are running
successfully today and their services are being increasingly sought after. There is a lot of thrill, adventure
and a certain amount of danger involved in this profession, while at the same time the job is never
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mundane and can give tremendous satisfaction and confidence. It may be a tough career option but
young individuals who have the potential and courage to fight against crimes can definitely find it as one
of the satisfying professions in todays world. So, would you like to be Indias answer to Mr. Holmes?
Eligibility:
Educational Qualifications:
The courses on private investigation are:
One year Diploma Course in private investigation
Degree and Diploma courses on Criminology and Forensic sciences also help people to choose this
profession.
Personal Skills:
Who wish become a detective he should have a good knowledge of police procedures, including how to
investigate crimes, Knowledge of police policies and the laws relating to police work, Knowledge of how
the court system works, Knowledge of a range of cultures, Good communication and people skills,
including interviewing and listening skills, Conflict resolution and negotiation skills, Problem-solving
skills, Skill in analysing information and preparing written and verbal reports, Record-keeping skills,
Logical thinking, accurate, with an eye for detail, adaptable, honest, able to keep information private,
mature and responsible, firm and fair, able to remain calm in emergencies, motivated, determined and
disciplined, able to relate to people from a range of cultures and backgrounds, able to work well in a
team.
Job prospects: Private Detectives usually are a part of our fantasy world. But surprisingly enough,
private detectives have become associated to a large extent with our daily lives these days. Situations
like the deterioration of industrial security conditions, spouse infidelity and other domestic problems are
calling for more and more security and detective personnel. As it is a growing industry the requirement
for properly trained individuals is increasing by the day. There are training institutes that offer private
detective courses in India.
Criminology Career Option
Criminology as a subject tries to throw light on complex issues related to crime and criminal justice. By
making use of tools of criminology, criminologists try to delve deep into various questions like:
Who commits crimes and why?
How society responds towards a crime in general and towards a criminal in particular?
And, how the intensity of a crime is measured?
Criminologists find out ways to understand the nature and impact of behavioral and social problems
which alleviate crimes. Criminologists work towards formulating policy making for juvenile justice, drug
addiction, cyber crimes, violence, crime prevention, Indigenous justice, and organized crimes.
The other areas of interest in this field include
Prevention of crime
Crime Statistics
Criminal Behavior
Penology
Evaluation of criminal justice agencies
Sociology of Law
Criminal careers and its desistance
Criminology Eligibility Criteria
Education Requirements: Many Indian universities offer both undergraduate and Post Graduate courses
in Criminology. While the basic requirements for getting admission into an undergraduate course is kept
as a pass at XIIth standard with either Arts or Science background, for Post Graduation one has to be a
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graduate with science or arts subjects.
Training Programs: Degree and Post Graduate courses in Criminology/Criminology and Correctional
Management/Criminology and Forensic Science are offered by various institutions in India.
Degree holders can also opt for the one year diploma or two year postgraduate diploma course in
Criminology. There are also specialized courses in criminology for those who have graduated in Law.
Syllabus: The syllabus for a course in Criminology usually includes - Principles of Criminology, Psychology
of Crime, Criminal Law, Police Administration, Forensic Science and Medicine, Juvenile Delinquency,
Correctional Management and Rehabilitation of Criminals etc.
Criminology Career Prospects
The experts in criminology can find employment as probation officers, jailors, social welfare officers,
counselors etc. They can also get into crime fighting Organizations like CBI, IB etc. or work in
rehabilitation centers, juvenile homes and voluntary organizations.
Those who have specialized training in forensic science can seek employment in forensic labs or in the
forensic department of crime fighting units.
Self-employment is possible as private detectives. Insurance Companies as well as some corporate
houses employ investigating officers to ascertain the bonafides of a client.
Criminology Institutes & Training
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh - 202 002 (U.P.)
Andhra University, Waltair, Visakhapatnam - 530 003 (A.P.)
Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Gour Nagar Sagar, Madhya Pradesh \
Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380 009
Karnataka University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad - 3
Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi - 221 002 (U.P.)
Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra
Punjab University, Sector - 14, Chandigarh - 160 014
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai - 400 088
University of Madras, Chepauk, Chennai - 600 005 Tamil Nadu
Utkal University, Vanivihar, Bhubaneshwar - 751 004 (Orissa)
Institutions offering courses in Criminology for those who have completed LLB:
University of Jammu,Jammu Twai - 180 004
University of Lucknow, Lucknow - 226 007 (U.P.)
University of Pune, Ganeshkind, Pune - 411 007 (Maharashtra)
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302 004

CAREERS IN PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION:
Packaging has a become a highly specialised area. Due to the tough market competition, the new
products released by the companies need attractive packing to meet buyers expectation with regard to
functionality and aesthetic looks to win over their competitors and get recognition for their products.
Wrapping, box packing or bottling go under the name of packaging.
It is one of the fast growing industries. The scope of work is expanding as the packaging of canned and
frozen foods, toiletries, tobacco products, gifts and other products is increasing day by day. Besides,
when the persons working in Govt. and Private Sectors get transferred from one city to another, their
goods require to be packed in such a manner as to reach safely. Thus, packaging expert plays an
important role here also. Consider bacteria free fruit juices in tetra packs, milk that does not spoil for
several days or tea leaf packages that retain the flavour for months. COURSE STRUCTURE/ELIGIBILITY:
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The foremost institution offering a packaging course is Indian Institute of Packaging, Mumbai. It has
been set up by the Government of India. It offers a P.G. Diploma in packing, besides other certificate
courses and distance education programmes.
The P.G. Diploma Course is of 2 years duration and is open to graduates in Science with any two of the
subjects (Physics/Chemistry/Mathematics/Electronics/Microbilogy/Engineering or Technology) of a
recognized University or equivalent with minimum 50%.
The certificate programme is of 3 months duration and is open to persons having working experience in
packaging industry.
BASIS OF SELECTION:
Candidates are selected for the post graduate programme on the basis of the performance in All India
Entrance Examination comprising of a written test (Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) and interview.
Entrance Tests are held at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Delhi.
ANNOUNCEMENT AND DATES:
Application forms will be available in May-June for the Examination in July.
MAJOR INSTITUTIONS:
1. The Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2, MIDC Area, Chakala, Post Box-9432, Andheri (E), Mumbai-
400093.
2. The Indian Institute of Packaging (Regional Centre), Block CP, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Bidhan Nagar,
Kokata-700091.
3. The Indian Institute of Packaging (Regional Centre), B/28, 29, Flatted Factories Complex, Jhandewalan,
Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi-110055.
4. The Indian Institute of Packaging (Regional Centre), Plot No-169, Industrial Estate, Perungudi,
Chennai-600096.

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EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES:
The packaging technologists find placement in the companys manufacturing packing materials and
packing systems, food processing and beverages industries that depends on packaging technology to
improve shelf life and transportability.
JOB PROFILE:
The job of a packaging expert is design and development of appropriate packing systems taking into
account the material to be packed, compatibility with materials to be packed, testing and evaluation and
environmental compliance.

GROWTH PROSPECTS GALIRE IN OIL AND GAS SECTOR
Working in the Oil and Gas industry can open up an exciting variety of career paths for you. All you must
do is to choose the path that suits for your aptitude and skills sets. Oil and Gas industry have
opportunities to work offshore and onshore as well. It also provides work on international assignments
The oil and gas industry consists of three segments upstream, midstream and downstream. The
upstream segments primarily consist of companies engaged in exploration and production activities.
While midstream companies comprises of storage and transportation, and the downstream section
includes companies engaged in refining, processing, marketing of petroleum products. Petroleum
Petroleum Engineering/ Petroleum exploration graduates are well equipped in knowledge of oil
exploration, production, reservoir management, transport, etc. therefore after completing Petroleum
Engineering, one can choose to become a production engineer, drilling engineer or a reservoir engineer
in the oil and gas sector.
If you are interested to work in this field, but you are confused of the safety and related issues in this
industry, dont you worry? The Oil and Gas sector industries are one of the most highly regulated
industry in the world when comes to safety. Oil and Gas companies take great care to offer the safest
work environment for all the workers irrespective of the roles, processes and place of work.
So happy exploring the Gas and Oil field!
Also Oil and Gas industry offers a lot of opportunities for Geophysicists and Geochemists. Since most
of the petroleum deposits are buried deep below the ground, they play a major role in finding out the
where mineral reserves exists.
Here are the some of the good colleges offering Petroleum Engineering/Geophysics courses in India.
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mumbai. MSc petroleum Geosciences, Msc Applied
Geophysics, MTech Geoexploration
Indian School of Mines(ISM), Dhanbad. Applied Geophysics, petroleum Engineering.
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun. Applied Petroleum Engineering,
Applied Geosciences Engineering.
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University PDPU), Gandhinagar
Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT), Pune
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Uttar Pradesh
Kurushetra University, Department of Geophysics, Kurushetra, Haryana
Banaras Hindu University, Faculty of Science, Banaras
Andhra University, college of Science and Technology, Vishakhapatnam
KEY PLAYERS
In India, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL),
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL), IOC and
Reliance Industries dominate the field of oil and gas industries.
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), India's number one corporate with significant
contribution to industrial and economic growth of the country, is a leading National Oil Company of
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India engaged mainly in exploration, development and production of crude oil, natural gas and some
value added products. Born over four decades ago in 1956 in a modest corporate house Tel Bhawan
within serene Himalayan setting at Dehradun - with strategic national objective to explore and exploit
hydrocarbon resources of the country,
ONGC today, is endeavoring to become a world class oil and gas company in pursuit of Exploration &
Production business in the domestic and international arena and related opportunity specific energy
businesses. Their principle business is Petroleum. At home, they explore and produce oil & natural gas
from acreages both on land and offshore in diverse logistic conditions, from rugged mountains to
deserts and deep oceans
ONGC is Indias largest producers of Crude Oil, Natural Gas and LPG. They also produce other value
added petroleum products such as NGL, C2-C3, Aromatic Rich Naphtha and Kerosene.
Over 18,000 experienced and technically competent executives mostly scientists and engineers from
distinguished Universities/ Institutions of India and abroad form the core of our manpower. They include
geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, drilling engineers, reservoir engineers, petroleum engineers,
production engineers, Engineering & Technical service providers, financial and human resource experts,
IT professionals and so on.
CAREER If you are looking for a company, with a noble mission. Where technology counts.
Where people matter & each individual makes a difference in the working environment.
Where the company reciprocates. ONGC is the place to be at.
Apart from an excellent atmosphere for growth, the company offers a package of remuneration that
compares with the best in the Indian industry. It includes basic pay and dearness allowance,
contributory provident fund, conveyance maintenance reimbursement; leave fare
assistance/encashment, holiday home facility, medical facilities for self and dependent, gratuity, self
contributory post-retirement scheme, composite social security scheme and soft loans etc.
Candidates who are studying in Final Year of qualifying degree can also apply for the Posts. However, the
candidate must possess the requisite qualification with prescribed percentage of marks on or before the
date of Interview from a university / institute recognised by the Government of India. The prescribed
qualification is minimum and mere possession of the same does not entitle candidates to be called for
written test / interview.
Age Limit: Gen.Category-30 years,OBC-33 years, SC/ST- 35 years
SELECTION PROCESS
a. Eligible candidates will be required to appear for written test (Objective Type).
b. The written test will consist of two papers namely
I. General Knowledge
ii. Subject / Specialization concerned.
c. The final selection will be made from amongst the candidates who qualify in the written test,
shortlisted on merit basis and are called for personal interview, as per the criteria laid down by the
Management.

Career in VLSI/ Chip Designing - options and opportunities
VLSI, 'Very Large Scale Integration' is all about Integrated Circuit (IC) design. In other words it is called
Chip design. Integrated circuit design is a subset of electrical engineering and computer engineering,
consisting the particular logic and circuit design techniques required to design integrated circuits. Chip
Designers are engineers who define chips architecture, create circuit designs, run simulations, supervise
layout, tape out the chip to the foundry and evaluate the prototype once the chip returns from the
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laboratory. This field is suitable for those students who to do something more challenging and creative.
Students with electronic background with good programming skills, strong mathematics and analytical
skills are well suited for this career. Today, the two most popular languages used for chip designing are
Verilog and VHDL. Nowadays, we have also become dependent on these chips as they are present in
most of the electronic appliances which we use every day, from mobiles, remote of TV to dishwashers
and so on. This has increased the demand of chip designers in every sector, be it automobiles, consumer
electronics etc.
Performance and growth of industry in India
At present, India is showing a huge potential in the market and its chip industry is growing at a rate of 20
per cent annually. There are over 160 Chip design firms in India. The immense pool of talent and
growing domestic market has helped the country emerge as an important centre for chip design. The
increasing demand for consumer electronic items has increased various career opportunities in chip
design industry. Demand of Chip Designers is in excess compared to their supply. All the NITs and IITs
totally produce only one fourth of the demand annually. To address the shortage of engineers
possessing the right skills, the Indian government has set up a special manpower development
programme (SMDP) in this area and spent a huge amount to introduce VLSI in institutes like NITs and
IITs.
Options and Opportunities
In this industry the main job functions of a Chip Designer are Designing, Testing, Applications,
Production and Process Engineering. The job options available to the engineers in this field are Design
Engineer, CAD Engineer, Packaging Engineer, Product Engineer, Applications/Systems engineer, Test
Engineer, Process Engineer. A chip design engineer's job ranges right from the architecture, logic design,
circuit design and physical design of the chip to the testing and verification of the final product.
Depending on the experience of the candidate in the industry his role could range from a technical
individual to a technical leader to an engineering manager. Some of the major recruitment companies
are HCL Technologies, Intel, Micron Tech, Alliance Semiconductor, Texas Instruments, Wipro, Synopsis,
Cadence etc.
Courses Available
The IITs, NITs and many other universities offer various courses with high quality education in VLSI or
Chip Designing.
- M.E /M.Tech in VLSI Design
- M.E /M.Tech in Embedded Systems Technologies
- M.Tech in Embedded Systems and Design
- M.Tech in Microelectronics and VLSI Design
- Post Graduate Diploma in VLSI and Embedded Systems
- Post Graduate Diploma in VLSI Design through Correspondence/Distance learning.
- Diploma in VLSI Designing
- Diploma in Embedded Systems Design
Qualification required
- Students can take admission in these courses after passing 10+2 with at least 60% aggregate marks
from any recognised board.
- In order to pursue Masters degree a candidate should have at least Bachelors degree (B.E/B.Tech) in
electronics, telecommunications or computer science with high score in GATE.
Some good institutes
- Anna University: College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
- Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, MP
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Goa
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- JB Institute of Engineering and Technology, AP
- VEDA IIT, Hyderabad
- BITS, Pilani,
- Punjab University
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Hydrerabad, AP
- DOEACC Centre, Kerala
- Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal
- International Institute of Information Technology, School of Information Technology, Pune,
Maharashtra
- National Institute of Technology, Kerala
- Manipal Centre of Information Science
- Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
- Bharati Vidyapeeths College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra
- Annamalai University Directorate of Distance Education, Tamil Nadu
Entrance exams
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
The full form of VLSI is Very Large Scale Integration. It is also called as Chip Designing.
They are basically semiconductors which connect numerous transistors and other components.
It is a branch of electrical engineering and also computer engineering.
The chip forms the base for an Integrated Circuit.
It is for those students who want something more challenging and exciting than other engineering
related fields.
It is a field which needs students apt with continuous technological changes and up gradation.
If a student wants to pursue this field, he /she needs to continuously pursue this to keep up with the
dynamic environment.
A chip designer is responsible for the designing the architecture of chips, create designs, prepare
layouts and run them and then evaluate the sample prototype once it comes back from the lab.
A chip designers job may vary from,
- Architecture
- Design
- Circuit design
- Physical design
- Testing
- Verification
He/she completes the research and then measures the cost with the competitors market.
There is high potential for this job as it is needed in almost every field.
The most promising thing about this career is that you can patent your work and there is huge scope
for research in this field.
What is the eligibility criterion to join a course in Chip Designing?
A student in IC design will have to get a B.E degree or a Bachelor in Technology in Computer science,
Electronics or Communication.
A student can then go for an M.Tech or a PG in this subject after a Bachelors course.
You can also take up diploma or other short term courses.
It is sometimes offered as a subject in Electronics Engineering.
You should also possess knowledge of C programming.
What are the personal attributes required to be successful in Chip Designing?
Apt knowledge of computer hardware and software.
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Good analytical and problem solving skills.
Communication skills.
Ability to work in a team.
Self-motivated
Patient
Logical thinking
Ability to take quick decisions.
What are the job prospects in Chip Designing?
India is a huge potential market.
The market in India is growing at a thriving rate of 20%.
The number of chip designing firms have increased to over 160, creating a vast pool for employment.
The demand for electronic items has also opened up a lot of career opportunities in this field.
The IITs and the NITS fill up only a fourth of the demand of chip designers, hence there is a shortage
of quality chip designers.
For this the government has set up a special manpower development programme (SMPD) in this area
and has spent a lot to familiarise this course.
A person has wide options to choose from in this field.
The hierarchy of chip designers from top:
- The architecture team
- Logic team
- Circuit team
- Physical design team
- Testing and verification
The qualification of an individual determines his role in the organization, from a technical individual to
a technical leader.
With experience you may move up and then design a chip or work in architecture flow
What is the remuneration that I can expect from this field?
It is one of the highest paid fields in the industry.
Starting salary is anywhere between 4, 00, 000 to 5, 00, 000 p.a.
Professionals in this field can earn Rs75, 000 to Rs1, 00, 000 a month.
The salary package is something which attract students in this field.
The salary varies according to the organization and level of experience.
Which are the various courses that I can opt for in Chip Designing?
M.E. VLSI Design
M.E. Embedded System Technologies
M.E. Embedded Systems
M.Tech. Embedded system Technology
M.Tech. Embedded Systems Design
M.Tech. Microelectronics and VLSI Design
M.Tech. VLSI Design
M.Tech. VLSI Design and Embedded Systems
Post Graduate Diploma in VLSI and Embedded Systems
Post Graduate Diploma in VLSI Design (Correspondence/ Distance Education)
Which are the top companies to work for in the field of Chip Designing?
Texas Instruments (TI)
PMC Sierra
Alliance Semiconductor
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Analog Devices
Cadence
Synopsys
Cypress Semiconductor
HCL Technologies
Intel
Micron Tech
Philips Semiconductor
Qualcomm
Wipro
EInfochips
Which are the top institutes in India to learn Chip Designing?
IIT Kharagpur, Madras, Delhi, MumbaiGuwahati
C-DAC (conducts a diploma in VLSI Design)
VEDA IIT, Hyderabad (industry-academia institution)
The Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore
BITSPilani
University of Pune
NITTiruchirappalli
Punjab UniversityChandigarh in collaboration with Semiconductor Complex LimitedMohali
(conducts an M.Tech course in Microelectronics)
Manipal Centre for Information Science (offers an MS VLSI CAD course in a tie-up with Synopsys Inc)
Which are the top institutes to study Chip Designing abroad?
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States
Stanford University, United States
University of California, Berkeley (UCB), United States
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
University of Oxford, United Kingdom
ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Switzerland
Harvard University, United States
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States
Imperial College London, United Kingdom
the University of Tokyo, Japan

Career in Call Centers - options and opportunities
Introduction
A call center is a service centre which provides outsourcing in fields of Finance, IT, Engineering, Banking,
Manufacturing, Security, Market Research, Sales, Utilities, credit collections, Technical queries,
Customer services with adequate telecom facilities, access to wide database and internet which provide
voice based support to customers in the country or abroad through trained personnel. Call Center
services can be inbound, outbound or specialized depending of the type of organization.
Performance and growth of industry in India
Call Centers also known as Business Processing Organization (BPO) is the industry which has shown a
tremendous growth in the recent years. It is the most popular service having a great scope that a BPO
Industry provides. With the expansion of Indian economy and globalization more and more International
companies are outsourcing their call centers in India. This industry attracts people from various areas,
both for employment and business purpose. In the coming years, the industry will continue to grow
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which will result in more job opportunities in India.

Options and Opportunities
Candidates can work in Call Centers as Call centre operators/customer care executives, Call Centre
Supervisors and Managers, Team leaders etc.
Courses Available
- Certificate in Personality Development and Spoken English
- Voice and Accent/Domestic Call Centre Training
- Voice and Accent/International Call Centre Training
- Call Center Training
- Certified Customer Interaction Professional Course
Qualification required
There is no specific qualification required to become a customer care executive or officer in a call center.
But it is good option for 10+2, undergraduates, fresh graduates.
Some good institutes
- Sikkim Manipal University (SMU)
- Edu Tech India
- Trans India Management Systems
- Ian System
- British Academy for English Language
- North Star Call Center College
- Hero Mindmine Institute
- Karma Institute of Computers and Languages
- BK ONE Institute
- Akiko Sherman Infotech
- JTS Institutes
Entrance exams
There are no common entrance exams to get into Call Centre or BPO as every company conducts its own
exam for the various positions. But generally every company tests a candidates English, Mathematics,
and IQ to appoint them in their organization.
o What is the scope for call centres in India? What is the salary package that I can expect?
There is a great scope for call centres in India. The large population of educated English speaking people
and the comparative low cost are encouraging more and more companies from abroad/inland to base or
outsource their call centres to India. GE capital, American Express, Wipro Spectramind, Infowavz
International (Mumbai), Daksh, Reliance Infotech are some of the call centres which are on a
recruitment spree. You can apply into either of these companies and be expected to get something or
the other out of it.
As a fresher in an International Call centre as a Call Centre Executive you can expect the salary package
to be ranging from Rs. 10,000/- to Rs. 15,000 per month other than the bonuses that you can earn as
per your performance. The salary is expected to be more for a person who is experienced in this field
and also who is performing better than others. There are highly attractive bonuses in this particular field
for outstanding performances.
o How can I become a call centre supervisor or a manager? How will my performance be
reviewed?
Call centre supervisor is a high designation that you can achieve after working as an operator for atleast
three to four years. After doing a satisfactory job as an operator for the said period you will be
promoted to a supervisory level based on your ability and performance. As soon as there is a vacancy for
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a call centre supervisor posts, it will be published in house. After this you can apply for it and then an
interview will be conducted and finally the promotion is made. As a supervisor, you will be in charge of
the various operators working under you. You will be their leader and will be given the responsibility of
guiding them through all the hurdles. After working as a supervisor, you can be promoted to the
managerial level depending upon your experience, ability and skills acquired.
As far as the performance is concerned, it is measured based on the targets achieved in the particular
business. In outbound centres, like tele-marketing your performance is calculated on the sales you make
per hour. In collection department of a bank, performance is measured on contacts made and money
collected. The more you achieve the more you are closer to achieving the target. In inbound call centres,
performance is measured on the basis of average talk time, i.e. the time you take to satisfy the
customer, analysis and understanding of the problem and courtesy extended to the customers.
If you get an experience in a call centre then it is considered to be worthwhile experience for customer
relations, sales jobs or insurance sector. You have a better chance of moving on to other industries with
experience in call centres. For e.g. if you have had experience dealing with insurance clients then
insurance sector is the field that you can enter.
o I wish to join a call centre and want to know what all trainings I have to go through in a call
centre.
If you wish to join a call centre then you have to be well prepared for the job and for that training is a
must. Freshers have to undergo intense training to make them suited for the job. The training generally
includes accent training (V A training also known as voice & accent training), listening skills, slang
training, accent neutralisation, telephone etiquette, telesales etiquette and cyber grammar, interaction
skills, customer relationship, management skills and call centre terminology. You should be well trained
in all these things to be ready for this job. You would be given a thorough insight about the product of
the company, even how it could malfunction, breakdown and fail its objective. You would be taught as
to how to deal with the complaints from customers and how to take action accordingly.
The training goes on for a few months. Continuous training at regular intervals including updation on the
latest references and slang the callers are likely to use, updation on the new products, developing faster
ways of accessing information is a must for growth in this field.
o What is the training period and are there institutes that I can join to get myself trained?
There is no such period that is set for training. It can vary between two weeks to twelve weeks
depending on the nature and the complexity of the project. There will be an orientation or initiation
programme, which includes familiarizing the companies work culture and the international environment
in which they deal with their clients to have an awareness of the culture abroad. This is the basic
orientation that takes place just after you enter a company. Soon after that the actual training begins
which includes both theoretical and on the job training.
In India, the training usually is done by the company or organisation that you are joining. There is no
such need of joining an institute just to get trained in this particular field. There are various institutes in
abroad that give you training in this field, and the same trend has been found to be on a rise in India too.
International certifications from STI knowledge, a leading provider of all call centre training in US have
recently been introduced in India, which you can apply into and get trained. STI offers international
certification following a Web-based exam after completion of the course. The certifications are Help
Desk 2000, Call Centre 2000 and Knowledge 2000 for all the three tiers, that is operators, managers and
directors.
Career in Telecommunications
Telecommunication has brought the world very close. The world has become global village due to
revolution in telecommunication. The telecommunication industry delivers telephone, cellular
telephone, broad band, mobile internet, television, Internet and other services to customers. This
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industry provides primary means of communication to virtually all businesses, households, individuals,
etc. The telecommunications industry provides jobs to millions of people.
Scope
The telecommunication jobs are available almost every part of the country. The telecommunication
industry Now a day the convergence of the Aviation industry with the telecommunication industry has
take place and this has created many job opportunities in India as well abroad. Designing Data
Networks, Optical Networks (SDH, SONET, DWDM), Wireless Networks (GSM, CDMA, 3G), Next
Generation Networks (NGN) and Broadband Technologies has become thrust areas in
telecommunication. Specialists in the areas of network management, DSP, next-generation networks
(E.g. VOIP), intelligent network and switching, wireless technologies, telecom applications and testing
(VOIP & Wireless) are in huge demand and commands attractive pay packages. India is the second
largest telecom market in the world. Telecom industry is growing at a great pace, the current growth
rate being more than 100%. It is estimated that the telecom industry will create about 1.5 to 2 lakh jobs
in next 2-3 years.
Remuneration
The salary mainly depends on post, experience, qualifications, employer, location of job, etc. Generally
salary ranges from 20, 000- 1, 20,000.
Eligibity
Eligibility vary from nature of job. Many jobs require at least a high school diploma in addition to on-the-
job training. In addition, many positions require pre-employment testing to determine a candidates
aptitude for technical or customer service roles. Other jobs require particular skills that may take several
years of experience to learn completely. Some managerial, maintenance and repair jobs require a
college education. Telecommunication industry now requires knowledge and skills in computer
programming and software design, voice telephone technology (telephony), laser and fibre optic
technology, wireless technology and data compression. Installers and repairs needs to take the training
of "National Coalition for Telecommunications Education and Learning (NACTEL)".
Employabilty Skills
Problem-solving ability.
Mathematical precision.
Design skills.
Technical skills
Risk identification skills.
Networking and programming skills.
Good communication skill.
Planning ability and a knack for working under pressure.
An engineer needs to be physically fit and may need to often work at great speed.
Good manual, technical and mechanical aptitude.
Ability to unite scientific discoveries with commercial applications to solve the problems.
Career opportunities
Telecommunication field offer careers in different sectors such as sales executives, call center
executives, back office executives and technical support executives. The back office executives are great
for youths since it is a promising career as well as the call center. Technical support jobs are in huge
demand since they need people that are well equipped on troubleshooting for technical problems.
There are many career opportunities in Government sector, Semi-Government sector, Private
telecommunication industries and Engineering colleges.
Job options
Administrative assistant
Administrative support staff.
Analog Digital Engineer,
Cable service installer
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Computer software engineer
Computer systems analyst.
Customer service representative.
Electrical and electronics engineers
Embedded Software Developer
Finance managers,
General and operation manager.
Line installer and repairer
Management analyst.
Manager,
Network Management Specialists.
Network Security Specialists,
Network systems and data
communication analyst.
Product manager
Record clerk
Sales representative
Service technician
Software and network engineer
Supervisor,
Systems analysts
Telemarketer.
Telephone operator
Wireless and satellite service installer.
Work environment: Employees in installation, maintenance and repair jobs are in indoors and outdoors
and in all kinds of weather. Their work involves lifting, climbing, reaching, stooping, crouching and
crawling. However, managers, administrative workers and professionals work in comfortable offices.
Mainly jobs are available in office and administrative support staff, professional and related occupations
and sales and related occupations.
Telecom Engineers: They analyse and solve various technical problems pertaining to
telecommunications. They design various new tools and equipment as per the requirement of
organization. They manage a team of junior telecom engineers and coordinate with various department
heads in order to provide better facilities and services to the customers.
Eligibility: The training and certification of Diploma in Telecom Management; Diploma in Security
Technologies; Certificate course in LAN, WAN, GSM, CDMA, 3G, SDH, SONET, DWDM, VOIP, WiMax,
NGN networks, etc; Certification in networking and telecommunication; Certificate course in Trouble
shooting and networking; Certificate courses on TCP/IP and Networking; Certificate courses on Cisco
Networking. A Bachelors degree/Masters degree in Electronics and Telecommunication engineering
from a reputed college. In some case diploma in Telecommunication or any other related field is also
accepted.
Jobs:
Telecom Engineer jobs are easily available all across the country though most of the Telecom
Engineer companies in India are locates in the following cities where it will be easier to find a
Telecom Engineer job- Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Pune, Hyderabad, Gurgaon, Bangalore,
Chandigarh, Kolkata and Ahmedabad.
Radio System Maintenance Technician
Communications/Operations Dispatcher
ERP/SAP Analyst
Server Administrators & Systems Administrators.
Database Administrators.
Networking Engineers
Programmers
Employers
Vodafone Essar
Reliance Communications
Bharti Airtel
Tata teleservices
IMI mobile
VSNL Internet Services Ltd
Motorola Worldwide
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GTL limited
Nokia
Important Institutes
AMC Engineering College, Bangalore www.amcgroup.edu.in
Army Institute of Technology, Pune www.aitpune.com
Assam Engineering College, Guwahati www.aec.ac.in
Bangalore Institute of Aeronautical Engineering and Information Technology www.iameindia.org
Bengal Engineering College, Kolkata www.becs.ac.in
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore www.bmsce.in
Dayanand Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore www.dayanandasagar.edu
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore www.dr-ait.org
Indian Institute of Telecom Management (IITM), New Delhi. www.iitmedu.org
Jadavpur University. Jadavpur www.jadavpur.edu
Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering Shimoga www.jnnce.ac.in
M.S.Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore www.msrit.edu
Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore www.sirmvit.edu


Career in Mining Engineering
"Where there is cinnabar above, yellow gold will be found below. Where there is lodestone above,
copper and gold be found below. Where there is calamine above, lead, tin, and red copper will be found
below. Where there is hematite above, iron will be found below. Thus it can be seen that mountains are
full of riches." Guang Zhong
What do Mining Engineers do?
Mining engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with extraction and processing of
minerals from a naturally occurring environment. Mining and Mineral extraction is essential to modern
society. Mining activities by their nature cause a disturbance of the environment in and around which
the minerals are located. Mining engineers are therefore concerned not only with the production and
processing of mineral commodities, but also with the mitigation of damage to the environment as a
result of that production and processing. Mining engineers are consulted for virtually every stage of a
mining operation. Mining engineers working in an established mine either work as an engineer for
operations improvement, further mineral exploration, and operation capitalization by determining
where in the mine to add equipment and personnel. The engineer may also work in supervision and
management, or as an equipment and mineral salesperson. In addition to engineering and operations,
the mining engineer may work as an environmental, health and safety manager or design engineer.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor of Engineering (BE) / Bachelor of Technology (BTech): The eligibility is class 12th with
physics, chemistry and maths as the main subjects and Entrance Exam
Masters in Engineering (ME) or Masters in Technology (M.Tech): Eligibility is BE, B Tech and
entrance - Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) exam. The marks scored in this exam are
valid in most colleges
For those who wish to study further, a Ph.D. in Engineering can be pursued
Entrance Exam:
JEE MAIN 2013 Exam - Joint Engineering Entrance Exam (2013): for NITs, IIITs, DTU, Delhi and other
centrally funded institutions (CFTIs)
Kerala Engineering Entrance Exam - KEAM 2013
Karnataka Engineering Entrance Exam - Karnataka CET
Maharashtra Engineering Entrance Exam - MHT-CET
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West Bengal Engineering Entrance Exam - WBJEE
Uttar Pradesh Engineering Entrance Exam - UPTU SEE
Delhi Common Engineering Entrance Exam - DCEE
Birla Institute of Technology Engg. Entrance Exam BITSAT
VIT University Engineering Entrance Exam VITEEE
Course Fee
The 4 years course in Engineering from an IIT will cost about Rs.2 Lakhs. There are a number of
scholarships, fee waivers and loans available for those who are unable to fund the education. Apart
from this, in most colleges the students can earn a small amount while working on a research project
with the professors in their college and this can also help funding the course. The fee in other private
colleges is more, ranging from about Rs.40,000 per year to about Rs.70,000 per year.
Where to Study
Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad - B.Tech. Mining Engineering, Mineral Engineering, Mining
Machinery, Petroleum Engineering, Open Cast & Surface
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur - B.Tech., M.Sc. and M.Tech. in Mine Planning &
Mechanisation
Bengal Engineering College, PO Botanical Garden, Howrah - B.E. Metallurgy
Vinobha Bhave University Bihar Institute of Technology, Sindri PO, Sindri Institute, Dhanbad -
B.Tech., M.Tech.
Regional Engineering College, Rourkela - B.E. (Engg.) Mining
Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Technology, Varanasi - B.Tech., M.tech. in Coal Mining, Metal
Liferons Mining and Mine Planning
College of Technology & Engineering, Udaipur - B.E. (Mining)
Orissa School of Mining, Keonjhar - B.E. (Mining)
Pt. Ravishanker University, Govt. Engineering College, Raipur - B.E. (Mining)
Guru Ghasidas University, Govt. Engineering College, Bilaspur - B.E. (Mining)
MBM Engineering College, Jodhpur - B.E. Metallurgy
Vivesvaraya Regional Engineering College, Nagpur - B.E. (Mining)
Shri Ramdeobaba Kamla Nehru Engineering College, Katol Road, Nagpur - B.E. (Mining), Electronics
Design Technology
Career Prospects
Job opportunities exist with government departments and public sector undertakings. Limited
opportunities are available with private sector mining companies and teaching and research offer good
options.

Education in India, Career in India: Industrial Engineering
Looking for a Career Option as a Industrial Engineering ? This section features industrial engineering as
a career option, elaborated with reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses and
training involved, premier institutions and future prospects.
This is one of the branches of engineering which is related to development, implementation,
improvement, and the evaluation of incorporated systems of people, equipment, knowledge, energy,
process and the material. Industrial engineering is totally based on methods and principles of the
engineering. Industrial engineering minimizes waste of money, time, energy, material and other
resources. Production engineering, Operations management, Manufacturing Engineering are some
another names of the Industrial Management and these are depends on the motives and viewpoint of
user.
For specifying the areas, most of the engineering applies the skill. Same as that industrial engineering
applies in every industries like shortening the queues at theme park, distributing products worldwide,
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streamlining an operating room, and manufacturing reliable and cheaper automobiles. Industrial
engineering term initially applies to the manufacturing but it has been extended the service same as
system engineering, operations research, quality engineering and ergonomics.
Personality Traits

Industrial engineer should be analytical, creative, detail oriented and inquisitive, have the ability to work
in group and communication skill is also good both writing and orally. For this course, knowledge of
computer application is very important which make easy process planning, component production,
production planning, and so on.
Institutions

Adichunchanagiri Institute Of Technology, PB No.91, Chikmagalur-577102, (Karnataka)
Anjuman Engineering College, P. B. No 24, Anjumanabad, Bhatkal-581320, (Karnataka)
Bangalore Institute of Technology, K R Road, Visveswarapuram, Bangalore-560004, (Karnataka)
Bapuji Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Devanagere-577004, (Karnataka)
Basaveshwar Engineering College, PB.No-53, Bagalkot-587102, (Karnataka)
Bharati Vidyapeeth's College Of Engineering, Katraj, Dhenakulodi, Pune-411043, (Maharashtra)
BLDEA's (Vachanapithamaha) Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Ashram
Road, Bijapur -586103, (Karnataka)
BMS College of Engineering, P.O. Box No : 1908, Bull Temple Road, Basavanagudi, Bangalore -
560 019, (Karnataka)
Centre For Biotechnology- Anna Univeristy, Chennai-600025, (Tamil Nadu)
College Of Engineering, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai-600025, (Tamil Nadu)
College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram-695016, (Kerala)
Dayanand Sagar College of Engineering, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kanakapura Road, South-End
of Jayanagar, Bangalore-560078, (Karnataka)
Delhi College Of Engineering, Bawana Road, Delhi-110042, (Delhi (union territory))
Deputy Registrar (Academics), Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, G.T. Road, Bye
Pass, Post Office NIT Campus, Jalandhar- 144 011, (Punjab)
Dr.Ambedkar Institute Of Technology, Near Janana Bharathi campus, Bangalore-560056,
(Karnataka)
Placements And Prospects

Industrial Engineer gets jobs in all types of the industries. After the experience of some years,
opportunities of self employment are available. They may join the private consultancy firms, R&D
establishments of the big companies, and the technical sales managers. This is a long duration course so
that industrial and production engineers may work with the entire engineering and manufacturing
department in public and private sectors. Industrial engineering contains maintenance, operations, work
study, production planning and the control, value engineering, materials management, network models
like p e r t (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), c p m (Critical Path Method), computer science,
operations research, statistical quality control and financial Management.
Industrial engineers research activities are given below:
Deterministic methods of optimization and analysis
Simulation modelling and analysis
Stochastic method of analysis, optimization and control
Artificial intelligence based methods
Supply chain analysis and inventory lanning
Logistics and transportation
Financial engineering
Scheduling and ERP
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Optimization, planning and control in manufacturing and robotics

Career in Real Estates
Introduction
"Real estate cannot be lost or stolen, nor can it be carried away. Purchased with common sense, paid for
in full, and managed with reasonable care, it is about the safest investment in the world." Franklin D.
Roosevelt
What does a Realtor do?
Real Estate Agents advise the client who want to sell or buy a real estate. Generally they deal with high
net worth individuals or high value properties. In India the real estate market is getting organized now,
and no license or specialized training is required to work as a Realtor (unlike west). Thus it is a
relationship oriented business and one is expected to provide personalized service to the clients.
Realtors do their own research and analysis and present a range of options to the clients, they have to
accompany them to visit the site and do a lot of paper work so that the deal goes through smoothly.
Courses & Eligibility
There is no fixed criterion for anyone wanting to enter the business of realty consulting. However, it is
better to take up courses in business management and marketing communication. However, if you want
to get into the technical side of the business, a background in architecture or civil engineering would be
suited best.
Where to Study
No particular institute.
In general, specialization in real estate management (non- technical courses) is not available in India
unlike in the West. However, some autonomous institutions provide related courses.
NIREM offers Post Graduate Diploma in Real Estate Management
NICMAR
IIRE offers course in Principles and Practice of Real Estate, a course in fundamentals of property
management.
National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO), Human Settlement Management Institute
(HSMI) of Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University (GGSIPU) offer Certificate course for real estate agents, property brokers, sales persons,
commercial and customer care executives.
A Day in Life
Usually real estate agents work on all 7 days as they have to deal with clients who have weekends off
and would like to review the properties. So the days need to be planned in advance and one may begin
with a breakfast meeting with client, followed by visit to the site. After a quick lunch they head back to
the office and attend meeting. If there is no meeting scheduled for the evening, they do the ground
work for the upcoming meetings by exploring new properties and read about latest developments in the
field.

Career in India: Publishing
Looking for a Career Options in the Field of Publishing? This section features Publishing as
a career options, elaborated with reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses
and training involved, premier institutions and future prospects.
One would think that with the advent of the techno-age, the publishing industry would go completely
out of business. To the collective relief of thousands of publishers and zillions of print lovers, this is one
dire prophecy that doesnt seem to be proving true. The publishing industry, along with an inherent love
of the printed word, seems to be thriving. Its still not time to write it off as another has been! The word
publishing denotes a huge amount of publishing work that includes the printing and publishing of books,
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newspapers, magazines, periodicals and journals. The basic requirements in terms of knowledge and
experience remain the same in all these cases.
Jobs in this sector can be roughly categorised under three heads editorial, production and marketing. Of
course, there are people, mostly in the upper echelons of the industry, who can claim to be equally good
at all three. And then there are those like Vikram Seth, and more recently, David Davidar, the dynamic
editor of Penguin, who make the shift from editing and publishing to writing with what seems like
convenient ease.
Personality Traits

Editorial work is handled by professionals who have a background in the subject involved in being
published. A teaching background is useful for educational publishing and a degree in science, medicine,
law or another speciality for a post with publisher covering these fields. For fiction, a background in
literature generally helps and is looked for by publishing houses.
Publishing is simply bursting with opportunities for those with an inborn love of books. Those who want
to begin at the sub-editor level need to be equipped with basic editorial skills, and loads of patience as
you might be required to read through reams of manuscripts. If the smell of fresh newsprint makes you
look forward to a bright day, and you simply love the musty smell of old books, have an eye for details
and for out-of-place words and punctuation, you could have a career in publishing!
Courses/Training

Courses in Publishing are very few as most publishers prefer to train their own staff to suit their
requirements.
1. After XII (any subject), graduation/postgraduation in journalism are suitable for shouldering
editorial responsibility. Computing skills are required for word processing.
2. Graduates of Art/ graphic designers/commercial art/photography/ calligraphy can join the art
department.
3. Class XII (PCM) followed by a diploma in printing technology can join the production department
Those looking for a career in publishing and with the required qualifications could find a job in Private
publishing houses or in the publication department of any organisation that undertakes its own
publishing. Some central and state government agencies such as the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting, and of Education and Culture, also have their own publication divisions.
There are other government organisations involved in publishing educational and cultural publications -
these include the Sahitya Akademi, Indian Council for Cultural Relations and the Indian Council of Social
Science Research. One could also work in publishing houses of organisations that are subsidized or run
by public trust funds are the National Book Trust, NCERT and the Children's Book Trust. Some major
universities have also set up publishing departments that bring out academic works as do private
educational and charitable institutions, as well as cultural and religious trusts.
Publishing courses:
1. B.A with Book Publishing
2. Course for Publishing Professionals Course Content
3. Course In Book Publishing-Course: NBT Training Course in Book Publishing
In book publishing, entry in the editorial section is generally at the sub-editorial level, or as trainee sub-
editor or junior sub. The hierarchy thereafter is as follows: Assistant Sub Editor, Sub Editor, Assistant
Editor, Associate Editor, and Editor.
Placements And Prospects

1. Editorial Jobs:
Appointing and working with an editorial team The editorial director guides the team of editors
and oversees the complete running of the publishing house Editors are responsible for locating,
identifying the value of publishing books falling within their specific areas They select and
contact authors for writing books on select topics In small book publishing businesses, the task
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of an editor may involve overseeing the production as well as marketing of the books
Publishing begins with the processing of the manuscript This is followed by the reading of the
proof by the author, proof reader and editor, for checking the content, sequence, spellings and
grammatical errors The final laser prints of the book are made and the book goes for
production.
Production:
Editing is carried out on the computer and the typeface and page layout adjusted The
illustrations, appearance of the book, book cover, paper quality is decided by the editor as well
as the production incharge The design department does the art work for the book. A number of
publishing houses work with freelance artists on their roles who are commissioned for artwork,
such as illustration, cover design, photographs etc.
2. Sales And Marketing:
Publicity, promotion, sales campaigns is the major responsibility Distribution of books entails
understanding the market where the books may sell. Generally large distributors operate
through a network of regional offices Sales outlets, bookshops are visited by sales
representatives who have the responsibility of giving information of all forthcoming books as
well as taking orders and ensuring supply. Distribution to libraries, schools, organisations is
often done directly or through local book suppliers. The on-line book sales are perhaps the
latest technique in marketing and sales.

Career as a Copywriter
Introduction
"Nobody reads ads. People read what interests them. Sometimes it's an ad." Howard Gossage
Who is a Copywriter?
Copywriters are the craftsmen of words and write words that help sell or promote a product, service or
an idea. They write ad copies, slogans or copy that drive ad campaigns, instructions on products and
write messages that inform and educate. They also write scripts for audio visuals and speeches and
infomercials.
Courses & Eligibility
This is one profession where one writes a lot of different things but still a qualification in English
language is not a prerequisite. Usually you need a book to show and get job as a copywriter. A book is
collection of ad copies that you worked on during internship etc.
Many reputed institutes take entrance test for admissions to courses which are offered at certificate and
Diploma level.
Course Fee
SACAC charges Rs 25,000 for certificate course in copy writing.
Where to Study
Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad offers PG certificate program in crafting
creative communications. (6 months)
Sri Aurobindo Centre for Arts and Communication offers Certificate course in Copy Writing,
admission through entrance.
CRAFT, New Delhi, offers PG Diploma n creative writing and copy writing.
Accelerated program for six figure copy writing, from American Writers and Artists (AWAI).
KC College of Management Studies, Mumbai offers OG Diploma in Advertisements (1 year)
NICC National Institute of creative communication, Bangalore Offers master of Communication
Design.
AAFT, New Delhi offers Post Graduate Diploma in Advertising and mass communication.
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St Xaviers Institute of Communication offers post Graduate Diploma in advertising and
Marketing.
Salary: A junior copywriter get a salary of around Rs 1.5 lakhs a year, senior copywriters make a lot of
money.
Famous Personalities
David Ogilvy, founder of Ogilvy and Mather. Prasoon Joshi, Indian Copywriter, Poet and Lyricist.

Career as a Fitness Trainer
This is probably the best time to think about a career in Fitness, with people becoming more aware
about fitness and the cost of not remaining fit very high (In terms of health care costs). People of every
age are interested in becoming fit and there is no dearth of people hoping to achieve some objective like
losing/ Gaining weight, etc. No wonder we can see fitness centers in every neighborhood.
What do Fitness Trainers do?
Fitness Trainers are professionals in the field of fitness and exercise. They work towards overall health
and well being. They instruct their clients use, Yoga, aerobics and other techniques to help achieve
specific health and fitness objectives. They help in achieving specific goals like, weight loss, weight gain,
achieving a specific look. These professionals first assess the body type and other fitness factors for the
clients, and then through various exercises help them improve these components.
Since fitness trainers have to assess the clients level of physical fitness they should know a lot about
human body, its anatomy etc. They have to demonstrate various exercise routines and help clients
improve their technique. They also keep records of their clients exercise sessions to analyse their
progress and physical fitness.
Personal trainers work with clients on a one-on-one basis with celebrities and others who like privacy
while they work out either at a gym or at the clients home. The workout is specially tailored to suit
the clients specific health and fitness requirements. Aerobics instructors conduct group workout
sessions that involve aerobics, stretching and muscle conditioning exercises. You could even conduct
these classes in a gym or at your own studio.
For achieving the desired levels of fitness diet plays and equally important role. Fitness expert need to
know a lot about food, diets and nutrition.
Various new techniques keep coming so the trainers have to keep training themselves and keep their
knowledge updated. Many trainers use a mix of aerobics other physical activities, Yoga and naturopathy.
Courses and Eligibility
Doing any specific certification or Diploma is not mandatory but highly desirable. Since many people are
entering this profession one needs to differentiate by being a more credible trainer and education goes
a long way in establishing that. A very good understanding of diet, nutrition, human anatomy and fitness
related matters is needed. While many colleges provide course for physical education at Graduate, Post
Graduate and higher levels. Private organisations provide diploma and certificates in Fitness training.
Where to Study
Institutes and Colleges for fitness trainers:
Nike Aerobics Course
Reebok Instructor Certification programme
Sports Authority of India
Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education, Thiruvananthapuram
Department of Physical Education & Sports Science (University of Delhi)
Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports, New Delhi
HVPM, Amravati
Symbiosis Department of Health Sciences, Pune
Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior
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SAI, Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports, Patiala
SAI, NS Eastern Centre, Salt Lake City, Kolkata
SAI, NS South Centre, University Campus, Bangalore
The Growth for Fitness Instructors (GFFI) Fitness training Institute, Mumbai and Delhi
Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education & Sports Sciences (IGIPESS) (affiliated to University of
Delhi), Vikaspuri, New Delhi
Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education, Kariavattom
A number of institutes and universities impart courses in physical education at the undergraduate and
postgraduate level i.e. Bachelors in Physical Education (BPEd) and Masters in Physical Education (MPEd)
Employment Opportunities for Fitness Trainers
Professional fitness trainers are hired by fitness centres, hotels, health clubs, big corporate, resorts etc.
After gaining experience one can start ones own fitness centre and there are options to specialize in a
particular field, for example: Yoga specialist at Spa etc. Fitness is one of the fastest growing industries
and employment outlook is very bright.
Famous Personalities
Fitness expert Gerald Zarcilla who is known for training Aamir Khan in martial arts and gymnastics.
Fitness Trainer DSouza who is personal trainer to Salman Khan.
A day in life
The days usually begin early as many people wish to start their days with fitness training. Begin with the
first batch and demonstrate the exercises for the day. And continue with the next batches. Some time is
also spent in keeping the records and discussing the progress on the fitness goals and discussing diets
and nutritional plans. Afternoons are spent either resting or in business development and evenings get
busy with fresh batches for work outs.















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Study Abroad overview




Studying abroad is the act of a student pursuing educational opportunities in a country other
than one's own. This includes primary, secondary and post-secondary students. Students may
pursue their entire degree abroad, or they may elect to leave their home country for an
academic year, semester, summer or less.
10 reasons why you should study in a foreign country
Have you considered studying abroad, but are not sure whether it's worth your time? If you ask
anybody who has studied abroad, he or she will most certainly tell you that it is a life-changing
experience and one of the most rewarding things he or she has ever done. Perhaps you're not
certain what benefits you can reap from an extended stay in a foreign country. Here are 10 very
excellent reasons why you should take the plunge:
Study abroad is the optimal way to learn a language. There is no better and more effective way
to learn a language than to be immersed in a culture that speaks the language you are learning.
You're surrounded by the language on a daily basis and are seeing and hearing it in the proper
cultural context. Language learning happens most quickly under these circumstances.
Study abroad provides the opportunity to travel. Weekends and academic breaks allow you to
venture out and explore your surroundings - both your immediate and more distant
surroundings. Since studying abroad often puts you on a completely different continent, you are
much closer to places you might otherwise not have had the opportunity to visit. Some more
structured study abroad programs even have field trips planned in or around the curriculum.
Study abroad allows you get to know another culture first-hand. Cultural differences are more
than just differences in language, food, appearances, and personal habits. A person's culture
reflects very deep perceptions, beliefs, and values that influence his or her way of life and the
way that s/he views the world. Students who experience cultural differences personally can
come to truly understand where other cultures are coming from.
Study abroad will help you develop skills and give you experiences a classroom setting will
never provide. Being immersed in an entirely new cultural setting is scary at first, but it's also
exciting. It's an opportunity to discover new strengths and abilities, conquer new challenges, and
solve new problems. You will encounter situations that are wholly unfamiliar to you and will
learn to adapt and respond in effective ways.
Study abroad affords you the opportunity to make friends around the world. While abroad,
you will meet not only natives to the culture in which you are studying, but also other
international students who are as far from home as yourself.
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Study abroad helps you to learn about yourself. Students who study abroad return home with
new ideas and perspectives about themselves and their own culture. The experience abroad
often challenges them to reconsider their own beliefs and values. The experience may perhaps
strengthen those values or it may cause students to alter or abandon them and embrace new
concepts and perceptions. The encounter with other cultures enables students to see their own
culture through new eyes.
Study abroad expands your worldview. In comparison with citizens of most other countries,
Americans tend to be uninformed about the world beyond the nation's boundaries. Students
who study abroad return home with an informed and much less biased perspective toward other
cultures and peoples.
Study abroad gives you the opportunity to break out of your academic routine. Study abroad is
likely to be much unlike what you are used to doing as a student. You may become familiar with
an entirely new academic system and you will have the chance to take courses not offered on
your home campus. It's also a great opportunity to break out the monotony of the routine you
follow semester after semester.
Study abroad enhances employment opportunities. Did you know that only 4% of U.S.
undergraduates ever study abroad? Yet, the world continues to become more globalized,
American countries are increasingly investing dollars abroad, and companies from countries
around the world continue to invest in the international market. Through an employer's says, a
student who has studied abroad is self-motivated, independent, willing to embrace challenges,
and able to cope with diverse problems and situations. Your experience living and studying in a
foreign country, negotiating another culture, and acquiring another language will all set you
apart from the majority of other job applicants.
Study abroad can enhance the value of your degree. While abroad, you can take courses you
would never have had the opportunity to take on your home campus. In addition, study abroad
gives your language skills such a boost that it is normally quite easy to add a minor in a language
or even a second major without having to take many more additional courses after the return to
your home campus.
Ready, set, grow!
Studying abroad definitely challenges you on a personal level. Whether you consciously realize it
or not, you develop a greater self-confidence, independence, and self-reliance. By the time you
return home, you may feel like a super hero: You can do anything!
Changing your perspective
If you go abroad with an open mind, then you're certain to return to the U.S. a more enlightened
person. One of the major benefits of studying abroad is its ability to broaden your world
understanding and perspective on just about anything. You gain a different view of international
affairs, from politics to economics to social issues. You also return with a deeper understanding
and respect for your host country, knowing how another culture approaches daily life and
unusual challenges.
You may also return with a new appreciation for the U.S. Living in another culture can help you
understand your own on a deeper level. You may return grateful for the way of life in the U.S., its
political system, or its foreign or domestic policies. Through your interactions with your abroad
professors, your new peer group, and other foreign or U.S. students on your program, you can
find out what others think about the U.S. (and this is usually both positive and negative).
Jump-starting your career
Studying abroad typically gives your resume a nice boost and improves your post-graduate
employment prospects, particularly if you're considering a career in business, international
affairs, or government service. Nowadays, employers actively seek college graduates who have
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spent time studying abroad because they want employees with an international knowledge base
as well as foreign language skills.
The same international skills that make you more marketable for employment are also valued by
graduate schools. These skills include cross-cultural communication skills, analytical skills,
teamwork, flexibility, an understanding of cultural contexts, the ability to adapt to new
circumstances and deal with differences, a developed view of the world outside the U.S.,
independence, and self-confidence.
Evaluating a Program for Studying Abroad
After you've selected a variety of potential study abroad programs, you need to take a careful
look at each program. Maybe you're wondering why you placed a particular program on your list
of possibilities. Was it simply because the brochure looked cool? Be honest with yourself.
Studying abroad is an important educational and financial investment that you're making in
yourself!
The following sections cover the major considerations for evaluating study abroad programs. In
addition to these, remember that cost, safety, and health are other important considerations.
Location, location, location!
A program's location definitely has an impact on your decision. Deciding to study abroad is
impossible without considering where in the world you want to go for a semester or year. And
the options literally extend around the globe.
Western Europe is the most popular study abroad destination for U.S. students. In fact, two-
thirds of all U.S. study abroad students go there, primarily because Europe has many extensive
and well-developed study abroad programs. And yet its popularity doesn't mean Western
Europe is the best place for you to study. Where you need to study depends upon personal,
academic, and home-university considerations. Each town, city, country, region, and continent
has something to offer. Although no one place is likely to suit all your desires, some will come
close.

Preferred countries and courses
While the USA is the top destination for Indian students followed by the UK, Australia, New Zealand and
Canada are rapidly gaining in "market share". In recent years, Australia, the UK and France have all
launched aggressive student outreach/recruitment efforts in Asia. Stung by declining enrollments from
East and Southeast Asian countries affected by the Asian currency crisis of the late 1990s, American
universities have also intensified their marketing efforts to students in South Asia.
Studies reveal that Indian students mainly go to pursue Management courses followed by Engineering,
Math and Computer sciences. The majority of the Indian students study at the graduate level. In
2003/04, the breakdown of Indian students studying in the US was as follows.
79.0% Graduate level 63,013
17.0% Undergraduate level 13,531
4.0% Others 3,192
Tests
Students planning to go abroad for higher studies need to take a number of tests depending on the
subject, level and the country s/he is applying for. The tests include TOEFL, IELTS, GRE, GMAT and SAT.
The student should ensure that s/he gives his/her best while appearing for these tests as it will maximize
their chances of getting scholarships from the colleges that they apply to.
Cost/Scholarships
It must be remembered that applying to a foreign university is an expensive business. Taking tests is
expensive. In addition, the average application fee per university is between $ 20 to $ 80. To top that all,
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you have to pay the tuition fees, which cost you anything between $15, 000 to $35, 000. Hence,
scholarships are a very necessary item on the 'must-have' list of any student planning to go abroad for
further studies except the super-lucky ones with private funding.
Those seeking to go abroad for higher studies should be informed that most US, European and
Australian colleges themselves provide scholarship. It is up to the student to do the necessary research
and find out such colleges. Besides, a student can compete for a host of scholarships provided by the
governments of different countries. A browse through the website of the Ministry of Human Resources
Development would give you a somewhat complete picture of the how, where, when and what of
scholarships.
If you are desperate in getting a foreign degree but cannot afford to leave your country to do so, you
should be informed that nowadays many foreign institutions have architected innovative tie-ups such as
twinning arrangements or offshore programs enabling students to get foreign degrees while in India.
Conclusion
Study abroad is not a vacation and it should not be viewed as such. Too many students go overseas
without thinking about the experience as a whole. Study abroad is fun. Study abroad is exciting and
exhilarating and it can also be romantic. But study abroad is also unpredictable, difficult at times, and
above all, challenging. Students who only consider the "fun" aspects of study abroad often find the more
difficult parts disconcerting and often insurmountable. Students should begin the entire process of going
abroad for higher studies keeping this in mind.

Study in USA
USA Overview

United States of America, a federal republic consists of 50 states. All the states lie in the mainland
expect Alaska and Hawaii Islands. Alaska lies next to North West Canada and Hawaii, 3700 km off the
west coast of the mainland.
United States is an exciting mixture of different cultures and traditions. Asian Indian population in US
was expected to be over one million by the year 2000. They are concentrated mainly in large urban
areas like New York, New Jersey, Chicago, Houston, Dallas and Los Angeles.
Huge percentages the working populous in the USA are Indians. This is not surprising as USA spells
professionalism, security and opportunity. Despite its prosperous economy and almost nil
unemployment rate, the US faces is falling short of qualified professionals to meet the demands of its
ever-expanding high tech industry. The workforce admitted into the US comprises of those who are
specialized in any professional discipline or those who have a substantial and good job experience.
Currently the trend is to recruit more manpower from the Indian sub-continent, as it is abundant in
skilled professionals and cheap manpower. Depending upon the type of visa issued a person can either
remain or travel continuously in the US
One can expect a high degree of professionalism in the work scenario in the US. In order to work in the
US one must obtain a Labour Certification stating:
There are no qualified workers in the US able and willing to work.
Working conditions and remuneration of similarly employed US workers will not be adversely
affected by the applicant's employment.
Today, millions of people throughout the world, especially youth dream to make their living in this land
of opportunity-"The world's greatest economic power"
The USA has transformed itself from a pioneer colonial economy into an exporter of industrial goods.
The US has entered its 3rd century of independence as the world's richest and most powerful nation.
The sheer magnitude of this country embraces almost every kind of climate and terrain that the planet
has to offer.
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Known as the most communicative people on the earth, the Americans are brilliant in the application of
techniques for mastering-the land, sea, water and machines. The USA is always a nation of gifted
thinkers and inventors who have achieved technical triumphs of the millennium.
Information on USA
Capital Washington D.C.
Government Federal Republic
Head of Government President
Religion Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Jewish
Languages English
US Embassy in India
Embassy of the United States of America
Chanakyapuri
New Delhi-110021
Tel: 91-11-4198000
Fax: 91-11-4190017
Indian Embassy in US
Embassy of India
Consular Wing
2536 Massachusetts Avenue,
NW Washington, DC 20008
Tel: (202) 939-9806/7000/7029/7031
Fax: (202) 797-4693
E-Mail: liteyear@erols.com

Education System ( USA )


System of education in USA is different from that of India. In America, higher education starts at the age
of 18 after the completion of twelve years of primary and secondary schooling.
Under Graduate Study or Bachelors:
A candidate who has successfully completed class XII is eligible for the Bachelors Programme or Under
Graduate Study in USA.
The bachelors degree or under graduate study usually lasts for 4 years. In some cases an accelerated
Programme can be completed in three years, while some professional fields require five years.
The 4 year's undergraduate study is considered as 120 credit hours. One course averages 3 credits.
Subjects involving lab facilities will get 4 credits. You receive a Bachelor's degree or undergraduate
degree when you finish around 40 courses in different subjects within the span of four years.
1st year students are called Freshmen, 2nd years Sophomores, third years Juniors and the 4th or last
year students are referred to as Seniors. The decision of the major's to be taken is necessary only after
the 2nd or Sophomore year. Deciding the majors is termed 'Declaring a Major' in US.
Many colleges give an Associate degree after the sophomore year or second year of a Bachelor's degree.
It is the degree awarded after either a college transfer or a 'terminal', One to three year programme
providing training for a specific occupation.
Graduate Study:
In USA, higher studies after taking a degree or Bachelor's is termed Graduate study.
A candidate who has successfully completed four years of Bachelors Programme or Under Graduate
Study is eligible to apply for the Master's Degree in USA. The traditional three year degree (BA, B.Sc,
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B.com) holders from India must complete an additional year of degree programme for eligibility.
Additional courses which should be taken by them is decided by the student advisors appointed for
them. There are even registered agencies who will evaluate the subjects studied in India with the
courses equivalent in America and issue a certificate.
Masters degree is the first Graduate degree in the liberal arts and Sciences and certain professional
fields requiring 30 credit hours of full-time study within a year or 2 years. You can get your Master's
degree by taking 8 courses of subjects with 3 credits each plus a thesis of 6 hours credit or 10 courses of
subjects with 3 credits each without the thesis. Some Universities have a final exam. Usually masters
degree include M.S and M.A degrees.
It is not particular that you continue with the same majors that you chose for undergraduate study-in
graduate study. But if you change the majors, you will have to take additional basic courses for the new
subjects. These courses are called Pre-requisite courses. You have to get a pass in these course but you
may not get credits for the same.
Research (Doctoral Degree) - The highest degree awarded in research-oriented academic disciplines,
usually requiring 3 to 6 years of full time study besides the Bachelor's degree as preparation for
University level teaching and research. Indian students with a Master Degree can apply for P.H.D.
The main criterion for admission is the applicants interest in the particular subject of research.
First Professional Degree - The degree required to be academically qualified to practice in certain
professions, such as law, medicine etc usually requires a total of at least six years of study including prior
college level work. It must have as a prerequisite at least two years of college credit. Different
Educational Institutions College:
It is an independent institution that offers a four-year programme of undergraduate study in the liberal
arts (BA, BFA) and sciences (B.S). Bachelors degree is the basic requirement for graduate work.
Universities:
Universities are larger institutions that include several undergraduate colleges, graduate schools, and
professional schools.
Graduate school involves 1 or 2 years of study and offers advanced programs in arts and sciences which
give master's degrees like M.A or M.S, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) etc.
Professional schools are institutions which specialize in a single field of study such as medicine,
pharmacy, business administration, law etc.
Junior College or Community Colleges:
These colleges award only Associate Degree of Arts (A.A) and Sciences (A.S) which involves 2 year of
study. After receiving Associate Degree, students must join a 4 years college or University to complete
the Bachelor's Degree.
Vocational and Technical Institution:
These institutes specialize in training for the skilled trades and technical fields of employment. Duration
of the courses depends on the particular subject. After completion, they will be awarded a certificate of
completion and they can straight away join for a job.
Scholarships

There are a number of scholarships and fellowships available for Indian students for studying and doing
research abroad. These are usually given by Indian government and foreign governments.
Certificate\Diploma courses, Undergraduate and Graduate study, Research, Post Doctoral Research etc.
are the categories for which fellowships are given.
Contact the following address for details of scholarships available for various courses:
Deputy Educational Adviser,
Ministry Of Human Resource Development,
Department of Education,
External Scholarship Division,
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Shastri Bhavan (3),
New Delhi - 110001
or
Deputy Educational Adviser (NS),
Ministry Of Human Resource Development,
Department of Education (NS 5),
Shastri Bhavan,
New Delhi 110001
Helpful Tips for US Visas

Immigration and Visa Requirements for the USA
Scholastic Preparation
The student visa applicant must have successfully completed a course of study normally required for
enrollment. The student, unless coming to participate exclusively in an English language examination
program, must either be sufficiently proficient in English to pursue the intended course of study, or the
school must have made special arrangements for English language courses or teach the course in the
student's native language. See Major Exams such as GRE, TOEFL, GMAT, LSAT, SAT, MCAT- for further
information on English language proficiency tests.
Financial Resources
Applicants must also prove that sufficient funds are or will be available from an identified and reliable
financial source to defray all living and school expenses during the entire period of anticipated study in
the United States. Specifically, applicants must prove they have enough readily available funds to meet
all expenses for the first year of study, and that adequate funds will be available for each subsequent
year of study. The M-1 student visa applicants must have evidence that sufficient funds are immediately
available to pay all tuition and living costs for the entire period of intended stay. for students in USA.
Applying for a Student Visa
Applicants for student visas should generally apply at the U.S. Embassy or Consulate with jurisdiction
over their place of permanent residence. Although visa applicants may apply at any U.S. consular office
abroad, it may be more difficult to qualify for the visa outside the country of permanent residence.

English Proficiency Tests

Required for almost all programs in US.
Acceptable along with TWE, in place of IELTS in universities of Canada,
Australia, Europe, New Zealand


Recommended for people who plan to apply for a teaching assistantship in US


Required for most Universities in U.K., Canada, Australia, New Zealand

TOEFL GMAT GRE IELTS CEMAT MCAT LSAT

UK is known for its rich culture and history. This country has students coming from countries like
China, India, USA, Germany and France. The students here are from different cultures and are
respected for that. London by itself has 30000 courses to offer to students coming from different
parts of the world. It is second to the USA as a much sought after study abroad destination.
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The quality and standard of UK's education system is well known worldwide in the student
community as well as with employers. The exposure to the English language and rich culture are
reasons worth living for. A student has a good study environment as well as a good social life.
The time and cost saving advantage offered by UK institutes vis--vis other institutes of the world is
also why one should opt for this country to study further. UK universities have three year
undergraduate programs and one year post graduate programs. Hence, a student saves not only on
the fees but also on cost of living.
An international student who chooses UK as his or her final destination it is for subjects like
Business and management, Engineering, Social sciences, Health professions, Physical and life
sciences, Maths and computer sciences, Fine and applied arts, Education and humanities.
Study in UK Scholarships, Scholarships for Studying in UK, Study in UK with Scholarship:
There are many different types of scholarships available to international students who want to
study in the UK. The British government is dedicated to education and along with other UK
organizations the British government provides a number of scholarships and awards to support
international students through their higher education in the UK. The British Council advises
international students looking for financial aid to start by contacting their home country's Ministry
of Education as they should have details of scholarship opportunities available to international
students. Students are also advised to contact the British Council office in their home country with
regard to scholarship in the UK
Scholarships
De Souza Trust Goa Scholarship and the Goa Education Trust (GET) Scholarship
The British Council is delighted to offer young enterprising Goan students the De Souza Trust Goa
Scholarship and the Goa Education Trust (GET) Scholarship to study in the UK.
British Council IELTS Scholarship
The British Council is delighted to announce the launch of the British Council IELTS Scholarship for Indian
students planning to study at universities overseas.
Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan (CSFP)
The Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan (CSFP) is an international programme under which
member governments offer scholarships and fellowships to citizens of other Commonwealth countries.
DFID's Shared Scholarship Scheme (DIFDSSS)
DFID's Shared Scholarship Scheme assists students from developing Commonwealth countries, of
excellent academic caliber who, for financial reasons, are unable to study in Britain.
Overseas Research Students Award Scheme (ORSAS)
ORSAS awards offer international postgraduate students the opportunity to carry out a broad range of
research at well-established UK academic institutions of worldwide recognition. ORSAS award holders
make a valuable contribution.
BPCL Scholarship
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. takes pleasure in announcing Bharat Petroleum Scholarship for
Higher Studies and invites applications from students who have demonstrated all around brilliance and
have a passion to achieve excellence.
Hamilton College Scholarships
Hamilton Foundation Scholarship:-
This scholarship covers 40% of the tuition fee and is available for various courses. Any student who
gained 60% or more in their last qualification will automatically be eligible for it.
University Of Stanford Scholarship
International Undergraduate bursary scholarship:-
Eligibility:- All overseas fee-paying UG students registering on a Bachelor level degree qualify, as do
applicants for the GDME
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Student Visa UK, Requirements for Study in UK: Application Form, Process Procedure for Study in
UK Visa
A student requires a Tier 4 visa, with which the following are applicable:-
For full-time study (usually at least 15 hours per week of classes)
If the study is for a qualification which is lower than a university degree, the maximum visa
length is 3 years
If the study is for a university degree or higher qualification, the maximum visa length is 4
years
If you have this type of visa you can work part-time during term and full-time during your
school's official holidays
You may be able to switch into a Tier 1 (highly skilled) or Tier 2 (skilled worker) visa at the
end of your studies
Visa application process:-
The application process requires the following:
A complete application form.
A valid passport and various original documents (official translations may be required if these are
not written in English)
A student has to give their biometrics (a face image and a scan of fingerprints) and have an
identity card issued
Then a Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) from the school where study has been
completed is required.
Then payment of student visa application fee has to be done.
Admission Requirements for Study in UK, British Universities, Eligibility Criteria, Application
Process, Procedure for Study in UK
Following is the eligibility criteria for study in UK for MBA, engineering, bachelors, masters and
ph.D programs for getting admission into British universities:
Eligibility:-
English language proficiency is very important for a student to study in UK. If English is not a
student's first language, they will be required to successfully complete one of the following:
An English preparatory program
TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)
IELTS (International English Language Testing System)
English language GCSE (grade C or above)
If a student's first language is not English, most institutions will ask for a qualification in English, or
they may ask a student to sit a test. Each course has minimum entry requirements. Colleges and
universities will look at an applicant's qualifications to see if they meet those standards, but they
will also be looking at their overall suitability for the course.
The GRE (Graduate Record Examination) is the entrance test to be taken by the students applying
for a master degree in any field other than management (most universities in the UK do not ask for
a GRE score). All applicants applying for a master in management or Business Administration major
must submit the result of Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). In addition to these
tests, all students whose native language is not English are required to take the Test of English as a
foreign language (TOEFL) or the IELTS.
Application Process:-
A body called UCAS handles applications of international students for admissions to UK colleges or
universities. They need to have the eligibility criteria fulfilled and then the paper work begins.
Students can apply directly or through agents as well.
Cost of Study in UK, Living Costs, Tuition Fees For Studying in UK:
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At most universities in England, students from UK and European Union pay up to 3,000 a year for
tuition. International students can expect to pay somewhere between 6,500 and 13,000 a year,
depending on whether a program is classroom or laboratory based Tuition fees will be the biggest
expense a student has to pay whilst studying in the UK. One year of tuition fees, accommodation
and living costs (estimated at 7,200 per annum for London and 5,400 per annum for other areas
of the UK). There are additional costs a student's needs to consider whilst making a budget for
their study stay there like social life expenses, private healthcare insurance, etc
In order to obtain visa students must be able to prove that they (or their parents) have the funds to pay
the full tuition fees for the duration of their course. Fees for international students vary greatly between
institutions and depending on the country of origin of the student. Students from the European Union
pay the same fees as native UK students, which for the academic year 2009/2010 is up to 3,225 (as
stated by Direct Gov).

If you are planning to study abroad, here are some affordable and student-friendly destinations you
can consider.
The usual options that present themselves while deciding to study abroad are the United States of
America, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia.
But with rising costs and stricter visa rules, Indian students are now choosing destinations beyond the
Big Four.
Here are some really affordable destinations that are also student-friendly for international aspirants:
1. FRANCE
Popular courses
Liberal arts and humanities, fashion design, political studies, information technology, business and
management
What works in its favour?
France is the cultural hub of Europe; it offers the most variety in educational courses and has a mixed
culture
What doesn't work?
Language issues the French are known to favour speaking their own language over English
Relatively costly -- Some industries have been affected by the Euro zone recession
General fee structure
Average annual tuition fee: Rs 28,000 (state universities), Rs 6.5 lakhs (grandes ecoles -- private
institutes)
Accommodation and cost of living: Rs 70,000 per month
Top universities
Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris
Ecole Polytechnique, Paris
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris
Job prospects
While the recession may have affected certain industries like manufacturing, others continue to prosper.
In the fashion and luxury segment, France continues to dominate.
It has a well-established IT and technology industry which continues to offer new opportunities to
graduates.
Liberal arts graduates can find employment as university lecturers, although learning French may be a
prerequisite.
France is a Euro zone member, so business graduates may find employment in any Eurozone country.
Student opinion
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"In my class alone, students represent close to 27 countries. With difference in culture, education style
and overall lifestyle, you got yourself one of the most internationally diverse cohorts of Master
students."
2. DUBAI
Popular courses
Engineering (particularly civil, mineral and oil exploration), business administration and finance
What works in its favour?
Good job prospects
Tax-free salary on employment
Opportunity to interact with people from different cultures
Large Indian diaspora can help avert homesickness
What doesnt?
Considerably more expensive than others
Students cannot work while studying, but the student visa can be turned into an employment
visa on getting a job
Once you get a job, you cant switch to another in the same sector for at least two years
General Fee Structure
Average annual tuition fee: Rs 8.19 lakhs
Accommodation and cost of living: Rs 65,000 per month
Top Universities
Dubai Men's and Women's Colleges
Zayed University
University of Wollongong in Dubai
Job prospects
Despite the recession, the civil sector continues to thrive with architects being equally sought after.
With major financial companies shifting their bases to Dubai, prospects are bright for b-school students.
Mineral and oil exploration and research continue to be the most sought-after fields.
Student opinion
Whats great about studying here is that you meet a lot of people from different nationalities making it
a great place for networking.
- Samuel Varghese, BCommerce (Finance), University of Wollongong in Dubai
Image: University of Wollongong in Dubai
3. CHINA
Popular courses
Ecology, computer science and economics
What works in its favour?
Close proximity and similar cultural environment to India
Cheap in terms of tuition fees, accommodation and cost of living
Courses are more application-oriented than our universities
Employment opportunities galore as the job market is booming in China in almost every field
What doesnt?
Food and Chinese cuisine may be an issue for many
Language issues as a majority of Chinese still cannot speak English fluently
Students may have issues living under an authoritative government
General fee structure
Average annual tuition fee: Rs 1.75 lakhs
Accommodation and cost of living: Rs 50,000 per month
Top universities
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Peking University
Tsinghua University
Fudan University
Job prospects
Engineering and medicine lead the field in terms of job prospects, although qualified English language
lecturers are also highly sought after in Chinas top universities.
B-school graduates and financial accountants can find opportunities in major cities where the
exponentially growing businesses have set their base.
Expert opinion
With a higher quality of graduate education at a cost similar to courses here, its no wonder students
are flocking to China.
- Kamlesh Sajnani, managing director, IMS Learning Resources Pvt Ltd.
Image: The campus of Peking University in Beijing, China
4. NEW ZEALAND
Popular courses
Marine engineering, medicine and healthcare
What works in its favour?
Safe environment to live and study
Fairly affordable
Additional 12 months to find a job after course completion
What doesnt?
Isolated from the rest of the world
Change in its visa application process makes it more arduous and time-consuming
General fee structure
Average annual tuition fee: Rs 7 lakhs
Accommodation and cost of living: Rs 50,000 per month
Top universities
University of Auckland
University of Otago
University of Canterbury
Job prospects
The economy primarily comes from maritime trade and agriculture, but its healthcare is well-regarded.
Recent developments in the manufacturing and IT sector have opened up employment opportunities for
engineers.
Student opinion
The best thing about studying in NZ is the country itself. Nice environs, great accessibility to
extracurricular activities, no dangerous animals, etc and the people are warm, hardworking and simple,
fair-minded folk.
- Ishaan Kovoor, BE Mechatronics, University of Canterbury
Image: The clock tower building at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
5. RUSSIA
Popular courses
Medicine and healthcare
What works in your favour?
Globally recognised degrees with a high standard of teaching
Affordability
Courses are application-oriented
What doesnt?
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Prone to civil unrest
Long winters can be harsh for Indians
Most courses are taught in Russian in the first year, so the language must be learnt
General fee structure
Average annual tuition fee: Rs 2.8 lakhs
Accommodation and cost of living: Rs 30,000 per month
Top universities
Moscow Medical Academy
Russian State Medical University
Graduate opinion
Russia is very famous for its literature and students always find big libraries in whatever institute they
are. The study atmosphere in those libraries is really amazing.- Dr Chandresh Sudani,

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