BUREAUCRACY AND

PHILIPPINE
DEVELOPMENT
MARJORIE V BALLESTEROS

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French word bureau OFFICE

Greek word kratos STRENGTH, POWER, MASTERY

AS SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATION
Type of organization designed to
accomplish large-scale administrative
task by systematically coordinating the
work of many individuals
Business, labor, religious, educational
and governmental system depend on a
large scale work force arranged in a
hierarchy to carry out specialized
tasks based on internal rules and
procedures

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AS GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION
Any large organization of appointed
officials whose primary function is to
implement the policies of the decision
makers
A rational system or organized
structure designed to permit the
efficient and effective execution of a
public policy
Method of organization that enables
government to operate with some
conformity and in a manner that is
rational and subject to internal
supervision and control

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OTHER VIEWS
A system characterized with a passion
for routine in administration,
sacrificing flexibility to rule, delay in
making decisions and refusal to embark
on experiment

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CHARACTERISTICS
Governed by fairly inflexible laws and
administrative rules and regulations
Principle of hierarchy of authoritative
positions
Office management

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FUNCTIONS
Primary concern is with the execution and
enforcement of laws made by the
legislators and the policies decided by the
political executive
Policy implementation
Carrying out administration
Offering policy advice
Articulating and aggregating interest
Maintaining political stability

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RESPONSIBILITIES
Responsible for the delivery of services
to the people health and sanitation;
construction, maintenance and
improvements of roads, bridges and
other public works; agricultural
extension work; irrigation; electricity
and water services and even the
delivery of letters
Provides the leadership, initiative and
resources in bringing about desirable
social change, increasing economic
progress and creating a sense of
nationhood

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RESPONSIBILITIES
Intervenes in the economy through its
regulatory, extractive, supportive or
pioneering functions in order to create
jobs, redress the imbalance in wealth
and promote a better quality of life
for the people

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TYPES OF AUTHORITY IN
BUREAUCRACY:
Traditional establish legitimacy of
ruler ship as arising from age-old
practice
Charismatic rest upon individual
personality of the leader
- popularity and charisma
to inspire loyalty
LegalRational established by rules
not necessarily inflexible but can
be changed rational

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DEVELOPMENT BUREAUCRACY
Cadre of administrators insulated from
the pressures of politics, bound to
observe laws and rules without
question and immune from the
sentiments of flawed individuals
Image of a value-free, neutral and a
political administration
Administrator concerned with
productivity, efficiency, effectiveness,
responsibility, accountability and
integrity Offering policy advice
Administrator sensitive to the issues of
poverty, inequity and welfare in
society

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The complex of agencies,

management systems, and processes
to achieve its
development goals.

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EXECUTIVE BRANCH
headed by the PRESIDENT
term of office is 6 years
Chief Executive & Commander in Chief
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
represents the government as a whole
has control over the executive
department, bureaus and offices
supervises the enforcement of laws for
the maintenance of general peace and
public order
exercises general supervision over all
local government units
assisted by cabinet members that
make up the different departments of
the government

EXECUTIVE

Nation

President
Vice President

Cabinet
Region
Governor
Province
Vice Governor
Municipality

Mayor
Vice Mayor

Barangay

Barangay Captain

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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
authority to make, alter or repeal laws
composed of Senate and a House of
Representative
Senate shall be composed of 24
Senators term of office is 6 years
House of Representative shall be
composed of not more than 250
members term of office is 3 years
the Senate shall elect its President
and House of Representatives its
Speaker, by majority vote of all its
respective members

LEGISLATIVE
Congress
Senate

House of

Representatives

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Regional Legislative Assembly

(Head Speaker)

Provincial Assembly (Head Vice Governor)

Municipal/City Assembly (Head Vice Mayor)

Barangay Assembly (Head Barangay Captain)

Youth Assembly (Head SK Chairman)

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JUDICIAL BRANCH
vested in Supreme Court
settles actual controversies involving
rights which are legally demandable
and enforceable
composed of a Chief Justice and 14
Associate Justice.

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JUDICIARY
Supreme Court

Court of Appeals

Sandiganbayan

Court of Tax
Appeals

Regional Trial Court

Metropolitan Trial
Courts

Municipal
Trial Court in
Cities

Municipal
Trial Courts

Municipal
Circuit Trial
Courts

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ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
Composed of cabinet departments under
the executive branch, which are divided
into administrative units called bureaus,
commissions, offices and other units
equivalent level
GROWTH OF PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY
Attributed to the expansion of the
government function and responsibilities
affecting nearly all aspects of the lives of
the citizens

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CHARACTERISTICS
vulnerable to nepotism
- underlying bureaucracy are
substructures of small kinship
groups
apathetic public reaction
bureaucratic misconduct
- daily publication of official
misconduct has become a part of
normalcy in the organization
peaceful means of correcting
bureaucratic weakness
- freedom of speech, press, assembly
and civic action used as vehicles for
rectifying misdeeds in bureaucracy

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CHARACTERISTICS
survival and historical experience
- weakness of bureaucracy blamed to
Spanish and American political
bureaucracy
non-special typing of bureaucrats
- civil service not a special social;
class of persons with specific skills,
motives, interests and values
lack of independence from politics
- merit system subject to attack and
tampering by politicians
perpetuation of the spoils system
- effect of unclassified and temporary
positions for the practice of
nepotism and patronage

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CHARACTERISTICS
instrument of social change
- function of nation building and tool
for innovation

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PROBLEMS
duplicating and overlapping of functions
inadequate coordination
graft and corruption
red tape and inefficiency
cumbersome and duplicated procedures
ineffective administration of public
enterprise
inadequacy of communication system
practice of creating adhocracies
problems in personnel administration

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DECADES OF DEVELOPMENT
FIRST FOUR DEVELOPMENT DECADES
Modernization through transfer of
technology, assisted by foreign aid

FIFTH DEVELOPMENT DECADES

Core objectives of sustainable development,
human resource development,
empowerment of scientific groups, poverty
removal

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DECADES OF DEVELOPMENT
FIRST DEVELOPMENT DECADE (1950)
Decade of optimism, expectations and
establishment of International aid agencies
in various industrialized countries
Modernization and technology would
surmount any obstacle to human progress
Administrative state will triumph with the
help of new tools of development
administration as in the rapid recovery of
Western Europe and Japan

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DECADES OF DEVELOPMENT
SECOND DEVELOPMENT DECADE (1960)
Induced modernization failed to eradicate
the basic problems of underdevelopment
While increases of GNP took place, poverty,
diseases and hunger worsened or remained
unaltered
Growing gap between poor and rich nations
as well in different social strata within
nations

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DECADES OF DEVELOPMENT
THIRD DEVELOPMENT DECADE (1970)
Increased contradiction between market
economies and market policies
Energy crisis and growing economic
recession in major industrialized countries

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DECADES OF DEVELOPMENT
FOURTH DEVELOPMENT DECADE (1980)
Developmental creed emerged to attain
development a countrys administrative
structure should conform to the standards of
the most advanced industrialized countries
Accomplished through administrative
development: the modernization of public
service machinery through external
inducement, transfer of technology and
training by foreign experts
Age of Pessimism and Disillusion

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DECADES OF DEVELOPMENT
FIFTH DEVELOPMENT DECADE (1990)
Downsizing of bureaucracy
Elimination of subsidies
Acceptance of devaluation
Changes in monetary and fiscal policies
Administrative personnel:
Fewer public service officials, proportionate
to the population
Better trained, more professionallyoriented, more aware of the world at large,
more ethical, more productive and perhaps
more humble public servants

THANK YOU